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</li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" 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href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camfranglais" title="Camfranglais – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Camfranglais" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camfranglais" title="Camfranglais – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Camfranglais" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camfranglais" title="Camfranglais – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Camfranglais" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camfranglais" title="Camfranglais – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Camfranglais" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camfranglais" title="Camfranglais – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Camfranglais" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camfranglais" title="Camfranglais – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Camfranglais" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a 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<p><b>Camfranglais</b>, <b>Francanglais</b>, or <b>Francamglais</b> (<a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> of the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> adjectives <i>camerounais</i>, <i>français</i>, and <i>anglais</i>) is a vernacular of <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, containing grammatical and lexical elements from <a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_French" title="Cameroonian French">Cameroonian French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_English" title="Cameroonian English">Cameroonian English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_Pidgin_English" title="Cameroonian Pidgin English">Cameroonian Pidgin English</a>, in addition to lexical contributions from various indigenous <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Cameroon" title="Languages of Cameroon">languages of Cameroon</a>. </p><p>The language blend is common among young people in the country, and rivals <a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_Pidgin_English" title="Cameroonian Pidgin English">Cameroonian Pidgin English</a> ("Creole") as the country's most common <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiba2007_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiba2007-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is most popular in the high-density urban centres where <a href="/wiki/Anglophone_Cameroonian" title="Anglophone Cameroonian">anglophones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francophone_Cameroonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Francophone Cameroonian">francophones</a> meet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeLanceyMbuhDeLancey2010131_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeLanceyMbuhDeLancey2010131-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Camfranglais has caused concern for educators, who worry that the language blend may hinder acquisition of regular French and English and may be seen as a shortcut around true <a href="/wiki/Bilingualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilingualism">bilingualism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeLanceyMbuhDeLancey2010131_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeLanceyMbuhDeLancey2010131-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies are underway over Camfranglais, which some academics consider to be on its way to becoming a proper language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiba2007_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiba2007-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camfranglais&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Camfranglais first emerged in the mid-1970s after the reunification of the former <a href="/wiki/French_Cameroon" title="French Cameroon">French Cameroon</a> and former <a href="/wiki/Southern_Cameroons" title="Southern Cameroons">Southern Cameroons</a>, part of <a href="/wiki/British_Cameroon" class="mw-redirect" title="British Cameroon">British Cameroon</a>. It is believed to have originated in the markets, ports, schools, and sports stadiums of Cameroon's larger cities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeLanceyMbuhDeLancey2010[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeLanceyMbuhDeLancey2010[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It became fashionable in the late 1990s, due partially to its use by popular musicians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeLanceyMbuhDeLancey2010[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeLanceyMbuhDeLancey2010[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Camfranglais continues to be used in music today, in the work of musicians like Koppo, Krotal, and AkSangGrave, as well as by writers such as Kalalobe and Labang.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein-Kanjora2015_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein-Kanjora2015-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, Camfranglais sees widespread unofficial use in the Cameroonian education system. Though Cameroon claims both French and English as official languages, elementary schools teach in only a single language. Thus, elementary pupils are surrounded by others that primarily speak the same language. It is not until secondary school that learning the other becomes mandatory. This helps explain why Camfranglais sees use in secondary school environments, as it is the first time that many students from different linguistic backgrounds begin to attend the same schools. Furthermore, Camfranglais is a hidden language, mainly used by speakers as a way to hide their conversations, or appear mysterious to others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKouega2003_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKouega2003-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, it has grown rapidly within the Cameroonian secondary school system, where students use it to communicate without being understood by outsiders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKouega2003_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKouega2003-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification">Classification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camfranglais&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While it is clear that Camfranglais is a contact language<i>,</i> the status of Camfranglais remains up for debate, as some authors call it a "hybrid language",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUbanako2021_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUbanako2021-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while others call it a "composite language."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKouega2003_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKouega2003-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whether or not it is its own language is debated as well, as scholars also argue that it is simply "a new speech form."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUbanako2021_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUbanako2021-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Difficulties in classifying Camfranglais arise because of its relatively contemporary usage, despite contact having occurred between the different languages that comprise Camfranglais for longer than Camfranglais has existed distinctly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUbanako2021_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUbanako2021-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a whole, Camfranglais sets itself apart from other pidgins and creoles in that it consists of an array of languages, where familiarity with the source languages is required but proficiency in them is not<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUbanako2021_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUbanako2021-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (except in the case of French, since it provides the sentence patterns).