Editorial policies - Competing Interests | Springer | Springer

<!doctype html> <html lang="en" > <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/public/css/styles.css"/> <title> Editorial policies - Competing Interests | Springer | Springer — International Publisher </title> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/public/images/springer-icon.svg"/> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.dataLayer.push({ hotjarSiteId: 1381312, gaUniversalTrackingId: "UA-10576520-2", }); </script> <script src="https://cmp.springer.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-17-latest.js"></script>  <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://collect.springer.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-54556ZX');</script>  <script src="https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api.js" async defer></script> </head> <body> <a class="c-skip-link" href="#main">skip to context</a> <header class="c-header"> <div class="c-header__container"> <div class="c-header__brand"> <a href="/" itemprop="url" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - / - Springer home" data-track-category="header links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests"> <img alt="Springer home" itemprop="logo" role="img" src="/public/images/springer-logo.svg"> </a> </div> <ul class="c-header__menu"> <li class="c-header__item"> <a href="https://www.springer.com/springerlinkshop" class="c-header__link" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - https://www.springer.com/springerlinkshop - SpringerLink shop" data-track-category="header links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests"> <span class="u-display-flex u-align-items-center"> SpringerLink shop <svg class="u-icon u-ml-4" width="22" height="22" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="/public/images/shop.svg#i-shop"></use> </svg> </span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <nav class="c-header__nav"> <ul class="c-header__nav-menu"> <li class="c-header__item"> <a href="/gp/subjects" class="c-header__link c-header__link--nav" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/subjects - Subjects" data-track-category="header links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests">Subjects</a> </li> <li class="c-header__item"> <a href="#services" class="c-header__link c-header__link--nav" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - #services - Services" data-track-category="header links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests">Services</a> </li> <li class="c-header__item"> <a href="/gp/about-springer" class="c-header__link c-header__link--nav" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/about-springer - About Us" data-track-category="header links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests">About Us</a> </li> </ul> </nav> </header> <main class="u-container u-mt-32 u-mb-64" id="main" tabindex="-1"> <div class="u-mt-32 l-with-sidebar" style="--with-sidebar--gap: 4rem;"> <div class="main" style="--with-sidebar--min: 55%"> <div data-title="Competing Interests" class="block" id="id-49260" data-type="local/article" lang="en"> <article> <h1> Competing Interests </h1> <div class="c-content"><p>Authors are requested to disclose interests <em>that are directly or indirectly related to the work submitted for publication. </em>Interests within the last 3 years of beginning the work (conducting the research and preparing the work for submission) should be reported. Interests outside the 3-year time frame must be disclosed if they could reasonably be perceived as influencing the submitted work. Disclosure of interests provides a complete and transparent process and helps readers form their own judgments of potential bias. This is not meant to imply that a financial relationship with an organization that sponsored the research or compensation received for consultancy work is inappropriate.</p> <p>Interests that should be considered and disclosed include, but are not limited, to the following:</p> <p><strong>Funding:</strong> Research grants from funding agencies (please give the research funder and the grant number) and/or research support (including salaries, equipment, supplies, reimbursement for attending symposia, and other expenses) by organizations that may gain or lose financially through publication of this manuscript.</p> <p><strong>Employment:</strong> Recent (while engaged in the research project), present or anticipated employment by any organization that may gain or lose financially through publication of this manuscript. This includes multiple affiliations (if applicable).</p> <p><strong>Financial interests:</strong> Stocks or shares in companies (including holdings of spouse and/or children) that may gain or lose financially through publication of this manuscript; consultation fees or other forms of remuneration from organizations that may gain or lose financially; patents or patent applications whose value may be affected by publication of this manuscript.</p> <p>It is difficult to specify a threshold at which a financial interest becomes significant, any such figure is necessarily arbitrary, so one possible practical guideline is the following: "Any undeclared financial interest that could embarrass the author were it to become publicly known after the work was published."</p> <p><strong>Non-financial interests: </strong>In addition, authors are requested to disclose interests that go beyond financial interests that could impart bias on the work submitted for publication such as professional interests, personal relationships or personal beliefs (amongst others). Examples include, but are not limited to: position on editorial board, advisory board or board of directors or other type of management relationships; writing and/or consulting for educational purposes; expert witness; mentoring relations; and so forth. </p> <p>Primary research articles require a disclosure statement. Review articles present an expert synthesis of evidence and may be treated as an authoritative work on a subject. Review articles therefore require a disclosure statement.Other article types such as editorials, book reviews, comments (amongst others) may, dependent on their content, require a disclosure statement. If you are unclear whether your article type requires a disclosure statement, please contact the Editor-in-Chief.