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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mixed_speech_in_pre-Soviet_and_early_Soviet_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mixed_speech_in_pre-Soviet_and_early_Soviet_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Mixed speech in pre-Soviet and early Soviet era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mixed_speech_in_pre-Soviet_and_early_Soviet_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>After World War 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href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Morphology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span 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Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Трасянка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Трасянка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Трасянка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Трасянка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trasjanka" title="Trasjanka – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Trasjanka" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Трасянка – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Трасянка" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trasjanka" title="Trasjanka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Trasjanka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trassjanka" title="Trassjanka – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Trassjanka" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trasjanka" title="Trasjanka – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Trasjanka" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="تراسیانکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تراسیانکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trasianka" title="Trasianka – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Trasianka" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trasjanka" title="Trasjanka – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Trasjanka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trasianka" title="Trasianka – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Trasianka" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trasjanka" title="Trasjanka – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Trasjanka" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traszjanka" title="Traszjanka – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Traszjanka" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trasjanka" title="Trasjanka – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Trasjanka" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trasianka" title="Trasianka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Trasianka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Трасянка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Трасянка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Трасјанка – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Трасјанка" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trasjanka" title="Trasjanka – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Trasjanka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trasjanka" title="Trasjanka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Trasjanka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trasianka" title="Trasianka – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Trasianka" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Трасянка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Трасянка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%99%BD%E8%AA%9E" title="俄白語 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="俄白語" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.4em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Belarusian_people" title="Category:Belarusian people">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="border:none; padding:0.6em 0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Belarus_(2020%E2%80%93present).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Coat_of_arms_of_Belarus_%282020%E2%80%93present%29.svg/160px-Coat_of_arms_of_Belarus_%282020%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Coat_of_arms_of_Belarus_%282020%E2%80%93present%29.svg/240px-Coat_of_arms_of_Belarus_%282020%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Coat_of_arms_of_Belarus_%282020%E2%80%93present%29.svg/320px-Coat_of_arms_of_Belarus_%282020%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="601" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Belarus" title="Culture of Belarus">Culture</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_literature" title="Belarusian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belarus" title="Music of Belarus">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarusian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Belarus" title="Cinema of Belarus">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_cuisine" title="Belarusian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">By regions</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusians_in_Russia" title="Belarusians in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusians_in_Ukraine" title="Belarusians in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarusian American">USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_minority_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarusian minority in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Australian_people_of_Belarusian_descent" title="Category:Australian people of Belarusian descent">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Belarusians in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canadian_people_of_Belarusian_descent" title="Category:Canadian people of Belarusian descent">Canada</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Belarus" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Belarus">Closely related peoples</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleszuk" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleszuk">Paleszuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podlashuks" title="Podlashuks">Padlašuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_minority_in_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish minority in Belarus">Belarusian Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Lithuania" title="Poles in Lithuania">Lithuanian Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Latvia" title="Poles in Latvia">Latvian Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Belarus" title="History of the Jews in