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKouega2003_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKouega2003-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaschi2019_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaschi2019-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It contains elements of compounding words, word clipping, and coinage of new terms among others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKouega2003_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKouega2003-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerous other classifications have been proposed, like 'pidgin', 'argot', 'youth language', a '<a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Lingua_Franca" title="Mediterranean Lingua Franca">sabir</a> camerounais', an 'appropriation vernaculaire du français' or a 'hybrid slang'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein-Kanjora2015_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein-Kanjora2015-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as Camfranglais is more developed than a slang, this too is insufficient.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKouega2003_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKouega2003-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kiessling (2005) proposes it be classified as a 'highly hybrid sociolect of the urban youth type',<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiessling2005_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiessling2005-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a definition that Stein-Kanjora (2015) agrees with.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein-Kanjora2015_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein-Kanjora2015-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage_and_popularity">Usage and popularity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camfranglais&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Usage and popularity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Camfranglais has been accepted and embraced by Cameroon's urban youth population, particularly on the internet. In fact, this acceptance has created what some consider to be a 'Camfranglais Cult' among the youth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein-Kanjora2015_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein-Kanjora2015-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the reasons for this are many, Stein-Kanjora posits that by choosing it over French, English, or indigenous languages, the youth are able to form a modern, urban identity, separate from the colonial and tribal connotations of older languages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein-Kanjora2015_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein-Kanjora2015-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Camfranglais is predominantly used by youth between the ages of 12 and 26.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein-Kanjora2015_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein-Kanjora2015-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, although the number of female speakers is growing, the language is mainly used and developed by males, at least partially due to active exclusion of women by male speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein-Kanjora2015_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein-Kanjora2015-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camfranglais&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Camfranglais Translation </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Franglais </th> <th>French </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>Tu go où? </td> <td>Tu vas où? </td> <td>Where are you going? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Je vais te see tomorrow. </td> <td>Je vais te voir demain. </td> <td>I will see you tomorrow. </td></tr> <tr> <td>J'ai buy l'affci au bateau. </td> <td>J'ai acheté ceci au marché. </td> <td>I bought this stuff at the market. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Il est sorti nayo nayo. </td> <td>Il est sorti très lentement. </td> <td>He went out very slowly. </td></tr> <tr> <td>On va all back au mboa </td> <td>Nous allons tous rentrer au pays </td> <td>We will all go home </td></tr> <tr> <td>Le mbom ci est trop chiche </td> <td>Ce gars est ingrat </td> <td>This boy is ungrateful </td></tr> <tr> <td>Les ways fort </td> <td>Les histoires intéressantes </td> <td>Interesting tales </td></tr> <tr> <td>Je wanda (=wonder) </td> <td>Ça m'étonne </td> <td>I'm surprised </td></tr> <tr> <td>Il fimba à mon cousin </td> <td>Il resemble à mon cousin </td> <td>He looks like my cousin </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camfranglais&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Languages">Languages portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/32px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/48px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/64px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cameroon" title="Portal:Cameroon">Cameroon portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_French" title="African French">African French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franglais" title="Franglais">Franglais</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camfranglais&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiba2007-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiba2007_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiba2007_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiba2007">Niba 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeLanceyMbuhDeLancey2010131-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeLanceyMbuhDeLancey2010131_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeLanceyMbuhDeLancey2010131_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeLanceyMbuhDeLancey2010">DeLancey, Mbuh & DeLancey 2010</a>, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeLanceyMbuhDeLancey2010[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeLanceyMbuhDeLancey2010[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeLanceyMbuhDeLancey2010[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeLanceyMbuhDeLancey2010">DeLancey, Mbuh & DeLancey 2010</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein-Kanjora2015-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein-Kanjora2015_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein-Kanjora2015_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein-Kanjora2015_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein-Kanjora2015_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein-Kanjora2015_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein-Kanjora2015_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein-Kanjora2015_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStein-Kanjora2015">Stein-Kanjora 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKouega2003-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKouega2003_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKouega2003_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKouega2003_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKouega2003_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKouega2003_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKouega2003_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKouega2003">Kouega 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUbanako2021-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUbanako2021_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUbanako2021_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUbanako2021_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUbanako2021_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUbanako2021">Ubanako 2021</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaschi2019-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaschi2019_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaschi2019">Raschi 2019</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiessling2005-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiessling2005_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKiessling2005">Kiessling 2005</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camfranglais&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDeLanceyMbuhDeLancey2010" class="citation book cs1">DeLancey, Mark Dike; Mbuh, Rebecca Neh; DeLancey, Mark W. (2010). <i>Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Cameroon</i>. Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7399-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7399-5"><bdi>978-0-8108-7399-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Republic+of+Cameroon&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7399-5&rft.aulast=DeLancey&rft.aufirst=Mark+Dike&rft.au=Mbuh%2C+Rebecca+Neh&rft.au=DeLancey%2C+Mark+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamfranglais" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiessling2005" class="citation journal cs1">Kiessling, R. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infona.pl/resource/bwmeta1.element.6e69358f-9236-3b46-b59f-ac81561cdf2f">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'bak mwa me do' - Camfranglais in Cameroon"</a>. <i>Lingua Posnaniensis</i> (47): 87–107.