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href="#High_Modernism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>High Modernism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_Modernism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Modernism_and_Postmodernism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Modernism_and_Postmodernism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Late Modernism and Postmodernism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Modernism_and_Postmodernism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Movements_and_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Movements_and_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Movements and schools</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Movements_and_schools-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Movements and schools subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Movements_and_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Impressionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impressionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Impressionism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impressionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expressionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expressionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Expressionism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expressionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Viennese_School" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Viennese_School"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Second Viennese School</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Viennese_School-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primitivism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primitivism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Primitivism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primitivism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Futurism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Futurism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Futurism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Futurism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_Five" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Five"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>American Five</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Five-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neoclassicism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neoclassicism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Neoclassicism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neoclassicism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Les_Six" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Les_Six"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Les Six</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Les_Six-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Darmstadt_School" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Darmstadt_School"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Darmstadt School</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Darmstadt_School-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_York_School" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_York_School"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>New York School</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_York_School-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methods_and_genres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methods_and_genres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Methods and genres</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Methods_and_genres-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Methods and genres subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Methods_and_genres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Atonality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atonality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Atonality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atonality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twelve-tone_technique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twelve-tone_technique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Twelve-tone technique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twelve-tone_technique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Serialism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musique_concrète" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musique_concrète"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Musique concrète</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musique_concrète-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indeterminacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indeterminacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Indeterminacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indeterminacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aleatoric_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aleatoric_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Aleatoric music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aleatoric_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stochastic_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stochastic_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Stochastic music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stochastic_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Process_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Process_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Process music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Process_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%8A%D8%A9_(%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%89)" title="حداثية (موسيقى) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حداثية (موسيقى)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_modernista" title="Música modernista – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Música modernista" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernistick%C3%A1_hudba" title="Modernistická hudba – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Modernistická hudba" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_modernista" title="Música modernista – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Música modernista" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernismo_(muziko)" title="Modernismo (muziko) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Modernismo (muziko)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%86" title="موسیقی مدرن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="موسیقی مدرن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musique_moderne" title="Musique moderne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Musique moderne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_moderna" title="Música moderna – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Música moderna" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%A8%EB%8D%94%EB%8B%88%EC%A6%98_(%EC%9D%8C%EC%95%85)" title="모더니즘 (음악) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="모더니즘 (음악)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica_moderna" title="Musica moderna – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Musica moderna" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מוזיקה קלאסית בתקופה המודרנית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מוזיקה קלאסית בתקופה המודרנית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernismus_(musica)" title="Modernismus (musica) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Modernismus (musica)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E9%9F%B3%E6%A5%BD" title="近代音楽 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="近代音楽" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernizm_w_muzyce" title="Modernizm w muzyce – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Modernizm w muzyce" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_moderna" title="Música moderna – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Música moderna" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Модернизм в музыке – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Модернизм в музыке" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernist_music" title="Modernist music – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Modernist music" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernizam_u_muzici" title="Modernizam u muzici – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Modernizam u muzici" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernism_(musik)" title="Modernism (musik) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Modernism (musik)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D1%83_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%96" title="Модернізм у музиці – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Модернізм у музиці" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82" title="現代主義音樂 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="現代主義音樂" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2426218#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:16.0em"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#d6d6ff;font-size:120%;padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em;line-height:1.2em;">Major eras of<br /><a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">Western classical music</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;padding-bottom:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Early_music" title="Early music">Early music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Medieval_music" title="Medieval music">Medieval</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500–1400</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_music#Transitioning_to_the_Renaissance" title="Medieval music">Transition to Renaissance</a></span></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">Renaissance</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1400–1600</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Renaissance_to_Baroque_in_instrumental_music" title="Transition from Renaissance to Baroque in instrumental music">Transition to Baroque</a></span></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;padding-bottom:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Common_practice_period" title="Common practice period">Common practice period</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600–1750</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Galant_music" title="Galant music">Transition to Classical</a></span></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Classical_period_(music)" title="Classical period (music)">Classical</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1730–1820</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Classical_to_Romantic_music" title="Transition from Classical to Romantic music">Transition to Romantic</a></span></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1800–1910</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Post-romanticism" title="Post-romanticism">Transition to Modernism</a></span></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;padding-bottom:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Neue_Musik" title="Neue Musik">New music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Modernism</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1890</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_classical_music" title="Contemporary classical music">Contemporary</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1945</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  •  <a href="/wiki/20th-century_classical_music" title="20th-century classical music">20th-century</a><br />  •  <a href="/wiki/21st-century_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="21st-century classical music">21st-century</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Western_art_music" title="Template:History of Western art music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Western_art_music" title="Template talk:History of Western art music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Western_art_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Western art music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In music, <b>modernism</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Aesthetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aesthetic">aesthetic</a> stance underlying the period of change and development in musical language that occurred around the turn of the 20th century, a period of diverse reactions in challenging and reinterpreting older categories of music, innovations that led to new ways of organizing and approaching harmonic, melodic, sonic, and rhythmic aspects of music, and changes in aesthetic worldviews in close relation to the larger identifiable period of <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">modernism</a> in the arts of the time. The operative word most associated with it is "innovation".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetzer20093_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetzer20093-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its leading feature is a "linguistic plurality", which is to say that no musical language, or modernist style, ever assumed a dominant position.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan1984443_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan1984443-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Inherent within musical modernism is the conviction that music is not a static phenomenon defined by timeless truths and classical principles, but rather something which is intrinsically historical and developmental. <em>While belief in musical progress or in the principle of innovation is not new or unique to modernism, such values are particularly important within modernist aesthetic stances.</em></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Edward <a href="#CITEREFCampbell2010">Campbell (2010</a>, p. 37) [emphasis added]</cite></div></blockquote><p> Examples include the celebration of <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a>'s rejection of <a href="/wiki/Tonality" title="Tonality">tonality</a> in chromatic <a href="/wiki/Atonality" title="Atonality">post-tonal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Twelve-tone_technique" title="Twelve-tone technique">twelve-tone</a> works and <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a>'s move away from <a href="/wiki/Meter_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meter (music)">symmetrical</a> <a href="/wiki/Rhythm" title="Rhythm">rhythm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell201037_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell201037-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Authorities typically regard musical modernism as an historical period or era extending from about 1890 to 1930, and apply the term "<a href="/wiki/Postmodernism_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Postmodernism (music)">postmodernism</a>" to the period or era after 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKárolyi1994135_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKárolyi1994135-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyer1994331–332_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyer1994331–332-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the musicologist <a href="/wiki/Carl_Dahlhaus" title="Carl Dahlhaus">Carl Dahlhaus</a> the purest form was over by 1910.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbright200413_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbright200413-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there are other historians and critics who argue that modernism was revived after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. For example, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Griffiths_(writer)" title="Paul Griffiths (writer)">Paul Griffiths</a> notes that, while Modernism "seemed to be a spent force" by the late 1920s, after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, "a new generation of composers—<a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Boulez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Barraqu%C3%A9" title="Jean Barraqué">Barraqué</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milton_Babbitt" title="Milton Babbitt">Babbitt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Nono" title="Luigi Nono">Nono</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Stockhausen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iannis_Xenakis" title="Iannis Xenakis">Xenakis</a>" revived modernism".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modernism_(music)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Carl Dahlhaus describes modernism as: </p><blockquote><p>an obvious point of historical <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/discontinuity" class="extiw" title="wikt:discontinuity">discontinuity</a> ... The "breakthrough" of <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Mahler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Strauss</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Debussy</a> implies a profound historical transformation ... If we were to search for a name to convey the breakaway mood of the 1890s (a mood symbolized musically by the opening bars of Strauss's <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Juan_(Strauss)" title="Don Juan (Strauss)">Don Juan</a></i>) but without imposing a fictitious unity of style on the age, we could do worse than revert to <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Bahr" title="Hermann Bahr">Hermann Bahr</a>'s term "modernism" and speak of a stylistically open-ended "modernist music" extending (with some latitude) from 1890 to the beginnings of our own twentieth-century modern music in 1910.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahlhaus1989334_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlhaus1989334-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Eero_Tarasti" title="Eero Tarasti">Eero Tarasti</a> defines musical modernism directly in terms of "the dissolution of the traditional tonality and transformation of the very foundations of tonal language, searching for new models in atonalism, polytonalism or other forms of altered tonality", which took place around the turn of the century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarasti1979272_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarasti1979272-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Albright" title="Daniel Albright">Daniel Albright</a> proposes a definition of musical modernism as, "a testing of the limits of aesthetic construction" and presents the following modernist techniques or styles: Expressionism, the New Objectivity, Hyperrealism, Abstractionism, Neoclassicism, Neobarbarism, Futurism, and the Mythic Method.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbright200411_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbright200411-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conductor and scholar <a href="/wiki/Leon_Botstein" title="Leon Botstein">Leon Botstein</a> describes musical modernism as "...a consequence of the fundamental conviction among successive generations of composers since 1900 that the means of musical expression in the 20th century must be adequate to the unique and radical character of the age",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBotstein2001_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBotstein2001-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which led to a reflection in the arts of the progress of science, technology and industry, mechanization, urbanization, mass culture and nationalism. </p><p>Similarly, Eric Pietro defines Modernism in his narrative <i>Listening In: Music, Mind, and the Modernist</i> as, “…a desire to find ‘ever more accurate representations of psychological states and processes’ by virtue of its links with the ‘historical crisis of the nineteenth century.’” From what we can understand with this information, there are two distinguishable concepts emphasizing Modernism: the first being music mirroring narrative depictions of the mind; and the second being music as a vocabulary that faces the possibility of describing psychological behaviors in language.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_usage">Other usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modernism_(music)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Other usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "modernism" (and the term "post-modern") has occasionally been applied to some genres of <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a>, but not with any very clear definition. </p><p>For example, the cultural studies professor Andrew Goodwin writes that "given the confusion of the terms, the identification of postmodern texts has ranged across an extraordinarily divergent, and incoherent profusion of textual instances ... Secondly, there are debates within popular music about pastiche and authenticity. 'Modernism' means something quite different within each of these two fields ... This confusion is obvious in an early formative attempt to understand rock music in postmodern terms".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin2006441_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin2006441-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Goodwin argues that instances of modernism in <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a> are generally not cited because "it <i>undermines</i> the postmodern thesis of cultural fusion, in its explicit effort to preserve a bourgeois notion of Art in opposition to mainstream, 'commercial' rock and pop".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin2006446_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin2006446-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Author <a href="/wiki/Domenic_Priore" title="Domenic Priore">Domenic Priore</a> writes that: "the concept of Modernism was bound up in the very construction of the Greater Los Angeles area, at a time when the city was just beginning to come into its own as an international, cultural center",;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPriore200516_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPriore200516-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it appears that the word is used here as an equivalent of the term "modern". Priore cites "<a href="/wiki/River_Deep_%E2%80%93_Mountain_High" title="River Deep – Mountain High">River Deep – Mountain High</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Ike_%26_Tina_Turner" title="Ike & Tina Turner">Ike & Tina Turner</a> (1966) and "<a href="/wiki/Good_Vibrations" title="Good Vibrations">Good Vibrations</a>" by <a href="/wiki/The_Beach_Boys" title="The Beach Boys">the Beach Boys</a> (1966). Desiring "a taste of Modern, avant-garde <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">R&B</a>" for the latter's recording, group member and song co-writer <a href="/wiki/Brian_Wilson" title="Brian Wilson">Brian Wilson</a> considered the music "advanced rhythm and blues", but received criticism from his bandmates, who derided the track for being "too Modern" during its making.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPriore200516,_20,_48_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPriore200516,_20,_48-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modernism_(music)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Modernism">Early Modernism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modernism_(music)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early Modernism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Post-romanticism" title="Post-romanticism">Post-romanticism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg_(1874%E2%80%931951)_~1930_%C2%A9_Max_Fenichel_(1885%E2%80%931942)_OeNB_1208877.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg_%281874%E2%80%931951%29_~1930_%C2%A9_Max_Fenichel_%281885%E2%80%931942%29_OeNB_1208877.png/180px-Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg_%281874%E2%80%931951%29_~1930_%C2%A9_Max_Fenichel_%281885%E2%80%931942%29_OeNB_1208877.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg_%281874%E2%80%931951%29_~1930_%C2%A9_Max_Fenichel_%281885%E2%80%931942%29_OeNB_1208877.png/270px-Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg_%281874%E2%80%931951%29_~1930_%C2%A9_Max_Fenichel_%281885%E2%80%931942%29_OeNB_1208877.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg_%281874%E2%80%931951%29_~1930_%C2%A9_Max_Fenichel_%281885%E2%80%931942%29_OeNB_1208877.png/360px-Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg_%281874%E2%80%931951%29_~1930_%C2%A9_Max_Fenichel_%281885%E2%80%931942%29_OeNB_1208877.png 2x" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="719" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1930</span></figcaption></figure> <p>In the final decade leading up to the turn of the 20th century, the <a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music"> Romantic era</a> in music had entered into its late period where great changes were occurring. Amongst the biggest changes were with the traditional tonal system, which was now being regularly stretched to its limits by composers such as <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Gustav Mahler</a> who began incorporating <a href="/wiki/Progressive_tonality" title="Progressive tonality">progressive tonality</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> into his pieces. The <a href="/wiki/Impressionism_in_music" title="Impressionism in music">Impressionists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Claude Debussy</a> also began experimenting with <a href="/wiki/Tonality#19th_century" title="Tonality">ambiguous tonality</a> and exotic scales. "The perception of Debussy’s compositional language as decidedly post-romantic/Impressionistic—nuanced, understated, and subtle—is firmly solidified among today’s musicians and well-informed audiences."