Belarus">Belarusian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusyns" title="Rusyns">Rusyns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belarus" title="Religion in Belarus">Religion</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Orthodox_Church" title="Belarusian Orthodox Church">Belarusian Orthodox Church</a> <ul><li>also <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Autocephalous_Orthodox_Church" title="Belarusian Autocephalous Orthodox Church">Autocephalous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Belarus" title="Catholic Church in Belarus">Catholic Church in Belarus</a> <ul><li>also <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Belarusian Greek Catholic Church">Belarusian Greek Catholic Church</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Languages and dialects</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trasianka</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> Topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belarus" title="History of Belarus">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Belarusian_people" title="Category:Belarusian people">People from Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Belarusians" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Belarusians">Belarusians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvin" title="Litvin">Litvins</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Belarusians" title="Template:Belarusians"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Belarusians" title="Template talk:Belarusians"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Belarusians" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Belarusians"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Trasianka</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a>: <span lang="be">трасянка</span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="be-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Belarusian" title="Help:IPA/Belarusian">[traˈsʲanka]</a></span>) is an informal term for <a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">mixed form of speech</a> in which <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> elements and structures are combined arbitrarily.<sup id="cite_ref-Congruence_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Congruence-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the negative connotation of the word “trasianka” it has been suggested that in the linguistic debate the term "Belarusian-Russian mixed speech" should be used.<sup id="cite_ref-Diskurs_HZ_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diskurs_HZ-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trasianka&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Belarusian, the word means a kind of low quality <a href="/wiki/Fodder" title="Fodder">fodder</a>: hay is mixed with cut straw (unlike hay, straw has no nutritional value) by thoroughly shaking the mixture (shake: <span title="Belarusian-language text"><span lang="be-1959acad">трасьці</span></span>, <span title="Belarusian-language romanization"><i lang="be-Latn">traści</i></span>) when the owner is low on hay supply.<sup id="cite_ref-Pradukt_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pradukt-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word acquired the second meaning ("language mixture of low quality") relatively recently, in the second half of the 1980s, when a series of publications in the literary newspaper <a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_and_Art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature and Art (page does not exist)"><i>Literature and Art</i></a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_(%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" class="extiw" title="be:Літаратура і мастацтва (газета)">be</a>]</span> (<span title="Belarusian-language romanization"><i lang="be-Latn">Litaratura i mastactva</i></span>) criticized developments in the use of the Belarusian language under <a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Soviet rule</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zaprudski_Terminus_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zaprudski_Terminus-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Zianon_Pazniak" title="Zianon Pazniak">Zianon Pazniak</a> is often said to be the one who has popularized the use of the word for the Belarusian-Russian language mixture.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> For the Belarusian-Russian borderland it has been reported that the phenomenon usually referred to by the term <span title="Belarusian-language romanization"><i lang="be-Latn">trasianka</i></span> is called <span title="Belarusian-language romanization"><i lang="be-Latn">meshanka</i></span> (mixed-up [language]) instead (this information is based on an interdisciplinary research carried out in the district of <a href="/wiki/Horki" title="Horki">Horki</a> and Drybin in 2004).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trasianka&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mixed_speech_in_pre-Soviet_and_early_Soviet_era">Mixed speech in pre-Soviet and early Soviet era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trasianka&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mixed speech in pre-Soviet and early Soviet era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the area of present-day Belarus the mixing of speech has a relatively long history. This is because the Belarusian (and, similarly, Ukrainian) territories were for a long time borderlands in which local dialects contacted with closely related socially dominant languages (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>). Whether such older forms of mixing Belarusian with Russian should be referred to as “trasianka” is arguable as there was no intergenerational transfer of speech in those times. A literary example for this kind of mixing can be found in the 19th-century play by <a href="/wiki/Vintsent_Dunin-Martsinkyevich" title="Vintsent Dunin-Martsinkyevich">Wincenty Dunin-Marcinkiewicz</a> <i>The Gentry of Pinsk</i> (see the 1984 edition). Although it is a piece of art and not a record of everyday speech, it can be assumed that it reflects real language use (in certain situations with certain types of people) of that time. A first academic and journalistic debate on Belarusian-Russian mixed speech took place in the 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-Zaprudski_Terminus_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zaprudski_Terminus-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_World_War_II">After World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trasianka&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: After World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The phenomenon referred to as “trasianka” since the 1980s had its origins in the fundamental socio-demographic changes which took place in Soviet Belarus after World War II, and in the eastern parts of Belarus partially already before World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-Congruence_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Congruence-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The industrialization of Soviet Belarus led to a massive labor migration from villages to towns. While in 1959 31% of the population lived in towns, in 1990 the urban share had already reached 66%.