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</li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_radiation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_radiation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Types of radiation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_radiation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of radiation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_radiation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Radio_waves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio_waves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Radio waves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio_waves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Microwaves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microwaves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Microwaves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microwaves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrared_radiation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrared_radiation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Infrared radiation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrared_radiation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visible_light" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visible_light"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Visible light</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visible_light-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ultraviolet_radiation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ultraviolet_radiation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Ultraviolet radiation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ultraviolet_radiation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-X-rays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#X-rays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>X-rays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-X-rays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gamma_rays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gamma_rays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Gamma rays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gamma_rays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Electromagnetic spectrum</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 76 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-76" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">76 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromagnetiese_spektrum" title="Elektromagnetiese spektrum – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Elektromagnetiese spektrum" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%81_%D9%83%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="طيف كهرطيسي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طيف كهرطيسي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espectro_electromagnetico" title="Espectro electromagnetico – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Espectro electromagnetico" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espectru_electromagn%C3%A9ticu" title="Espectru electromagnéticu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Espectru electromagnéticu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromaqnit_spektr" title="Elektromaqnit spektr – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Elektromaqnit spektr" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80" title="তড়িৎচৌম্বক বর্ণালী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তড়িৎচৌম্বক বর্ণালী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Електромагнитен спектър – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Електромагнитен спектър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromagnetni_spektar" title="Elektromagnetni spektar – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Elektromagnetni spektar" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espectre_electromagn%C3%A8tic" title="Espectre electromagnètic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Espectre electromagnètic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80" title="Электромагнитла спектр – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Электромагнитла спектр" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromagnetick%C3%A9_spektrum" title="Elektromagnetické spektrum – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Elektromagnetické spektrum" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromagnetiske_spektrum" title="Elektromagnetiske spektrum – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Elektromagnetiske spektrum" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromagnetisches_Spektrum" title="Elektromagnetisches Spektrum – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Elektromagnetisches Spektrum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromagnetspekter" title="Elektromagnetspekter – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Elektromagnetspekter" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CF%86%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Ηλεκτρομαγνητικό φάσμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ηλεκτρομαγνητικό φάσμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espectro_electromagn%C3%A9tico" title="Espectro electromagnético – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Espectro electromagnético" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromagneta_spektro" title="Elektromagneta spektro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Elektromagneta spektro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espektro_elektromagnetiko" title="Espektro elektromagnetiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Espektro elektromagnetiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%DB%8C%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B7%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="طیف الکترومغناطیسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="طیف الکترومغناطیسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectre_%C3%A9lectromagn%C3%A9tique" title="Spectre électromagnétique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Spectre électromagnétique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speictream_leictreamaighn%C3%A9adach" title="Speictream leictreamaighnéadach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Speictream leictreamaighnéadach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espectro_electromagn%C3%A9tico" title="Espectro electromagnético – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Espectro electromagnético" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%EA%B8%B0_%EC%8A%A4%ED%8E%99%ED%8A%B8%EB%9F%BC" title="전자기 스펙트럼 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전자기 스펙트럼" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE" title="विद्युतचुंबकीय वर्णक्रम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विद्युतचुंबकीय वर्णक्रम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektar_(fizika)" title="Spektar (fizika) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Spektar (fizika)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektrum_elektromagnetik" title="Spektrum elektromagnetik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Spektrum elektromagnetik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spettro_elettromagnetico" title="Spettro elettromagnetico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Spettro elettromagnetico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99" title="הספקטרום האלקטרומגנטי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הספקטרום האלקטרומגנטי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektrum_elektromagnetik" title="Spektrum elektromagnetik – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Spektrum elektromagnetik" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80" title="Электромагниттік спектр – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Электромагниттік спектр" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Spektrum_Elektrotennvenek" title="An Spektrum Elektrotennvenek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="An Spektrum Elektrotennvenek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektra" title="Spektra – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Spektra" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esp%C3%A8k_elektwomayetik" title="Espèk elektwomayetik – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Espèk elektwomayetik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eebenga_karomiqnat%C3%AEs%C3%AE" title="Şebenga karomiqnatîsî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Şebenga karomiqnatîsî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromagn%C4%93tisko_vi%C4%BC%C5%86u_skala" title="Elektromagnētisko viļņu skala – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Elektromagnētisko viļņu skala" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromagn%C3%A9itesche_Spektrum" title="Elektromagnéitesche Spektrum – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Elektromagnéitesche Spektrum" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spettro_elettromagnettico" title="Spettro elettromagnettico – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Spettro elettromagnettico" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%A8ttro_el%C3%A8ttromagnetich" title="Spèttro elèttromagnetich – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Spèttro elèttromagnetich" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Електромагнетен спектар – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Електромагнетен спектар" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF" title="വിദ്യുത്കാന്തിക വർണ്ണരാജി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വിദ്യുത്കാന്തിക വർണ്ണരാജി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektrum_elektromagnet" title="Spektrum elektromagnet – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Spektrum elektromagnet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80" title="Цахилгаан соронзон спектр – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Цахилгаан соронзон спектр" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromagnetisch_spectrum" title="Elektromagnetisch spectrum – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Elektromagnetisch spectrum" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9A%E3%82%AF%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB" title="電磁スペクトル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="電磁スペクトル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromagnetisk_spekter" title="Elektromagnetisk spekter – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Elektromagnetisk spekter" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_elektromagnetiske_spekteret" title="Det elektromagnetiske spekteret – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Det elektromagnetiske spekteret" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromagnit_spektr" title="Elektromagnit spektr – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Elektromagnit spektr" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%85%D9%82%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%81" title="برېښنايي مقناطيسي طيف – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="برېښنايي مقناطيسي طيف" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widmo_(spektroskopia)" title="Widmo (spektroskopia) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Widmo (spektroskopia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espectro_eletromagn%C3%A9tico" title="Espectro eletromagnético – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Espectro eletromagnético" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectru_electromagnetic" title="Spectru electromagnetic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Spectru electromagnetic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D2%91%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Електромаґнетічне спектрум – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Електромаґнетічне спектрум" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80" title="Электромагнитный спектр – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Электромагнитный спектр" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ispetru_eletromagn%C3%A8ticu" title="Ispetru eletromagnèticu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Ispetru eletromagnèticu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektri_elektromagnetik" title="Spektri elektromagnetik – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Spektri elektromagnetik" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A-%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%86%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="විද්‍යුත්-චුම්බක ආවලිය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="විද්‍යුත්-චුම්බක ආවලිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Electromagnetic spectrum" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromagnetick%C3%A9_spektrum" title="Elektromagnetické spektrum – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Elektromagnetické spektrum" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spekter_elektromagnetnega_valovanja" title="Spekter elektromagnetnega valovanja – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Spekter elektromagnetnega valovanja" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%95%D8%A8%DB%95%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%86%D9%85%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="شەبەنگی کارۆموگناتیسی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شەبەنگی کارۆموگناتیسی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Електромагнетски спектар – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Електромагнетски спектар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromagnetski_spektar" title="Elektromagnetski spektar – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Elektromagnetski spektar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%A9ktrum_%C3%A9l%C3%A9ktromagn%C3%A9tik" title="Spéktrum éléktromagnétik – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Spéktrum éléktromagnétik" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4hk%C3%B6magneettinen_spektri" title="Sähkömagneettinen spektri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sähkömagneettinen spektri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromagnetiskt_spektrum" title="Elektromagnetiskt spektrum – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Elektromagnetiskt spektrum" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88" title="மின்காந்த நிழற்பட்டை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மின்காந்த நிழற்பட்டை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%82" title="విద్యుదయస్కాంత వర్ణపటం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="విద్యుదయస్కాంత వర్ణపటం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2" title="สเปกตรัมแม่เหล็กไฟฟ้า – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สเปกตรัมแม่เหล็กไฟฟ้า" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromanyetik_spektrum" title="Elektromanyetik spektrum – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Elektromanyetik spektrum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80" title="Електромагнітний спектр – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Електромагнітний спектр" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spetro_e%C5%82etromagn%C3%A8tego" title="Spetro ełetromagnètego – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Spetro ełetromagnètego" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%E1%BB%95_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n_t%E1%BB%AB" title="Phổ điện từ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phổ điện từ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espektro_elektromagnetiko" title="Espektro elektromagnetiko – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Espektro elektromagnetiko" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E6%B3%A2%E8%B0%B1" title="电磁波谱 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="电磁波谱" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E6%B3%A2%E8%AD%9C" title="電磁波譜 – Cantonese" lang="yue" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Range of frequencies or wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EM_Spectrum_Properties_edit.