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although this isn’t the first time composers began pushing the limits of <a href="/wiki/Tonality" title="Tonality">tonality</a> as can be seen in the works of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tristan_und_Isolde" title="Tristan und Isolde">Tristan und Isolde</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the works of <a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Franz Liszt</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bagatelle_sans_tonalit%C3%A9" title="Bagatelle sans tonalité">Bagatelle sans tonalité</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> these practices became far more commonplace within the <a href="/wiki/Post-romanticism" title="Post-romanticism">late romantic period</a>. This break with tonality finally came to a critical point in 1908 when <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a> composed the <a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_No._2_(Schoenberg)" class="mw-redirect" title="String Quartet No. 2 (Schoenberg)">second string quartet</a>, Op. 10, with soprano. The last movement of this piece contains no key signature,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> marking a decisive transition point from <a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romanticism</a> into Modernism. </p><p>Within this newly established Modernist era, several new parallel movements were founded as a reaction against late romanticism. The most prominent of these movements included <a href="/wiki/Expressionist_music" title="Expressionist music">Expressionism</a> with <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Second_Viennese_School" title="Second Viennese School">Second Viennese School</a> being its main promoters, <a href="/wiki/Primitivism#Philosophy" title="Primitivism">Primitivism</a> with <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a> being its most influential composer, and <a href="/wiki/Futurism_(music)" title="Futurism (music)">Futurism</a> with <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Russolo" title="Luigi Russolo">Luigi Russolo</a> being one of its main proponents. </p><p>Musical expressionism is closely associated with the music of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Viennese_School" title="Second Viennese School">Second Viennese School</a> during their "free atonal" period from 1908 to 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchoenberg1975207–208_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchoenberg1975207–208-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the main goals of this movement was to avoid "traditional forms of beauty" to convey powerful feelings in their music. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadie1991244_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadie1991244-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In essence, Expressionist music often features a high level of dissonance, extreme contrasts of dynamics, constant changing of textures, "distorted" melodies and harmonies, and angular melodies with wide leaps.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon.2014_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon.2014-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Primitivism was a movement that aimed to rescue the most archaic folklore of certain regions with a modern or modernist language. Similar to nationalism in its eagerness to rescue the local traditions, primitivism also incorporated irregular <a href="/wiki/Metre_(music)" title="Metre (music)">metrics</a> and accentuations, a greater use of <a href="/wiki/Percussion" class="mw-redirect" title="Percussion">percussion</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Timbres" class="mw-redirect" title="Timbres">timbres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mode_(music)" title="Mode (music)">modal scales</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Polytonal" class="mw-redirect" title="Polytonal">polytonal</a> harmony. Important works of this style include <i><a href="/wiki/The_Firebird" title="The Firebird">The Firebird</a></i> (1910), <i><a href="/wiki/Petrushka_(ballet)" title="Petrushka (ballet)">Petrushka</a></i> (1911), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rite_of_Spring" title="The Rite of Spring">The Rite of Spring</a></i> (1913), and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Miraculous_Mandarin" title="The Miraculous Mandarin">The Miraculous Mandarin</a></i> (1926). Within this movement, the two giants of this movement were the Russian <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a> and the Hungarian <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Béla Bartók</a>, although the work of both far exceeds the name "primitivist". </p><p>Italian composers such as <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Balilla_Pratella" title="Francesco Balilla Pratella">Francesco Balilla Pratella</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Russolo" title="Luigi Russolo">Luigi Russolo</a> aided in developing musical <a href="/wiki/Futurism_(music)" title="Futurism (music)">Futurism</a>. This genre attempts to recreate everyday sounds and place them within a "Futurist" context. The "Machine Music" of <a href="/wiki/George_Antheil" title="George Antheil">George Antheil</a> (starting with his Second Sonata, "The Airplane") and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mosolov" title="Alexander Mosolov">Alexander Mosolov</a> (most notoriously his <i><a href="/wiki/Iron_Foundry" title="Iron Foundry">Iron Foundry</a></i>) developed from this. </p><p>The process of extending musical vocabulary by exploring all available tones was pushed further by the use of <a href="/wiki/Microtonal_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Microtonal music">Microtones</a>. This can be seen in works of composers such as <a href="/wiki/Charles_Ives" title="Charles Ives">Charles Ives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juli%C3%A1n_Carrillo" title="Julián Carrillo">Julián Carrillo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alois_H%C3%A1ba" title="Alois Hába">Alois Hába</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Foulds" title="John Foulds">John Foulds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Wyschnegradsky" title="Ivan Wyschnegradsky">Ivan Wyschnegradsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Partch" title="Harry Partch">Harry Partch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mildred_Couper" title="Mildred Couper">Mildred Couper</a>. Microtones are intervals that are smaller than a <a href="/wiki/Semitone" title="Semitone">semitone</a>; human voices and unfretted strings can easily produce them by going in between the "normal" notes, however other musical instruments will have more difficulty in achieving the same result. The piano and organ have no way of producing them at all, aside from retuning or from major reconstruction. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Ives" title="Charles Ives">Charles Ives</a> began to integrate American and European traditions as well as colloquial and church styles, while using innovative techniques in his harmony, rhythm, and form.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkholder2001_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkholder2001-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His techniques included the use of <a href="/wiki/Polyrhythm" title="Polyrhythm">polyrhythm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polytonality" title="Polytonality">polytonality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tone_cluster" title="Tone cluster">tone clusters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quarter_tone" title="Quarter tone">quarter tones</a>. and <a href="/wiki/Aleatoric_music" title="Aleatoric music">aleatoric</a> elements. This new experimental style of composition influenced a number of American composers who came to be collectively known as the <a href="/wiki/American_Five" title="American Five">American Five</a>. </p><p>In the early 1920s, Schoenberg developed the <a href="/wiki/Twelve-tone_technique" title="Twelve-tone technique">Twelve-tone technique</a>, a method of <a href="/wiki/Musical_composition" title="Musical composition">musical composition</a> which ensures that all 12 notes of the <a href="/wiki/Chromatic_scale" title="Chromatic scale">chromatic scale</a> are sounded as often as one another in a composition while preventing the emphasis of any one note<sup id="cite_ref-Perle_1977,_2_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perle_1977,_2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> through the use of <a href="/wiki/Tone_row" title="Tone row">tone rows</a> and the orderings of the 12 <a href="/wiki/Pitch_class" title="Pitch class">pitch classes</a>. This new technique was quickly adopted by members of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Viennese_School" title="Second Viennese School">Second Viennese School</a>, namely <a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Anton Webern</a> who refined the system and became a massive influence to the development of <a href="/wiki/Serialism" title="Serialism">Serialism</a>. </p><p>After the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a> began to return to past Pre-Romantic compositional traditions for inspiration and wrote works that drew elements such as form, harmony, melody, structure from it. This style of music came to be known as <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism_(music)" title="Neoclassicism (music)">Neoclassicism</a> and it came to be the dominent style of composition during the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a>. Important works in this style includes; <i><a href="/wiki/Pulcinella_(ballet)" title="Pulcinella (ballet)">Pulcinella</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._1_(Prokofiev)" title="Symphony No. 1 (Prokofiev)">Classical Symphony</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Tombeau_de_Couperin" title="Le Tombeau de Couperin">Le Tombeau de Couperin</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/El_retablo_de_maese_Pedro" title="El retablo de maese Pedro">El retablo de maese Pedro</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Symphony:_Mathis_der_Maler" title="Symphony: Mathis der Maler">Symphony: Mathis der Maler</a></i>. A prominent group of mostly French composers known as <a href="/wiki/Les_Six" title="Les Six">Les Six</a> were especially influenced by this compositional method. </p><p>A similar movement also took hold in <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Post-War Germany</a> as a reaction against the sentimentality of late <a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romanticism</a> and the emotional agitation of <a href="/wiki/Expressionist_music" title="Expressionist music">expressionism</a>. Known as <a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity#Music" title="New Objectivity">New Objectivity</a>, this model of composition typically harkened back to <a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">baroque era</a> models and made use of traditional forms as well as stable <a href="/wiki/Polyphonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyphonic">polyphonic</a> structures, combined together with modern dissonance and <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>-inspired rhythms. <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hindemith" title="Paul Hindemith">Paul Hindemith</a> was the most prominent composer of this style. </p><p>The 1930s proved to be a difficult time for the Modernist music scene in Europe after <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> took power in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fatherland_Front_(Austria)" title="Fatherland Front (Austria)">Austrofascists</a> took power in <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>. As a result, most Modernist music which featured <a href="/wiki/Atonality" title="Atonality">atonality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Consonance_and_dissonance" title="Consonance and dissonance">dissonance</a>, and “disturbing rhythms” were deemed as <a href="/wiki/Degenerate_music" title="Degenerate music">degenerate music</a> and banned. The music of <a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Alban Berg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Eisler" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Eisler">Hans Eisler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hindemith" title="Paul Hindemith">Paul Hindemith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anton_von_Webern" class="mw-redirect" title="Anton von Webern">Anton von Webern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Weill" title="Kurt Weill">Kurt Weill</a>, and other formerly prominent composers, as well as Jewish composers such as <a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Meyerbeer" title="Giacomo Meyerbeer">Giacomo Meyerbeer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Offenbach" title="Jacques Offenbach">Jacques Offenbach</a> and even <a href="/wiki/George_Gershwin" title="George Gershwin">George Gershwin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irving_Berlin" title="Irving Berlin">Irving Berlin</a>, were no longer programmed or allowed to be performed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpotts2003268–270_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpotts2003268–270-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of these new policies, many prominent Modernist composers such as <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a> were forced to flee to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> while others such as <a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Anton Webern</a> were forced to compose their works in secret. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High_Modernism">High Modernism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modernism_(music)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: High Modernism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/High_modernism" title="High modernism">High modernism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_classical_music" title="Contemporary classical music">Contemporary classical music</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Klassieke_Edisons_1969_worden_uitgereikt_in_het_Concertgebouw_Amsterdam._Karlhei,_Bestanddeelnr_922-8379_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Klassieke_Edisons_1969_worden_uitgereikt_in_het_Concertgebouw_Amsterdam._Karlhei%2C_Bestanddeelnr_922-8379_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Klassieke_Edisons_1969_worden_uitgereikt_in_het_Concertgebouw_Amsterdam._Karlhei%2C_Bestanddeelnr_922-8379_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Klassieke_Edisons_1969_worden_uitgereikt_in_het_Concertgebouw_Amsterdam._Karlhei%2C_Bestanddeelnr_922-8379_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Klassieke_Edisons_1969_worden_uitgereikt_in_het_Concertgebouw_Amsterdam._Karlhei%2C_Bestanddeelnr_922-8379_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Klassieke_Edisons_1969_worden_uitgereikt_in_het_Concertgebouw_Amsterdam._Karlhei%2C_Bestanddeelnr_922-8379_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Klassieke_Edisons_1969_worden_uitgereikt_in_het_Concertgebouw_Amsterdam._Karlhei%2C_Bestanddeelnr_922-8379_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="805" data-file-height="1074" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Karlheinz Stockhausen</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1969</span></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> was devastating for <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and a new generation of composers had to pick up the pieces and reestablish the <a href="/wiki/Art_music" title="Art music">art music</a> scene. Through the rediscovery and promotion of pre-war composers such as <a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Anton Webern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edgard_Var%C3%A8se" title="Edgard Varèse">Edgard Varèse</a>, as well as the more recent developments initiated by the French composer <a href="/wiki/Olivier_Messiaen" title="Olivier Messiaen">Olivier Messiaen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serialism" title="Serialism">Serialism</a> came to be one of the dominant methods of composition within the art music establishment for the next few decades. Also influenced by other pioneering works of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Viennese_School" title="Second Viennese School">Second Viennese School</a>, starting in 1946, the <a href="/wiki/Darmst%C3%A4dter_Ferienkurse" title="Darmstädter Ferienkurse">Darmstädter Ferienkurse</a> began an annual summer program in <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> where Modernist forms of classical music were taught and promoted. Among the most important composers to emerge from these courses included <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Pierre Boulez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Maderna" title="Bruno Maderna">Bruno Maderna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Nono" title="Luigi Nono">Luigi Nono</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Karlheinz Stockhausen</a>. Together, this group collectivley came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt_School" title="Darmstadt School">Darmstadt School</a>. Among their primary goals was to reestablish and expand upon the <a href="/wiki/Serialism" title="Serialism">serialist</a> philosophies established by the likes of <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Anton Webern</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBandur20015,_10–11_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBandur20015,_10–11-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a> was also encouraged to explore <a href="/wiki/Serial_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial music">serial music</a> and the composers of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Viennese_School" title="Second Viennese School">Second Viennese School</a>, beginning Stravinsky's third and final distinct musical period, which lasted from 1954 until his death in 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite1979133_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite1979133-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhiting200540_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhiting200540-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStraus20014_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStraus20014-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some more traditionally based composers such as <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Shostakovich" title="Dmitri Shostakovich">Dmitri Shostakovich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Britten" title="Benjamin Britten">Benjamin Britten</a> maintained a tonal style of composition despite the prominent serialist movement. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> took a somewhat different direction to Modernism in comparison to their European counterparts in the early post-war era. American composers including <a href="/wiki/John_Cage" title="John Cage">John Cage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morton_Feldman" title="Morton Feldman">Morton Feldman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earle_Brown" title="Earle Brown">Earle Brown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_Wolff_(composer)" title="Christian Wolff (composer)">Christian Wolff</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> formed an informal circle musicians called the <a href="/wiki/New_York_School_(art)#Music" title="New York School (art)">New York School</a>. This group was far less concerned in working with serialism but rather focused on experimenting with chance. Their compositions influenced the music and events of the <a href="/wiki/Fluxus" title="Fluxus">Fluxus</a> group, and drew its name from <a href="/wiki/Abstract_expressionism" title="Abstract expressionism">Abstract Expressionist</a> painters. However, composers such as <a href="/wiki/Milton_Babbitt" title="Milton Babbitt">Milton Babbitt</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Rochberg" title="George Rochberg">George Rochberg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roger_Sessions" title="Roger Sessions">Roger Sessions</a> fashioned their own extensions of the twelve-tone serialism of <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Schoenberg</a>. </p><p>One of the most important and influential developments from the Modernist music scene in <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">America</a> was the concept of <a href="/wiki/Indeterminacy_(music)" title="Indeterminacy (music)">indeterminacy in music</a>. Spearheaded by <a href="/wiki/John_Cage" title="John Cage">John Cage</a>, this new composition approach left some aspects of a musical work open to chance or to the interpreter's free choice. This can be seen in Cage’s <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Changes" title="Music of Changes">Music of Changes</a> (1951), where the composer selects the duration, tempo, and dynamics by using the <i><a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">I Ching</a></i>, an ancient Chinese book which prescribes methods for arriving at random numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoe_&_Song2002268_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoe_&_Song2002268-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another example is <a href="/wiki/Morton_Feldman" title="Morton Feldman">Morton Feldman</a>'s "Intersection No. 2" (1951) for piano solo, written on coordinate paper. Time units are represented by the squares viewed horizontally, while relative pitch levels of high, middle, and low are indicated by three vertical squares in each row. The performer determines what particular pitches and rhythms to play.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoe_&_So''ng2002269_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoe_&_So''ng2002269-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Europe, a similar method of composition developed. Coined as "<a href="/wiki/Aleatory_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleatory music">aleatory music</a>" by Meyer-Eppler and popularized by the French composer <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Pierre Boulez</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoulez1957_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoulez1957-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this new compositional style did not completely give away its creation and performance to chance but rather the notated events are provided by the composer, but their arrangement is left to the determination of the performer. A prominent example of this style can be seen in <a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Karlheinz Stockhausen</a>'s work <a href="/wiki/Klavierst%C3%BCcke_(Stockhausen)#Klavierstück_XI:_polyvalent_structure" title="Klavierstücke (Stockhausen)">Klavierstück XI</a> (1956) where the nineteen events presented are composed and notated in a traditional way, but the arrangement of these events is determined by the performer spontaneously during the performance. Another example can be seen in <a href="/wiki/Earle_Brown" title="Earle Brown">Earle Brown</a>'s <i>Available forms II</i> (1962), where the conductor is asked to decide the order of the events at the very moment of the performance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoe_&_Song2002269_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoe_&_Song2002269-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Major developments were also taking shape in <a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">Electronic music</a> shortly after the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. In the late 1940s, acoustic engineer and radio scientist <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Schaeffer" title="Pierre Schaeffer">Pierre Schaeffer</a> created a new style of composition called <a href="/wiki/Musique_concr%C3%A8te" title="Musique concrète">Musique concrète</a> where <a href="/wiki/Recorded_sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Recorded sound">recorded sounds</a> are utilized as raw material.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These recorded sounds are often modified through the application of <a href="/wiki/Audio_signal_processing" title="Audio signal processing">audio signal processing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tape_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Tape music">tape music</a> techniques, and may be assembled into a form of <a href="/wiki/Sound_collage" title="Sound collage">sound collage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schaeffer’s pioneering works attracted and inspired a new generation of composers such as <a href="/wiki/Olivier_Messiaen" title="Olivier Messiaen">Olivier Messiaen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Karlheinz Stockhausen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iannis_Xenakis" title="Iannis Xenakis">Iannis Xenakis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Pierre Boulez</a>, as well as others to try their hands into this new world and develop their own innovations. </p><p>Building upon aleatoric elements and electronic components, <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">scientific</a> concepts were incorporated to produce <a href="/wiki/Stochastic#Music" title="Stochastic">Stochastic music</a>. Pioneered by the works of Greek composer <a href="/wiki/Iannis_Xenakis" title="Iannis Xenakis">Iannis Xenakis</a>, important examples of compositions drawing from concepts in <a href="/wiki/Physical_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical science">physical science</a> includes; the use of the <a href="/wiki/Statistical_mechanics" title="Statistical mechanics">statistical mechanics</a> of gases in <i><a href="/wiki/Pithoprakta" title="Pithoprakta">Pithoprakta</a></i>, minimal <a href="/wiki/Constraint_(mathematics)" title="Constraint (mathematics)">constraints</a> in <i>Achorripsis</i>, <a href="/wiki/Markov_chain" title="Markov chain">Markov chains</a> in <i>Analogiques</i>, <a href="/wiki/Statistical_distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical distribution">statistical distribution</a> of points onto a plane in <i><a href="/wiki/Diamorphoses" title="Diamorphoses">Diamorphoses</a></i>, the use of <a href="/wiki/Normal_distribution" title="Normal distribution">normal distribution</a> in <i>ST/10</i> and <i>Atrées</i>, <a href="/wiki/Brownian_motion" title="Brownian motion">Brownian motion</a> in <i>N'Shima</i>, <a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">game theory</a> in <i>Duel</i> and <i>Stratégie</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Group_theory" title="Group theory">group theory</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Nomos_Alpha" title="Nomos Alpha">Nomos Alpha</a></i> (for <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Palm" title="Siegfried Palm">Siegfried Palm</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Set_theory" title="Set theory">set theory</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Herma_(Xenakis)" title="Herma (Xenakis)">Herma</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Eonta" title="Eonta">Eonta</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Xenakis also frequently used <a href="/wiki/Computer_music" title="Computer music">computers</a> to produce his compositions, such as the <i>ST</i> series including <i>Morsima-Amorsima</i> and <i>Atrées</i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> composers such as <a href="/wiki/Lejaren_Hiller" title="Lejaren Hiller">Lejaren Hiller</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Issacson" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonard Issacson">Leonard Issacson</a> also used <a href="/wiki/Generative_grammar" title="Generative grammar">generative grammars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Markov_chain" title="Markov chain">Markov chains</a> in their 1957 <i><a href="/wiki/Illiac_Suite" title="Illiac Suite">Illiac Suite</a></i>. </p><p>Starting around 1944, <a href="/wiki/Elliott_Carter" title="Elliott Carter">Elliott Carter</a> began to incorporate processes into his compositions such as in his Piano Sonata and First String Quartet. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards197190–91_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards197190–91-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandt197427–28_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandt197427–28-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Essentially <a href="/wiki/Musical_note" title="Musical note">notes</a> through <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhythm" title="Rhythm">time</a> were stretched into a long term change with limited transformations of musical events. This new compositional style came to be known as <a href="/wiki/Process_music" title="Process music">Process music</a> and would become adopted by <a href="/wiki/Serialism" title="Serialism">serialists</a> during the 1960s. <a href="/wiki/Minimal_music" title="Minimal music">Minimalists</a> would also come to embrase this approach in the coming decade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGann1987_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGann1987-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other prominent examples of works that incorporate processes includes; <i><a href="/wiki/Nummer_5" title="Nummer 5">Nr. 5, met zuivere tonen</a></i> (1953), <i><a href="/wiki/Kreuzspiel" title="Kreuzspiel">Kreuzspiel</a></i> (1951),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESabbe198118–21_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabbe198118–21-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Plus-Minus_(Stockhausen)" title="Plus-Minus (Stockhausen)">Plus-Minus</a></i> (1963), <i><a href="/wiki/Prozession" title="Prozession">Prozession</a></i> (1967), <i><a href="/wiki/It%27s_Gonna_Rain" title="It's Gonna Rain">It's Gonna Rain</a></i> (1965), <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENyman1974134_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENyman1974134-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Come_Out_(Reich)" title="Come Out (Reich)">Come Out</a></i> (1966), <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENyman1974134_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENyman1974134-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Reed_Phase" title="Reed Phase">Reed Phase</a> </i>(1966). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_Modernism_and_Postmodernism">Late Modernism and Postmodernism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modernism_(music)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Late Modernism and Postmodernism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Late_modernism" title="Late modernism">Late modernism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_music" title="Postmodern music">Postmodern music</a></div> <p>In 1977, French composer <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Pierre Boulez</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/IRCAM" title="IRCAM">Institut de Recherche et Coordination Acoustique / Musique</a> (IRCAM) whose aims included research into acoustics, instrumental design, and the use of computers in music.<sup id="cite_ref-Nichols6Jan_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nichols6Jan-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Spectral_music" title="Spectral music">Spectralism</a>, which originally arose in France during the early 1970s, had received much of its development and refinement through this institution. The composition of spectral music was often informed by <a href="/wiki/Spectrogram" title="Spectrogram">sonographic</a> representations and <a href="/wiki/Harmonic_analysis" title="Harmonic analysis">mathematical</a> analysis of sound spectra, or by mathematically generated spectra. This new style also arose in part as a reaction against and an alternative to the primarily pitch focused aesthetics of the <a href="/wiki/Serialism" title="Serialism">serialist</a> and post-serialist compositions that were commonplace for the time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadiou200982_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadiou200982-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two most prominent schools in spectral music were the French <a href="/wiki/Ensemble_l%27Itin%C3%A9raire" title="Ensemble l'Itinéraire">Ensemble l'Itinéraire</a> headed by <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Grisey" title="Gérard Grisey">Gérard Grisey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tristan_Murail" title="Tristan Murail">Tristan Murail</a> and the German Feedback group headed by <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9ter_E%C3%B6tv%C3%B6s" title="Péter Eötvös">Péter Eötvös</a> and <a href="/wiki/Claude_Vivier" title="Claude Vivier">Claude Vivier</a>. Likewise, spectral techniques would soon be adopted by a wider variety of composers such as <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Lindberg" title="Magnus Lindberg">Magnus Lindberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kaija_Saariaho" title="Kaija Saariaho">Kaija Saariaho</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2000_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2000-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, a loose group of composers began writing scores in an increasingly complex <a href="/wiki/Musical_notation" title="Musical notation">musical notation</a> that was often <a href="/wiki/Atonal" class="mw-redirect" title="Atonal">atonal</a>, highly abstract, and <a href="/wiki/Consonance_and_dissonance" title="Consonance and dissonance">dissonant</a> in sound. Coined as <a href="/wiki/New_Complexity" title="New Complexity">New Complexity</a>, earliest prominent mention being from <a href="/wiki/Richard_Toop" title="Richard Toop">Richard Toop</a>’s article "Four Facets of the New Complexity",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToop1988_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToop1988-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this new style gained traction in continental Europe, particularly through the <a href="/wiki/Darmst%C3%A4dter_Ferienkurse" title="Darmstädter Ferienkurse">Darmstädter Ferienkurse</a> in the 1980s and 1990s. The most influential figures of this movement were <a href="/wiki/Brian_Ferneyhough" title="Brian Ferneyhough">Brian Ferneyhough</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Finnissy" title="Michael Finnissy">Michael Finnissy</a>. </p><p>During the 1960s and 1970s, a backlash began to emerge against the strict <a href="/wiki/Serialism" title="Serialism">serialism</a> promoted by groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt_School" title="Darmstadt School">Darmstadt School</a> which had essentially taken over the academic musical establishment. In <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">America</a>, a new form of <a href="/wiki/Art_music" title="Art music">art music</a> called <a href="/wiki/Minimal_music" title="Minimal music">Minimal music</a> had emerged as a reaction against the perceived extreme and unsurpassable complexity of <a href="/wiki/Serialism" title="Serialism">serialism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead minimal music focuses on the <a href="/wiki/Repetition_(music)" title="Repetition (music)">repetition</a> of slowly changing <a href="/wiki/Common_chord_(music)" title="Common chord (music)">common chords</a> in steady rhythms, often overlaid with a lyrical melody in long, arching phrases.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> also experienced a similar backlash against strict <a href="/wiki/Serialism" title="Serialism">serialism</a> as can be seen in the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/New_Simplicity" title="New Simplicity">New Simplicity</a> movement spearheaded by composers such as <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Rihm" title="Wolfgang Rihm">Wolfgang Rihm</a>. In general, these composers strove for an immediacy between the creative impulse and the musical result, which contrasts with the elaborate precompositional planning characteristic of the High Modernists. Some writers argue that <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt_School" title="Darmstadt School">Darmstadt School</a> representative <a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Karlheinz Stockhausen</a>, had anticipated this reaction through a radical simplification of his style accomplished between 1966 and 1975, which culminated in his <i><a href="/wiki/Tierkreis_(Stockhausen)" title="Tierkreis (Stockhausen)">Tierkreis</a></i> melodies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaltin1979192_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaltin1979192-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndraschke1981126,_137–41_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndraschke1981126,_137–41-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGruhn1981185–186_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGruhn1981185–186-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Movements_and_schools">Movements and schools</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modernism_(music)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Movements and schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impressionism">Impressionism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modernism_(music)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Impressionism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Impressionism_in_music" title="Impressionism in music">Impressionism in music</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Claude_Debussy_by_Atelier_Nadar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Claude_Debussy_by_Atelier_Nadar.jpg/180px-Claude_Debussy_by_Atelier_Nadar.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Claude_Debussy_by_Atelier_Nadar.jpg/270px-Claude_Debussy_by_Atelier_Nadar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Claude_Debussy_by_Atelier_Nadar.jpg/360px-Claude_Debussy_by_Atelier_Nadar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1982" data-file-height="2771" /></a><figcaption>Claude Debussy, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1900</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Impressionism was a movement among various composers in Western <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical music</a> from about 1890 to 1920, whose music focuses on mood and atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just like <a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism in painting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Impressionism_(literature)" title="Impressionism (literature)">Impressionism in literature</a>, musical impressionism tries to represent impressions of moments. The most prominent feature of impressionist music is the timbre and <a href="/wiki/Instrumentation" title="Instrumentation">instrumentation</a>. Layerings of musical levels are typical but also includes: a profound but not intrusive bass, moving middle voices and a significant <a href="/wiki/Motif_(music)" title="Motif (music)">motif</a> in the upper voices, and is not subject to the laws of the usual classical-romantic processing (diminution, secession, etc.) but is treated rather associatively. The most noteworthy composers of this movement includes <a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Claude Debussy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erik_Satie" title="Erik Satie">Erik Satie</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Ravel" title="Maurice Ravel">Maurice Ravel</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expressionism">Expressionism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modernism_(music)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Expressionism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Expressionist_music" title="Expressionist music">Expressionist music</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arnold_sch%C3%B6nberg_man_ray.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Arnold_sch%C3%B6nberg_man_ray.jpg/170px-Arnold_sch%C3%B6nberg_man_ray.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Arnold_sch%C3%B6nberg_man_ray.jpg/255px-Arnold_sch%C3%B6nberg_man_ray.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Arnold_sch%C3%B6nberg_man_ray.jpg/340px-Arnold_sch%C3%B6nberg_man_ray.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1163" data-file-height="1540" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a>, 1927, by <a href="/wiki/Man_Ray" title="Man Ray">Man Ray</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Expressionism was a movement in music where composers sought a subjective immediacy of expression, drawn as directly as possible from the human soul. To achieve this, a break with tradition in regards to traditional aesthetics and the previous forms was desired. Stylistically, the changed function of <a href="/wiki/Consonance_and_dissonance" title="Consonance and dissonance">dissonances</a> is particularly striking; they appear on an equal footing with consonances and are no longer resolved – what was also called the "emancipation of dissonance". The <a href="/wiki/Tonality" title="Tonality">tonal system</a> is largely dissolved and expanded into <a href="/wiki/Atonality" title="Atonality">atonality</a>. Musical characteristics include: extreme <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitches</a>, extreme <a href="/wiki/Dynamics_(music)" title="Dynamics (music)">dynamic</a> contrasts (from whispering to screaming, from <i>pppp</i> to <i>ffff</i>), jagged <a href="/wiki/Melody" title="Melody">melody</a> lines with wide leaps; metrically unbound, free rhythm and novel <a href="/wiki/Instrumentation" title="Instrumentation">instrumentation</a>. Form: asymmetrical period structure; rapid succession of contrasting moments; often very short "aphoristic" pieces. The main representatives of this movement are the composers of the Second Viennese School: <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Anton Webern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Alban Berg</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Viennese_School">Second Viennese School</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modernism_(music)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Second Viennese School"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_Viennese_School" title="Second Viennese School">Second Viennese School</a></div> <p>The Second Viennese School were a group of <a href="/wiki/Composer" title="Composer">composers</a> consisting of <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a> and his pupils, most notably <a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Alban Berg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Anton Webern</a>, as well as close associates in early 20th-century <a href="/wiki/Vienna,_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Vienna, Austria">Vienna</a>. Their music was initially characterized by late-<a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic</a> expanded tonality. However their compositional style would evolve to a totally chromatic <a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">expressionism</a> without a firm tonal center, often referred to as <a href="/wiki/Atonality" title="Atonality">atonality</a>. Even later on beginning in the early 1920s, this group would adopt Schoenberg's <a href="/wiki/Serialism" title="Serialism">serial</a> <a href="/wiki/Twelve-tone_technique" title="Twelve-tone technique">twelve-tone technique</a>. Greatly promoted by critics and musicologists such as <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodor Adorno">Theodor Adorno</a>, the music of the Second Viennese School would take over in intellectual circles and the <a href="/wiki/Art_music" title="Art music">art music</a> establishment especially after the conclusion of WW2. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primitivism">Primitivism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modernism_(music)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Primitivism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Primitivism" title="Primitivism">Primitivism</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bart%C3%B3k_B%C3%A9la_1927.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Bart%C3%B3k_B%C3%A9la_1927.jpg/180px-Bart%C3%B3k_B%C3%A9la_1927.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Bart%C3%B3k_B%C3%A9la_1927.jpg/270px-Bart%C3%B3k_B%C3%A9la_1927.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Bart%C3%B3k_B%C3%A9la_1927.jpg/360px-Bart%C3%B3k_B%C3%A9la_1927.jpg 2x" data-file-width="411" data-file-height="379" /></a><figcaption>Béla Bartók in 1927</figcaption></figure> <p>Primitivism was a movement that aimed to incorporate the most archaic and often <a href="/wiki/Pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan">pagan</a> folklore of certain regions in Europe into modernist musical compositions. Similar to nationalism in its eagerness to rescue the local traditions, primitivism also incorporated irregular <a href="/wiki/Metre_(music)" title="Metre (music)">metrics</a> and accentuations, a greater use of <a href="/wiki/Percussion" class="mw-redirect" title="Percussion">percussion</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Timbres" class="mw-redirect" title="Timbres">timbres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mode_(music)" title="Mode (music)">modal scales</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Polytonal" class="mw-redirect" title="Polytonal">polytonal</a> harmony. Within this movement, the most prominent composers were the Russian <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a> and the Hungarian <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Béla Bartók</a>, although the work of both far exceeds the name "primitivist". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Futurism">Futurism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modernism_(music)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Futurism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Futurism_(music)" title="Futurism (music)">Futurism (music)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luigi_Russolo_ca._1916.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Luigi_Russolo_ca._1916.gif/170px-Luigi_Russolo_ca._1916.gif" decoding="async" width="170" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Luigi_Russolo_ca._1916.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="290" /></a><figcaption>Luigi Russolo c. 1916</figcaption></figure> <p>Futurism was a movement originating in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> which rejected tradition and introduced experimental sounds inspired by machinery. Much of this new genre’s origins can be traced to painter and composer <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Russolo" title="Luigi Russolo">Luigi Russolo</a>, who in 1913 published his groundbreaking manifesto, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_Noises" title="The Art of Noises">The Art of Noises</a></i>, calling for the incorporation of noises of every kind into music.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussolo1913_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussolo1913-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This inspired fellow Italian composers <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Balilla_Pratella" title="Francesco Balilla Pratella">Francesco Balilla Pratella</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franco_Casavola" title="Franco Casavola">Franco Casavola</a> to follow in his footsteps. This new aesthetic also became quickly embraced by the Russian avant-garde creating a parallel movement of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Futurism" title="Russian Futurism">Russian Futurists</a>. Among the most prominent Russian composers from this tradition includes <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Matyushin" title="Mikhail Matyushin">Mikhail Matyushin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Roslavets" title="Nikolai Roslavets">Nikolai Roslavets</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Five">American Five</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modernism_(music)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: American Five"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/American_Five" title="American Five">American Five</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Ives_grad_photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Charles_Ives_grad_photo.jpg/170px-Charles_Ives_grad_photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Charles_Ives_grad_photo.jpg/255px-Charles_Ives_grad_photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Charles_Ives_grad_photo.jpg/340px-Charles_Ives_grad_photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2127" data-file-height="2837" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ives" title="Charles Ives">Charles Ives</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> June 1898</span></figcaption></figure> <p>The American Five were a group of American experimental composers who often implemented <a href="/wiki/Polyrhythm" title="Polyrhythm">polyrhythm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polytonality" title="Polytonality">polytonality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tone_cluster" title="Tone cluster">tone clusters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quarter_tone" title="Quarter tone">quarter tones</a>. and <a href="/wiki/Aleatoric_music" title="Aleatoric music">aleatoric</a> elements within their music. Spearheaded by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Ives" title="Charles Ives">Charles Ives</a>, they were noted for their unusual and often <a href="/wiki/Consonance_and_dissonance" title="Consonance and dissonance">dissonant</a> pieces which broke away from European compositional techniques to create a uniquely American style.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The primary members of this group were <a href="/wiki/Charles_Ives" title="Charles Ives">Charles Ives</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_J._Becker" title="John J. Becker">John J. Becker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wallingford_Riegger" title="Wallingford Riegger">Wallingford Riegger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cowell" title="Henry Cowell">Henry Cowell</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Ruggles" title="Carl Ruggles">Carl Ruggles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neoclassicism">Neoclassicism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modernism_(music)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Neoclassicism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism_(music)" title="Neoclassicism (music)">Neoclassicism (music)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Igor_Stravinsky_LOC_32392u.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Igor_Stravinsky_LOC_32392u.jpg/170px-Igor_Stravinsky_LOC_32392u.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Igor_Stravinsky_LOC_32392u.jpg/255px-Igor_Stravinsky_LOC_32392u.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Igor_Stravinsky_LOC_32392u.jpg/340px-Igor_Stravinsky_LOC_32392u.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4477" data-file-height="5410" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a> in the early 1920s</figcaption></figure> <p>Neoclassicism was a movement, especially prevalent during the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a>, in which composers sought to return to aesthetic precepts associated with the broadly defined concept of "<a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">classicism</a>", namely order, balance, clarity, economy, and emotional restraint. As such, neoclassicism was a reaction against the unrestrained emotionalism and perceived formlessness of late <a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romanticism</a>, as well as a "call to order" after the experimental ferment of the first two decades of the twentieth century. The neoclassical impulse found its expression in such features as the use of pared-down performing forces, an emphasis on rhythm and on <a href="/wiki/Contrapuntal" class="mw-redirect" title="Contrapuntal">contrapuntal</a> texture, an updated or expanded tonal harmony, and a concentration on <a href="/wiki/Absolute_music" title="Absolute music">absolute music</a> as opposed to Romantic <a href="/wiki/Program_music" title="Program music">program music</a>. The main representatives of this movement are <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Prokofiev" title="Sergei Prokofiev">Sergei Prokofiev</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Les_Six">Les Six</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modernism_(music)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Les Six"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Les_Six" title="Les Six">Les Six</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Les_Six_Tableau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Les_Six_Tableau.jpg/180px-Les_Six_Tableau.