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lingua+Posnaniensis&rft.atitle=%27bak+mwa+me+do%27+-+Camfranglais+in+Cameroon&rft.issue=47&rft.pages=87-107&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Kiessling&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.infona.pl%2Fresource%2Fbwmeta1.element.6e69358f-9236-3b46-b59f-ac81561cdf2f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamfranglais" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kießling, Roland. "Cameroon: Camfranglais." In <i>Urban Contact Dialects and Language Change</i>, pp. 11-27. Routledge, 2022.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKouega2003" class="citation journal cs1">Kouega, Jean-Paul (November 2003). 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"Camfrang forever! Metacommunication in and about Camfranglais". <i>Sociolinguistic Studies</i>. <b>10</b> (1–2): 261–289. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1558%2Fsols.v10i1-2.27951">10.1558/sols.v10i1-2.27951</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/1805464424">1805464424</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sociolinguistic+Studies&rft.atitle=Camfrang+forever%21+Metacommunication+in+and+about+Camfranglais&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=261-289&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1558%2Fsols.v10i1-2.27951&rft.aulast=Stein-Kanjora&rft.aufirst=Gardy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamfranglais" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUbanako2021" class="citation journal cs1">Ubanako, Valentine Njende (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.30560%2Filr.v4n1p36">"Is 'Camfranglais' A New Language? 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111018205559/http://camercouncil.org/">Learn, speak Camfranglais (site)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170526190739/http://www.camfranglais.net/">(Ro)Bot speaking Camfranglais (French site)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170526190739/http://www.camfranglais.net/">Camfranglais.net</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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title="Bamum language">Bamum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulu_language" title="Bulu language">Bulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duala_language" title="Duala language">Duala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewondo_language" title="Ewondo language">Ewondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_language" title="Fula language">Fulfulde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kom_language_(Cameroon)" title="Kom language (Cameroon)">Kom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nso_language" title="Nso language">Lamnso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medumba_language" title="Medumba language">Medumba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pidgins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_Pidgin_English" title="Cameroonian Pidgin English">Cameroonian Pidgin English</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Camfranglais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewondo_Populaire" title="Ewondo Populaire">Ewondo Populaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chadian_Arabic" title="Chadian Arabic">Chadian Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abon_language" title="Abon language">Abon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afade_language" title="Afade language">Afade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aghem_language" title="Aghem language">Aghem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambo_language_(Nigeria)" title="Ambo language (Nigeria)">Ambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babanki_language" title="Babanki language">Babanki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bafaw-Balong_language" title="Bafaw-Balong language">Bafaw-Balong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bafia_language_(Cameroon)" title="Bafia language (Cameroon)">Bafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baka_language" title="Baka language">Baka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldemu_language" title="Baldemu language">Baldemu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamali_language" title="Bamali language">Bamali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bambalang_language" title="Bambalang language">Bambalang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bana_language" title="Bana language">Bana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangolan_language" title="Bangolan language">Bangolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankon_language" title="Bankon language">Bankon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basaa_language" title="Basaa language">Basaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bata_language" title="Bata language">Bata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bati_language_(Cameroon)" title="Bati language (Cameroon)">Bati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batu_language" title="Batu language">Batu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebele_language" title="Bebele language">Bebele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebil_language" title="Bebil language">Bebil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beti_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Beti language">Beti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bikya_language" title="Bikya language">Bikya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishuo_language" title="Bishuo language">Bishuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitare_language" title="Bitare language">Bitare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomwali_language" title="Bomwali language">Bomwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonkeng_language" title="Bonkeng language">Bonkeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bube_language" title="Bube language">Bube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bung_language" title="Bung language">Bung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buwal_language" title="Buwal language">Buwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byep_language" title="Byep language">Byep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caka_language" title="Caka language">Caka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceve-Maci_language" title="Iceve-Maci language">Ceve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamba_Leko" title="Chamba Leko">Chamba Leko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuvok_language" title="Cuvok language">Cuvok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daba_language" title="Daba language">Daba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doyayo_language" title="Doyayo language">Dowayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C6%8Augwor_language" title="Ɗugwor language">Ɗugwor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duli_language" title="Duli language">Duli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eman_language" title="Eman language">Eman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esimbi_language" title="Esimbi language">Esimbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eton_language" title="Eton language">Eton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evant_language" title="Evant language">Evant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fa%CA%BC_language" title="Faʼ language">Fa’</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_language" title="Fang language">Fang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanji_language" title="Fanji language">Fanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fe%27fe%27_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Fe'fe' language">Fe'fe'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fut_language" title="Fut language">Fut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gawar_language" title="Gawar language">Gawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gbanu_language" title="Gbanu language">Gbanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gbanzili_language" title="Gbanzili language">Gbanzili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghomala%27_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghomala' language">Ghomala'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gidar_language" title="Gidar language">Gidar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glavda_language" title="Glavda language">Glavda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gude_language" title="Gude language">Gude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunu_language" title="Gunu