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/EM_Spectrum_Properties_edit.svg/330px-EM_Spectrum_Properties_edit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/EM_Spectrum_Properties_edit.svg/495px-EM_Spectrum_Properties_edit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/EM_Spectrum_Properties_edit.svg/660px-EM_Spectrum_Properties_edit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>A diagram of the electromagnetic spectrum, showing various properties across the range of frequencies and wavelengths</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>electromagnetic spectrum</b> is the full range of <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">electromagnetic radiation</a>, organized by <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequency</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelength</a>. The spectrum is divided into separate bands, with different names for the electromagnetic waves within each band. From low to high frequency these are: <a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">radio waves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">microwaves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visible_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Visible light">visible light</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a>, <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma rays</a>. The electromagnetic waves in each of these bands have different characteristics, such as how they are produced, how they interact with matter, and their practical applications. </p><p>Radio waves, at the low-frequency end of the spectrum, have the lowest <a href="/wiki/Photon_energy" title="Photon energy">photon energy</a> and the longest wavelengths—thousands of <a href="/wiki/Kilometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilometer">kilometers</a>, or more. They can be emitted and received by <a href="/wiki/Antenna_(radio)" title="Antenna (radio)">antennas</a>, and pass through the atmosphere, foliage, and most building materials. </p><p>Gamma rays, at the high-frequency end of the spectrum, have the highest photon energies and the shortest wavelengths—much smaller than an <a href="/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">atomic nucleus</a>. Gamma rays, X-rays, and extreme ultraviolet rays are called <a href="/wiki/Ionizing_radiation" title="Ionizing radiation">ionizing radiation</a> because their high photon energy is able to <a href="/wiki/Ionization" title="Ionization">ionize</a> atoms, causing chemical reactions. Longer-wavelength radiation such as visible light is nonionizing; the photons do not have sufficient energy to ionize atoms. </p><p>Throughout most of the electromagnetic spectrum, <a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">spectroscopy</a> can be used to separate waves of different frequencies, so that the intensity of the radiation can be measured as a function of frequency or wavelength. Spectroscopy is used to study the interactions of electromagnetic waves with matter.<sup id="cite_ref-em-spectrum_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-em-spectrum-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_discovery">History and discovery <span class="anchor" id="History"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electromagnetic_spectrum&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and discovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_electromagnetic_theory" title="History of electromagnetic theory">History of electromagnetic theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">History of radio</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_electrical_engineering" title="History of electrical engineering">History of electrical engineering</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_optics" title="History of optics">History of optics</a></div> <p>Humans have always been aware of <a href="/wiki/Visible_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Visible light">visible light</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radiant_heat" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiant heat">radiant heat</a> but for most of history it was not known that these phenomena were connected or were representatives of a more extensive principle. The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greeks</a> recognized that light traveled in straight lines and studied some of its properties, including <a href="/wiki/Reflection_(physics)" title="Reflection (physics)">reflection</a> and <a href="/wiki/Refraction" title="Refraction">refraction</a>. Light was intensively studied from the beginning of the 17th century leading to the invention of important instruments like the <a href="/wiki/Telescope" title="Telescope">telescope</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microscope" title="Microscope">microscope</a>. <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> was the first to use the term <i><a href="/wiki/Spectrum" title="Spectrum">spectrum</a></i> for the range of colours that white light could be split into with a <a href="/wiki/Prism_(optics)" title="Prism (optics)">prism</a>. Starting in 1666, Newton showed that these colours were intrinsic to light and could be recombined into white light. A debate arose over whether light had a wave nature or a particle nature with <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens" title="Christiaan Huygens">Christiaan Huygens</a> favouring a wave description and Newton favouring a particle description. Huygens in particular had a well developed theory from which he was able to derive the laws of reflection and refraction. Around 1801, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Young_(scientist)" title="Thomas Young (scientist)">Thomas Young</a> measured the <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelength</a> of a light beam with his <a href="/wiki/Young%27s_interference_experiment" title="Young's interference experiment">two-slit experiment</a> thus conclusively demonstrating that light was a wave. </p><p>In 1800, <a href="/wiki/William_Herschel" title="William Herschel">William Herschel</a> discovered <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> radiation.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was studying the temperature of different colours by moving a thermometer through light split by a prism. He noticed that the highest temperature was beyond red. He theorized that this temperature change was due to "calorific rays", a type of light ray that could not be seen. The next year, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Ritter" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Ritter">Johann Ritter</a>, working at the other end of the spectrum, noticed what he called "chemical rays" (invisible light rays that induced certain chemical reactions). These behaved similarly to visible violet light rays, but were beyond them in the spectrum.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were later renamed <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> radiation. </p><p>The study of <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">electromagnetism</a> began in 1820 when <a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_%C3%98rsted" title="Hans Christian Ørsted">Hans Christian Ørsted</a> discovered that <a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">electric currents</a> produce <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic fields</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oersted%27s_law" title="Oersted's law">Oersted's law</a>). Light was first linked to electromagnetism in 1845, when <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a> noticed that the <a href="/wiki/Polarization_of_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Polarization of light">polarization of light</a> traveling through a transparent material responded to a magnetic field (see <a href="/wiki/Faraday_effect" title="Faraday effect">Faraday effect</a>). During the 1860s, <a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a> developed four partial <a href="/wiki/Differential_equation" title="Differential equation">differential equations</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maxwell%27s_equations" title="Maxwell's equations">Maxwell's equations</a>) for the <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_field" title="Electromagnetic field">electromagnetic field</a>. Two of these equations predicted the possibility and behavior of waves in the field. Analyzing the speed of these theoretical waves, Maxwell realized that they must travel at a speed that was about the known <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">speed of light</a>. This startling coincidence in value led Maxwell to make the inference that light itself is a type of electromagnetic wave. Maxwell's equations predicted an infinite range of frequencies of <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic waves">electromagnetic waves</a>, all traveling at the speed of light. This was the first indication of the existence of the entire electromagnetic spectrum. </p><p>Maxwell's predicted waves included waves at very low frequencies compared to infrared, which in theory might be created by oscillating charges in an ordinary <a href="/wiki/Electrical_Circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical Circuit">electrical circuit</a> of a certain type. Attempting to prove Maxwell's equations and detect such low frequency electromagnetic radiation, in 1886, the physicist <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Hertz" title="Heinrich Hertz">Heinrich Hertz</a> built an apparatus to generate and detect what are now called <a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">radio waves</a>. Hertz found the waves and was able to infer (by measuring their wavelength and multiplying it by their frequency) that they traveled at the speed of light. Hertz also demonstrated that the new radiation could be both reflected and refracted by various <a href="/wiki/Dielectric" title="Dielectric">dielectric media</a>, in the same manner as light. For example, Hertz was able to focus the waves using a lens made of tree <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(resin)" title="Pitch (resin)">resin</a>. In a later experiment, Hertz similarly produced and measured the properties of <a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">microwaves</a>. These new types of waves paved the way for inventions such as the <a href="/wiki/Wireless_telegraphy" title="Wireless telegraphy">wireless telegraph</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a>. </p><p>In 1895, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Wilhelm Röntgen</a> noticed a new type of radiation emitted during an experiment with an <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">evacuated tube</a> subjected to a <a href="/wiki/High_voltage" title="High voltage">high voltage</a>. He called this radiation "<a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">x-rays</a>" and found that they were able to travel through parts of the human body but were reflected or stopped by denser matter such as bones. Before long, many uses were found for this <a href="/wiki/Radiography" title="Radiography">radiography</a>. </p><p>The last portion of the electromagnetic spectrum was filled in with the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma rays</a>. In 1900, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Villard" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Villard">Paul Villard</a> was studying the radioactive emissions of <a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">radium</a> when he identified a new type of radiation that he at first thought consisted of particles similar to known <a href="/wiki/Alpha_particle" title="Alpha particle">alpha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beta_particle" title="Beta particle">beta particles</a>, but with the power of being far more penetrating than either. However, in 1910, British physicist <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">William Henry Bragg</a> demonstrated that gamma rays are electromagnetic radiation, not particles, and in 1914, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a> (who had named them gamma rays in 1903 when he realized that they were fundamentally different from charged alpha and beta particles) and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Andrade" title="Edward Andrade">Edward Andrade</a> measured their wavelengths, and found that gamma rays were similar to X-rays, but with shorter wavelengths. </p><p>The wave-particle debate was rekindled in 1901 when <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a> discovered that light is absorbed only in discrete "<a href="/wiki/Quantum" title="Quantum">quanta</a>", now called <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photons</a>, implying that light has a particle nature. This idea was made explicit by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> in 1905, but never accepted by Planck and many other contemporaries. The modern position of science is that electromagnetic radiation has