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Les_Six_Tableau.jpg/270px-Les_Six_Tableau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Les_Six_Tableau.jpg/360px-Les_Six_Tableau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2392" data-file-height="4062" /></a><figcaption><i>Le Groupe des six</i>, 1922, painting by <a href="/wiki/Jacques-%C3%89mile_Blanche" title="Jacques-Émile Blanche">Jacques-Émile Blanche</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Les Six were a group of six composers, five of them French and one Swiss, who primarily worked in the <a href="/wiki/Montparnasse" title="Montparnasse">Montparnasse</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. Composing in the <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism_(music)" title="Neoclassicism (music)">neoclassical</a> style of <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a>, their music was often seen as a reaction against both the late German Romanticism of <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Gustav Mahler</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Impressionist_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Impressionist music">Impressionistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Chromaticism" title="Chromaticism">chromaticism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Claude Debussy</a>. They were also heavily inspired by the music of <a href="/wiki/Erik_Satie" title="Erik Satie">Erik Satie</a> and the poetry of <a href="/wiki/Jean_Cocteau" title="Jean Cocteau">Jean Cocteau</a>. The primary members of this group were <a href="/wiki/Georges_Auric" title="Georges Auric">Georges Auric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Durey" title="Louis Durey">Louis Durey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Honegger" title="Arthur Honegger">Arthur Honegger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darius_Milhaud" title="Darius Milhaud">Darius Milhaud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Poulenc" title="Francis Poulenc">Francis Poulenc</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Germaine_Tailleferre" title="Germaine Tailleferre">Germaine Tailleferre</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Darmstadt_School">Darmstadt School</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modernism_(music)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Darmstadt School"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt_School" title="Darmstadt School">Darmstadt School</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luigi-Nono-Karlheinz-Stockhausen-1957.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Luigi-Nono-Karlheinz-Stockhausen-1957.jpg/290px-Luigi-Nono-Karlheinz-Stockhausen-1957.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Luigi-Nono-Karlheinz-Stockhausen-1957.jpg/435px-Luigi-Nono-Karlheinz-Stockhausen-1957.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Luigi-Nono-Karlheinz-Stockhausen-1957.jpg/580px-Luigi-Nono-Karlheinz-Stockhausen-1957.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2230" data-file-height="1380" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Nono" title="Luigi Nono">Luigi Nono</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Karlheinz Stockhausen</a> at Darmstadt, summer 1957.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Darmstadt School refers to a group of <a href="/wiki/Composer" title="Composer">composers</a> who were associated with the <a href="/wiki/Darmst%C3%A4dter_Ferienkurse" title="Darmstädter Ferienkurse">Darmstädter Ferienkurse</a> from the 1950s and 1960s centered in <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a>, Germany. Greatly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Twelve-tone_technique" title="Twelve-tone technique">twelve-tone technique</a>, they developed it further to implement <a href="/wiki/Serial_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial music">Integral Serialism</a> as the foundation to their compositions. They also often applied <a href="/wiki/Electroacoustic_music" title="Electroacoustic music">electroacoustic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aleatoric_music" title="Aleatoric music">aleatoric</a> techniques into their works. Other key influences of the School included the works of <a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Anton Webern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edgard_Var%C3%A8se" title="Edgard Varèse">Edgard Varèse</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIddon201340_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIddon201340-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Olivier_Messiaen" title="Olivier Messiaen">Olivier Messiaen</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Quatre_%C3%A9tudes_de_rythme#"Mode_de_valeurs_et_d'intensités"" class="mw-redirect" title="Quatre études de rythme">Mode de valeurs et d'intensités</a>" (from the <i><a href="/wiki/Quatre_%C3%A9tudes_de_rythme" class="mw-redirect" title="Quatre études de rythme">Quatre études de rythme</a></i>). The most prominent composers include <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Pierre Boulez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Maderna" title="Bruno Maderna">Bruno Maderna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Nono" title="Luigi Nono">Luigi Nono</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Karlheinz Stockhausen</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_York_School">New York School</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modernism_(music)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: New York School"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_York_School_(art)#Music" title="New York School (art)">New York School (art) § Music</a></div> <p>The New York School was an informal circle of experimental musicians and composers active in the 1950s and 1960s originating from New York City. They often drew inspiration from the <a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a> and contemporary <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a> art movements. Their music often displayed <a href="/wiki/Indeterminacy_(music)" title="Indeterminacy (music)">indeterminacy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electroacoustic_music" title="Electroacoustic music">electroacoustic properties</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Extended_technique" title="Extended technique">non-standard use of musical instruments</a>. They were in particular greatly influenced by the pioneering experimental works of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Ives" title="Charles Ives">Charles Ives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cowell" title="Henry Cowell">Henry Cowell</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Edgard_Var%C3%A8se" title="Edgard Varèse">Edgard Varèse</a>. The most prominent composers of this compositional school include <a href="/wiki/John_Cage" title="John Cage">John Cage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earle_Brown" title="Earle Brown">Earle Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Wolff_(composer)" title="Christian Wolff (composer)">Christian Wolff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morton_Feldman" title="Morton Feldman">Morton Feldman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/David_Tudor" title="David Tudor">David Tudor</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods_and_genres">Methods and genres</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modernism_(music)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Methods and genres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atonality">Atonality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modernism_(music)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Atonality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Atonality" title="Atonality">Atonality</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twelve-tone_technique">Twelve-tone technique</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modernism_(music)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Twelve-tone technique"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Twelve-tone_technique" title="Twelve-tone technique">Twelve-tone technique</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anton_Webern_(1883%E2%80%931945)_1927_%C2%A9_Georg_Fayer_(1891%E2%80%931950)_OeNB_10450290.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Anton_Webern_%281883%E2%80%931945%29_1927_%C2%A9_Georg_Fayer_%281891%E2%80%931950%29_OeNB_10450290.png/180px-Anton_Webern_%281883%E2%80%931945%29_1927_%C2%A9_Georg_Fayer_%281891%E2%80%931950%29_OeNB_10450290.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Anton_Webern_%281883%E2%80%931945%29_1927_%C2%A9_Georg_Fayer_%281891%E2%80%931950%29_OeNB_10450290.png/270px-Anton_Webern_%281883%E2%80%931945%29_1927_%C2%A9_Georg_Fayer_%281891%E2%80%931950%29_OeNB_10450290.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Anton_Webern_%281883%E2%80%931945%29_1927_%C2%A9_Georg_Fayer_%281891%E2%80%931950%29_OeNB_10450290.png/360px-Anton_Webern_%281883%E2%80%931945%29_1927_%C2%A9_Georg_Fayer_%281891%E2%80%931950%29_OeNB_10450290.png 2x" data-file-width="485" data-file-height="669" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Anton Webern</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1927</span></figcaption></figure> <p>The twelve-tone technique is a method of <a href="/wiki/Musical_composition" title="Musical composition">musical composition</a> developed by Austrian composer <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a> where all 12 notes of the <a href="/wiki/Chromatic_scale" title="Chromatic scale">chromatic scale</a> are sounded as often as one another in a piece of music while preventing the emphasis of any one note<sup id="cite_ref-Perle_1977,_2_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perle_1977,_2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> through the use of <a href="/wiki/Tone_row" title="Tone row">tone rows</a>, orderings of the 12 <a href="/wiki/Pitch_class" title="Pitch class">pitch classes</a>. All 12 notes are thus given more or less equal importance, and the music avoids being in a <a href="/wiki/Key_(music)" title="Key (music)">key</a>. Schoenberg’s technique would first be adopted by other members of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Viennese_School" title="Second Viennese School">Second Viennese School</a>, most notably <a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Alban Berg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Anton Webern</a>. However its usage would greatly expand after WW2 through its promotion by the <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt_School" title="Darmstadt School">Darmstadt School</a>, American composers such as <a href="/wiki/Milton_Babbitt" title="Milton Babbitt">Milton Babbitt</a>, and its adoption by <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a> after phasing out of his <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism_(music)" title="Neoclassicism (music)">Neoclassical</a> period in the early 1950s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serialism">Serialism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modernism_(music)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Serialism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Serialism" title="Serialism">Serialism</a></div> <p>Serialism is a method of <a href="/wiki/Musical_composition" title="Musical composition">composition</a> in which a fixed series of notes, usually the twelve notes of the <a href="/wiki/Chromatic_scale" title="Chromatic scale">chromatic scale</a>, are used to generate the <a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">harmonic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melody" title="Melody">melodic</a> basis of a piece and are subject to change only in specific ways. Serialism began primarily with <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Twelve-tone_technique" title="Twelve-tone technique">twelve-tone technique</a>, though some of his contemporaries were also working to establish serialism as a form of <a href="/wiki/Atonality" title="Atonality">post-tonal</a> thinking. Serialism of the pre-WW2 <a href="/wiki/Second_Viennese_School" title="Second Viennese School">Second Viennese School</a> was composed in which a recurring series of ordered elements (normally a <a href="/wiki/Set_(music)" title="Set (music)">set</a>—or <a href="/wiki/Tone_row" title="Tone row">row</a>—of pitches or <a href="/wiki/Pitch_class" title="Pitch class">pitch classes</a>) is used in order or manipulated in particular ways to give a piece unity. In post-WW2 Europe, Integral serialism which was developed mainly by the <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt_School" title="Darmstadt School">Darmstadt School</a>, incorporated use of series for aspects such as duration, dynamics, and register as well as pitch.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhittall2008273_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhittall2008273-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most prominent composers of this compositional technique include <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Anton Webern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Alban Berg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Karlheinz Stockhausen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Pierre Boulez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Nono" title="Luigi Nono">Luigi Nono</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milton_Babbitt" title="Milton Babbitt">Milton Babbitt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henri_Pousseur" title="Henri Pousseur">Henri Pousseur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wuorinen" title="Charles Wuorinen">Charles Wuorinen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Barraqu%C3%A9" title="Jean Barraqué">Jean Barraqué</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Musique_concrète"><span id="Musique_concr.C3.A8te"></span>Musique concrète</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modernism_(music)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Musique concrète"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Musique_concr%C3%A8te" title="Musique concrète">Musique concrète</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Psconcer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Psconcer.jpg/220px-Psconcer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Psconcer.jpg/330px-Psconcer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Psconcer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="293" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Schaeffer" title="Pierre Schaeffer">Pierre Schaeffer</a> presenting the Acousmonium</figcaption></figure> <p>Musique concrète (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>; "concrete music"), is a form of <a href="/wiki/Electroacoustic_music" title="Electroacoustic music">electroacoustic music</a> that utilises <a href="/wiki/Recorded_sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Recorded sound">recorded sounds</a> as a compositional resource. The compositional material is commonly modified through the application of <a href="/wiki/Audio_signal_processing" title="Audio signal processing">audio signal processing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tape_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Tape music">tape music</a> techniques, and can be assembled into a <a href="/wiki/Sound_collage" title="Sound collage">sound collage</a> structure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLeodDiCola201138_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLeodDiCola201138-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theoretical basis of this compositional practice was developed by French composer <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Schaeffer" title="Pierre Schaeffer">Pierre Schaeffer</a> beginning in the early 1940s. Other prominent composers who used or were influenced by this compositional technique include <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Henry" title="Pierre Henry">Pierre Henry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luc_Ferrari" title="Luc Ferrari">Luc Ferrari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Pierre Boulez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Karlheinz Stockhausen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edgard_Var%C3%A8se" title="Edgard Varèse">Edgard Varèse</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iannis_Xenakis" title="Iannis Xenakis">Iannis Xenakis</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indeterminacy">Indeterminacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modernism_(music)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Indeterminacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indeterminacy_(music)" title="Indeterminacy (music)">Indeterminacy (music)</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Cowell_portrait_NYPL_4002097_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Henry_Cowell_portrait_NYPL_4002097_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Henry_Cowell_portrait_NYPL_4002097_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Henry_Cowell_portrait_NYPL_4002097_%28cropped%29.jpg/270px-Henry_Cowell_portrait_NYPL_4002097_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Henry_Cowell_portrait_NYPL_4002097_%28cropped%29.jpg/360px-Henry_Cowell_portrait_NYPL_4002097_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1553" data-file-height="2341" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cowell" title="Henry Cowell">Henry Cowell</a> in 1924</figcaption></figure> <p>Indeterminacy in music is a compositional method in which some or all aspects of a musical work are left either to chance or to the performer’s free choice. Its first significant adoption can be attributed to the works of <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> composer <a href="/wiki/Charles_Ives" title="Charles Ives">Charles Ives</a> written in the early 20th century. Ives’s ideas were further developed in the 1930s by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cowell" title="Henry Cowell">Henry Cowell</a> in such works as the Mosaic Quartet (String Quartet No. 3, 1934), which players are allowed to arrange the music fragments in a number of different possible sequences. During the 1950s, development of this technique reached its apex in the works of <a href="/wiki/John_Cage" title="John Cage">John Cage</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_York_School_(art)#Music" title="New York School (art)">New York School</a> where chance becomes adopted by a wide range of composers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aleatoric_music">Aleatoric music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modernism_(music)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Aleatoric music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aleatoric_music" title="Aleatoric music">Aleatoric music</a></div> <p>Aleatoric music is a compositional style in which some <a href="/wiki/Elements_of_music" title="Elements of music">element</a> of a composed work is left to <a href="/wiki/Indeterminacy_(music)" title="Indeterminacy (music)">indeterminacy</a>, or in other words left to the determination of the performer(s). The term became known to European composers through the lectures of <a href="/wiki/Acoustics" title="Acoustics">acoustician</a> <a href="/wiki/Werner_Meyer-Eppler" title="Werner Meyer-Eppler">Werner Meyer-Eppler</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Darmst%C3%A4dter_Ferienkurse" title="Darmstädter Ferienkurse">Darmstädter Ferienkurse</a> in the early 1950s. Unlike their <a href="/wiki/New_York_School_(art)" title="New York School (art)">American counterparts</a> however, many <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt_School" title="Darmstadt School">European composers</a> did not completely leave the performance of their works to <a href="/wiki/Randomness" title="Randomness">chance</a>. Instead, they would compose and notate several separate paths within their music in which the performer is given the freedom to choose the arrangement. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoe_&_Song2002269_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoe_&_Song2002269-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most prominent composers of this style include <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Pierre Boulez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Karlheinz Stockhausen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iannis_Xenakis" title="Iannis Xenakis">Iannis Xenakis</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stochastic_music">Stochastic music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modernism_(music)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Stochastic music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Stochastic#Music" title="Stochastic">Stochastic § Music</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_composition" title="Algorithmic composition">Algorithmic composition</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:XenakisMDaniel_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/XenakisMDaniel_crop.jpg/220px-XenakisMDaniel_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/XenakisMDaniel_crop.jpg/330px-XenakisMDaniel_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/XenakisMDaniel_crop.jpg/440px-XenakisMDaniel_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1089" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Iannis_Xenakis" title="Iannis Xenakis">Iannis Xenakis</a> at in his Paris studio, c. 1970</figcaption></figure> <p>Stochastic music is a compositional style pioneered by Greek composer <a href="/wiki/Iannis_Xenakis" title="Iannis Xenakis">Iannis Xenakis</a> in which <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematical</a> processes often found within <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Probability" title="Probability">probability</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> are used to generate scores. Stochastic processes can also be used in compositions to create a fixed notation in the piece or alternatively being produced in real time during a performance. <a href="/wiki/Computer_music" title="Computer music">Computers</a> were also frequently used to produce this type of music. The most prominent composers of this style includes <a href="/wiki/Iannis_Xenakis" title="Iannis Xenakis">Iannis Xenakis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Michael_Koenig" title="Gottfried Michael Koenig">Gottfried Michael Koenig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Risset" title="Jean-Claude Risset">Jean-Claude Risset</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lejaren_Hiller" title="Lejaren Hiller">Lejaren Hiller</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Process_music">Process music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modernism_(music)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Process music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Process_music" title="Process music">Process music</a></div> <p>Process music is a compositional style in which a score is generated using a <a href="/wiki/Information_processing_(psychology)" title="Information processing (psychology)">process</a> that’s either audible to the audience or deliberately concealed. These processes can involve specific systems of picking and organizing <a href="/wiki/Musical_note" title="Musical note">notes</a> through <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhythm" title="Rhythm">time</a>, often involving a long term change with a limited amount of musical material, or transformations of musical events that are already relatively complex in an of themselves. Originating in <a href="/wiki/Serialism" title="Serialism">serial compositions</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENyman1974119_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENyman1974119-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this style also came to be widely adopted later on by the <a href="/wiki/Minimal_music" title="Minimal music">minimalists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGann1987_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGann1987-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prominent composers of this style includes <a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Karlheinz Stockhausen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elliott_Carter" title="Elliott Carter">Elliott Carter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karel_Goeyvaerts" title="Karel Goeyvaerts">Karel Goeyvaerts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Steve_Reich" title="Steve Reich">Steve Reich</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modernism_(music)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modernist_composers" title="List of modernist composers">List of modernist composers</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_music" title="Absolute music">Abstractionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_music" title="Avant-garde music">Avant-garde music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_music" title="Experimental music">Experimental music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionist_music" title="Expressionist music">Expressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism_(music)" title="Futurism (music)">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_music" title="History of music">History of music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism_(music)" title="Neoclassicism (music)">Neoclassicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservative_postmodernism" title="Neoconservative postmodernism">Neoconservative postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Musik" title="Neue Musik">Neue Musik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_music" title="Philosophy of music">Philosophy of music</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modernism_(music)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Musique concrète has been referred to as a sound collage technique.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLeodDiCola201138_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLeodDiCola201138-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modernism_(music)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetzer20093-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetzer20093_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMetzer2009">Metzer 2009</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan1984443-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan1984443_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorgan1984">Morgan 1984</a>, p. 443.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell201037-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell201037_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell2010">Campbell 2010</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKárolyi1994135-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKárolyi1994135_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKárolyi1994">Károlyi 1994</a>, p. 