</p> <p>Please note that, in addition to the above requirements, funding information (given that funding is a potential conflict of interest (as mentioned above)) needs to be disclosed upon submission of the manuscript in the peer review system. This information will automatically be added to the Record of CrossMark, however it is <strong><span class="underline">not added</span></strong><span class="underline"> </span>to the manuscript itself. Under ‘summary of requirements’ (see below) funding information should be included in the ‘<strong>Declarations</strong>’ section.</p> <p><strong><em>Summary of requirements</em></strong></p> <p>The above should be summarized in a statement and included in a section<strong> </strong>entitled “<strong><span class="underline">Declarations</span></strong>” before the reference list. Other declarations include Funding, Conflicts of interest/competing interests, Ethics approval, Consent, Data and/or Code availability and Authors’ contribution statements.</p> <p>Should the information already be mentioned somewhere else in the manuscript, for example under Methods & Materials, please make sure to repeat that information on this page.</p> <p>Please see the various examples of wording below and revise/customize the sample statements according to your own needs.</p> <p>When all authors have the same (or no) conflicts and/or funding it is sufficient to use one blanket statement.</p> <table class="MsoTableGrid" role="presentation"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p>Provide “<strong>Funding</strong>” as a heading (<strong>see template</strong>)</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>Partial financial support was received from [...]</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>The research leading to these results received funding from […] under Grant Agreement No[…].</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>This study was funded by […]</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>This work was supported by […] (Grant numbers […] and […]</p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table class="MsoTableGrid" role="presentation"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p>In case of no funding:</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>The authors did not receive support from any organization for the submitted work.</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>No funding was received to assist with the preparation of this manuscript.</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>No funding was received for conducting this study.</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>No funds, grants, or other support was received.</p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table class="MsoTableGrid" role="presentation"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p>Provide<strong> “Conflicts of interest/Competing interests” </strong>as a header<strong> (see template)</strong></p></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><strong>Financial interests</strong>: Author A has received research support from Company A. Author B has received a speaker honorarium from Company Wand owns stock in Company X.  Author C is consultant to company Y.</p> <p><strong>Non-financial interests: </strong>Author C is an unpaid member of committee Z.</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><strong>Financial interests</strong>: The authors declare they have no financial interests.</p> <p><strong>Non-financial interests: </strong>Author A is on the board of directors of Y and receives no compensation as member of the board of directors.</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><strong>Financial interests</strong>:  Author A received a speaking fee from Y for Z. Author B receives a salary from association X. X where s/he is the Executive Director.</p> <p><strong>Non-financial interests</strong>: none.</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><strong>Financial interests: </strong>Author A and B declare they have no financial interests. Author C has received speaker and consultant honoraria from Company M and Company N. Dr. C has received speaker honorarium and research funding<strong> </strong>from Company M and Company O. Author D has received travel support from Company O.</p> <p><strong>Non-financial interests: </strong>Author D has served on advisory boards for Company M, Company N and Company O.</p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table class="MsoTableGrid" role="presentation"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p>When authors have nothing to declare the following statement may be used:</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>All authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>The authors have no financial or proprietary interests in any material discussed in this article.</p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>Authors are responsible for correctness of the statements provided in the manuscript. See also Authorship Principles. The Editor-in-Chief reserves the right to reject submissions that do not meet the guidelines described in this section.