<sup id="cite_ref-Marples_Soviet_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marples_Soviet-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time ethnic Russians from other parts of the Soviet Union migrated to Soviet Belarus and, in many cases, took on leadership tasks in the Belarusian communist party, administration and state companies. Consequently, the language use of former Belarusian villagers - and new town dwellers - had to adapt from (mostly dialectal) Belarusian to standard Russian, a target which speakers seldom reached, however.<sup id="cite_ref-Zaprudski_Grip_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zaprudski_Grip-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of this struggle for linguistic accommodation, the so-called <i>trasianka</i> in its contemporary form emerged, and, moreover, children of its speakers grew up using mixed Belarusian-Russian variety.<sup id="cite_ref-Hentschel_rech_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hentschel_rech-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Linguistic_status">Linguistic status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trasianka&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Linguistic status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to the negative connotation of the word “trasianka” it has been suggested to abandon it in the linguistic debate and use the term “Belarusian-Russian mixed speech” instead.<sup id="cite_ref-Diskurs_HZ_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diskurs_HZ-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scientific discussion on Belarusian-Russian mixed speech began in the first half of the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-Bieder_Forschungsproblem_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bieder_Forschungsproblem-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Influential Belarusian scholars have pointed out the spontaneous, individual, “piecemeal” or even “chaotic” fashion of Belarusian-Russian speech mixing.<sup id="cite_ref-Mechkovskaya_1994_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mechkovskaya_1994-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cychun_inprint_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cychun_inprint-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These ‘early’ debates were based mainly on informal observations though, due to a lack of text bodies in the mixed speech. A first empirical case study on the phenomenon has been undertaken only in the early 2000s in the capital <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Liskovets_code_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liskovets_code-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the years 2008-2013 a research project carried out by linguists and social scientists at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oldenburg" title="University of Oldenburg">University of Oldenburg</a> (in cooperation with partners from the <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_State_University" title="Belarusian State University">Belarusian State University</a> in Minsk) has created two bodies of oral texts in the mixed speech .<sup id="cite_ref-Korpus_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Korpus-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The linguistic results of the mentioned research project attested the older view that Belarusian-Russian mixed speech could yet not be classified as one relatively stable, homogenous <a href="/wiki/Code-mixing" title="Code-mixing">fused lect</a> all over Belarus.<sup id="cite_ref-Congruence_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Congruence-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, on all levels of the linguistic structure several country-wide relatively stable patterns could be observed which the mixed speech shares with one or both of its “donor” languages (Belarusian and Russian) or which, respectively, make the mixed speech differ from both donor languages. Russian elements and traits clearly dominate in the lexicon as well as in morphosyntax. The inflectional morphology is obviously a hybrid, and even the pronunciation is influenced by Russian. All in all, the Belarusian-Russian mixed speech in its current stage is classified as a complex of regional social <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hentschel_rech_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hentschel_rech-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sociology_of_mixed_speech_use">Sociology of mixed speech use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trasianka&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sociology of mixed speech use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sociological and sociolinguistic component of the above-mentioned research project on mixed language use in Belarus showed, inter alia, the following results: Asked about their ‘native language’, roughly 38% of around 1200 respondents named the Belarusian-Russian mixed speech, 49% Belarusian and 30% Russian (more than one answer was allowed).<sup id="cite_ref-Dreisprachigkeit_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dreisprachigkeit-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As their ‘first language’ roughly 50% declared the mixed speech, 42% Russian and 18% Belarusian (again more than one answer was allowed). Finally, as their ‘primarily used language’ roughly 55% named Russian, 41% the mixed speech and 4% Belarusian. The results of the research project contradict the popular opinion that the use of Belarusian-Russian mixed speech is an indicator for a poor education level and a lack of proficiency in Russian or Belarusian <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standard language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dreisprachigkeit_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dreisprachigkeit-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mixed speech is widespread among Belarusians from all educational levels and age groups and used alongside the standard language, which in most cases is Russian.