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyer1994331–332-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyer1994331–332_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeyer1994">Meyer 1994</a>, pp. 331–332.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbright200413-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbright200413_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlbright2004">Albright 2004</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Griffiths, "Modernism", <i>The Oxford Companion to Music</i>, ed. Alison Latham. Oxford University Press, 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlhaus1989334-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahlhaus1989334_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDahlhaus1989">Dahlhaus 1989</a>, p. 334.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETarasti1979272-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarasti1979272_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTarasti1979">Tarasti 1979</a>, p. 272.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbright200411-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbright200411_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlbright2004">Albright 2004</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBotstein2001-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBotstein2001_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBotstein2001">Botstein 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWaddell2017" class="citation journal cs1">Waddell, Nathan (2017). "Modernism and Music: A Review of Recent Scholarship". <i>Modernist Cultures</i>. <b>12</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">316–</span>330. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fmod.2017.0173">10.3366/mod.2017.0173</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modernist+Cultures&rft.atitle=Modernism+and+Music%3A+A+Review+of+Recent+Scholarship&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E316-%3C%2Fspan%3E330&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3366%2Fmod.2017.0173&rft.aulast=Waddell&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+%28music%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin2006441-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin2006441_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoodwin2006">Goodwin 2006</a>, p. 441.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin2006446-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin2006446_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoodwin2006">Goodwin 2006</a>, p. 446.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPriore200516-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPriore200516_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPriore2005">Priore 2005</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPriore200516,_20,_48-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPriore200516,_20,_48_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPriore2005">Priore 2005</a>, pp. 16, 20, 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Kinderman and Harald Krebs, eds. (1996). The Second Practice of Nineteenth-Century Tonality, p.9. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-2724-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-2724-8">978-0-8032-2724-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_MédicisHuebner2018" class="citation book cs1">de Médicis, François; Huebner, Steven, eds. (2018-12-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781787442528"><i>Debussy's Resonance</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781787442528">10.1017/9781787442528</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78744-252-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78744-252-8"><bdi>978-1-78744-252-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:239438810">239438810</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Debussy%27s+Resonance&rft.date=2018-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A239438810%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781787442528&rft.isbn=978-1-78744-252-8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1017%2F9781787442528&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+%28music%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Millington 1992, p. 301.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Searle, <i>New Grove</i> 11:11:39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimms2000" class="citation book cs1">Simms, Bryan R. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/252600219"><i>The Atonal Music of Arnold Schoenberg, 1908–1923</i></a>. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-535185-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-535185-9"><bdi>978-0-19-535185-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/252600219">252600219</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Atonal+Music+of+Arnold+Schoenberg%2C+1908%E2%80%931923&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F252600219&rft.isbn=978-0-19-535185-9&rft.aulast=Simms&rft.aufirst=Bryan+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F252600219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+%28music%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchoenberg1975207–208-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchoenberg1975207–208_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchoenberg1975">Schoenberg 1975</a>, 207–208.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFSchoenberg1975 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESadie1991244-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadie1991244_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSadie1991">Sadie 1991</a>, 244.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFSadie1991 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon.2014-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon.2014_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnon.2014">Anon. 2014</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFAnon.2014 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkholder2001-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkholder2001_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurkholder2001">Burkholder 2001</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFBurkholder2001 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perle_1977,_2-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Perle_1977,_2_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perle_1977,_2_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Perle 1977, 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpotts2003268–270-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpotts2003268–270_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpotts2003">Spotts 2003</a>, pp. 268–270.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBandur20015,_10–11-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBandur20015,_10–11_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBandur2001">Bandur 2001</a>, pp. 5, 10–11.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFBandur2001 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite1979133-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite1979133_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite1979">White 1979</a>, p. 133.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFWhite1979 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhiting200540-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhiting200540_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhiting2005">Whiting 2005</a>, p. 40.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFWhiting2005 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStraus20014-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStraus20014_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStraus2001">Straus 2001</a>, p. 4.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFStraus2001 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See David Ni of Music and the Visual Arts, Routledge 2001, pp. 17–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoe_&_Song2002268-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoe_&_Song2002268_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJoe_&_Song2002">Joe & Song 2002</a>, p. 268.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoe_&_So''ng2002269-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoe_&_So''ng2002269_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJoe_&_Song2002">Joe & So<i>ng 2002</i></a>, p. 269.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoulez1957-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoulez1957_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoulez1957">Boulez 1957</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFBoulez1957 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoe_&_Song2002269-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoe_&_Song2002269_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoe_&_Song2002269_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJoe_&_Song2002">Joe & Song 2002</a>, p. 269.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmes2008">Holmes (2008)</a>, p. 45<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvp error: no target: CITEREFHolmes2008 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLeodDiCola201138-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLeodDiCola201138_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLeodDiCola201138_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcLeodDiCola2011">McLeod & DiCola 2011</a>, p. 38.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFMcLeodDiCola2011 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ilias Chrissochoidis, Stavros Houliaras, and Christos Mitsakis, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/249265/Set_theory_in_Xenakis_EONTA">"Set theory in Xenakis' <i>EONTA</i>"</a>, in <i>International Symposium Iannis Xenakis</i>, ed. Anastasia Georgaki and <a href="/wiki/Makis_Solomos" title="Makis Solomos">Makis Solomos</a> (Athens: The National and Kapodistrian University, 2005), 241–249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards197190–91-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards197190–91_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdwards1971">Edwards 1971</a>, 90–91.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFEdwards1971 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandt197427–28-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandt197427–28_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrandt1974">Brandt 1974</a>, 27–28.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFBrandt1974 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGann1987-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGann1987_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGann1987_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGann1987">Gann 1987</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFGann1987 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESabbe198118–21-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESabbe198118–21_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSabbe1981">Sabbe 1981</a>, 18–21.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFSabbe1981 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENyman1974134-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENyman1974134_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENyman1974134_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNyman1974">Nyman 1974</a>, 134.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFNyman1974 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nichols6Jan-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nichols6Jan_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNichols2016" class="citation news cs1">Nichols, Roger (6 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/jan/06/pierre-boulez">"Pierre Boulez obituary"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160106151953/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/jan/06/pierre-boulez">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Pierre+Boulez+obituary&rft.date=2016-01-06&rft.aulast=Nichols&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2016%2Fjan%2F06%2Fpierre-boulez&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+%28music%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadiou200982-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadiou200982_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBadiou2009">Badiou 2009</a>, 82.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFBadiou2009 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2000-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2000_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson2000">Anderson 2000</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFAnderson2000 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToop1988-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToop1988_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToop1988">Toop 1988</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFToop1988 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gann 1997, 184–85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rodda, 2 & 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaltin1979192-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaltin1979192_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaltin1979">Faltin 1979</a>, p. 192.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFFaltin1979 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndraschke1981126,_137–41-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndraschke1981126,_137–41_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndraschke1981">Andraschke 1981</a>, pp. 126, 137–41.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFAndraschke1981 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGruhn1981185–186-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGruhn1981185–186_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGruhn1981">Gruhn 1981</a>, pp. 185–186.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFGruhn1981 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Kennedy, "Impressionism", <i>The Oxford Dictionary of Music</i>, second edition, revised, Joyce Bourne, associate editor (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2006). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861459-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861459-3">978-0-19-861459-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussolo1913-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussolo1913_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRussolo1913">Russolo 1913</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFRussolo1913 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nypl.org/research/manuscripts/music/musbecke.xml">New York Public Library Guide to the John J. Becker Papers</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chase, Gilbert. "American Music: From the Pilgrims to the Present." <i>Music & Letters</i>, Vol. 69, No. 4 (Oct., 1988), pp. 542-545.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Antokoletz, Elliott (2014). <i>A History of Twentieth-Century Music in a Theoretic-Analytical Context</i>, p.166. Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135037307" title="Special:BookSources/9781135037307">9781135037307</a>. "[Riegger and Becker] were grouped with Ives, Ruggles, and Cowell as the 'American Five'."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIddon201340-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIddon201340_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIddon2013">Iddon 2013</a>, p. 40.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFIddon2013 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhittall2008273-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhittall2008273_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhittall2008">Whittall 2008</a>, p. 273.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFWhittall2008 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENyman1974119-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENyman1974119_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNyman1974">Nyman 1974</a>, 119.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFNyman1974 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modernism_(music)&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 45em;"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFAlbright2004"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Albright" title="Daniel Albright">Albright, Daniel</a>. 2004. <i>Modernism and Music: An Anthology of Sources</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-01267-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-01267-0">0-226-01267-0</a>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFBotstein2001"><a href="/wiki/Leon_Botstein" title="Leon Botstein">Botstein, Leon</a>. "Modernism". <i><a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a></i> edited by Laura Macy. <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFCampbell2010">Campbell, Edward. 2010. <i>Boulez, Music and Philosophy</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86242-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86242-4">978-0-521-86242-4</a>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFDahlhaus1989"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Dahlhaus" title="Carl Dahlhaus">Dahlhaus, Carl</a>. 1989. <i>Nineteenth-Century Music</i>. Translated by J. Bradford Robinson. Berkeley: University of California Press.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodwin2006" class="citation book cs1">Goodwin, Andrew (2006). "Popular Music and Postmodern Theory". In John Storey (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jgav8surlTIC"><i>Cultural Theory and Popular Culture: A Reader</i></a>. University of Georgia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-2849-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-2849-2"><bdi>978-0-8203-2849-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Popular+Music+and+Postmodern+Theory&rft.btitle=Cultural+Theory+and+Popular+Culture%3A+A+Reader&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8203-2849-2&rft.aulast=Goodwin&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djgav8surlTIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+%28music%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFJoe_&_Song2002">Joe, Jeongwon, and S. Hoon Song. 2002. "Roland Barthes' 'Text' and Aleatoric Music: Is the Birth of the Reader the Birth of the Listener?". <i>Muzikologija</i> 2:263–281.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFKárolyi1994"><a href="/wiki/Ott%C3%B3_K%C3%A1rolyi" title="Ottó Károlyi">Károlyi, Ottó</a>. 1994. <i>Modern British Music: The Second British Musical Renaissance—From Elgar to P. Maxwell Davies</i>. Rutherford, Madison, Teaneck: Farleigh Dickinson University Press; London and Toronto: Associated University Presses. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8386-3532-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8386-3532-6">0-8386-3532-6</a>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFMetzer2009">Metzer, David Joel. 2009. <i>Musical Modernism at the Turn of the Twenty-first Century</i>. Music in the Twentieth Century 26. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51779-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51779-9">978-0-521-51779-9</a>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFMeyer1994"><a href="/wiki/Leonard_B._Meyer" title="Leonard B. Meyer">Meyer, Leonard B.</a> 1994. <i>Music, the Arts, and Ideas: Patterns and Predictions in Twentieth-Century Culture</i>, second edition. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-52143-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-52143-5">0-226-52143-5</a>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan1984" class="citation journal cs1">Morgan, Robert P. (March 1984). "Secret Languages: The Roots of Musical Modernism". <i><a href="/wiki/Critical_Inquiry" title="Critical Inquiry">Critical Inquiry</a></i>. <b>10</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">442–</span>461. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F448257">10.1086/448257</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1343302">1343302</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161937907">161937907</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critical+Inquiry&rft.atitle=Secret+Languages%3A+The+Roots+of+Musical+Modernism&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E442-%3C%2Fspan%3E461&rft.date=1984-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161937907%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1343302%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F448257&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Robert+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+%28music%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPriore2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Domenic_Priore" title="Domenic Priore">Priore, Domenic</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=81YIAQAAMAAJ"><i>Smile: The Story of Brian Wilson's Lost Masterpiece</i></a>. London: Sanctuary. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86074-627-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-86074-627-6"><bdi>1-86074-627-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Smile%3A+The+Story+of+Brian+Wilson%27s+Lost+Masterpiece&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Sanctuary&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-86074-627-6&rft.aulast=Priore&rft.aufirst=Domenic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D81YIAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+%28music%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpotts2003" class="citation book cs1">Spotts, Frederich (2003). <i>Hitler and the Power of Aesthetics</i>. New York: Overlook Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58567-345-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-58567-345-5"><bdi>1-58567-345-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler+and+the+Power+of+Aesthetics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Overlook+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-58567-345-5&rft.aulast=Spotts&rft.aufirst=Frederich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+%28music%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFTarasti1979"><a href="/wiki/Eero_Tarasti" title="Eero Tarasti">Tarasti, Eero</a>. 1979. <i>Myth and Music: A Semiotic Approach to the Aesthetics of Myth in Music, Especially that of Wagner, Sibelius and Stravinsky</i>. Acta Musicologica Fennica 11; Religion and Society 51. Helsinki: Suomen Musiikkitieteellinen Seura; The Hague: Mouton. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-279-7918-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-279-7918-6">978-90-279-7918-6</a>.