</p></div> </article> </div> </div> <aside class="sidebar l-with-sidebar__sidebar" style="--with-sidebar--basis: 454px"> <div data-title="Untitled" class="block" id="id-49261" data-type="local/menuBox" lang="en"> <nav class="c-box" aria-labelledby="title-49261"> <h2 id="title-49261" class="c-box__heading" aria-level="2"> <a href="/gp/editorial-policies" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/editorial-policies - Editorial Policies" data-track-category="menu links" data-track-label="gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests"> Editorial Policies </a> </h2> <ul class="c-box-links"> <li class="c-box-links__item"> <a href="/gp/editorial-policies/appeals-and-complaints" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/editorial-policies/appeals-and-complaints - Appeals and Complaints" data-track-category="menu item" data-track-label="gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests"> <span class="u-display-flex u-align-items-center"> Appeals and Complaints </span> </a> </li> <li class="c-box-links__item"> <a href="/gp/editorial-policies/authorship-principles" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/editorial-policies/authorship-principles - Authorship Principles" data-track-category="menu item" data-track-label="gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests"> <span class="u-display-flex u-align-items-center"> Authorship Principles </span> </a> </li> <li class="c-box-links__item"> <a href="/gp/editorial-policies/biosafety-biosecurity" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/editorial-policies/biosafety-biosecurity - Biosafety and Biosecurity" data-track-category="menu item" data-track-label="gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests"> <span class="u-display-flex u-align-items-center"> Biosafety and Biosecurity </span> </a> </li> <li class="c-box-links__item"> <a href="/gp/editorial-policies/citations" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/editorial-policies/citations - Citations" data-track-category="menu item" data-track-label="gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests"> <span class="u-display-flex u-align-items-center"> Citations </span> </a> </li> <li class="c-box-links__item"> <a href="/gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests-policy" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests-policy - Competing Interests" data-track-category="menu item" data-track-label="gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests"> <span class="u-display-flex u-align-items-center"> Competing Interests </span> </a> </li> <li class="c-box-links__item"> <a href="/gp/editorial-policies/complementary-and-alternative-medicine-standards-for-research" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/editorial-policies/complementary-and-alternative-medicine-standards-for-research - Complementary and Alternative Medicine Standards for Research" data-track-category="menu item" data-track-label="gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests"> <span class="u-display-flex u-align-items-center"> Complementary and Alternative Medicine Standards for Research </span> </a> </li> <li class="c-box-links__item"> <a href="https://www.springer.com/gp/editorial-policies/authorship-principles#toc-49271" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - https://www.springer.com/gp/editorial-policies/authorship-principles#toc-49271 - Confidentiality" data-track-category="menu item" data-track-label="gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests"> <span class="u-display-flex u-align-items-center"> Confidentiality </span> </a> </li> <li class="c-box-links__item"> <a href="/gp/editorial-policies/corrections-and-retractions" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/editorial-policies/corrections-and-retractions - Corrections and Retractions" data-track-category="menu item" data-track-label="gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests"> <span class="u-display-flex u-align-items-center"> Corrections and Retractions </span> </a> </li> <li class="c-box-links__item"> <a href="/gp/editorial-policies/data-availability-statement" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/editorial-policies/data-availability-statement - Data Availability Statement" data-track-category="menu item" data-track-label="gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests"> <span class="u-display-flex u-align-items-center"> Data Availability Statement </span> </a> </li> <li class="c-box-links__item"> <a href="/gp/editorial-policies/ethical-responsibilities-of-authors" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/editorial-policies/ethical-responsibilities-of-authors - Ethical responsibilities of authors" data-track-category="menu item" data-track-label="gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests"> <span class="u-display-flex u-align-items-center"> Ethical responsibilities of authors </span> </a> </li> <li class="c-box-links__item"> <a href="/gp/editorial-policies/informed-consent" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/editorial-policies/informed-consent - Informed Consent" data-track-category="menu item" data-track-label="gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests"> <span class="u-display-flex u-align-items-center"> Informed Consent </span> </a> </li> <li class="c-box-links__item"> <a href="/gp/editorial-policies/portable-peer-review" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/editorial-policies/portable-peer-review - Portable Peer Review" data-track-category="menu item" data-track-label="gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests"> <span class="u-display-flex u-align-items-center"> Portable Peer Review </span> </a> </li> <li class="c-box-links__item"> <a href="/gp/editorial-policies/predatory-journals-and-references" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/editorial-policies/predatory-journals-and-references - Predatory Journals and References" data-track-category="menu item" data-track-label="gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests"> <span class="u-display-flex u-align-items-center"> Predatory Journals and References </span> </a> </li> <li class="c-box-links__item"> <a href="/gp/editorial-policies/preprint-sharing" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/editorial-policies/preprint-sharing - Preprint Sharing" data-track-category="menu item" data-track-label="gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests"> <span class="u-display-flex u-align-items-center"> Preprint Sharing </span> </a> </li> <li class="c-box-links__item"> <a href="/gp/editorial-policies/peer-review-policy-process" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/editorial-policies/peer-review-policy-process - Policy, Process and Guidance for Peer Reviewers" data-track-category="menu item" data-track-label="gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests"> <span