both a wave and a particle nature, the <a href="/wiki/Wave-particle_duality" class="mw-redirect" title="Wave-particle duality">wave-particle duality</a>. The contradictions arising from this position are still being debated by scientists and philosophers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Range">Range</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electromagnetic_spectrum&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Range"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Electromagnetic waves are typically described by any of the following three physical properties: the <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequency</a> <i>f</i>, <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelength</a> <a href="/wiki/Lambda" title="Lambda">λ</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Photon_energy" title="Photon energy">photon energy</a> <i>E</i>. Frequencies observed in astronomy range from <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7023239999999999999♠"></span>2.4<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>23</sup> Hz</span> (1 <a href="/wiki/GeV" class="mw-redirect" title="GeV">GeV</a> gamma rays) down to the local <a href="/wiki/Plasma_frequency" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasma frequency">plasma frequency</a> of the ionized <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">interstellar medium</a> (~1 kHz). Wavelength is inversely proportional to the wave frequency,<sup id="cite_ref-em-spectrum_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-em-spectrum-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so gamma rays have very short wavelengths that are fractions of the size of <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a>, whereas wavelengths on the opposite end of the spectrum can be indefinitely long. Photon energy is directly proportional to the wave frequency, so gamma ray photons have the highest energy (around a billion <a href="/wiki/Electron_volt" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron volt">electron volts</a>), while radio wave photons have very low energy (around a <a href="/wiki/Femto" class="mw-redirect" title="Femto">femtoelectronvolt</a>). These relations are illustrated by the following equations: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f={\frac {c}{\lambda }},\quad {\text{or}}\quad f={\frac {E}{h}},\quad {\text{or}}\quad E={\frac {hc}{\lambda }},}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>c</mi> <mi>λ</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="1em" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>or</mtext> </mrow> <mspace width="1em" /> <mi>f</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>E</mi> <mi>h</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="1em" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>or</mtext> </mrow> <mspace width="1em" /> <mi>E</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>h</mi> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> <mi>λ</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f={\frac {c}{\lambda }},\quad {\text{or}}\quad f={\frac {E}{h}},\quad {\text{or}}\quad E={\frac {hc}{\lambda }},}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/43c5247436b7a2dfff1431de6a74b77b40c253c5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:37.766ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f={\frac {c}{\lambda }},\quad {\text{or}}\quad f={\frac {E}{h}},\quad {\text{or}}\quad E={\frac {hc}{\lambda }},}"></span></dd></dl> <p>where: </p> <ul><li><i>c</i> is the <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">speed of light</a> in vacuum</li> <li><i>h</i> is the <a href="/wiki/Planck_constant" title="Planck constant">Planck constant</a>.</li></ul> <p>Whenever electromagnetic waves travel in a <a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">medium</a> with <a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">matter</a>, their wavelength is decreased. Wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, whatever medium they are traveling through, are usually quoted in terms of the <i>vacuum wavelength</i>, although this is not always explicitly stated. </p><p>Generally, electromagnetic radiation is classified by wavelength into <a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">radio wave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">microwave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visible_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Visible light">visible light</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a>, <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma rays</a>. The behavior of EM radiation depends on its wavelength. When EM radiation interacts with single atoms and <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecules</a>, its behavior also depends on the amount of energy per quantum (photon) it carries. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</a> can detect a much wider region of the EM spectrum than the visible wavelength range of 400 <a href="/wiki/Nanometre" title="Nanometre">nm</a> to 700 nm in a vacuum. A common laboratory spectroscope can detect wavelengths from 2 nm to 2500 nm.<sup id="cite_ref-em-spectrum_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-em-spectrum-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Detailed information about the physical properties of objects, gases, or even stars can be obtained from this type of device. Spectroscopes are widely used in <a href="/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">astrophysics</a>. For example, many <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> atoms <a href="/wiki/Emission_(electromagnetic_radiation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Emission (electromagnetic radiation)">emit</a> a <a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">radio wave</a> photon that has a wavelength of 21.12 cm. Also, frequencies of 30 <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">Hz</a> and below can be produced by and are important in the study of certain stellar nebulae<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and frequencies as high as <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7027290000000000000♠"></span>2.9<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>27</sup> Hz</span> have been detected from astrophysical sources.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regions">Regions <span class="anchor" id="Bands"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electromagnetic_spectrum&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Electromagnetic-Spectrum.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Electromagnetic-Spectrum.svg/300px-Electromagnetic-Spectrum.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="456" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Electromagnetic-Spectrum.svg/450px-Electromagnetic-Spectrum.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Electromagnetic-Spectrum.svg/600px-Electromagnetic-Spectrum.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="816" data-file-height="1239" /></a><figcaption>The <b>electromagnetic spectrum</b></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Electromagnetic_spectrum,_NASA_illustration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Electromagnetic_spectrum%2C_NASA_illustration.jpg/330px-Electromagnetic_spectrum%2C_NASA_illustration.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Electromagnetic_spectrum%2C_NASA_illustration.jpg/495px-Electromagnetic_spectrum%2C_NASA_illustration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Electromagnetic_spectrum%2C_NASA_illustration.jpg/660px-Electromagnetic_spectrum%2C_NASA_illustration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2750" data-file-height="1793" /></a><figcaption>A visualization of the electromagnetic spectrum.</figcaption></figure> <p>The types of electromagnetic radiation are broadly classified into the following classes (regions, bands or types):<sup id="cite_ref-em-spectrum_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-em-spectrum-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Gamma radiation</li> <li>X-ray radiation</li> <li>Ultraviolet radiation</li> <li>Visible light (light that humans can see)</li> <li>Infrared radiation</li> <li>Microwave radiation</li> <li>Radio waves</li></ol> <p>This classification goes in the increasing order of wavelength, which is characteristic of the type of radiation.<sup id="cite_ref-em-spectrum_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-em-spectrum-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are no precisely defined boundaries between the bands of the electromagnetic spectrum; rather they fade into each other like the bands in a <a href="/wiki/Rainbow" title="Rainbow">rainbow</a>. Radiation of each frequency and wavelength (or in each band) has a mix of properties of the two regions of the spectrum that bound it. For example, red light resembles infrared radiation, in that it can excite and add energy to some <a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">chemical bonds</a> and indeed must do so to power the chemical mechanisms responsible for <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a> and the working of the <a href="/wiki/Visual_system" title="Visual system">visual system</a>. </p><p>In atomic and nuclear physics, the distinction between X-rays and gamma rays is based on sources: the photons generated from <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear decay">nuclear decay</a> or other nuclear and subnuclear/particle process are termed gamma rays, whereas X-rays are generated by <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electronic</a> transitions involving energetically deep inner atomic electrons.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Electronic transitions in <a href="/wiki/Muonic_atom" class="mw-redirect" title="Muonic atom">muonic atoms</a> transitions are also said to produce X-rays.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In astrophysics, energies below 100keV are called X-rays and higher energies are gamma rays.<sup id="cite_ref-Grupen-2005_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grupen-2005-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The region of the spectrum where electromagnetic radiation is observed may differ from the region it was emitted in due to relative velocity of the source and observer, (the <a href="/wiki/Doppler_shift" class="mw-redirect" title="Doppler shift">Doppler shift</a>), relative gravitational potential (<a href="/wiki/Gravitational_redshift" title="Gravitational redshift">gravitational redshift</a>), or expansion of the universe (<a href="/wiki/Cosmological_redshift" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmological redshift">cosmological redshift</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Grupen-2005_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grupen-2005-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 543">: 543 </span></sup> For example, the <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background" title="Cosmic microwave background">cosmic microwave background</a>, relic <a href="/wiki/Blackbody_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackbody radiation">blackbody radiation</a> from the era of <a href="/wiki/Recombination_(cosmology)" title="Recombination (cosmology)">recombination</a>, started out at energies around 1eV, but as has undergone enough cosmological <a href="/wiki/Red_shift" class="mw-redirect" title="Red shift">red shift</a> to put it into the microwave region of the spectrum for observers on Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable outercollapse" style="float:center; text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 1em; line-height:1;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Class </th> <th style="padding:0;font-size:1px;"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">Wave-<br />length</a><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>λ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b43d0ea3c9c025af1be9128e62a18fa74bedda2a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.355ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda }"></span> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">Freq-<br />uency</a><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}"></span> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Photon_energy" title="Photon energy">Energy per<br />photon</a><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>E</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}"></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Ionizing_radiation" title="Ionizing radiation">Ionizing<br />radiation</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">γ </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">Gamma rays</a> </td> <td rowspan="35" style="background:#fff; padding:0; font-size:1px;"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10 <a href="/wiki/Picometre" title="Picometre">pm</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">30 <a href="/wiki/Exahertz" class="mw-redirect" title="Exahertz">EHz</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">124 <a href="/wiki/KeV" class="mw-redirect" title="KeV">keV</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:right;">100 pm </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:right;">3 EHz </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:right;">12.4 keV </td></tr> <tr> <td>HX </td> <td>Hard <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>SX </td> <td>Soft X-rays </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10 nm </td> <td style="text-align:right;">30 PHz </td> <td style="text-align:right;">124 <a href="/wiki/Electronvolt" title="Electronvolt">eV</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>EUV </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Extreme_ultraviolet" title="Extreme ultraviolet">Extreme<br />ultraviolet</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">121 nm </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3 PHz </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10.2 eV </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>NUV </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Near_ultraviolet" class="mw-redirect" title="Near ultraviolet">Near ultraviolet</a><br /> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">400 nm </td> <td style="text-align:right;">750 THz </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3.1 eV </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:linear-gradient(to bottom,#f6f 0%,#0ff 30%,#ff0 80%,#f66 100%);"> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">Visible spectrum</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">700 nm </td> <td style="text-align:right;">480 THz </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.77 eV </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">Infrared</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">NIR </td> <td rowspan="2">Near <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1 <a href="/wiki/Micrometre" title="Micrometre">μm</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">300 <a href="/wiki/Terahertz_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Terahertz (unit)">THz</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.24 eV </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:right;">10 μm </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:right;">30 THz </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:right;">124 <a href="/wiki/MeV" class="mw-redirect" title="MeV">meV</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">MIR </td> <td rowspan="2">Mid infrared </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:right;">100 μm </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:right;">3 THz </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:right;">12.4 meV </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">FIR </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Far_infrared" title="Far infrared">Far infrared</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:right;">1 <a href="/wiki/Millimetre" title="Millimetre">mm</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:right;">300 <a href="/wiki/Gigahertz" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigahertz">GHz</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:right;">1.24 meV </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">Micro-<br />waves<sup id="cite_ref-ITU-WRC-15_11-0" class="reference"></sup></a><a href="#cite_note-ITU-WRC-15-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a> </td> <td rowspan="2">EHF </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Extremely_high_frequency" title="Extremely high frequency">Extremely high<br />frequency</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:right;">1 <a href="/wiki/Centimetre" title="Centimetre">cm</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:right;">30 GHz </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:right;">124 <a href="/wiki/%CE%9CeV" class="mw-redirect" title="ΜeV">μeV</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">SHF </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Super_high_frequency" title="Super high frequency">Super high<br />frequency</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:right;">1 <a href="/wiki/Decimetre" title="Decimetre">dm</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:right;">3 GHz </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:right;">12.4 μeV </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">UHF </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ultra_high_frequency" title="Ultra high frequency">Ultra high<br />frequency</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:right;">1 <a href="/wiki/Metre" title="Metre">m</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:right;">300 <a href="/wiki/Megahertz" class="mw-redirect" title="Megahertz">MHz</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:right;">1.24 μeV </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="16"><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio<br />waves</a><sup id="cite_ref-ITU-WRC-15_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITU-WRC-15-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="2">VHF </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Very_high_frequency" title="Very high frequency">Very high<br />frequency</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:right;">10 m </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:right;">30 MHz </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:right;">124 <a href="/wiki/NeV" class="mw-redirect" title="NeV">neV</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">HF </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/High_frequency" title="High frequency">High<br />frequency</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:right;">100 m </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:right;">3 MHz </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:right;">12.4 neV </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">MF </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Medium_frequency" title="Medium frequency">Medium<br />frequency</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:right;">1 <a href="/wiki/Kilometre" title="Kilometre">km</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:right;">300 <a href="/wiki/Kilohertz" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilohertz">kHz</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:right;">1.24 neV </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">LF </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Low_frequency" title="Low frequency">Low<br />frequency</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:right;">10 km </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:right;">30 kHz </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:right;">124 <a href="/wiki/PeV" class="mw-redirect" title="PeV">peV</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">VLF </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Very_low_frequency" title="Very low frequency">Very low<br />frequency</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:right;">100 km </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:right;">3 kHz </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:right;">12.4 peV </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">3 </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ultra_low_frequency" title="Ultra low frequency">Band 3</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:right;">1 <a href="/wiki/Megametre" class="mw-redirect" title="Megametre">Mm</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:right;">300 <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">Hz</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:right;">1.24 peV </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2 </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Super_low_frequency" title="Super low frequency">Band 2</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:right;">10 Mm </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:right;">30 Hz </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:right;">124 <a href="/wiki/FeV" class="mw-redirect" title="FeV">feV</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1 </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Extremely_low_frequency" title="Extremely low frequency">Band 1</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">100 Mm </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3 Hz </td> <td style="text-align:right;">12.4 feV </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7">Sources<sup id="cite_ref-ucdavis_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ucdavis-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Elert_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elert-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vlf_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vlf-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Table shows the lower frequency limits (and higher wavelength limits) for the specified class <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible innercollapse"> <caption class="nowrap">Explanation of units and prefixes. </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Unit </th> <th>Abbreviation </th> <th>Name </th> <th><b>Scale</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Wavelength </td> <td>pm </td> <td>picometer </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6988100000000000000♠"></span>1<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−12</sup></span> meters </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wavelength </td> <td>nm </td> <td>nanometer </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6991100000000000000♠"></span>1<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−9</sup></span> meters </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wavelength </td> <td>μm </td> <td>micrometer </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6994100000000000000♠"></span>1<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−6</sup></span> meters </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wavelength </td> <td>mm </td> <td>millimeter </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6997100000000000000♠"></span>1<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−3</sup></span> meters </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wavelength </td> <td>cm </td> <td>centimeter </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6998100000000000000♠"></span>1<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−2</sup></span> meters </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wavelength </td> <td>dm </td> <td>decimeter </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999100000000000000♠"></span>1<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−1</sup></span> meters </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wavelength </td> <td>m </td> <td>meter </td> <td>1 meter </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wavelength </td> <td>km </td> <td>kilometer </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003100000000000000♠"></span>1<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>3</sup></span> meters </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wavelength </td> <td>Mm </td> <td>megameter </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7006100000000000000♠"></span>1<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>6</sup></span> meters </td></tr> <tr> <td>Frequency </td> <td>EHz </td> <td>exaHertz </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7018100000000000000♠"></span>1<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>18</sup></span> hertz </td></tr> <tr> <td>Frequency </td> <td>PHz </td> <td>petaHertz </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7015100000000000000♠"></span>1<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>15</sup></span> hertz </td></tr> <tr> <td>Frequency </td> <td>THz </td> <td>teraHertz </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7012100000000000000♠"></span>1<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>12</sup></span> hertz </td></tr> <tr> <td>Frequency </td> <td>GHz </td> <td>gigaHertz </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7009100000000000000♠"></span>1<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>9</sup></span> hertz </td></tr> <tr> <td>Frequency </td> <td>MHz </td> <td>megaHertz </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7006100000000000000♠"></span>1<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>6</sup></span> hertz </td></tr> <tr> <td>Frequency </td> <td>KHz </td> <td>kiloHertz </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003100000000000000♠"></span>1<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>3</sup></span> hertz </td></tr> <tr> <td>Frequency </td> <td>Hz </td> <td>Hertz </td> <td>1 Hertz </td></tr> <tr> <td>Energy Per Photon </td> <td>keV </td> <td>kilo-electronvolt </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003100000000000000♠"></span>1<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>3</sup></span> electronvolts </td></tr> <tr> <td>Energy Per Photon </td> <td>eV </td> <td>electronvolt </td> <td>1 electronvolt </td></tr> <tr> <td>Energy Per Photon </td> <td>meV </td> <td>milli-electronvolt </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6997100000000000000♠"></span>1<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−3</sup></span> electronvolts </td></tr> <tr> <td>Energy Per Photon </td> <td>μeV </td> <td>micro-electronvolt </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6994100000000000000♠"></span>1<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−6</sup></span>electronvolts </td></tr> <tr> <td>Energy Per Photon </td> <td>neV </td> <td>nano-electronvolt </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6991100000000000000♠"></span>1<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−9</sup></span> electronvolts </td></tr> <tr> <td>Energy Per Photon </td> <td>peV </td> <td>pico-electronvolt </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6988100000000000000♠"></span>1<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−12</sup></span> electronvolts </td></tr> <tr> <td>Energy Per Photon </td> <td>feV </td> <td>femto-electronvolt </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6985100000000000000♠"></span>1<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−15</sup></span> electronvolts </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rationale_for_names">Rationale for names</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electromagnetic_spectrum&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Rationale for names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Electromagnetic radiation interacts with matter in different ways across the spectrum. These types of interaction are so different that historically different names have been applied to different parts of the spectrum, as though these were different types of radiation. Thus, although these "different kinds" of electromagnetic radiation form a quantitatively continuous spectrum of frequencies and wavelengths, the spectrum remains divided for practical reasons arising from these qualitative interaction differences. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Electromagnetic radiation interaction with matter </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Region of the spectrum </th> <th>Main interactions with matter </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio</a> </td> <td>Collective oscillation of charge carriers in bulk material (<a href="/wiki/Plasma_oscillation" title="Plasma oscillation">plasma oscillation</a>). An example would be the oscillatory travels of the electrons in an <a href="/wiki/Antenna_(radio)" title="Antenna (radio)">antenna</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">Microwave</a> through far <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> </td> <td>Plasma oscillation, molecular rotation </td></tr> <tr> <td>Near <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> </td> <td>Molecular vibration, plasma oscillation (in metals only) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">Visible</a> </td> <td>Molecular electron excitation (including pigment molecules found in the human retina), plasma oscillations (in metals only) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">Ultraviolet</a> </td> <td>Excitation of molecular and atomic valence electrons, including ejection of the electrons (<a href="/wiki/Photoelectric_effect" title="Photoelectric effect">photoelectric effect</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a> </td> <td>Excitation and ejection of core atomic electrons, <a href="/wiki/Compton_scattering" title="Compton scattering">Compton scattering</a> (for low atomic numbers) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">Gamma rays</a> </td> <td>Energetic ejection of core electrons in heavy elements, Compton scattering (for all atomic numbers), excitation of atomic nuclei, including dissociation of nuclei </td></tr> <tr> <td nowrap="">High-energy <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma rays</a> </td> <td>Creation of <a href="/wiki/Virtual_pair" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual pair">particle-antiparticle pairs</a>. At very high energies a single photon can create a shower of high-energy particles and antiparticles upon interaction with matter. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_radiation">Types of radiation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electromagnetic_spectrum&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Types of radiation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio_waves">Radio waves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electromagnetic_spectrum&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Radio waves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Radio_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio waves">Radio waves</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">Radio frequency</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radio_spectrum" title="Radio spectrum">Radio spectrum</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">Radio</a> waves are emitted and received by <a href="/wiki/Antenna_(radio)" title="Antenna (radio)">antennas</a>, which consist of conductors such as metal rod <a href="/wiki/Resonator" title="Resonator">resonators</a>. In artificial generation of radio waves, an electronic device called a <a href="/wiki/Transmitter" title="Transmitter">transmitter</a> generates an alternating <a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">electric current</a> which is applied to an antenna. The oscillating electrons in the antenna generate oscillating <a href="/wiki/Electric_field" title="Electric field">electric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic fields</a> that radiate away from the antenna as radio waves. In reception of radio waves, the oscillating electric and magnetic fields of a radio wave couple to the electrons in an antenna, pushing them back and forth, creating oscillating currents which are applied to a <a href="/wiki/Radio_receiver" title="Radio receiver">radio receiver</a>. Earth's atmosphere is mainly transparent to radio waves, except for layers of charged particles in the <a href="/wiki/Ionosphere" title="Ionosphere">ionosphere</a> which can reflect certain frequencies. </p><p>Radio waves are extremely widely used to transmit information across distances in <a href="/wiki/Radio_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio communication">radio communication</a> systems such as <a href="/wiki/Radio_broadcasting" title="Radio broadcasting">radio broadcasting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a>, <a href="/wiki/Two_way_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Two way radio">two way radios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communication_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Communication satellite">communication satellites</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wireless_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless networking">wireless networking</a>. In a radio communication system, a radio frequency current is <a href="/wiki/Modulation" title="Modulation">modulated</a> with an information-bearing <a href="/wiki/Signal" title="Signal">signal</a> in a transmitter by varying either the amplitude, frequency or phase, and applied to an antenna. The radio waves carry the information across space to a receiver, where they are received by an antenna and the information extracted by <a href="/wiki/Demodulation" title="Demodulation">demodulation</a> in the receiver. Radio waves are also used for navigation in systems like <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a> (GPS) and <a href="/wiki/Navigational_beacon" class="mw-redirect" title="Navigational beacon">navigational beacons</a>, and locating distant objects in <a href="/wiki/Radiolocation" title="Radiolocation">radiolocation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a>. They are also used for <a href="/wiki/Remote_control" title="Remote control">remote control</a>, and for industrial heating. </p><p>The use of the <a href="/wiki/Radio_spectrum" title="Radio spectrum">radio spectrum</a> is strictly regulated by governments, coordinated by the <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a> (ITU) which <a href="/wiki/Frequency_allocation" title="Frequency allocation">allocates frequencies</a> to different users for different uses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Microwaves">Microwaves</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electromagnetic_spectrum&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Microwaves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Microwaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Microwaves">Microwaves</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atmospheric_electromagnetic_opacity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Atmospheric_electromagnetic_opacity.svg/350px-Atmospheric_electromagnetic_opacity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Atmospheric_electromagnetic_opacity.svg/525px-Atmospheric_electromagnetic_opacity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Atmospheric_electromagnetic_opacity.svg/700px-Atmospheric_electromagnetic_opacity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="780" /></a><figcaption>Plot of Earth's atmospheric opacity to various wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation. This is the surface-to-space opacity, the atmosphere is transparent to <a href="/wiki/Longwave" title="Longwave">longwave</a> radio transmissions within the <a href="/wiki/Troposphere" title="Troposphere">troposphere</a> but opaque to space due to the <a href="/wiki/Ionosphere" title="Ionosphere">ionosphere</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2013_Atmospheric_absorption_of_electromagnetic_waves.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/2013_Atmospheric_absorption_of_electromagnetic_waves.svg/350px-2013_Atmospheric_absorption_of_electromagnetic_waves.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/2013_Atmospheric_absorption_of_electromagnetic_waves.svg/525px-2013_Atmospheric_absorption_of_electromagnetic_waves.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/2013_Atmospheric_absorption_of_electromagnetic_waves.svg/700px-2013_Atmospheric_absorption_of_electromagnetic_waves.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Plot of atmospheric opacity for terrestrial to terrestrial transmission showing the molecules responsible for some of the resonances</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">Microwaves</a> are radio waves of short <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelength</a>, from about 10 centimeters to one millimeter, in the <a href="/wiki/Super-high_frequency" class="mw-redirect" title="Super-high frequency">SHF</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extremely_high_frequency" title="Extremely high frequency">EHF</a> frequency bands. Microwave energy is produced with <a href="/wiki/Klystron" title="Klystron">klystron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magnetron" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetron">magnetron</a> tubes, and with <a href="/wiki/Solid-state_electronics" title="Solid-state electronics">solid state</a> devices such as <a href="/wiki/Gunn_diode" title="Gunn diode">Gunn</a> and <a href="/wiki/IMPATT_diode" title="IMPATT diode">IMPATT diodes</a>. Although they are emitted and absorbed by short antennas, they are also absorbed by <a href="/wiki/Polar_molecule" class="mw-redirect" title="Polar molecule">polar molecules</a>, coupling to vibrational and rotational modes, resulting in bulk heating. Unlike higher frequency waves such as <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> and <a href="/wiki/Visible_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Visible light">visible light</a> which are absorbed mainly at surfaces, microwaves can penetrate into materials and deposit their energy below the surface. This effect is used to heat food in <a href="/wiki/Microwave_oven" title="Microwave oven">microwave ovens</a>, and for industrial heating and medical <a href="/wiki/Diathermy" title="Diathermy">diathermy</a>. Microwaves are the main wavelengths used in <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a>, and are used for <a href="/wiki/Satellite_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite communication">satellite communication</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wireless_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless networking">wireless networking</a> technologies such as <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a>. The copper cables (<a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">transmission lines</a>) which are used to carry lower-frequency radio waves to antennas have excessive power losses at microwave frequencies, and metal pipes called <a href="/wiki/Waveguide" title="Waveguide">waveguides</a> are used to carry them. Although at the low end of the band the atmosphere is mainly transparent, at the upper end of the band absorption of microwaves by atmospheric gases limits practical propagation distances to a few kilometers. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Terahertz_radiation" title="Terahertz radiation">Terahertz radiation</a> or sub-millimeter radiation is a region of the spectrum from about 100 GHz to 30 terahertz (THz) between microwaves and far infrared which can be regarded as belonging to either band. Until recently, the range was rarely studied and few sources existed for microwave energy in the so-called <i><a href="/wiki/Terahertz_gap" class="mw-redirect" title="Terahertz gap">terahertz gap</a></i>, but applications such as imaging and communications are now appearing. Scientists are also looking to apply terahertz technology in the armed forces, where high-frequency waves might be directed at enemy troops to incapacitate their electronic equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Terahertz radiation is strongly absorbed by atmospheric gases, making this frequency range useless for long-distance communication. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infrared_radiation">Infrared radiation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electromagnetic_spectrum&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Infrared radiation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Infrared_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Infrared radiation">Infrared radiation</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> part of the electromagnetic spectrum covers the range from roughly 300 GHz to 400 THz (1 mm – 750 nm). It can be divided into three parts:<sup id="cite_ref-em-spectrum_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-em-spectrum-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Far-infrared</b>, from 300 GHz to 30 THz (1 mm – 10 μm). The lower part of this range may also be called microwaves or terahertz waves. This radiation is typically absorbed by so-called rotational modes in gas-phase molecules, by molecular motions in liquids, and by <a href="/wiki/Phonons" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonons">phonons</a> in solids. The water in Earth's atmosphere absorbs so strongly in this range that it renders the atmosphere in effect opaque. However, there are certain wavelength ranges ("windows") within the opaque range that allow partial transmission, and can be used for astronomy. The wavelength range from approximately 200 μm up to a few mm is often referred to as <a href="/wiki/Submillimetre_astronomy" title="Submillimetre astronomy">Submillimetre astronomy</a>, reserving far infrared for wavelengths below 200 μm.</li> <li><b>Mid-infrared</b>, from 30 THz to 120 THz (10–2.5 μm). Hot objects (<a href="/wiki/Black-body" class="mw-redirect" title="Black-body">black-body</a> radiators) can radiate strongly in this range, and human skin at normal body temperature radiates strongly at the lower end of this region. This radiation is absorbed by molecular vibrations, where the different atoms in a molecule vibrate around their equilibrium positions. This range is sometimes called the <i>fingerprint region</i>, since the mid-infrared absorption spectrum of a compound is very specific for that compound.</li> <li><b>Near-infrared</b>, from 120 THz to 400 THz (2,500–750 nm). Physical processes that are relevant for this range are similar to those for visible light. The highest frequencies in this region can be detected directly by some types of photographic film, and by many types of solid state <a href="/wiki/Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">image sensors</a> for <a href="/wiki/Infrared_photography" title="Infrared photography">infrared photography</a> and videography.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visible_light">Visible light</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electromagnetic_spectrum&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Visible light"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4" style="background:#FFF;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Linear_visible_spectrum.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="sRGB rendering of the spectrum of visible light"><img alt="sRGB rendering of the spectrum of visible light" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Linear_visible_spectrum.svg/300px-Linear_visible_spectrum.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Linear_visible_spectrum.svg/450px-Linear_visible_spectrum.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Linear_visible_spectrum.svg/600px-Linear_visible_spectrum.