</cite></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modernism_(music)&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ronsheim.org/CE_Tape_Guides.html">Written Tape Guides – The Contemporary Era</a>, lectures by John Ronsheim (1927–1997), <a href="/wiki/Antioch_College" title="Antioch College">Antioch College</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Austria <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Berg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Krenek" title="Ernst Krenek">Krenek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Mahler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Schoenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Webern</a></li></ul></li> <li>Belgium <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Pousseur" title="Henri Pousseur">Pousseur</a></li></ul></li> <li>Czechia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alois_H%C3%A1ba" title="Alois Hába">Hába</a></li></ul></li> <li>Finland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Bergman" title="Erik Bergman">Bergman</a></li></ul></li> <li>France <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Henry" title="Pierre Henry">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Jolivet" title="André Jolivet">Jolivet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Koechlin" title="Charles Koechlin">Koechlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Messiaen" title="Olivier Messiaen">Messiaen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_Milhaud" title="Darius Milhaud">Milhaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Poulenc" title="Francis Poulenc">Poulenc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgard_Var%C3%A8se" title="Edgard Varèse">Varèse</a></li></ul></li> <li>Germany <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Max_Reger" title="Max Reger">Reger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Strauss</a></li></ul></li> <li>Greece <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nikos_Skalkottas" title="Nikos Skalkottas">Skalkottas</a></li></ul></li> <li>Hungary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Bartók</a></li></ul></li> <li>Poland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karol_Szymanowski" title="Karol Szymanowski">Szymanowski</a></li></ul></li> <li>Russia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Prokofiev" title="Sergei Prokofiev">Prokofiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Scriabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Stravinsky</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Antheil" title="George Antheil">Antheil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Babbitt" title="Milton Babbitt">Babbitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Carter" title="Elliott Carter">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cowell" title="Henry Cowell">Cowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ives" title="Charles Ives">Ives</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Genres and<br />techniques</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atonality" title="Atonality">Atonality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_music" title="Experimental music">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionist_music" title="Expressionist music">Expressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism_(music)" title="Futurism (music)">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microtonal_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Microtonal music">Microtonal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_of_limited_transposition" title="Mode of limited transposition">Modes of limited transposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neotonality" title="Neotonality">Neotonality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Complexity" title="New Complexity">New Complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity" title="New Objectivity">New Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_music" title="Noise music">Noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandiatonicism" title="Pandiatonicism">Pandiatonicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyrhythm" title="Polyrhythm">Polyrhythms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytonality" title="Polytonality">Polytonality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-romanticism" title="Post-romanticism">Post-romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_music" title="Process music">Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartal_and_quintal_harmony" title="Quartal and quintal harmony">Quartal and quintal harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serialism" title="Serialism">Serialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_mass" title="Sound mass">Sound mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_music" title="Spectral music">Spectral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stochastic" title="Stochastic">Stochastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealist_music" title="Surrealist music">Surrealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_cluster" title="Tone cluster">Tone cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve-tone_technique" title="Twelve-tone technique">Twelve-tone technique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Schools of composition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Viennese_School" title="Second Viennese School">Second Viennese School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darmstadt_School" title="Darmstadt School">Darmstadt School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="float: left;"> ←<b> <a href="/wiki/Template:Romantic_music" title="Template:Romantic music">Romantic music</a></b></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Modernism_(music)" title="Category:Modernism (music)">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Classical_music" title="Portal:Classical music">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Modernism414" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modernism" title="Template:Modernism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li 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href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a></i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ashcan_School" title="Ashcan School">Ashcan School</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(art)" title="Constructivism (art)">Constructivism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Der_Blaue_Reiter" title="Der Blaue Reiter">Der Blaue Reiter</a></i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Die_Br%C3%BCcke" title="Die Brücke">Die Brücke</a></i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Expressionist_music" title="Expressionist music">Music</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">Functionalism</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Imagism" title="Imagism">Imagism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neoplasticism" title="Neoplasticism">Neoplasticism</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl"><a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a></i></span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(art)" title="Orphism (art)">Orphism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Synchromism" title="Synchromism">Synchromism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tonalism" title="Tonalism">Tonalism</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_arts#Literary_arts" title="The arts">Literary arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literary_modernism" title="Literary modernism">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Apollinaire" title="Guillaume Apollinaire">Apollinaire</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Djuna_Barnes" title="Djuna Barnes">Barnes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Beckett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Bely" title="Andrei Bely">Bely</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton" title="André Breton">Breton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Broch" title="Hermann Broch">Broch</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bulgakov" title="Mikhail Bulgakov">Bulgakov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anton_Chekhov" title="Anton Chekhov">Chekhov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Conrad" title="Joseph Conrad">Conrad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_D%C3%B6blin" title="Alfred Döblin">Döblin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/E._M._Forster" title="E. M. Forster">Forster</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">Faulkner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert">Flaubert</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ford_Madox_Ford" title="Ford Madox Ford">Ford</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gide" title="André Gide">Gide</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Knut_Hamsun" title="Knut Hamsun">Hamsun</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Ha%C5%A1ek" title="Jaroslav Hašek">Hašek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Hemingway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hesse" title="Hermann Hesse">Hesse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">Joyce</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka">Kafka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Koestler" title="Arthur Koestler">Koestler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/D._H._Lawrence" title="D. H. Lawrence">Lawrence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Mann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Mansfield" title="Katherine Mansfield">Mansfield</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti" title="Filippo Tommaso Marinetti">Marinetti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Musil" title="Robert Musil">Musil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Dos_Passos" title="John Dos Passos">Dos Passos</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Platonov" title="Andrei Platonov">Platonov</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Anne_Porter" title="Katherine Anne Porter">Porter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Proust" title="Marcel Proust">Proust</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Stein" title="Gertrude Stein">Stein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italo_Svevo" title="Italo Svevo">Svevo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Unamuno" title="Miguel de Unamuno">Unamuno</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Woolf" title="Virginia Woolf">Woolf</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernist_poetry" title="Modernist poetry">Poetry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anna_Akhmatova" title="Anna Akhmatova">Akhmatova</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Aldington" title="Richard Aldington">Aldington</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">Auden</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_P._Cavafy" title="Constantine P. Cavafy">Cavafy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Cendrars" title="Blaise Cendrars">Cendrars</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hart_Crane" title="Hart Crane">Crane</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/H.D." title="H.D.">H.D.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Desnos" title="Robert Desnos">Desnos</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_%C3%89luard" title="Paul Éluard">Éluard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odysseas_Elytis" title="Odysseas Elytis">Elytis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stefan_George" title="Stefan George">George</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Max_Jacob" title="Max Jacob">Jacob</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca" title="Federico García Lorca">Lorca</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Amy_Lowell" title="Amy Lowell">Lowell (Amy)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lowell" title="Robert Lowell">Lowell (Robert)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Mallarm%C3%A9" title="Stéphane Mallarmé">Mallarmé</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Moore" title="Marianne Moore">Moore</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Owen" title="Wilfred Owen">Owen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Pessoa" title="Fernando Pessoa">Pessoa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Pound</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Maria_Rilke" title="Rainer Maria Rilke">Rilke</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Giorgos_Seferis" title="Giorgos Seferis">Seferis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Stevens" title="Wallace Stevens">Stevens</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dylan_Thomas" title="Dylan Thomas">Thomas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tristan_Tzara" title="Tristan Tzara">Tzara</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Val%C3%A9ry" title="Paul Valéry">Valéry</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Carlos_Williams" title="William Carlos Williams">Williams</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">Yeats</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/In_Search_of_Lost_Time" title="In Search of Lost Time">In Search of Lost Time</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1913–1927)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Metamorphosis" title="The Metamorphosis">The Metamorphosis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1915)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)" title="Ulysses (novel)">Ulysses</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1922)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Waste_Land" title="The Waste Land">The Waste Land</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1922)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Magic_Mountain" title="The Magic Mountain">The Magic Mountain</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1924)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Mrs_Dalloway" title="Mrs Dalloway">Mrs Dalloway</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1925)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_Also_Rises" title="The Sun Also Rises">The Sun Also Rises</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1926)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Master_and_Margarita" title="The Master and Margarita">The Master and Margarita</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1928–1940)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sound_and_the_Fury" title="The Sound and the Fury">The Sound and the Fury</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">Painting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Josef_Albers" title="Josef Albers">Albers</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Arp" title="Jean Arp">Arp</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Balthus" title="Balthus">Balthus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Bellows" title="George Bellows">Bellows</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Boccioni" title="Umberto Boccioni">Boccioni</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bonnard" title="Pierre Bonnard">Bonnard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Br%C3%A2ncu%C8%99i" title="Constantin Brâncuși">Brâncuși</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Braque" title="Georges Braque">Braque</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Calder" title="Alexander Calder">Calder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Cassatt" title="Mary Cassatt">Cassatt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne" title="Paul Cézanne">Cézanne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marc_Chagall" title="Marc Chagall">Chagall</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_de_Chirico" title="Giorgio de Chirico">Chirico</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Camille_Claudel" title="Camille Claudel">Claudel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD" title="Salvador Dalí">Dalí</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Degas" title="Edgar Degas">Degas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Willem_de_Kooning" title="Willem de Kooning">Kooning</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Delaunay" title="Robert Delaunay">Delaunay</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Delaunay" title="Sonia Delaunay">Delaunay</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Demuth" title="Charles Demuth">Demuth</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Otto_Dix" title="Otto Dix">Dix</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theo_van_Doesburg" title="Theo van Doesburg">Doesburg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp" title="Marcel Duchamp">Duchamp</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Raoul_Dufy" title="Raoul Dufy">Dufy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Ensor" title="James Ensor">Ensor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Max_Ernst" title="Max Ernst">Ernst</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin">Gauguin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Giacometti" title="Alberto Giacometti">Giacometti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Goncharova" title="Natalia Goncharova">Goncharova</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Gris" title="Juan Gris">Gris</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Grosz" title="George Grosz">Grosz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hannah_H%C3%B6ch" title="Hannah Höch">Höch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hopper" title="Edward Hopper">Hopper</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frida_Kahlo" title="Frida Kahlo">Kahlo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky" title="Wassily Kandinsky">Kandinsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ludwig_Kirchner" title="Ernst Ludwig Kirchner">Kirchner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Klee" title="Paul Klee">Klee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Kokoschka" title="Oskar Kokoschka">Kokoschka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fernand_L%C3%A9ger" title="Fernand Léger">Léger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Magritte" title="René Magritte">Magritte</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kazimir_Malevich" title="Kazimir Malevich">Malevich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet" title="Édouard Manet">Manet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Marc" title="Franz Marc">Marc</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Matisse" title="Henri Matisse">Matisse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Metzinger" title="Jean Metzinger">Metzinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joan_Mir%C3%B3" title="Joan Miró">Miró</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Amedeo_Modigliani" title="Amedeo Modigliani">Modigliani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Piet_Mondrian" title="Piet Mondrian">Mondrian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Monet" title="Claude Monet">Monet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Moore" title="Henry Moore">Moore</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Munch" title="Edvard Munch">Munch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Emil_Nolde" title="Emil Nolde">Nolde</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_O%27Keeffe" title="Georgia O'Keeffe">O'Keeffe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Picabia" title="Francis Picabia">Picabia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Picasso</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Camille_Pissarro" title="Camille Pissarro">Pissarro</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Man_Ray" title="Man Ray">Ray</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odilon_Redon" title="Odilon Redon">Redon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir" title="Pierre-Auguste Renoir">Renoir</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Rodin" title="Auguste Rodin">Rodin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Rousseau" title="Henri Rousseau">Rousseau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Egon_Schiele" title="Egon Schiele">Schiele</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Seurat" title="Georges Seurat">Seurat</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Signac" title="Paul Signac">Signac</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Sisley" title="Alfred Sisley">Sisley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chaim_Soutine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaim Soutine">Soutine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Steichen" title="Edward Steichen">Steichen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Stieglitz" title="Alfred Stieglitz">Stieglitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec" title="Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec">Toulouse-Lautrec</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Van Gogh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Vuillard" title="Édouard Vuillard">Vuillard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Grant_Wood" title="Grant Wood">Wood</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Film</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Akerman" title="Chantal Akerman">Akerman</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Aldrich" title="Robert Aldrich">Aldrich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo_Antonioni" title="Michelangelo Antonioni">Antonioni</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tex_Avery" title="Tex Avery">Avery</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ingmar_Bergman" title="Ingmar Bergman">Bergman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bresson" title="Robert Bresson">Bresson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luis_Bu%C3%B1uel" title="Luis Buñuel">Buñuel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Carn%C3%A9" title="Marcel Carné">Carné</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Cassavetes" title="John Cassavetes">Cassavetes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Chaplin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Clair" title="René Clair">Clair</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Cocteau" title="Jean Cocteau">Cocteau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jules_Dassin" title="Jules Dassin">Dassin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maya_Deren" title="Maya Deren">Deren</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dovzhenko" title="Alexander Dovzhenko">Dovzhenko</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Theodor_Dreyer" title="Carl Theodor Dreyer">Dreyer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blake_Edwards" title="Blake Edwards">Edwards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Eisenstein" title="Sergei Eisenstein">Eisenstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Epstein" title="Jean Epstein">Epstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Werner_Fassbinder" title="Rainer Werner Fassbinder">Fassbinder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Federico_Fellini" title="Federico Fellini">Fellini</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Flaherty" title="Robert J. Flaherty">Flaherty</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Ford" title="John Ford">Ford</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Fuller" title="Samuel Fuller">Fuller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abel_Gance" title="Abel Gance">Gance</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Godard" title="Jean-Luc Godard">Godard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Hubley" title="John Hubley">Hubley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Jones" title="Chuck Jones">Jones</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Buster_Keaton" title="Buster Keaton">Keaton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick" title="Stanley Kubrick">Kubrick</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lev_Kuleshov" title="Lev Kuleshov">Kuleshov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Akira_Kurosawa" title="Akira Kurosawa">Kurosawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lang" title="Fritz Lang">Lang</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Losey" title="Joseph Losey">Losey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ida_Lupino" title="Ida Lupino">Lupino</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chris_Marker" title="Chris Marker">Marker</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vincente_Minnelli" title="Vincente Minnelli">Minnelli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/F._W._Murnau" title="F. W. Murnau">Murnau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yasujir%C5%8D_Ozu" title="Yasujirō Ozu">Ozu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/G._W._Pabst" title="G. W. Pabst">Pabst</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vsevolod_Pudovkin" title="Vsevolod Pudovkin">Pudovkin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Ray" title="Nicholas Ray">Ray (Nicholas)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Ray (Satyajit)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alain_Resnais" title="Alain Resnais">Resnais</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Renoir" title="Jean Renoir">Renoir</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Richardson" title="Tony Richardson">Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Rossellini" title="Roberto Rossellini">Rossellini</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Sirk" title="Douglas Sirk">Sirk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Sj%C3%B6str%C3%B6m" title="Victor Sjöström">Sjöström</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Josef_von_Sternberg" title="Josef von Sternberg">Sternberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Tarkovsky" title="Andrei Tarkovsky">Tarkovsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Tati" title="Jacques Tati">Tati</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Trnka" title="Jiří Trnka">Trnka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Truffaut" title="François Truffaut">Truffaut</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Agn%C3%A8s_Varda" title="Agnès Varda">Varda</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dziga_Vertov" title="Dziga Vertov">Vertov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Vigo" title="Jean Vigo">Vigo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Welles</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wiene" title="Robert Wiene">Wiene</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ed_Wood" title="Ed Wood">Wood</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Breuer" title="Marcel Breuer">Breuer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Bunshaft" title="Gordon Bunshaft">Bunshaft</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Gaud%C3%AD" title="Antoni Gaudí">Gaudí</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Gropius" title="Walter Gropius">Gropius</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hector_Guimard" title="Hector Guimard">Guimard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Horta" title="Victor Horta">Horta</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Friedensreich_Hundertwasser" title="Friedensreich Hundertwasser">Hundertwasser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Johnson" title="Philip Johnson">Johnson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Kahn" title="Louis Kahn">Kahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Loos" title="Adolf Loos">Loos</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Melnikov" title="Konstantin Melnikov">Melnikov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Erich_Mendelsohn" title="Erich Mendelsohn">Mendelsohn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pier_Luigi_Nervi" title="Pier Luigi Nervi">Nervi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Neutra" title="Richard Neutra">Neutra</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer">Niemeyer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Rietveld" title="Gerrit Rietveld">Rietveld</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eero_Saarinen" title="Eero Saarinen">Saarinen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Steiner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Sullivan" title="Louis Sullivan">Sullivan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tatlin" title="Vladimir Tatlin">Tatlin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Mies_van_der_Rohe" title="Ludwig Mies van der Rohe">Mies</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright" title="Frank Lloyd Wright">Wright</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Sunday_Afternoon_on_the_Island_of_La_Grande_Jatte" title="A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte">A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1886)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Mont_Sainte-Victoire_(C%C3%A9zanne)" title="Mont Sainte-Victoire (Cézanne)">Mont Sainte-Victoir</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1887)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Starry_Night" title="The Starry Night">The Starry Night</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1889)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Demoiselles_d%27Avignon" title="Les Demoiselles d'Avignon">Les Demoiselles d'Avignon</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1907)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Dance_(Matisse)" title="Dance (Matisse)">The Dance</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1909–1910)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Nude_Descending_a_Staircase,_No._2" title="Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2">Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1912)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Square" title="Black Square">Black Square</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1915)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cabinet_of_Dr._Caligari" title="The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari">The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1920)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ballet_M%C3%A9canique" title="Ballet Mécanique">Ballet Mécanique</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1923)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Battleship_Potemkin" title="Battleship