language">Gunu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gvoko_language" title="Gvoko language">Gvoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hdi_language" title="Hdi language">Hdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijuk_language" title="Hijuk language">Hijuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hina_language" title="Hina language">Hina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hya_language" title="Hya language">Hya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipulo_language" title="Ipulo language">Ipulo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyive_language" title="Iyive language">Iyive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimi_language_(Cameroon)" title="Jimi language (Cameroon)">Jimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jina_language" title="Jina language">Jina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaalong_language" title="Kaalong language">Kaalong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabba_language" title="Kabba language">Kabba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kako_language" title="Kako language">Kako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_language" title="Kali language">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanuri_language" title="Kanuri language">Kanuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kare_language_(Adamawa)" title="Kare language (Adamawa)">Kare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasabe_language" title="Kasabe language">Kasabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kera_language" title="Kera language">Kera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ki_language" title="Ki language">Ki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kogo_language" title="Kogo language">Kogo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kol_language_(Cameroon)" title="Kol language (Cameroon)">Kol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koma_language" title="Koma language">Koma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kpwe_language" title="Kpwe language">Kpwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuo_language" title="Kuo language">Kuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutin_language" title="Kutin language">Kutin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwa%CA%BC_language" title="Kwaʼ language">Kwa’</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwakum_language" title="Kwakum language">Kwakum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwasio_language" title="Kwasio language">Kwasio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%27bi_language" title="La'bi language">La'bi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagwan_language" title="Lagwan language">Lagwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limba_language_(Cameroon)" title="Limba language (Cameroon)">Limba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbum_language" title="Limbum language">Limbum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_language_(Cameroon)" title="Luo language (Cameroon)">Luo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%C9%97a_language" title="Maɗa language">Maɗa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafa_language" title="Mafa language">Mafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majera_language" title="Majera language">Majera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makaa_language" title="Makaa language">Makaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malgbe_language" title="Malgbe language">Malgbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manenguba_languages" title="Manenguba languages">Manenguba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangbai_language" title="Mangbai language">Mangbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manza_language" title="Manza language">Manza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maslam_language" title="Maslam language">Maslam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massa_language" title="Massa language">Massa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matal_language" title="Matal language">Matal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazagway_language" title="Mazagway language">Mazagway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mb%C9%99%CA%BC_language" title="Mbəʼ language">Mbə’</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mboa_language" title="Mboa language">Mboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbudum_language" title="Mbudum language">Mbudum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbuko_language" title="Mbuko language">Mbuko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbule_language" title="Mbule language">Mbule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbum_language" title="Mbum language">Mbum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mefele_language" title="Mefele language">Mefele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengaka_language" title="Mengaka language">Məgaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leti_language_(Cameroon)" title="Leti language (Cameroon)">Mengisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menyam_language" title="Menyam language">Menyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merey_language" title="Merey language">Merey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesaka_language" title="Mesaka language">Mesaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mfumte_language" title="Mfumte language">Mfumte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mofu-Gudur_language" title="Mofu-Gudur language">Mofu-Gudur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moloko_language" title="Moloko language">Moloko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono_language_(Cameroon)" title="Mono language (Cameroon)">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpade_language" title="Mpade language">Mpade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpumpong_language" title="Mpumpong language">Mpumpong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mser_language" title="Mser language">Mser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundang_language" title="Mundang language">Mundang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nga%27ka_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nga'ka language">Mungaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musgu_language" title="Musgu language">Musgu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muyang_language" title="Muyang language">Muyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagumi_language" title="Nagumi language">Nagumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nda%E2%80%99nda%E2%80%99_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nda’nda’ language">Nda’nda’</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndai_language" title="Ndai language">Ndai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nen_language_(Cameroon)" title="Nen language (Cameroon)">Nen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nga%27ka_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nga'ka language">Nga'ka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngambay_language" title="Ngambay language">Ngambay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngiemboon_language" title="Ngiemboon language">Ngiemboon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngomba_language" title="Ngomba language">Ngomba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngombale_language" title="Ngombale language">Ngombale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngwe_language" title="Ngwe language">Ngwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbari_language" title="Nimbari language">Nimbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Njem_language" title="Njem language">Njem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Njerep_language" title="Njerep language">Njerep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkongho_language" title="Nkongho language">Nkongho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanga_language" title="Tanga language">Noho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noni_language" title="Noni language">Noni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Giziga_language" title="North Giziga language">North Giziga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Mofu_language" title="North Mofu language">North Mofu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Gbaya_language" title="Northwest Gbaya language">Northwest Gbaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyokon_language" title="Nyokon language">Nyokon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyong_language" title="Nyong