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="115" /></a><figcaption>sRGB rendering of the spectrum of visible light</figcaption></figure> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Colour" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour">Colour</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">Wavelength</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Nanometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanometer">nm</a>) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">Frequency</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">THz</a>) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Photon_energy" title="Photon energy">Photon energy</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Electronvolt" title="Electronvolt">eV</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#7f00ff; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Violet_(color)" title="Violet (color)"><b>violet</b></a></div> </td> <td>380–450 </td> <td>670–790 </td> <td>2.75–3.26 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:blue; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <b><a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">blue</a></b></div> </td> <td>450–485 </td> <td>620–670 </td> <td>2.56–2.75 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:cyan; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <b><a href="/wiki/Cyan" title="Cyan">cyan</a></b></div> </td> <td>485–500 </td> <td>600–620 </td> <td>2.48–2.56 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00FF00; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <b><a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">green</a></b></div> </td> <td>500–565 </td> <td>530–600 </td> <td>2.19–2.48 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:yellow; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <b><a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">yellow</a></b></div> </td> <td>565–590 </td> <td>510–530 </td> <td>2.10–2.19 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:orange; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <b><a href="/wiki/Orange_(colour)" title="Orange (colour)">orange</a></b></div> </td> <td>590–625 </td> <td>480–510 </td> <td>1.98–2.10 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:red; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <b><a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">red</a></b></div> </td> <td>625–750 </td> <td>400–480 </td> <td>1.65–1.98 </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">Visible spectrum</a></div> <p>Above infrared in frequency comes <a href="/wiki/Visible_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Visible light">visible light</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> emits its peak power in the visible region, although integrating the entire emission power spectrum through all wavelengths shows that the Sun emits slightly more infrared than visible light.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By definition, visible light is the part of the EM spectrum the <a href="/wiki/Luminosity_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Luminosity function">human eye</a> is the most sensitive to. Visible light (and near-infrared light) is typically absorbed and emitted by electrons in molecules and atoms that move from one energy level to another. This action allows the chemical mechanisms that underlie human vision and plant photosynthesis. The light that excites the human <a href="/wiki/Visual_system" title="Visual system">visual system</a> is a very small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. A <a href="/wiki/Rainbow" title="Rainbow">rainbow</a> shows the optical (visible) part of the electromagnetic spectrum; infrared (if it could be seen) would be located just beyond the red side of the rainbow whilst <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> would appear just beyond the opposite violet end. </p><p>Electromagnetic radiation with a <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelength</a> between 380 <a href="/wiki/Nanometre" title="Nanometre">nm</a> and 760 nm (400–790 terahertz) is detected by the human eye and perceived as visible light. Other wavelengths, especially near infrared (longer than 760 nm) and ultraviolet (shorter than 380 nm) are also sometimes referred to as light, especially when the visibility to humans is not relevant. White light is a combination of lights of different wavelengths in the visible spectrum. Passing white light through a prism splits it up into the several colours of light observed in the visible spectrum between 400 nm and 780 nm. </p><p>If radiation having a frequency in the visible region of the EM spectrum reflects off an object, say, a bowl of fruit, and then strikes the eyes, this results in <a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">visual perception</a> of the scene. The brain's visual system processes the multitude of reflected frequencies into different shades and hues, and through this insufficiently understood psychophysical phenomenon, most people perceive a bowl of fruit. </p><p>At most wavelengths, however, the information carried by electromagnetic radiation is not directly detected by human senses. Natural sources produce EM radiation across the spectrum, and technology can also manipulate a broad range of wavelengths. <a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">Optical fiber</a> transmits light that, although not necessarily in the visible part of the spectrum (it is usually infrared), can carry information. The modulation is similar to that used with radio waves. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ultraviolet_radiation">Ultraviolet radiation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electromagnetic_spectrum&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ultraviolet radiation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">Ultraviolet</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ozone_altitude_UV_graph.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Ozone_altitude_UV_graph.svg/220px-Ozone_altitude_UV_graph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Ozone_altitude_UV_graph.svg/330px-Ozone_altitude_UV_graph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Ozone_altitude_UV_graph.svg/440px-Ozone_altitude_UV_graph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="380" /></a><figcaption>The amount of penetration of UV relative to altitude in Earth's <a href="/wiki/Ozone_layer" title="Ozone layer">ozone</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Next in frequency comes <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> (UV). In frequency (and thus energy), UV rays sit between the violet end of the <a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">visible spectrum</a> and the X-ray range. The UV wavelength spectrum ranges from 399 nm to 10 nm and is divided into 3 sections: UVA, UVB, and UVC. </p><p>UV is the lowest energy range energetic enough to <a href="/wiki/Ionization" title="Ionization">ionize</a> atoms, separating <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a> from them, and thus causing <a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">chemical reactions</a>. UV, X-rays, and gamma rays are thus collectively called <i><a href="/wiki/Ionizing_radiation" title="Ionizing radiation">ionizing radiation</a></i>; exposure to them can damage living tissue. UV can also cause substances to glow with visible light; this is called <i><a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">fluorescence</a></i>. UV fluorescence is used by forensics to detect any evidence like blood and urine, that is produced by a crime scene. Also UV fluorescence is used to detect counterfeit money and IDs, as they are laced with material that can glow under UV. </p><p>At the middle range of UV, UV rays cannot ionize but can break chemical bonds, making molecules unusually reactive. <a href="/wiki/Sunburn" title="Sunburn">Sunburn</a>, for example, is caused by the disruptive effects of middle range UV radiation on <a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">skin</a> <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a>, which is the main cause of <a href="/wiki/Skin_cancer" title="Skin cancer">skin cancer</a>. UV rays in the middle range can irreparably damage the complex <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> molecules in the cells producing <a href="/wiki/Thymine_dimers" class="mw-redirect" title="Thymine dimers">thymine dimers</a> making it a very potent <a href="/wiki/Mutagen" title="Mutagen">mutagen</a>. Due to skin cancer caused by UV, the sunscreen industry was invented to combat UV damage. Mid UV wavelengths are called UVB and UVB lights such as germicidal lamps are used to kill germs and also to sterilize water. </p><p>The Sun emits UV radiation (about 10% of its total power), including extremely short wavelength UV that could potentially destroy most life on land (ocean water would provide some protection for life there). However, most of the Sun's damaging UV wavelengths are absorbed by the atmosphere before they reach the surface. The higher energy (shortest wavelength) ranges of UV (called "vacuum UV") are absorbed by nitrogen and, at longer wavelengths, by simple diatomic <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> in the air. Most of the UV in the mid-range of energy is blocked by the ozone layer, which absorbs strongly in the important 200–315 nm range, the lower energy part of which is too long for ordinary <a href="/wiki/Dioxygen" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioxygen">dioxygen</a> in air to absorb. This leaves less than 3% of sunlight at sea level in UV, with all of this remainder at the lower energies. The remainder is UV-A, along with some UV-B. The very lowest energy range of UV between 315 nm and visible light (called UV-A) is not blocked well by the atmosphere, but does not cause sunburn and does less biological damage. However, it is not harmless and does create oxygen radicals, mutations and skin damage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="X-rays">X-rays</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electromagnetic_spectrum&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: X-rays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/X-rays" class="mw-redirect" title="X-rays">X-rays</a></div> <p>After UV come <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a>, which, like the upper ranges of UV are also ionizing. However, due to their higher energies, X-rays can also interact with matter by means of the <a href="/wiki/Compton_scattering" title="Compton scattering">Compton effect</a>. Hard X-rays have shorter wavelengths than soft X-rays and as they can pass through many substances with little absorption, they can be used to 'see through' objects with 'thicknesses' less than that equivalent to a few meters of water. One notable use is diagnostic X-ray imaging in medicine (a process known as <a href="/wiki/Radiography" title="Radiography">radiography</a>). X-rays are useful as probes in high-energy physics. In astronomy, the accretion disks around <a href="/wiki/Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">neutron stars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_hole" title="Black hole">black holes</a> emit X-rays, enabling studies of these phenomena. X-rays are also emitted by <a href="/wiki/Stellar_corona" title="Stellar corona">stellar corona</a> and are strongly emitted by some types of <a href="/wiki/Nebulae" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebulae">nebulae</a>. However, <a href="/wiki/X-ray_telescope" title="X-ray telescope">X-ray telescopes</a> must be placed outside the Earth's atmosphere to see astronomical X-rays, since the great depth of the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">atmosphere of Earth</a> is opaque to X-rays (with <a href="/wiki/Area_density" title="Area density">areal density</a> of 1000 g/cm<sup>2</sup>), equivalent to 10 meters thickness of water.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is an amount sufficient to block almost all astronomical X-rays (and also astronomical gamma rays—see below). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gamma_rays">Gamma rays</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electromagnetic_spectrum&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Gamma rays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gamma_rays" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma rays">Gamma rays</a></div> <p>After hard X-rays come <a href="/wiki/Gamma_rays" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma rays">gamma rays</a>, which were discovered by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ulrich_Villard" title="Paul Ulrich Villard">Paul Ulrich Villard</a> in 1900. These are the most energetic <a href="/wiki/Photons" class="mw-redirect" title="Photons">photons</a>, having no defined lower limit to their wavelength. In <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a> they are valuable for studying high-energy objects or regions, however as with X-rays this can only be done with telescopes outside the Earth's atmosphere. Gamma rays are used experimentally by physicists for their penetrating ability and are produced by a number of <a href="/wiki/Radioisotopes" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioisotopes">radioisotopes</a>. They are used for <a href="/wiki/Irradiation" title="Irradiation">irradiation</a> of foods and seeds for sterilization, and in medicine they are occasionally used in <a href="/wiki/Radiation_oncology" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation oncology">radiation cancer therapy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More commonly, gamma rays are used for diagnostic imaging in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_medicine" title="Nuclear medicine">nuclear medicine</a>, an example being <a href="/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography" title="Positron emission tomography">PET scans</a>. The wavelength of gamma rays can be measured with high accuracy through the effects of <a href="/wiki/Compton_scattering" title="Compton scattering">Compton scattering</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electromagnetic_spectrum&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandplan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandplan">Bandplan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">Cosmic ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroencephalography" title="Electroencephalography">Electroencephalography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_window" title="Infrared window">Infrared window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionizing_radiation" title="Ionizing radiation">Ionizing radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_window" title="Optical window">Optical window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_layer" title="Ozone layer">Ozone layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiant_energy" title="Radiant energy">Radiant energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">Radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_window" title="Radio window">Radio window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_imaging" title="Spectral imaging">Spectral imaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V_band" title="V band">V band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W_band" title="W band">W band</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electromagnetic_spectrum&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-em-spectrum-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-em-spectrum_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-em-spectrum_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-em-spectrum_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-em-spectrum_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-em-spectrum_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-em-spectrum_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMehta2011" class="citation web cs1">Mehta, Akul (25 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pharmaxchange.info/press/2011/08/introduction-to-the-electromagnetic-spectrum-and-spectroscopy/">"Introduction to the Electromagnetic Spectrum and Spectroscopy"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-11-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Electromagnetic+Spectrum+and+Spectroscopy&rft.pub=Pharmaxchange.info&rft.date=2011-08-25&rft.aulast=Mehta&rft.aufirst=Akul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpharmaxchange.info%2Fpress%2F2011%2F08%2Fintroduction-to-the-electromagnetic-spectrum-and-spectroscopy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectromagnetic+spectrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120225094516/http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/cosmic_classroom/classroom_activities/herschel_bio.html">"Herschel Discovers Infrared Light"</a>. <i>Cool Cosmos Classroom activities</i>. 