Potemkin">Battleship Potemkin</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1925)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(1927_film)" title="Metropolis (1927 film)">Metropolis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1927)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Un_Chien_Andalou" title="Un Chien Andalou">Un Chien Andalou</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Villa_Savoye" title="Villa Savoye">Villa Savoye</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1931)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fallingwater" title="Fallingwater">Fallingwater</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1936)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Citizen_Kane" title="Citizen Kane">Citizen Kane</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1941)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Meshes_of_the_Afternoon" title="Meshes of the Afternoon">Meshes of the Afternoon</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1943)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">Performing<br />arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Antheil" title="George Antheil">Antheil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Bartók</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Berg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luciano_Berio" title="Luciano Berio">Berio</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nadia_Boulanger" title="Nadia Boulanger">Boulanger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Boulez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Copland" title="Aaron Copland">Copland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Debussy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Dutilleux" title="Henri Dutilleux">Dutilleux</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Falla" title="Manuel de Falla">Falla</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Morton_Feldman" title="Morton Feldman">Feldman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henryk_G%C3%B3recki" title="Henryk Górecki">Górecki</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hindemith" title="Paul Hindemith">Hindemith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Honegger" title="Arthur Honegger">Honegger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ives" title="Charles Ives">Ives</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leo%C5%A1_Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek" title="Leoš Janáček">Janáček</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Ligeti" title="György Ligeti">Ligeti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Witold_Lutos%C5%82awski" title="Witold Lutosławski">Lutosławski</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Darius_Milhaud" title="Darius Milhaud">Milhaud</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Nono" title="Luigi Nono">Nono</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Partch" title="Harry Partch">Partch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Russolo" title="Luigi Russolo">Russolo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Erik_Satie" title="Erik Satie">Satie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Schaeffer" title="Pierre Schaeffer">Schaeffer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Schoenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Scriabin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Stockhausen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Strauss</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Stravinsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karol_Szymanowski" title="Karol Szymanowski">Szymanowski</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edgard_Var%C3%A8se" title="Edgard Varèse">Varèse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Heitor_Villa-Lobos" title="Heitor Villa-Lobos">Villa-Lobos</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Webern</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Weill" title="Kurt Weill">Weill</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernist_theatre" title="Modernist theatre">Theatre</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Anderson" title="Maxwell Anderson">Anderson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Anouilh" title="Jean Anouilh">Anouilh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Artaud" title="Antonin Artaud">Artaud</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Beckett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Brecht</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anton_Chekhov" title="Anton Chekhov">Chekhov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen">Ibsen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Jarry" title="Alfred Jarry">Jarry</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georg_Kaiser" title="Georg Kaiser">Kaiser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Maeterlinck" title="Maurice Maeterlinck">Maeterlinck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Mayakovsky" title="Vladimir Mayakovsky">Mayakovsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_O%27Casey" title="Seán O'Casey">O'Casey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill" title="Eugene O'Neill">O'Neill</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Osborne" title="John Osborne">Osborne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello">Pirandello</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Piscator" title="Erwin Piscator">Piscator</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/August_Strindberg" title="August Strindberg">Strindberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Toller" title="Ernst Toller">Toller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wedekind" title="Frank Wedekind">Wedekind</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thornton_Wilder" title="Thornton Wilder">Wilder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Ignacy_Witkiewicz" title="Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz">Witkiewicz</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_dance" title="Modern dance">Dance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Balanchine" title="George Balanchine">Balanchine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Merce_Cunningham" title="Merce Cunningham">Cunningham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Diaghilev" title="Sergei Diaghilev">Diaghilev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Isadora_Duncan" title="Isadora Duncan">Duncan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Fokine" title="Michel Fokine">Fokine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Loie_Fuller" title="Loie Fuller">Fuller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham">Graham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hanya_Holm" title="Hanya Holm">Holm</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Laban" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolf Laban">Laban</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9onide_Massine" title="Léonide Massine">Massine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vaslav_Nijinsky" title="Vaslav Nijinsky">Nijinsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ted_Shawn" title="Ted Shawn">Shawn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anna_Sokolow" title="Anna Sokolow">Sokolow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ruth_St._Denis" title="Ruth St. Denis">St. Denis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Helen_Tamiris" title="Helen Tamiris">Tamiris</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Grete_Wiesenthal" title="Grete Wiesenthal">Wiesenthal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wigman" title="Mary Wigman">Wigman</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Don_Juan_(Strauss)" title="Don Juan (Strauss)">Don Juan</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1888)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ubu_Roi" title="Ubu Roi">Ubu Roi</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1896)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Verkl%C3%A4rte_Nacht" title="Verklärte Nacht">Verklärte Nacht</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1899)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Pell%C3%A9as_et_M%C3%A9lisande_(opera)" title="Pelléas et Mélisande (opera)">Pelléas et Mélisande</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1902)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Salome_(opera)" title="Salome (opera)">Salome</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1905)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Firebird" title="The Firebird">The Firebird</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1910)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Afternoon_of_a_Faun_(Nijinsky)" title="Afternoon of a Faun (Nijinsky)">Afternoon of a Faun</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1912)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rite_of_Spring" title="The Rite of Spring">The Rite of Spring</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1913)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Fountain_(Duchamp)" title="Fountain (Duchamp)">Fountain</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1917)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Six_Characters_in_Search_of_an_Author" title="Six Characters in Search of an Author">Six Characters in Search of an Author</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1921)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Threepenny_Opera" title="The Threepenny Opera">The Threepenny Opera</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1928)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Waiting_for_Godot" title="Waiting for Godot">Waiting for Godot</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1953)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_modernism" title="American modernism">American modernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armory_Show" title="Armory Show">Armory Show</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a></i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ballets_Russes" title="Ballets Russes">Ballets Russes</a></i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Group" title="Bloomsbury Group">Bloomsbury Group</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Hollywood_cinema" title="Classical Hollywood cinema">Classical Hollywood cinema</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Degenerate_art" title="Degenerate art">Degenerate art</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ecomodernism" title="Ecomodernism">Ecomodernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental film</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">Film noir</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_dimension_in_art" title="Fourth dimension in art">Fourth dimension in art</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_dimension_in_literature" title="Fourth dimension in literature">Fourth dimension in literature</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Grosvenor_School_of_Modern_Art" title="Grosvenor School of Modern Art">Grosvenor School of Modern Art</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hanshinkan_Modernism" title="Hanshinkan Modernism">Hanshinkan Modernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/High_modernism" title="High modernism">High modernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Hippie modernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Impressionism_in_music" title="Impressionism in music">Music</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Impressionism_(literature)" title="Impressionism (literature)">Literature</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionism" title="Post-Impressionism">Post-</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Incoherents" title="Incoherents">Incoherents</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Style" title="International Style">International Style</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Late_modernism" title="Late modernism">Late modernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Late_modernity" title="Late modernity">Late modernity</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">List of art movements</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_avant-garde_artists" title="List of avant-garde artists">List of avant-garde artists</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_modernist_poets" title="List of modernist poets">List of modernist poets</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maximalism" title="Maximalism">Maximalism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neo-primitivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-primitivism">Neo-primitivism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neo-romanticism" title="Neo-romanticism">Neo-romanticism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_Hollywood" title="New Hollywood">New Hollywood</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity" title="New Objectivity">New Objectivity</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Poetic_realism" title="Poetic realism">Poetic realism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pulp_noir" title="Pulp noir">Pulp noir</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_modernism" title="Reactionary modernism">Reactionary modernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Metamodernism" title="Metamodernism">Metamodernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Remodernism" title="Remodernism">Remodernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Viennese_School" title="Second Viennese School">Second Viennese School</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Structural_film" title="Structural film">Structural film</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Underground_film" title="Underground film">Underground film</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar modernism</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="position:absolute;">← <b><a href="/wiki/Template:Romanticism" title="Template:Romanticism">Romanticism</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute;right:0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Postmodernism" title="Template:Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a></b> →</div> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Modernism" title="Category:Modernism">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Western_classical_music777" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Classical_music" title="Template:Classical music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Classical_music" title="Template talk:Classical music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Classical_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Classical music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Western_classical_music777" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">Western classical music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Definition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_music" title="Art music">Art music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dates_of_classical_music_eras" title="Dates of classical music eras">Dates of eras</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major periods and eras</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_music" title="Early music">Early music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_music" title="Medieval music">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Renaissance_to_Baroque_in_instrumental_music" title="Transition from Renaissance to Baroque in instrumental music">Transition to Baroque</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_practice_period" title="Common practice period">Common practice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galant_music" title="Galant music">Galant</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Empfindsamkeit_(music)" title="Empfindsamkeit (music)">Empfindsamkeit</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_period_(music)" title="Classical period (music)">Classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Classical_to_Romantic_music" title="Transition from Classical to Romantic music">Transition to Romantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-romanticism" title="Post-romanticism">Post-romanticism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neue_Musik" title="Neue Musik">New music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_classical_music" title="Contemporary classical music">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th-century_classical_music" title="20th-century classical music">20th-century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="21st-century classical music">21st-century</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical music in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brazil#Art_music" title="Music of Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_classical_music_in_Porto_Alegre" title="History of classical music in Porto Alegre">Porto Alegre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_classical_music" title="Canadian classical music">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_classical_music" title="French classical music">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Germany#Classical_music" title="Music of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical music in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_classical_music" title="Italian classical music">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_in_Kosovo" title="Classical music in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_classical_music" title="Russian classical music">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Classical music of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_of_Birmingham" title="Classical music of Birmingham">Birmingham</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_of_the_United_States" title="Classical music of the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Students by teacher</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_A_to_B" title="List of music students by teacher: A to B">A to B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_C_to_F" title="List of music students by teacher: C to F">C to F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_G_to_J" title="List of music students by teacher: G to J">G to J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_K_to_M" title="List of music students by teacher: K to M">K to M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_N_to_Q" title="List of music students by teacher: N to Q">N to G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_R_to_S" title="List of music students by teacher: R to S">R to S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_T_to_Z" title="List of music students by teacher: T to Z">T to Z</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Performance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concert" title="Concert">Concert</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_music_concerts_with_an_unruly_audience_response" title="List of classical music concerts with an unruly audience response">Unruly audience response</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conducting" title="Conducting">Conducting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_ensemble" title="Musical ensemble">Musical ensemble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra">Orchestra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_music" title="Avant-garde music">Avant-garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_pop" title="Baroque pop">Baroque pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_blog" title="Classical music blog">Classical music blog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_music" title="Experimental music">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_music" title="Light music">Light music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New-age_music" title="New-age music">New-age music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_music" title="Progressive music">Progressive music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundtrack" title="Soundtrack">Soundtrack</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_score" title="Film score">Film score</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_music" title="Video game music">Video game music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_stream" title="Third stream">Third stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_and_art_music_traditions" title="List of classical and art music traditions">Worldwide traditions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_lists" title="Classical music lists">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_music_genres" title="List of classical music genres">Genres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_music_composers_by_era" title="List of classical music composers by era">Composers by era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_music_festivals" title="List of classical music festivals">Festivals</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_classical_music" title="Outline of classical music">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Classical_music" title="Category:Classical music">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Classical_music" title="Portal:Classical music">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Classical_music" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Classical music">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music956" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_topics" title="Template:Music topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_topics" title="Template talk:Music topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music956" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">Music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_music" title="History of music">History of music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_music" title="Prehistoric music">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_music" title="Ancient music">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_music" title="Dance music">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_music" title="Martial music">Martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_music" title="Religious music">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_music_in_the_biblical_period" title="History of music in the biblical period">Biblical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_music" title="Secular music">Secular</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Art_music" title="Art music">Art music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klasik" title="Klasik">Afghan classical music—Klasik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andalusi_classical_music" title="Andalusi classical music">Andalusi classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_music" title="Arabic music">Arabic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugham" title="Mugham">Azerbaijani Mugham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81g%C4%ABta" title="Mahāgīta">Burmese classical music—Mahāgīta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinpeat" title="Pinpeat">Cambodian ceremonial music—Pinpeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_traditional_music" title="Chinese traditional music">Chinese traditional music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_music" title="Indian classical music">Indian classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Byzantine music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamelan" title="Gamelan">Indonesian art music—Gamelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagaku" title="Gagaku">Japanese court music—Gagaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_court_music" title="Korean court music">Korean court music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Lao classical music">Lao classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griot" title="Griot">Mandé art music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_music" title="Ottoman music">Ottoman music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_traditional_music" title="Persian traditional music">Persian classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundiman" title="Kundiman">Philippine art songs—Kundiman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pibroch" title="Pibroch">Scottish Ceòl Mór</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_dance" title="Kandyan dance">Kandyan dance of Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piphat" title="Piphat">Thai classical music—Piphat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%A3_nh%E1%BA%A1c" title="Nhã nhạc">Vietnam imperial court music—Nhã nhạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">Western classical music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_music" title="Vernacular music">Vernacular<br />music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circus_music" title="Circus music">Circus music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">Folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">Blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">Country music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">Electronic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop music">Hip hop music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">Pop music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_music" title="Progressive music">Progressive music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_music" title="Psychedelic music">Psychedelic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">Soul music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Musical instruments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arched_Harp" class="mw-redirect" title="Arched Harp">Arched Harp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angular_harp" title="Angular harp">Angular harp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_harpsichord" title="History of the harpsichord">History of the harpsichord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lute-family_instruments" title="History of lute-family instruments">History of lute-family instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafir" title="Nafir">Nafir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_timpani_in_the_18th_and_19th_centuries" title="Evolution of timpani in the 18th and 19th centuries">Evolution of timpani in the 18th