language">Nyong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nzakambay_language" title="Nzakambay language">Nzakambay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nzanyi_language" title="Nzanyi language">Nzanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nzime_language" title="Nzime language">Nzime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblo_language" title="Oblo language">Oblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oroko_language" title="Oroko language">Oroko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otank_language" title="Otank language">Otank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pam_language" title="Pam language">Pam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_language" title="Baba language">Papia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkwa_language" title="Parkwa language">Parkwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinyin_language" title="Pinyin language">Pinyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pol_language" title="Pol language">Pol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongo_language" title="Pongo language">Pongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psiky%C9%9B_dialect" title="Psikyɛ dialect">Psikyɛ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rombi_language" title="Rombi language">Rombi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharwa_language" title="Sharwa language">Sharwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Giziga_language" title="South Giziga language">South Giziga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwu_language" title="Suwu language">Suwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swo_language" title="Swo language">Swo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibea_language" title="Tibea language">Tibea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikar_language" title="Tikar language">Tikar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_language" title="To language">To</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsuvan_language" title="Tsuvan language">Tsuvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupuri_language" title="Tupuri language">Tupuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vame_language" title="Vame language">Vame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vemgo-Mabas_language" title="Vemgo-Mabas language">Vemgo-Mabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vengo_language" title="Vengo language">Vengo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vere_language" title="Vere language">Vere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voko_language" title="Voko language">Voko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perema_language" title="Perema language">Wom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuzlam_language" title="Wuzlam language">Wuzlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamba_language" title="Yamba language">Yamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yambe_language" title="Yambe language">Yambe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasa_language" title="Yasa language">Yasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yedina_language" title="Yedina language">Yedina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemba_language" title="Yemba language">Yemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeni_language" title="Yeni language">Yeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zizilivakan_language" title="Zizilivakan language">Zizilivakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulgo-Gemzek_language" title="Zulgo-Gemzek language">Zulgo-Gemzek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zumaya_language" title="Zumaya language">Zumaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_American_Sign_Language#Francophone_African_Sign_Language" title="Varieties of American Sign Language">Francophone African Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maroua_Sign_Language" title="Maroua Sign Language">Maroua Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>See also:</b> <a href="/wiki/General_Alphabet_of_Cameroon_Languages" title="General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages">General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gallo-Romance_languages_and_dialects" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gallo-Romance_languages_and_dialects" title="Template:Gallo-Romance languages and dialects"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gallo-Romance_languages_and_dialects" title="Template talk:Gallo-Romance languages and dialects"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gallo-Romance_languages_and_dialects" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gallo-Romance languages and dialects"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gallo-Romance_languages_and_dialects" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-Romance languages</a> and dialects</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areal groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">Canadian French</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl" title="Langues d'oïl">Langues d'oïl</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antillean_Creole" title="Antillean Creole">Antillean Creole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Creole_French" title="Dominican Creole French">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenadian_Creole_French" title="Grenadian Creole French">Grenadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucian_Creole" title="Saint Lucian Creole">Saint Lucian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bourbonnais_Creole" title="Bourbonnais Creole">Bourbonnais Creoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agalega_creole" title="Agalega creole">Agalega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagossian_creole" title="Chagossian creole">Chagossian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_Creole" title="Mauritian Creole">Mauritian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union_Creole" title="Réunion Creole">Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodriguan_creole" title="Rodriguan creole">Rodriguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychellois_Creole" title="Seychellois Creole">Seychellois</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_French" title="Acadian French">Acadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiac" title="Chiac">Chiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Marys_Bay_French" title="St. Marys Bay French">St. Marys Bay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_French" title="African French">African</a>* <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_French#Abidjan_French_vocabulary" title="African French">Abidjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_French#Kinshasa_French_vocabulary" title="African French">Kinshasa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aostan_French" title="Aostan French">Aostan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_French" title="Belgian French">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_French" title="Métis French">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_French" title="New England French">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_French" title="Quebec French">Québécois</a>* <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joual" title="Joual">Joual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magoua" title="Magoua">Magoua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Cambodia" title="French language in Cambodia">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francien_language" title="Francien language">Francien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frenchville_French" title="Frenchville French">Frenchville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_French" title="Haitian French">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houma_people#Modern_era" title="Houma people">Houma French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_India#Indian_French" title="French people in India">Indian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Legal_French" title="Jersey Legal French">Jersey Legal</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Laos" title="French language in Laos">Laotian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_French" title="Middle French">Middle French</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridional_French" title="Meridional French">Meridional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_of_France" title="French of France">Metropolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_French" title="Missouri