<sup id="cite_ref-Diskurs_HZ_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diskurs_HZ-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The degree to which individuals tend to approximate ‘their’ mixed speech use to Russian or, respectively, to Belarusian depends on such factors as interlocutors, conversation place, topic etc. Among young Belarusians the relative weight of mixed speech use decreases in favour of Russian. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trasianka&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This section contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</div></div> </div> <p>The Phonology of Belarusian-Russian mixed speech is closer to Belarusian. From the point of view of the Russian speaker, the following distinctions are noticeable: </p> <ul><li>presence of <a href="/wiki/Palatal_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal affricate">palatal affricate</a> consonants <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[dz̪ʲ]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ts̪ʲ]</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[dʲ]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[tʲ]</a>, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ˈdz̪ʲenʲ]</a> – <i>дзень</i> "day" – instead of <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ˈdʲenʲ]</a> <i>день</i>, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ˈts̪ʲixʲɪ]</a> – <i>цихий</i> "quiet" – instead of <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ˈtʲixʲɪj]</a> <i>тихий</i><sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>absence of <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(sound_change)" title="Palatalization (sound change)">palatalization</a> of the consonant in front of <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[j]</a>, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ˈpjut]</a> – <i>пъют</i> "(they) drink" – instead of <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ˈpʲjʉt]</a> <i>пьют</i><sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>assimilative <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(sound_change)" title="Palatalization (sound change)">palatalization</a> of the consonants, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ˈdz̪ʲvʲerɨ]</a> – <i>дзвери</i> "doors" – instead of <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ˈdvʲerʲɪ]</a> <i>двери</i><sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspirate</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[sʲ]</a>, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ˈsʲ<sup>ʰ</sup>vʲatə]</a> (<i>сьвята</i> "holiday"), <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ˈʂɛsʲ<sup>ʰ</sup>ts̪ʲ]</a> (<i>шесьть</i> "six")<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>“hard” hushing sibilants, <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiceless retroflex affricate">[ʈ͡ʂ]</a> as in Belarusian instead of <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">[t͡ɕ]</a> as in Russian,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i.e. <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ˈʈ͡ʂaʂkə]</a> – <i>чашка</i> "cup" – instead of <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ˈt͡ɕaʂkə]</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>“hard” <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[r]</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[rʲ]</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i.e. <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ˈtrapkə]</a> – <i>трапка</i> "rag" – instead of <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ˈtrʲapkə]</a> <i>тряпка</i><sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>presence of non-syllabic bilabial <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ʊ]</a> in place of etymological (в) and (л) instead of Russian normative <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[l]</a> at the end of the word,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i.e. <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ˈpraʊdə]</a> – <i>праўда</i> "truth" – instead of <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ˈpravdə]</a> правда, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ˈvoʊk]</a> – <i>воўк</i> "wolf" – instead of <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ˈvolk]</a> <i>волк</i>, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[pʲɪˈsaʊ]</a> – <i>писаў</i> "(he) wrote" – instead of <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[pʲɪˈsal]</a> <i>писал</i><sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trasianka&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Trasianka" title="Special:EditPage/Trasianka">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Belarusian-Russian mixed speech mostly includes Russian words which have a Belarusian analogue shaped by Belarusian phonology and morphology.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some examples of high-frequency Russian words are (Belarusian and English translations are given in parentheses): </p> <ul><li>Nouns: <span title="East Slavic languages collective text"><span lang="zle-BY">рабёнак</span></span> (<span title="Belarusian-language text"><span lang="be">дзiця</span></span> "child"), <span title="East Slavic languages collective text"><span lang="zle-BY">цвяточак</span></span> (<span title="Belarusian-language text"><span lang="be">кветачка</span></span> "flower"), <span title="East Slavic languages collective text"><span lang="zle-BY">дзеньгі</span></span> (<span title="Belarusian-language text"><span lang="be">грошы</span></span> "money")</li> <li>Verbs: <span title="East Slavic languages collective text"><span lang="zle-BY">работаць</span></span> (<span title="Belarusian-language text"><span lang="be">працаваць</span></span> "to work"), <span title="East Slavic languages collective text"><span lang="zle-BY">дзелаць</span></span> (<span title="Belarusian-language text"><span lang="be">рабiць</span></span> "to do"), <span title="East Slavic languages collective text"><span lang="zle-BY">ждаць</span></span> (<span title="Belarusian-language text"><span lang="be">чакаць</span></span> "to wait")</li> <li>Adjectives: <span title="East Slavic languages collective text"><span lang="zle-BY">прошлы</span></span> (<span title="Belarusian-language text"><span lang="be">мiнулы</span></span> "past"), <span title="East Slavic languages collective text"><span lang="zle-BY">следушчы</span></span> (<span title="Belarusian-language text"><span lang="be">наступны</span></span> "next"), <span title="East Slavic languages collective