and 19th centuries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_trumpet" title="History of the trumpet">History of the trumpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_violin" title="History of the violin">History of the violin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musician" title="Musician">Musician</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_ensemble" title="Musical ensemble">Ensembles</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Band_(rock_and_pop)" title="Band (rock and pop)">Band (rock and pop)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backup_band" title="Backup band">Backup band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-female_band" title="All-female band">All-female band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_section" title="Rhythm section">Rhythm section</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band">Big band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_band" title="Concert band">Concert band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">Disc jockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_band" title="Military band">Military band</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lead_vocalist" title="Lead vocalist">Lead vocalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backing_vocalist" title="Backing vocalist">Backing vocalist</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_theory" title="Music theory">Theory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_composition" title="Musical composition">Composition</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_form" title="Musical form">Form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_genre" title="Music genre">Genre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_notation" title="Musical notation">Notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_improvisation" title="Musical improvisation">Improvisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyrics" title="Lyrics">Lyrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing" title="Singing">Singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song" title="Song">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_technique" title="Musical technique">Technique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_education" title="Music education">Education</a> and study</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Music" title="Bachelor of Music">Bachelor of Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Music" title="Master of Music">Master of Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Musical_Arts" title="Doctor of Musical Arts">Doctor of Musical Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Method_(music)" title="Method (music)">Method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_archaeology" title="Music archaeology">Music archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history" title="Music history">Music history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Music psychology">Music psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_school" title="Music school">Music school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Composition_school" title="Composition school">Composition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicology" title="Musicology">Musicology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomusicology" title="Biomusicology">Biomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_musicology" title="Cognitive musicology">Cognitive musicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_musicology" title="Computational musicology">Computational musicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecomusicology" title="Ecomusicology">Ecomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomusicology" title="Ethnomusicology">Ethnomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_musicology" title="New musicology">New musicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organology" title="Organology">Organology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociomusicology" title="Sociomusicology">Sociomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoomusicology" title="Zoomusicology">Zoomusicology</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_(music)" title="Single (music)">Single</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-side_and_B-side" title="A-side and B-side">A-side and B-side</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_play" title="Extended play">Extended play</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compilation_album" title="Compilation album">Compilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Album#Live" title="Album">Live</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remix_album" title="Remix album">Remix</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">Audio engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_label" title="Record label">Record label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">Record producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampling_(music)" title="Sampling (music)">Sampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(electric)" title="Music technology (electric)">Music technology (electric)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(electronic_and_digital)" title="Music technology (electronic and digital)">Music technology (electronic and digital)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction" title="Sound recording and reproduction">Sound recording and reproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cover_version" title="Cover version">Cover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remix" title="Remix">Remix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cultural_and_regional_genres_of_music" title="List of cultural and regional genres of music">Cultural and <br />regional genres</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Africa" title="Music of Africa">African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Central_Africa" title="Category:Music of Central Africa">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_East_Africa" title="Category:Music of East Africa">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Africa" title="Music of North Africa">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Southern_Africa" title="Category:Music of Southern Africa">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_West_Africa" title="Music of West Africa">West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Asia" title="Music of Asia">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Central_Asia" title="Music of Central Asia">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_East_Asia" title="Category:Music of East Asia">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_music" title="Middle Eastern music">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_South_Asia" title="Category:Music of South Asia">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Southeast_Asia" title="Music of Southeast Asia">Southeast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Europe" title="Category:Music of Europe">European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_music" title="Balkan music">Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_folk_music" title="Nordic folk music">Nordic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Latin_America" title="Music of Latin America">Latin American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Central_America" title="Category:Music of Central America">Central American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_South_America" title="Category:Music of South America">South American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_North_America" title="Category:Music of North America">North American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_music_genres" title="List of Caribbean music genres">Caribbean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Oceania" title="Category:Music of Oceania">Oceanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Melanesia" title="Music of Melanesia">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Micronesia">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Polynesia" title="Music of Polynesia">Polynesian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By sovereign state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="8129" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Afghanistan" title="Music of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Albania" title="Music of Albania">Albania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Algeria" title="Music of Algeria">Algeria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Andorra" title="Music of Andorra">Andorra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Angola" title="Music of Angola">Angola</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Music of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Argentina" title="Music of Argentina">Argentina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Armenia" title="Music of Armenia">Armenia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Australia" title="Music of Australia">Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Austria" title="Music of Austria">Austria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Azerbaijan" title="Music of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Bahamas" title="Music of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bahrain" title="Music of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bangladesh" title="Music of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Barbados" title="Music of Barbados">Barbados</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belarus" title="Music of Belarus">Belarus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belgium" title="Music of Belgium">Belgium</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belize" title="Music of Belize">Belize</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Benin" title="Music of Benin">Benin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bhutan" title="Music of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bolivia" title="Music of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Music of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Botswana" title="Music of Botswana">Botswana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brazil" title="Music of Brazil">Brazil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brunei" title="Music of Brunei">Brunei</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bulgaria" title="Music of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Music of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Burundi" title="Music of Burundi">Burundi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cambodia" title="Music of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cameroon" title="Music of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Canada" title="Music of Canada">Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cape_Verde" title="Music of Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Music of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Chad" title="Music of Chad">Chad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Chile" title="Music of Chile">Chile</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_China" title="Music of China">China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Colombia" title="Music of Colombia">Colombia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Comoros" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Comoros">Comoros</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Costa_Rica" title="Music of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Croatia" title="Music of Croatia">Croatia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Cuba</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cyprus" title="Music of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Music of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Music of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Denmark" title="Music of Denmark">Denmark</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Djibouti" title="Music of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Dominica" title="Music of Dominica">Dominica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Music of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ecuador" title="Music of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Egypt" title="Music of Egypt">Egypt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_El_Salvador" title="Music of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Music of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Eritrea" title="Music of Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Estonia" title="Music of Estonia">Estonia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Eswatini" title="Music of Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ethiopia" title="Music of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Fiji" title="Music of Fiji">Fiji</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Finland" title="Music of Finland">Finland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_France" title="Music of France">France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Gabon" title="Music of Gabon">Gabon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Gambia" title="Music of the Gambia">Gambia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Music of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Germany" title="Music of Germany">Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ghana" title="Music of Ghana">Ghana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Greece" title="Music of Greece">Greece</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Grenada" title="Music of Grenada">Grenada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guatemala" title="Music of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guinea" title="Music of Guinea">Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guinea-Bissau" title="Music of Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guyana" title="Music of Guyana">Guyana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Haiti" title="Music of Haiti">Haiti</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Honduras" title="Music of Honduras">Honduras</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Hungary" title="Music of Hungary">Hungary</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iceland" title="Music of Iceland">Iceland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_India" title="Music of India">India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Indonesia" title="Music of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iran" title="Music of Iran">Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iraq" title="Music of Iraq">Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Israel" title="Music of Israel">Israel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Italy" title="Music of Italy">Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ivory_Coast" title="Music of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jamaica" title="Music of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Japan" title="Music of Japan">Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jordan" title="Music of Jordan">Jordan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kazakhstan" title="Music of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kenya" title="Music of Kenya">Kenya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kiribati" title="Music of Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kosovo" title="Music of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kuwait" title="Music of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Music of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Laos" title="Music of Laos">Laos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Latvia" title="Music of Latvia">Latvia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lebanon" title="Music of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lesotho" title="Music of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Liberia" title="Music of Liberia">Liberia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Libya" title="Music of Libya">Libya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Liechtenstein" title="Music of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lithuania" title="Music of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Luxembourg" title="Music of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Madagascar" title="Music of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malawi" title="Music of Malawi">Malawi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malaysia" title="Music of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Maldives">Maldives</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mali" title="Music of Mali">Mali</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malta" title="Music of Malta">Malta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Music of the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mauritania" title="Music of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mauritius" title="Music of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mexico" title="Music of Mexico">Mexico</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Moldova" title="Music of Moldova">Moldova</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Monaco" title="Music of Monaco">Monaco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mongolia" title="Music of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Morocco" title="Music of Morocco">Morocco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mozambique" title="Music of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Myanmar" title="Music of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Namibia" title="Music of Namibia">Namibia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nauru" title="Music of Nauru">Nauru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nepal" title="Music of Nepal">Nepal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Netherlands" title="Music of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_Zealand" title="Music of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nicaragua" title="Music of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Niger" title="Music of Niger">Niger</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria" title="Music of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Korea" title="Music of North Korea">North Korea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Macedonia" title="Music of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Norway" title="Music of Norway">Norway</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Oman" title="Music of Oman">Oman</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Pakistan" title="Music of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Palau" title="Music of Palau">Palau</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Palestine" title="Music of Palestine">Palestine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Panama" title="Music of Panama">Panama</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Music of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Paraguay" title="Music of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Peru" title="Music of Peru">Peru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Philippines" title="Music of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Poland" title="Music of Poland">Poland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Portugal" title="Music of Portugal">Portugal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Qatar" title="Music of Qatar">Qatar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Music of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Romania" title="Music of Romania">Romania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Russia" title="Music of Russia">Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Rwanda" title="Music of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Music of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Music of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Music of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Samoa" title="Music of Samoa">Samoa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_San_Marino" title="Music of San Marino">San Marino</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Music of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Senegal" title="Music of Senegal">Senegal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Serbia" title="Music of Serbia">Serbia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Seychelles" title="Music of Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Music of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Singapore" title="Music of Singapore">Singapore</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Slovakia" title="Music of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Slovenia" title="Music of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Music of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Somalia" title="Music of Somalia">Somalia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Africa" title="Music of South Africa">South Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Korea" title="Music of South Korea">South Korea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Spain" title="Music of Spain">Spain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Music of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sudan" title="Music of Sudan">Sudan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Suriname" title="Music of Suriname">Suriname</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sweden" title="Music of Sweden">Sweden</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Switzerland" title="Music of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Syria" title="Music of Syria">Syria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Music of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Taiwan" title="Music of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tajikistan" title="Music of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tanzania" title="Music of Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Thailand" title="Music of Thailand">Thailand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Timor-Leste" title="Music of Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Togo" title="Music of Togo">Togo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tonga" title="Music of Tonga">Tonga</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Music of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tunisia" title="Music of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Turkey" title="Music of Turkey">Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Turkmenistan" title="Music of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tuvalu" title="Music of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uganda" title="Music of Uganda">Uganda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ukraine" title="Music of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Music of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Music of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uruguay" title="Music of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uzbekistan" title="Music of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vanuatu" title="Music of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vatican_City" title="Music of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Venezuela" title="Music of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vietnam" title="Music of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Western_Sahara" title="Music of Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Yemen" title="Music of Yemen">Yemen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Zambia" title="Music of Zambia">Zambia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Zimbabwe" title="Music of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_music_articles" title="Index of music articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_music" title="Outline of music">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_musical_events" title="Timeline of musical events">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_albums" title="Lists of albums">Albums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_and_art_music_traditions" title="List of classical and art music traditions">Classical and art music traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_music_genres" title="List of classical music genres">Classical music genres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cultural_and_regional_genres_of_music" title="List of cultural and regional genres of music">Cultural and regional genres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_musical_instruments" title="List of musical instruments">Instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_jazz_and_popular_music" title="Glossary of jazz and popular music">Jazz and popular music glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_genres_and_styles" title="List of music genres and styles">Music genres and styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_songs" title="Lists of songs">Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_music_terminology" title="Glossary of music terminology">Terminology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related 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music">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_political_warfare" title="Music and political warfare">Warfare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_sleep" title="Music and sleep">Music and sleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_community" title="Music community">Music community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_festival" title="Music festival">Music festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology" title="Music technology">Music technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_therapy" title="Music therapy">Music therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_escapism" title="Musical escapism">Musical escapism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Musical instrument</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument_classification" title="Musical instrument classification">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_instrument" title="Folk instrument">Folk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_music" title="Women in 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