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US: Addison-Wesley. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.feynmanlectures.caltech.edu/I_02.html#Ch2-S2-p10">2–5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-02116-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-201-02116-5"><bdi>978-0-201-02116-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Feynman+Lectures+on+Physics%2C+Vol.1&rft.place=US&rft.pages=2-5&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=978-0-201-02116-5&rft.au=Feynman%2C+Richard&rft.au=Leighton%2C+Robert&rft.au=Sands%2C+Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.feynmanlectures.caltech.edu%2FI_toc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectromagnetic+spectrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL'Annunziata,_MichaelBaradei,_Mohammad2003" class="citation book cs1">L'Annunziata, Michael; Baradei, Mohammad (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b519e10OPT0C&q=gamma+x-ray&pg=PA58"><i>Handbook of Radioactivity Analysis</i></a>. 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See pages I-7 (atmosphere) and I-23 (for water).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revisionworld.com/gcse-revision/physics/waves/uses-electromagnetic-waves">Uses of Electromagnetic Waves | gcse-revision, physics, waves, uses-electromagnetic-waves | Revision World</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electromagnetic_spectrum&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081209114827/http://www.ic.gc.ca/epic/site/smt-gst.nsf/vwapj/spectallocation-08.pdf/$FILE/spectallocation-08.pdf">Archived</a> 2008-12-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Industry_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Industry Canada">Industry Canada</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ntia.doc.gov/osmhome/allochrt.html">U.S. Frequency Allocation Chart</a> – Covering the range 3 kHz to 300 GHz (from <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce" title="United States Department of Commerce">Department of Commerce</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ofcom.org.uk/static/archive/ra/topics/spectrum-strat/future/strat02/strategy02app_b.pdf">UK frequency allocation table</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Ofcom" title="Ofcom">Ofcom</a>, which inherited the <a href="/wiki/Radiocommunications_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiocommunications Agency">Radiocommunications Agency</a>'s duties, pdf format)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190205001750/http://attic.e-motiv.net/em-spectrum">Flash EM Spectrum Presentation / Tool</a> – Very complete and customizable.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unihedron.com/projects/spectrum/downloads/spectrum_20090210.pdf">Poster "Electromagnetic Radiation Spectrum"</a> (992 kB)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">Infrared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">Microwave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio</a><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Frequency_vs._wave_length.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Frequency_vs._wave_length.svg/500px-Frequency_vs._wave_length.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Frequency_vs._wave_length.svg/750px-Frequency_vs._wave_length.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Frequency_vs._wave_length.svg/1000px-Frequency_vs._wave_length.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="104" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><span class="nobold"><i><span style="font-size:120%">←</span> higher <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequencies</a><span class="nowrap">       </span>longer <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelengths</a> <span style="font-size:120%">→</span></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">Gamma rays</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Very-high-energy_gamma_ray" title="Very-high-energy gamma ray">Very-high-energy gamma ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-energy_gamma_ray" title="Ultra-high-energy gamma ray">Ultra-high-energy gamma ray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soft_X-ray" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft X-ray">Soft X-ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_X-ray" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard X-ray">Hard X-ray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">Ultraviolet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_ultraviolet" title="Extreme ultraviolet">Extreme ultraviolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_ultraviolet" class="mw-redirect" title="Vacuum ultraviolet">Vacuum ultraviolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman-alpha" title="Lyman-alpha">Lyman-alpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_ultraviolet" class="mw-redirect" title="Far ultraviolet">FUV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_ultraviolet" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle ultraviolet">MUV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_ultraviolet" class="mw-redirect" title="Near ultraviolet">NUV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_C" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet C">UVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet B">UVB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet A">UVA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">Visible (optical)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violet_(color)" title="Violet (color)">Violet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyan" title="Cyan">Cyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_(colour)" title="Orange (colour)">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">Red</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">Infrared</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near-infrared" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-infrared">NIR</a> (<a href="/wiki/Photometric_system" title="Photometric system">Bands</a>: <a href="/wiki/J_band_(infrared)" title="J band (infrared)">J</a>, <a href="/wiki/K_band_(infrared)" title="K band (infrared)">K</a>, <a href="/wiki/H_band_(infrared)" title="H band (infrared)">H</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared#Regions" title="Infrared">SWIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared#Regions" title="Infrared">MWIR</a> (<a href="/wiki/Photometric_system" title="Photometric system">Bands</a>: <a href="/wiki/L_band_(infrared)" title="L band (infrared)">L</a>, <a href="/wiki/M_band_(infrared)" title="M band (infrared)">M</a>, <a href="/wiki/N_band" title="N band">N</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared#Regions" title="Infrared">LWIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_infrared" title="Far infrared">FIR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">Microwaves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W_band" title="W band">W band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V_band" title="V band">V band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_band" title="Q band">Q band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka_band" title="Ka band">K<sub>a</sub> band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K_band_(IEEE)" title="K band (IEEE)">K band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_band" title="Ku band">K<sub>u</sub> band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X_band" title="X band">X band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_band_(IEEE)" title="C band (IEEE)">C band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S_band" title="S band">S band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L_band" title="L band">L band</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">Radio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terahertz_radiation" title="Terahertz radiation">THF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremely_high_frequency" title="Extremely high frequency">EHF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_high_frequency" title="Super high frequency">SHF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_high_frequency" title="Ultra high frequency">UHF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very_high_frequency" title="Very high frequency">VHF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_frequency" title="High frequency">HF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_frequency" title="Medium frequency">MF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_frequency" title="Low frequency">LF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very_low_frequency" title="Very low frequency">VLF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_low_frequency" title="Ultra low frequency">ULF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_low_frequency" title="Super low frequency">SLF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremely_low_frequency" title="Extremely low frequency">ELF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">Wavelength</a> types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">Microwave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortwave_radio" title="Shortwave radio">Shortwave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_wave" title="Medium wave">Medium wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longwave" title="Longwave">Longwave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Colour_topics424" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Color_topics" title="Template:Color topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Color_topics" title="Template talk:Color topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Color_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Color topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Colour_topics424" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">Colour</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_science" title="Color science">Colour science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colour physics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Electromagnetic spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow" title="Rainbow">Rainbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">Visible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_color" title="Spectral color">Spectral colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromophore" title="Chromophore">Chromophore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Structural_colouration" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural colouration">Structural colouration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_colouration" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal colouration">Animal colouration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_of_chemicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour of chemicals">Colour of chemicals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_of_water" title="Color of water">Water</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_power_distribution" title="Spectral power distribution">Spectral power distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorimetry" title="Colorimetry">Colorimetry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_vision" title="Color vision">Colour perception</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromesthesia" title="Chromesthesia">Chromesthesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonochromatism" title="Sonochromatism">Sonochromatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_blindness" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour blindness">Colour blindness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achromatopsia" title="Achromatopsia">Achromatopsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichromacy" title="Dichromacy">Dichromacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_calibration" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour calibration">Colour calibration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_constancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour constancy">Colour constancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_task" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour task">Colour task</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colour_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour code">Colour code</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour temperature">Colour temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_vision_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour vision test">Colour vision