French">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskrat_French" title="Muskrat French">Muskrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_French" title="Newfoundland French">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontarian_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontarian French">Ontarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Barth%C3%A9lemy_French" title="Saint-Barthélemy French">Saint-Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_French" title="Standard French">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_French" title="Swiss French">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Vietnam" title="French language in Vietnam">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augeron" title="Augeron">Augeron</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Auregnais" title="Auregnais">Auregnais</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cauchois_dialect" title="Cauchois dialect">Cauchois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotentinais" title="Cotentinais">Cotentinais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais">Guernésiais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Law_French" title="Law French">Law French</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Norman" title="Old Norman">Old Norman</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_dialect" title="Angevin dialect">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berrichon_dialect" title="Berrichon dialect">Berrichon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolze" title="Bolze">Bolze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbonnais_dialects" title="Bourbonnais dialects">Bourbonnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_language_(O%C3%AFl)" title="Burgundian language (Oïl)">Burgundian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi_Pidgin_French" title="Burundi Pidgin French">Burundi Pidgin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Camfranglais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champenois_language" title="Champenois language">Champenois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frainc-Comtou" title="Frainc-Comtou">Frainc-Comtou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo_language" title="Gallo language">Gallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Guianese_Creole" title="French Guianese Creole">Guianese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole" title="Haitian Creole">Haitian Creole</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karip%C3%BAna_French_Creole" title="Karipúna French Creole">Karipúna Creole</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Labrador_Inuit_Pidgin_French" title="Labrador Inuit Pidgin French">Labrador Inuit Pidgin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorrain_language" title="Lorrain language">Lorrain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welche" title="Welche">Welche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole" title="Louisiana Creole">Louisiana Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_French" title="Louisiana French">Louisiana French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michif" title="Michif">Michif</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moselle_Romance" title="Moselle Romance">Moselle Romance</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nouchi">Nouchi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anais_dialect" title="Orléanais dialect">Orléanais</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ais_Tirailleur" title="Français Tirailleur">Petit nègre</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picard_language" title="Picard language">Picard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin-Saintongeais" class="mw-redirect" title="Poitevin-Saintongeais">Poitevin-Saintongeais</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin_dialect" title="Poitevin dialect">Poitevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saintongeais_dialect" title="Saintongeais dialect">Saintongeais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayo_Creole" title="Tayo Creole">Tayo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_B%E1%BB%93i_Pidgin_French" title="Tây Bồi Pidgin French">Tây Bồi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Walloon" title="Wisconsin Walloon">Wisconsin Walloon</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Francoprovencalic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faetar_language" title="Faetar language">Faetar</a>/Faetar-Cigliàje</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Franco-Provençal">Franco-Provençal</a>/Arpitan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Savoyard_dialect" title="Savoyard dialect">Savoyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vald%C3%B4tain_dialect" title="Valdôtain dialect">Valdôtain</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a> or dialects</li> <li>A star (*) indicates <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers">varieties with more than 5 million speakers</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Interlanguages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Interlanguage_varieties" title="Template:Interlanguage varieties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Interlanguage_varieties" title="Template talk:Interlanguage varieties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Interlanguage_varieties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Interlanguage varieties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Interlanguages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Interlanguage" title="Interlanguage">Interlanguages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multiple <br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Cameroon Pidgin+French+English <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Camfranglais</a></li> <li>Bengali+Persian+Arabic <a href="/wiki/Dobhashi" title="Dobhashi">Dobhashi</a></li> <li>Italian+Spanish+French+Arab <a href="/wiki/Sabir_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabir language">Sabir</a> †</li> <li>English+Chinese+Malay+Tamil <a href="/wiki/Singlish" title="Singlish">Singlish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manglish" title="Manglish">Manglish</a></li> <li>Hebrew+Aramaic+German+Slavic <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li> <li>Chinese+Mongolian+Tibetan <a href="/wiki/Wutun_language" title="Wutun language">Wutun language</a></li> <li>Chinese+Tagalog+English <a href="/wiki/Hokaglish" title="Hokaglish">Hokaglish</a></li> <li>Malay+Chinese+Javanese+Sundanese+Arabic+Dutch <a href="/wiki/Betawi_language" title="Betawi language">Betawi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">English</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Arabic <a href="/wiki/Arablish" title="Arablish">Arablish</a></li> <li>Bengali <a href="/wiki/Banglish" title="Banglish">Banglish</a></li> <li>Czech <a href="/wiki/Czenglish" title="Czenglish">Czenglish</a></li> <li>Chinese <a href="/wiki/Chinglish" title="Chinglish">Chinglish</a></li> <li>Chinese+Tagalog <a href="/wiki/Hokaglish" title="Hokaglish">Hokaglish</a></li> <li>Danish <a href="/wiki/Danglish" title="Danglish">Danglish</a></li> <li>Dutch <a href="/wiki/Dunglish" title="Dunglish">Dunglish</a></li> <li>Finnish <a href="/wiki/Finglish" title="Finglish">Finglish</a></li> <li>French <a href="/wiki/Franglais" title="Franglais">Franglais</a></li> <li>German <a href="/wiki/Denglisch" title="Denglisch">Denglisch</a></li> <li>Greek <a href="/wiki/Greeklish" title="Greeklish">Greeklish</a></li> <li>Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Heblish" class="mw-redirect" title="Heblish">Heblish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li>Hindi <a href="/wiki/Hinglish" title="Hinglish">Hinglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-switching_in_Hong_Kong" title="Code-switching in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li>Hungarian <a href="/wiki/Hunglish" title="Hunglish">Hunglish</a></li> <li>Irish <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9arlachas" class="mw-redirect" title="Béarlachas">Béarlachas</a></li> <li>Italian <a href="/wiki/Itanglese" title="Itanglese">Itanglese</a></li> <li>Japanese <a href="/wiki/Engrish" title="Engrish">Engrish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wasei-eigo" title="Wasei-eigo">Wasei-eigo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bonin_English" title="Bonin English">Bonin English</a></li> <li>Kannada <a href="/wiki/Kanglish" title="Kanglish">Kanglish</a></li> <li>Korean <a href="/wiki/Konglish" title="Konglish">Konglish</a></li> <li>Maltese <a href="/wiki/Maltenglish" title="Maltenglish">Maltenglish</a></li> <li>Malayalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manglish_(Malayalam)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manglish (Malayalam) (page does not exist)">Manglish (Malayalam)</a></li> <li>Malaysian <a href="/wiki/Manglish" title="Manglish">Manglish</a></li> <li>Namibia <a href="/wiki/Namlish" title="Namlish">Namlish</a></li> <li>Polish <a href="/wiki/Poglish" title="Poglish">Poglish</a></li> <li>Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Porglish" title="Porglish">Porglish</a>/Portuglish</li> <li>Russian <a href="/wiki/Runglish" title="Runglish">Runglish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solombala_English" title="Solombala English">Solombala English</a></li> <li>Sicilian <a href="/wiki/Siculish" title="Siculish">Siculish</a></li> <li>Singaporean <a href="/wiki/Singlish" title="Singlish">Singlish</a></li> <li>Spanish <a href="/wiki/Spanglish" title="Spanglish">Spanglish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Llanito" title="Llanito">Llanito</a></li> <li>Swedish <a href="/wiki/Swenglish" title="Swenglish">Swenglish</a></li> <li>Tagalog <a href="/wiki/Taglish" title="Taglish">Taglish</a>/Englog</li> <li>Tamil <a href="/wiki/Tanglish" title="Tanglish">Tanglish</a></li> <li>Telugu <a href="/wiki/Tenglish" title="Tenglish">Tenglish</a></li> <li>Thai <a href="/wiki/Tinglish" title="Tinglish">Tinglish</a></li> <li>Turkish <a href="/wiki/Turklish" title="Turklish">Turklish</a></li> <li>Urdu <a href="/wiki/Urdish" title="Urdish">Urdish</a></li> <li>Vietnamese <a href="/wiki/Vinish" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinish">Vinish</a></li> <li>Visayan <a href="/wiki/Bislish" title="Bislish">Bislish</a></li> <li>Yiddish <a href="/wiki/Yinglish" class="mw-redirect" title="Yinglish">Yinglish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li>See also: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English-based_creole_languages" title="English-based creole languages">English-based creole languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Englishization" class="mw-redirect" title="Englishization">Englishization</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>English <a href="/wiki/Arablish" title="Arablish">Arablish</a></li> <li>South Sudan local languages <a href="/wiki/Juba_Arabic" title="Juba Arabic">Juba Arabic</a></li> <li>Greek <a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Arabic" title="Cypriot Arabic">Cypriot Arabic</a></li> <li>Jordanian+Bengali <a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Bengali_Pidgin_Arabic" title="Jordanian Bengali Pidgin Arabic">Jordanian Bengali Pidgin Arabic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chinese</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>English <a href="/wiki/Chinglish" title="Chinglish">Chinglish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Pidgin_English" title="Chinese Pidgin English">Chinese Pidgin English</a></li> <li>English+Malay+Tamil <a href="/wiki/Singlish" title="Singlish">Singlish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manglish" title="Manglish">Manglish</a></li> <li>English+Tagalog <a href="/wiki/Hokaglish" title="Hokaglish">Hokaglish</a></li> <li>Tibetan <a href="/wiki/Dao_language_(China)" title="Dao language (China)">Daohua</a></li> <li>Mongolian+Tibetan <a href="/wiki/Wutun_language" title="Wutun language">Wutun language</a></li> <li>Uyghur <a href="/wiki/Hezhou_language" title="Hezhou language">Hezhou language</a></li> <li>Russian <a href="/wiki/Kyakhta_Russian%E2%80%93Chinese_Pidgin" title="Kyakhta Russian–Chinese Pidgin">Kyakhta</a></li> <li>Japanese <a href="/wiki/Kyowa-go" title="Kyowa-go">Kyowa-go</a></li> <li>Inter-topolects <a href="/wiki/Lingling_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingling dialect">Linghua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaozhou_Tuhua" title="Shaozhou Tuhua">Shaozhou Tuhua</a></li> <li>Tai <a href="/wiki/E_language" title="E language">E language</a></li> <li>Hmongic <a href="/wiki/Maojia_dialect" title="Maojia dialect">Maojia dialect</a></li> <li>Santa <a href="/wiki/Tangwang_language" title="Tangwang language">Tangwang language</a></li> <li>Malay+Javanese <a href="/wiki/Malay_trade_and_creole_languages#Baba_Malay" title="Malay trade and creole languages">Baba Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Betawi_language" title="Betawi language">Betawi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dutch</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>English <a href="/wiki/Dunglish" title="Dunglish">Dunglish</a></li> <li>Malay <a href="/wiki/Betawi_language" title="Betawi language">Betawi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petjo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Petjo language">Petjo</a></li> <li>Javanese <a href="/wiki/Javindo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Javindo language">Javindo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">French</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Spanish <a href="/wiki/Frespa%C3%B1ol" title="Frespañol">Frespañol/Fragnol</a></li> <li>Japanese <a href="/wiki/Franponais" class="mw-redirect" title="Franponais">Franponais</a></li> <li>Occitan <a href="/wiki/Meridional_French" title="Meridional French">Meridional French</a></li> <li>English <a href="/wiki/Franglais" title="Franglais">Franglais</a></li> <li>Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Zarphatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Zarphatic">Zarphatic</a></li> <li>Gallo-Italic <a href="/wiki/Franco-Italian" title="Franco-Italian">Franco-Italian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">French Sign<br /> Language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>American Sign Language <a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolivian Sign Language">Bolivian Sign Language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thai_Sign_Language" title="Thai Sign Language">Thai Sign Language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Sign Language">Philippine Sign Language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Sign_Language" title="Malaysian Sign Language">Malaysian Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">German</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Russian <a href="/wiki/German-Russian_macaronic_language" title="German-Russian macaronic language">Deutschrussisch</a></li> <li>Spanish <a href="/wiki/Belgranodeutsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgranodeutsch">Belgranodeutsch</a></li> <li>English <a href="/wiki/Denglisch" title="Denglisch">Denglisch</a></li> <li>Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Riograndenser_Hunsr%C3%BCckisch_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Riograndenser Hunsrückisch German">Hunsrik</a> (when Portuguese-influenced)</li> <li>Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li> <li>Yiddish <a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greek</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>English <a href="/wiki/Greeklish" title="Greeklish">Greeklish</a></li> <li>Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Greek">Judeo-Greek</a></li> <li>Turkish <a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Greek" title="Cappadocian Greek">Cappadocian Greek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hebrew</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Arabic languages <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic languages">Judeo-Arabic languages</a></li> <li>Aramaic languages <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judeo-Aramaic languages</a></li> <li>Iranian languages <a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Iranian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaeo-Iranian languages">Judaeo-Iranian languages</a></li> <li>Romance languages <a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Romance_languages" title="Judaeo-Romance languages">Judaeo-Romance languages</a> <ul><li>German <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li> <li>Spanish <a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a></li></ul></li> <li>English <a href="/wiki/Heblish" class="mw-redirect" title="Heblish">Heblish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yinglish" class="mw-redirect" title="Yinglish">Yinglish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li>Georgian <a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Judaeo-Georgian</a></li> <li>Malayalam <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li>Tatar <a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></li> <li>Slavic <a href="/wiki/Knaanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Knaanic">Knaanic</a></li> <li>Greek <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Greek">Yevanic</a></li> <li>Indic <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Marathi" title="Judeo-Marathi">Judeo-Marathi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>English <a href="/wiki/Itanglese" title="Itanglese">Itanglese</a></li> <li>Spanish <a href="/wiki/Cocoliche" title="Cocoliche">Cocoliche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lunfardo" title="Lunfardo">Lunfardo</a></li> <li>Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Macarr%C3%B4nico" class="mw-redirect" title="Macarrônico">Macaronic Portuguese</a></li> <li>Croatian <a href="/wiki/Fiuman_dialect" title="Fiuman dialect">Fiuman dialect</a></li> <li>Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian">Judeo-Italian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Japanese</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>English <a href="/wiki/Engrish" title="Engrish">Engrish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wasei-eigo" title="Wasei-eigo">Wasei-eigo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bonin_English" title="Bonin English">Bonin English</a></li> <li>Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Dekasegi#Language" title="Dekasegi">Dekasegi Portuguese</a></li> <li>French <a href="/wiki/Franponais" class="mw-redirect" title="Franponais">Franponais</a></li> <li>Chinese <a href="/wiki/Kyowa-go" title="Kyowa-go">Kyowa-go</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Malay</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malay_trade_and_creole_languages" title="Malay trade and creole languages">Malay trade and creole languages</a></li> <li>English+Chinese+Tamil <a href="/wiki/Singlish" title="Singlish">Singlish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manglish" title="Manglish">Manglish</a></li> <li>Chinese <a href="/wiki/Malay_trade_and_creole_languages#Baba_Malay" title="Malay trade and creole languages">Baba Malay</a></li> <li>Chinese+Javanese+Sundanese+Arabic+Dutch <a href="/wiki/Betawi_language" title="Betawi language">Betawi</a></li> <li>Sinhalese+Tamil <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Malay_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Malay language">Sri Lankan Malay</a></li> <li>Ternate <a href="/wiki/Manado_Malay" title="Manado Malay">Manado Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Moluccan_Malay" title="North Moluccan Malay">North Moluccan Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ambonese_Malay" title="Ambonese Malay">Ambonese Malay</a></li> <li>Dutch <a href="/wiki/Petjo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Petjo language">Petjo</a></li> <li>Makassarese <a href="/wiki/Makassar_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Makassar Malay">Makassar Malay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portuguese</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Spanish <a href="/wiki/Portu%C3%B1ol" title="Portuñol">Portuñol/Portunhol</a></li> <li>English <a href="/wiki/Porglish" title="Porglish">Porglish/Portuglish</a></li> <li>Italian languages <a href="/wiki/Macarr%C3%B4nico" class="mw-redirect" title="Macarrônico">Macaronic Portuguese</a></li> <li>Bengali <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Portuguese_creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Portuguese creole">Bengali Portuguese</a></li> <li>Japanese <a href="/wiki/Dekasegi#Language" title="Dekasegi">Dekasegi Portuguese</a></li> <li>Gallo-Italic languages <a href="/wiki/Talian_dialect" title="Talian dialect">Talian</a> (when Portuguese-influenced)</li> <li>Hunsrückisch German <a href="/wiki/Riograndenser_Hunsr%C3%BCckisch_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Riograndenser Hunsrückisch German">Hunsrik</a> (when Portuguese-influenced)</li> <li>Bantu languages <a href="/wiki/Cafund%C3%B3_language" title="Cafundó language">Cafundó dialect</a> (<span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">cupópia</i></span>), <a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gira_da_Tabatinga" class="extiw" title="pt:Gira da Tabatinga">Gira da Tabatinga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalunga" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalunga">Kalunga</a></li> <li>Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Portuguese" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Portuguese">Judeo-Portuguese</a></li> <li>Southeast Asian languages <a href="/wiki/Macanese_Patois" title="Macanese Patois">Macanese Patois</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>German <a href="/wiki/German-Russian_macaronic_language" title="German-Russian macaronic language">Deutschrussisch</a></li> <li>Ukrainian <a href="/wiki/Surzhyk" title="Surzhyk">Surzhyk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balachka" title="Balachka">Balachka</a></li> <li>Belarusian <a href="/wiki/Trasianka" title="Trasianka">Trasianka</a></li> <li>Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Russenorsk" title="Russenorsk">Russenorsk</a></li> <li>English <a href="/wiki/Runglish" title="Runglish">Runglish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solombala_English" title="Solombala English">Solombala English</a></li> <li>Chinese <a href="/wiki/Kyakhta_Russian%E2%80%93Chinese_Pidgin" title="Kyakhta Russian–Chinese Pidgin">Kyakhta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scandinavian<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Danish+English <a href="/wiki/Danglish" title="Danglish">Danglish</a></li> <li>Norwegian+Russian <a href="/wiki/Russenorsk" title="Russenorsk">Russenorsk</a></li> <li>Norwegian+Spanish <a href="/w/index.php?title=Norspa%C3%B1ol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norspañol (page does not exist)">Norspañol</a></li> <li>Norwegian+Swedish <a href="/wiki/Svorsk" title="Svorsk">Svorsk</a></li> <li>Swedish+English <a href="/wiki/Swenglish" title="Swenglish">Swenglish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spanish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Portu%C3%B1ol" title="Portuñol">Portuñol/Portunhol</a></li> <li>German <a href="/wiki/Belgranodeutsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgranodeutsch">Belgranodeutsch</a></li> <li>English <a href="/wiki/Spanglish" title="Spanglish">Spanglish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Llanito" title="Llanito">Llanito</a></li> <li>Italian languages <a href="/wiki/Cocoliche" title="Cocoliche">Cocoliche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lunfardo" title="Lunfardo">Lunfardo</a></li> <li>Gallo-Italic languages <a href="/wiki/Chipilo_Venetian_dialect" title="Chipilo Venetian dialect">Chipilo</a></li> <li>Galician <a href="/wiki/Castrapo" title="Castrapo">Castrapo</a></li> <li>French <a href="/wiki/Frespa%C3%B1ol" title="Frespañol">Frespañol/Fragnol</a></li> <li>Guarani <a href="/wiki/Jopar%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Jopará">Jopará</a></li> <li>Norwegian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Norspa%C3%B1ol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norspañol (page does not exist)">Norspañol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tahitian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Te_Parau_Tinito" title="Te Parau Tinito">Te Parau Tinito</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tagalog</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Chinese+English <a href="/wiki/Hokaglish" title="Hokaglish">Hokaglish</a></li> <li>English <a href="/wiki/Taglish" title="Taglish">Taglish</a>/Englog</li> <li>Visayan <a href="/wiki/Bisalog" title="Bisalog">Bisalog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ukrainian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Belarusian <a href="/wiki/West_Polesian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="West Polesian dialect">West Polesian</a></li> <li>English <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Ukrainian" title="Canadian Ukrainian">Canadian Ukrainian</a></li> <li>Polish <a href="/wiki/Ba%C5%82ak_jargon" title="Bałak jargon">Balak</a></li> <li>Russian <a href="/wiki/Surzhyk" title="Surzhyk">Surzhyk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balachka" title="Balachka">Balachka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yiddish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>English <a href="/wiki/Heblish" class="mw-redirect" title="Heblish">Heblish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yinglish" class="mw-redirect" title="Yinglish">Yinglish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li>Scots <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Scotland#"Scots-Yiddish"" title="History of the Jews in Scotland">Scots Yiddish</a></li> <li>German <a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camfranglais&oldid=1251887883">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camfranglais&oldid=1251887883</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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