text"><span lang="zle-BY">красівы</span></span> (<span title="Belarusian-language text"><span lang="be">прыгожы</span></span> "beautiful"), <span title="East Slavic languages collective text"><span lang="zle-BY">плахі</span></span> (<span title="Belarusian-language text"><span lang="be">дрэнны</span></span> "bad")</li></ul> <p>Many words have Russian stem, but other morphemes come from Belarusian. </p><p>Part of vocabulary comes exclusively from Belarusian (Russian and English translations are given in parentheses when necessary): </p> <ul><li>Family titles: <span title="East Slavic languages collective text"><span lang="zle-BY">маці</span></span> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">мама</span></span> "mother"), <span title="East Slavic languages collective text"><span lang="zle-BY">бацька</span></span> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">папа</span></span> "father"), <span title="East Slavic languages collective text"><span lang="zle-BY">дачка</span></span> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">дочка</span></span> "daughter"); some words sound the same in both languages: <span title="East Slavic languages collective text"><span lang="zle-BY">сын</span></span> ("son"), <span title="East Slavic languages collective text"><span lang="zle-BY">брат</span></span> ("brother"), <span title="East Slavic languages collective text"><span lang="zle-BY">бабка/бабуля</span></span> ("grandma"); or differ by regular phonetic substitutions: <span title="East Slavic languages collective text"><span lang="zle-BY">сястра</span></span> ("sister"), <span title="East Slavic languages collective text"><span lang="zle-BY">зяць</span></span> ("son-in-law"), <span title="East Slavic languages collective text"><span lang="zle-BY">нявестка</span></span> ("daughter-in-law"), <span title="East Slavic languages collective text"><span lang="zle-BY">дзед</span></span> ("grandpa"), <span title="East Slavic languages collective text"><span lang="zle-BY">унук</span></span> ("grandson"), <span title="East Slavic languages collective text"><span lang="zle-BY">нявеста</span></span> ("bride"), <span title="East Slavic languages collective text"><span lang="zle-BY">жаніх</span></span> ("bridegroom").</li> <li>Name of some fruits and vegetables: <span title="East Slavic languages collective text"><span lang="zle-BY">бульба</span></span> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">картофель</span></span>, "potato"), <span title="East Slavic languages collective text"><span lang="zle-BY">бурак</span></span> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">свёкла</span></span>, "beet"), <span title="East Slavic languages collective text"><span lang="zle-BY">чабор</span></span> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">чабрец</span></span>, "thyme")</li> <li>The word <span title="East Slavic languages collective text"><span lang="zle-BY">хата</span></span> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">дом</span></span>, "home”)</li></ul> <p>Professional and urban words are borrowed almost exclusively from Russian. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology">Morphology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trasianka&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Trasianka" title="Special:EditPage/Trasianka">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Inflection mostly conforms with the norms of the Belarusian language.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russian and Belarusian have different norms of declension, especially case declension. For instance, in the instrumental case in Russian masculine nouns ending in -а have inflection -ей, -ой, while in Belarusian the ending becomes -ам – the norm that is present in Belarusian-Russian mixed speech: гаварыла з Мишам, з Вовам ("spoke with Misha, with Vova"). </p><p>Verbs in the 3rd person singular miss final -т, including verbs coming from Russian: атвячае ("(she) answers"), знае ("(she) knows"), таргуе ("(she) sells"). Sometimes, it is replaced with -ць: атвячаець, знаець, таргуець. In the infinitive form of Russian verbs final -ть is replaced with -ць: весіць ("to weight"), знаць ("to know"). </p><p>Postfix -ся is more frequently used, even when Russian norm requires -сь: началася ("(she has) started"), баялася ("(she) was afraid"), прышлося ("had to"), спуталася ("become tangled"), учыліся ("(they) studied"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trasianka&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russification_of_Belarus" title="Russification of Belarus">Russification of Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surzhyk" title="Surzhyk">Surzhyk</a>, a similar phenomenon in <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>–Russian language mixture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Polesian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="West Polesian language">West Polesian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russenorsk" title="Russenorsk">Russenorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Belarus" title="Languages of Belarus">Languages of Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lukashisms" title="Lukashisms">Lukashisms</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trasianka&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Belarusian" title="Romanization of Belarusian">transliterated</a> <b>trasyanka</b>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Congruence-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Congruence_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Congruence_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Congruence_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hentschel, Gerd, "Belarusian and Russian in the Mixed Speech of Belarus". In Besters-Dilger, J. et al. (eds.): <i>Congruence in Contact-Induced Language Change: Language Families, Typological Resemblance, and Perceived Similarity.</i> Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2014, 93-121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Diskurs_HZ-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Diskurs_HZ_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diskurs_HZ_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diskurs_HZ_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hentschel, Gerd and Zeller, Jan Patrick Gemischte Rede, gemischter Diskurs, Sprechertypen: Weißrussisch, Russisch und gemischte Rede in der Kommunikation weißrussischer Familien. “Wiener Slawistischer Almanach” No. 70. (2012) 127-155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pradukt-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pradukt_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070704015821/http://arche.bymedia.net/6-2000/cychu600.html">"Крэалізаваны прадукт. Генадзь Цыхун у ARCHE 6(11)-2000. ARCHE-Skaryna: Аналітыка • Эсэістыка • Крытыка • Рэцэнзіі. "...