test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_colour_vision" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolution of colour vision">Evolution of colour vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impossible_colour" class="mw-redirect" title="Impossible colour">Impossible colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamerism_(color)" title="Metamerism (color)">Metamerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opponent_process" title="Opponent process">Opponent process</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterimage" title="Afterimage">Afterimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unique_hues" title="Unique hues">Unique hues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrachromacy" title="Tetrachromacy">Tetrachromacy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_dress" title="The dress">The dress</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colour_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour psychology">Colour psychology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colour_symbolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour symbolism">Colour symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_preferences" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour preferences">Colour preferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCscher_colour_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Lüscher colour test">Lüscher colour test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kruithof_curve" title="Kruithof curve">Kruithof curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_colour" title="Political colour">Political colour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_colours" title="National colours">National colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromophobia" title="Chromophobia">Chromophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromotherapy" title="Chromotherapy">Chromotherapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colour_reproduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour reproduction">Colour reproduction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colour_photography" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour photography">Colour photography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colour_balance" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour balance">Colour balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_cast" title="Colour cast">Colour cast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">Digital image processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour management">Colour management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_printing" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour printing">Colour printing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multi-primary_colour_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-primary colour display">Multi-primary colour display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattron" title="Quattron">Quattron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour model">Colour model</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Additive_color" title="Additive color">additive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RGB" class="mw-redirect" title="RGB">RGB</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtractive_color" title="Subtractive color">subtractive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CMYK" class="mw-redirect" title="CMYK">CMYK</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour space">Colour space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_mapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour mapping">Colour mapping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RGB_color_wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/100px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/150px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/200px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_color" title="Philosophy of color">Colour<br />philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colour_scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour scheme">Colour scheme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_picker" title="Color picker">Colour tool</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monochromatic_colours" class="mw-redirect" title="Monochromatic colours">Monochromatic colours</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grisaille" title="Grisaille">Grisaille</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementary_colours" class="mw-redirect" title="Complementary colours">Complementary colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analogous_colours" class="mw-redirect" title="Analogous colours">Analogous colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey" title="Grey">Achromatic colours (Neutral)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polychrome" title="Polychrome">Polychromatic colours</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light-on-dark_color_scheme" title="Light-on-dark color scheme">Light-on-dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_colours" class="mw-redirect" title="Web colours">Web colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tincture_(heraldry)" title="Tincture (heraldry)">Tinctures in heraldry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colour_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour theory">Colour theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colour_mixing" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour mixing">Colour mixing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_colour" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary colour">Primary colour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_colour" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary colour">Secondary colour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromaticity" title="Chromaticity">Chromaticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_solid" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour solid">Colour solid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_wheel" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour wheel">Colour wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_triangle" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour triangle">Colour triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour analysis">Colour analysis</a> (fashion)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_realism_(art_style)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour realism (art style)">Colour realism (art style)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Vision_and_Colours" title="On Vision and Colours">On Vision and Colours</a></i> (Schopenhauer)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Colours" title="Theory of Colours">Theory of Colours</a></i> (Goethe)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colour_term" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour term">Colour terms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_term#Basic_color_terms" title="Color term">Basic terms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink" title="Pink">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purple" title="Purple">Purple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_(colour)" title="Orange (colour)">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black" title="Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey" title="Grey">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White" title="White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown" title="Brown">Brown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Color_in_culture" title="Category:Color in culture">Cultural differences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_relativity_and_the_colour_naming_debate" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic relativity and the colour naming debate">Linguistic relativity and the colour naming debate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language" title="Blue–green distinction in language">Blue–green distinction in language</a></li></ul></li> <li>Colour history <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white_dualism" title="Black-and-white dualism">Black-and-white dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_in_culture" title="Blue in culture">Blue in culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_in_Chinese_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour in Chinese culture">Colour in Chinese culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_colours_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional colours of Japan">Traditional colours of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_skin_colour" class="mw-redirect" title="Human skin colour">Human skin colour</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colour dimensions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">Hue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dichromatism" title="Dichromatism">Dichromatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colourfulness" class="mw-redirect" title="Colourfulness">Colourfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pastel_(color)" title="Pastel (color)">Pastel colours</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminance" title="Luminance">Luminance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lightness" title="Lightness">Lightness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkness" title="Darkness">Darkness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brightness" title="Brightness">Brightness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridescence" title="Iridescence">Iridescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">Fluorescence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grayscale" title="Grayscale">Grayscale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tint,_shade_and_tone" title="Tint, shade and tone">Tint, shade and tone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colour<br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantone" title="Pantone">Pantone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_Marketing_Group" title="Color Marketing Group">Color Marketing Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_Association_of_the_United_States" title="Color Association of the United States">Color Association of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Colour_Authority" title="International Colour Authority">International Colour Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Illumination" title="International Commission on Illumination">International Commission on Illumination</a> (CIE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Color_Consortium" title="International Color Consortium">International Colour Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Colour_Association" title="International Colour Association">International Colour Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Names</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_colors" title="Lists of colors">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colours:_A%E2%80%93F" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colours: A–F">List of colours: A–F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colours:_G%E2%80%93M" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colours: G–M">List of colours: G–M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colours:_N%E2%80%93Z" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colours: N–Z">List of colours: N–Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colours_(compact)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colours (compact)">List of colours (compact)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colours_by_shade" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colours by shade">List of colours by shade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colour_palettes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colour palettes">List of colour palettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_color_spaces_and_their_uses" title="List of color spaces and their uses">List of colour spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crayola_crayon_colours" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Crayola crayon colours">List of Crayola crayon colours</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Crayola_crayons" title="History of Crayola crayons">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_chart" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour chart">Colour chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_RAL_colours" title="List of RAL colours">List of RAL colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_colors" title="Web colors">List of web colours</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_by_shade" title="List of colors by shade">Shades of:</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red" title="Shades of red">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange" title="Shades of orange">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_yellow" title="Shades of yellow">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_green" title="Shades of green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_cyan" title="Shades of cyan">Cyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_blue" title="Shades of blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_violet" title="Shades of violet">Violet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_purple" title="Shades of purple">Purple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_magenta" title="Shades of magenta">Magenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_pink" title="Shades of pink">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_brown" title="Shades of brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_white" title="Shades of white">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_gray" title="Shades of gray">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_black" title="Shades of black">Black</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_color-related_articles" title="Index of color-related articles">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Vision</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contrast_(vision)" title="Contrast (vision)">Contrast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">Qualia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting" title="Lighting">Lighting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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