Першасны сэнс слова "трасянка" многія забыліся, яно ўжо патрабуе разгорнутых тлумачэнняў, як, напрыклад, у каментары да "Трасянка–беларуска–рускага слоўніка", што пачала друкаваць..."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>arche.bymedia.net</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arche.bymedia.net/6-2000/cychu600.html">the original</a> on 4 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=arche.bymedia.net&rft.atitle=%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82.+%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8C+%D0%A6%D1%8B%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BD+%D1%83+ARCHE+6%2811%29-2000.+ARCHE-Skaryna%3A+%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0+%E2%80%A2+%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%8D%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0+%E2%80%A2+%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0+%E2%80%A2+%D0%A0%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%96.+%22...%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B+%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%81+%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0+%22%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%22+%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8F%2C+%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BE+%D1%9E%D0%B6%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B5+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%85+%D1%82%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%9E%2C+%D1%8F%D0%BA%2C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%2C+%D1%83+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B+%D0%B4%D0%B0+%22%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%E2%80%93%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%E2%80%93%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0+%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%22%2C+%D1%88%D1%82%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8C...%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farche.bymedia.net%2F6-2000%2Fcychu600.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrasianka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zaprudski_Terminus-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zaprudski_Terminus_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zaprudski_Terminus_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Zaprudski, Siarhiej Zur öffentlichen Diskussion der weißrussischen Sprachkultur, zum Aufkommen des Terminus Trasjanka und zur modernen Trasjankaforschung. In Hentschel, G. et al. (eds.): “Trasjanka und Surzhyk - gemischte weißrussisch-russische und ukrainisch-russische Rede. Sprachlicher Inzest in Weißrussland und der Ukraine?” Frankfurt/M.: Lang, in print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smulkowa, E. and Engelking, A. (eds.) (2007). <i>Pogranicza Bialorusi w perspektywie interdyscyplinarnej</i>. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo DiG. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-7181-485-2" title="Special:BookSources/83-7181-485-2">83-7181-485-2</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-7181-485-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-7181-485-3">978-83-7181-485-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marples_Soviet-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marples_Soviet_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marples David A. “Belarus. From Soviet Rule to Nuclear Catastrophe.” Basingstoke, London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1996.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zaprudski_Grip-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zaprudski_Grip_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zaprudski, Sjarhej In the grip of replacive bilingualism: the Belarusian language in contact with Russian. “International Journal of the Sociology of Language” No. 183. (2007) 97-118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hentschel_rech-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hentschel_rech_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hentschel_rech_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Hentschel, Gerd Belorusskij, russkij i belorussko-russkaja smeshannaja rech. “Voprosy jazykoznanija” No. 1. (2013) 53-76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bieder_Forschungsproblem-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bieder_Forschungsproblem_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieder, Hermann Die weißrussisch-russische Mischsprache (Trasjanka) als Forschungsproblem. In Hentschel, G. et al. (eds.): “Trasjanka und Surzhyk - gemischte weißrussisch-russische und ukrainisch-russische Rede. Sprachlicher Inzest in Weißrussland und der Ukraine?” Frankfurt/M.: Lang, in print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mechkovskaya_1994-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mechkovskaya_1994_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mechkovskaia, Nina B. Iazykovaia situaciia v Belarusi: Eticheskiie kollizii dvuiazychiia. “Russian Linguistics” Vol. 18 No. 3. (1994) 299-322</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cychun_inprint-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cychun_inprint_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cychun, H. A. Soziolinguistische, soziokulturelle und psychologische Grundlagen gemischten Sprechens. In Hentschel, G. et al. (eds.): “Trasjanka und Surzhyk - gemischte weißrussisch-russische und ukrainisch-russische Rede. Sprachlicher Inzest in Weißrussland und der Ukraine?” Frankfurt/M.: Lang, in print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Liskovets_code-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Liskovets_code_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Liskovets, Irina Trasjanka: A code of rural migrants in Minsk. “International Journal of Bilingualism” No. 13. (2009) 396-412</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Korpus-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Korpus_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-oldenburg.de/ok-wrgr/">"Oldenburger Korpus zur weißrussisch-russischen gemischten Rede — Institut für Slavistik :: Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg"</a>. <i>Uni-oldenburg.de</i>. 2016-10-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-01-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Uni-oldenburg.de&rft.atitle=Oldenburger+Korpus+zur+wei%C3%9Frussisch-russischen+gemischten+Rede+%E2%80%94+Institut+f%C3%BCr+Slavistik+%3A%3A+Carl+von+Ossietzky+Universit%C3%A4t+Oldenburg&rft.date=2016-10-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni-oldenburg.de%2Fok-wrgr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrasianka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dreisprachigkeit-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dreisprachigkeit_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dreisprachigkeit_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hentschel, Gerd and Kittel, Bernhard Weißrussische Dreisprachigkeit? Zur sprachlichen Situation in Weißrussland auf der Basis von Urteilen von Weißrussen über die Verbreitung ihrer Sprachen im Lande. “Wiener Slawistischer Almanach” No. 67. (2011) 107-135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFВахтинЖиронкинаЛисковецРоманова" class="citation web cs1">Вахтин, Николай; Жиронкина, Оксана; Лисковец, Ирина; Романова, Екатерина. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050104054303/http://www.eu.spb.ru/ethno/projects/project3/belarus/024/026.htm">"Новые языки новых государств: явления на стыке близкородственных языков на постсоветском пространстве"</a>. Archived from the original on January 4, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%3A+%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B5+%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5&rft.aulast=%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD&rft.aufirst=%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9&rft.au=%D0%96%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%2C+%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0&rft.au=%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%2C+%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0&rft.au=%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%2C+%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eu.spb.ru%2Fethno%2Fprojects%2Fproject3%2Fbelarus%2F024%2F026.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrasianka" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFЛисковец" class="citation web cs1">Лисковец. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eu.spb.ru/images/et_dep/sborniki/afl2/329_343.pdf">"Трасянка: происхождение, сущность, функционирование"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Eu.spb.ru</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-01-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eu.spb.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%3A+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%2C+%D1%81%D1%83%D1%89%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%2C+%D1%84%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5&rft.au=%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feu.spb.ru%2Fimages%2Fet_dep%2Fsborniki%2Fafl2%2F329_343.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrasianka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trasianka&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vintsent_Dunin-Martsinkyevich" title="Vintsent Dunin-Martsinkyevich">DUNIN-MARTSINKIEVICH, Vintsent</a> (1984): <i>Tvory</i>. Ed. by Ia. Ianushkevich. Minsk: Mastatskaia litaratura.</li> <li>HENTSCHEL, Gerd (2013): Belorusskij, russkij i belorussko-russkaja smeshannaja rech‘."Voprosy jazykoznanija", No. 1, pp.  53–76.</li> <li>HENTSCHEL, Gerd (2014): Belarusian and Russian in the Mixed Speech of Belarus. In: Besters-Dilger, J., et al. (eds.): <i>Congruence in Contact-Induced Language Change</i>. Berlin/Boston: de Gruyter, pp. 93–121.</li> <li>HENTSCHEL, Gerd, and KITTEL, BERNHARD (2011): Weißrussische Dreisprachigkeit? Zur sprachlichen Situation in Weißrussland auf der Basis von Urteilen von Weißrussen über die Verbreitung "ihrer Sprachen" im Lande. "Wiener Slawistischer Almanach", No. 67, pp.  107–135.</li> <li>HENTSCHEL, Gerd, and ZELLER, JAN PATRICK (2012): Gemischte Rede, gemischter Diskurs, Sprechertypen: Weißrussisch, Russisch und gemischte Rede in der Kommunikation weißrussischer Familien. "Wiener Slawistischer Almanach", No. 70, pp.  127–155</li> <li>KALITA I. V. (2010) Современная Беларусь: языки и национальная идентичность. Ústí nad Labem, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-7414-324-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-80-7414-324-3">978-80-7414-324-3</a>, 2010, 300 s. s. 112-190.</li> <li>KITTEL, Bernhard et al. (2010): Mixed Language Usage in Belarus. The Sociostructural Background of Language Choice. "International Journal of the Sociology of Language", No. 206, pp.  47–71.</li> <li>LISKOVETS, Irina V. (2002): Trasianka: proiskhozhdeniie, sushchnost', funkcionirovaniie. <i>Antropologiia, fol'kloristika, lingvistika</i>, 2, pp. 329–343.</li> <li>LISKOVETS, Irina V. (2003): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050419021028/http://www.eu.spb.ru/ethno/projects/project3/list.htm">Project <i>Novyie iazyki novykh gosudarstv: iavleniia na styke blizkorodstvennykh iazykov na postsovetskom prostranstve</i></a>. (The part on Belarus.) European University in Sankt-Peterburg.</li> <li>MECHKOVSKAIA, Nina B. (1994): Iazykovaia situaciia v Belarusi: Eticheskiie kollizii dvuiazychiia. <i>Russian Linguistics</i>, 18, pp. 299–322.</li> <li>MECHKOVSKAIA, Nina B. (2002): Iazyk v roli ideologii: nacional'no-simvolicheskiie funkcii iazyka v belorusskoi iazykovoi situacii. In: Gutschmidt, K., et al. (eds.): <i>Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Standardisierung slavischer Schriftsprachen in der Gegenwart</i>. Dresden: Thelem, pp. 123–141.</li> <li>MECHKOVSKAIA, Nina B. (2006): Belorusskaia trasianka i ukrainskii surzhik: surrogaty etnicheskogo substandarta v ikh otnosheniiakh k massovoi kul'ture i literaturnym iazykam. In <i>Problemy zistavnoi semantyky</i>, vyp. 7. Kiev: Kyivs'kyi nacional'nyi linhvistychnyi universytet.</li> <li>MIACHKOUSKAIA, Nina B. (2007): Трасянка ў кантынууме беларуска-рускіх ідыялектаў: хто і калі размаўляе на трасянцы? [Trasianka in the continuum of Belarusian-Russian ideolects: who speaks trasianka and when]. <i>Веснік БДУ</i>, серыя 4 (1).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zianon_Pazniak" title="Zianon Pazniak">POZNIAK, Zenon</a> (1988): Dvuiazychiie i biurokratizm. <i>Raduga</i>, No. 4, pp. 36–50.</li> <li>SENDER, Natallia: Spracheinstellung zur weißrussisch - russischen Mischsprache Trasjanka in Belarus, Frankfurt/Oder, Univ., Masterarbeit.</li> <li>TSYKHUN, Henadz A. (2000): Krealizavany pradukt (trasianka iak ab'iekt linhvistychnaha dasledavannia). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050501081414/http://arche.home.by/6-2000/cychu600.html"><i>ARCHE - Paczatak</i></a>, 6.</li> <li>WOOLHISER, Curt (2001): Language ideology and language conflict in post-Soviet Belarus. In O'Reilly, C. C. (ed.): <i>Language, Ethnicity and the State</i>, vol. 2. Palgrave, pp. 91–122.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trasianka&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-oldenburg.de/en/slavistik/forschung/sprachwissenschaft/schwerpunkt-mischvarietaeten/publikationen-wrgr/">Studies on Belarusian-Russian mixed speech published at the University of Oldenburg, Slavic Department</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-oldenburg.de/en/slavistik/forschung/sprachwissenschaft/schwerpunkt-mischvarietaeten/oc-brms/">The Oldenburg corpus of Belarusian-Russian Mixed Speech</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://seveleu.com/drafts/trasianka">Two examples of Trasianka</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1GOyK_RNFZs&t=50s">Example of Trasianka</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/32px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/48px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/64px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Belarus" title="Portal:Belarus">Belarus portal</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_speech" title="Simple speech">Simple speech</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trasianka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Polesian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="West Polesian dialect">West Polesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Romani" title="Baltic Romani">Baltic Romani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Sign_Language" title="Russian Sign Language">Russian Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Russification_policy_in_the_territories_occupied_or_annexed_by_Russia_in_the_18–21st_centuries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russification" title="Template:Russification"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russification" title="Template talk:Russification"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russification" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russification"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Russification_policy_in_the_territories_occupied_or_annexed_by_Russia_in_the_18–21st_centuries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a> policy in the territories occupied or annexed by Russia in the 18–21st centuries</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By annexed territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russification#Azerbaijan" title="Russification">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russification_of_Belarus" title="Russification of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russification#Romania_(Bessarabia/Moldova)" title="Russification">Bessarabia/Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russification_of_Finland" title="Russification of Finland">Finland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_Manifesto" title="February Manifesto">February Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Russification_program" title="Great Russification program">Great Russification program</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russification#Latvia" title="Russification">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russification#Lithuania_and_Poland" title="Russification">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russification_of_Poles_during_the_Partitions" title="Russification of Poles during the Partitions">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russification_of_Ukraine" title="Russification of Ukraine">Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De-Tatarization_of_Crimea" title="De-Tatarization of Crimea">Crimea</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizers of Russification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Muravyov-Vilensky" title="Mikhail Muravyov-Vilensky">Mikhail Muravyov-Vilensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Valuyev" title="Pyotr Valuyev">Pyotr Valuyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia" title="Alexander III of Russia">Alexander III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II" title="Nicholas II">Nicholas II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Bobrikov" title="Nikolay Bobrikov">Nikolay Bobrikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lukashenko" title="Alexander Lukashenko">Alexander Lukashenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anti-Russification activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konstanty_Kalinowski" title="Konstanty Kalinowski">Kastus Kalinouski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Mechelin" title="Leo Mechelin">Leo Mechelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Pol%C3%B3n" title="Eduard Polón">Eduard Polón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pehr_Evind_Svinhufvud" title="Pehr Evind Svinhufvud">Pehr Evind Svinhufvud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleksa_Hirnyk" title="Oleksa Hirnyk">Oleksa Hirnyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasyl_Makukh" title="Vasyl Makukh">Vasyl Makukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Razin" title="Albert Razin">Albert Razin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zianon_Pazniak" title="Zianon Pazniak">Zianon Pazniak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atner_Khuzangai" title="Atner Khuzangai">Atner Khuzangai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romas_Kalanta" title="Romas Kalanta">Romas Kalanta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_orthography_reform_of_1933" title="Belarusian orthography reform of 1933">Belarusian orthography reform of 1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abductions_in_the_2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Child abductions in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">Child abductions in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ems_Ukaz" title="Ems Ukaz">Ems Ukaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_press_ban" title="Lithuanian press ban">Lithuanian press ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russification#Russia" title="Russification">Russification in modern Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surzhyk" title="Surzhyk">Surzhyk</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trasianka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_orthography_of_1933" title="Ukrainian orthography of 1933">Ukrainian orthography of 1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valuev_Circular" title="Valuev Circular">Valuev Circular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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