class="u-display-flex u-align-items-center"> Policy, Process and Guidance for Peer Reviewers </span> </a> </li> <li class="c-box-links__item"> <a href="https://www.springer.com/gp/editorial-policies/corrections-and-retractions#toc-49262" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - https://www.springer.com/gp/editorial-policies/corrections-and-retractions#toc-49262 - Removal of Published Content" data-track-category="menu item" data-track-label="gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests"> <span class="u-display-flex u-align-items-center"> Removal of Published Content </span> </a> </li> <li class="c-box-links__item"> <a href="/gp/editorial-policies/research-involving-animals-and-their-data-or-biological-material" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/editorial-policies/research-involving-animals-and-their-data-or-biological-material - Research involving animals, and their data or biological material" data-track-category="menu item" data-track-label="gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests"> <span class="u-display-flex u-align-items-center"> Research involving animals, and their data or biological material </span> </a> </li> <li class="c-box-links__item"> <a href="/gp/editorial-policies/research-involving-human-and-or-animal-participants" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/editorial-policies/research-involving-human-and-or-animal-participants - Research Involving Human Participants, their Data or Biological Material" data-track-category="menu item" data-track-label="gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests"> <span class="u-display-flex u-align-items-center"> Research Involving Human Participants, their Data or Biological Material </span> </a> </li> <li class="c-box-links__item"> <a href="/gp/editorial-policies/research-involving-human-embryos" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/editorial-policies/research-involving-human-embryos - Research Involving Human Embryos" data-track-category="menu item" data-track-label="gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests"> <span class="u-display-flex u-align-items-center"> Research Involving Human Embryos </span> </a> </li> <li class="c-box-links__item"> <a href="/gp/editorial-policies/research-involving-palaeontological-and-geological-material" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/editorial-policies/research-involving-palaeontological-and-geological-material - Research involving palaeontological and geological material" data-track-category="menu item" data-track-label="gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests"> <span class="u-display-flex u-align-items-center"> Research involving palaeontological and geological material </span> </a> </li> <li class="c-box-links__item"> <a href="/gp/editorial-policies/sex-and-gender-in-research-sager-guidelines" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/editorial-policies/sex-and-gender-in-research-sager-guidelines - Sex and Gender in Research (SAGER Guidelines)" data-track-category="menu item" data-track-label="gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests"> <span class="u-display-flex u-align-items-center"> Sex and Gender in Research (SAGER Guidelines) </span> </a> </li> <li class="c-box-links__item"> <a href="/gp/editorial-policies/standards-of-reporting" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/editorial-policies/standards-of-reporting - Standards of Reporting" data-track-category="menu item" data-track-label="gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests"> <span class="u-display-flex u-align-items-center"> Standards of Reporting </span> </a> </li> <li class="c-box-links__item"> <a href="/gp/editorial-policies/utilization-of-plants-algae-fungi" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/editorial-policies/utilization-of-plants-algae-fungi - Utilization of plants, algae, fungi" data-track-category="menu item" data-track-label="gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests"> <span class="u-display-flex u-align-items-center"> Utilization of plants, algae, fungi </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div data-title="Untitled" class="block" id="id-49286" data-type="local/menuBox" lang="en"> <nav class="c-box" aria-labelledby="title-49286"> <h2 id="title-49286" class="c-box__heading" aria-level="2"> Resources </h2> <ul class="c-box-links"> <li class="c-box-links__item"> <a href="/gp/editorial-policies/statistics-guide/19315188" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/editorial-policies/statistics-guide/19315188 - Statistics Guide" data-track-category="menu item" data-track-label="gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests"> <span class="u-display-flex u-align-items-center"> Statistics Guide </span> </a> </li> <li class="c-box-links__item"> <a href="/gp/editorial-policies/interactive-course/17768870" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/editorial-policies/interactive-course/17768870 - Interactive course" data-track-category="menu item" data-track-label="gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests"> <span class="u-display-flex u-align-items-center"> Interactive course </span> </a> </li> <li class="c-box-links__item"> <a href="/gp/editorial-policies/springer-s-guide-on-publishing-ethics/17769794" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/editorial-policies/springer-s-guide-on-publishing-ethics/17769794 - Springer’s guide on publishing ethics" data-track-category="menu item" data-track-label="gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests"> <span class="u-display-flex u-align-items-center"> Springer’s guide on publishing ethics </span> </a> </li> <li class="c-box-links__item"> <a href="/gp/editorial-policies/book-and-proceedings-policies/19825196" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/editorial-policies/book-and-proceedings-policies/19825196 - Book and Proceedings policies" data-track-category="menu item" data-track-label="gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests"> <span class="u-display-flex u-align-items-center"> Book and Proceedings policies </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div data-title="Untitled" class="block" id="id-49291" data-type="local/card" lang="en"> <div class="c-card"> <div class="c-card__image"> <img src="https://resource-cms.springernature.com/springer-cms/rest/v1/content/18105974/data/v3" alt="Dora"> </div> <div class="c-card__body"> </div> </div> </div> <div data-title="Your ORCID iD – As unique as you" class="block" id="id-49293" data-type="local/card" lang="en"> <div class="c-card"> <div class="c-card__image"> <img src="https://resource-cms.springernature.com/springer-cms/rest/v1/content/12238200/data/v4" alt="Picture1"> </div> <div class="c-card__body"> <h3 class="c-card__title"> <a class="c-card__link" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - https://www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/orcid?utm_source=springer&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=RMarketing&utm_campaign=AEXS_1_CB02_GL_ORCID-Springer_teaser - Your ORCID iD – As unique as you" data-track-category="card" data-track-label="gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/orcid?utm_source=springer&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=RMarketing&utm_campaign=AEXS_1_CB02_GL_ORCID-Springer_teaser"> Your ORCID iD – As unique as you </a> </h3> <div class="c-card__summary"><p>This persistent ID distinguishes you from every other researcher. Automated linkages between you and your publications or reviews ensure that your work is recognized. Your achievements will never be confused with a colleague’s work.<br></p></div> </div> </div> </div> </aside> </div> </main> <footer> <div class="c-dropdowns" id="dropdowns"> <div class="c-dropdowns__container"> <div class="c-dropdown" id="services" tabindex="-1"> <h2 class="c-dropdown__title">Services</h2> <ul class="c-dropdown__list"> <li class="c-dropdown__item"> <a href="/gp/advertisers" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/advertisers - Advertisers" data-track-category="dropdown links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests">Advertisers</a> </li> <li class="c-dropdown__item"> <a href="/gp/authors-editors" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/authors-editors - Authors & Editors" data-track-category="dropdown links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests">Authors & Editors</a> </li> <li class="c-dropdown__item"> <a href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/booksellers" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - https://www.springernature.com/gp/booksellers - Booksellers (SpringerNature)" data-track-category="dropdown links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests">Booksellers (SpringerNature)</a> </li> <li class="c-dropdown__item"> <a href="/gp/reviewers" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/reviewers - Book Reviewers" data-track-category="dropdown links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests">Book Reviewers</a> </li> <li class="c-dropdown__item"> <a href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/authors/lecturers" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - https://www.springernature.com/gp/authors/lecturers - Instructors & lecturers (SpringerNature)" data-track-category="dropdown links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests">Instructors & lecturers (SpringerNature)</a> </li> <li class="c-dropdown__item"> <a href="/gp/about-springer/media" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/about-springer/media - Journalists" data-track-category="dropdown links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests">Journalists</a> </li> <li class="c-dropdown__item"> <a href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/librarians" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - https://www.springernature.com/gp/librarians - Librarians (SpringerNature)" data-track-category="dropdown links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests">Librarians (SpringerNature)</a> </li> <li class="c-dropdown__item"> <a href="/gp/open-access" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/open-access - Open Access & Springer" data-track-category="dropdown links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests">Open Access & Springer</a> </li> <li class="c-dropdown__item"> <a href="/gp/editorial-policies" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/editorial-policies - Editorial Policies" data-track-category="dropdown links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests">Editorial Policies</a> </li> <li class="c-dropdown__item"> <a href="/gp/rights-permissions" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/rights-permissions - Rights & Permissions" data-track-category="dropdown links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests">Rights & Permissions</a> </li> <li class="c-dropdown__item"> <a href="/gp/partners" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/partners - Societies & Publishing Partners" data-track-category="dropdown links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests">Societies & Publishing Partners</a> </li> <li class="c-dropdown__item"> <a href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/librarians/agents" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - https://www.springernature.com/gp/librarians/agents - Subscription Agencies (SpringerNature)" data-track-category="dropdown links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests">Subscription Agencies (SpringerNature)</a> </li> <li class="c-dropdown__item"> <a href="/gp/help" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/help - Help & Contact" data-track-category="dropdown links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests">Help & Contact</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-publisher-footer"> <div class="c-publisher-footer__section"> <div class="c-publisher-footer__container"> <div class="c-publisher-footer__menu"> <div class="c-publisher-footer__menu-group"> <dl class="c-publisher-footer__list"> <dt class="c-publisher-footer__heading">Publish with us</dt> <dd class="c-publisher-footer__item"> <a class="c-publisher-footer__link " href="/gp/authors-editors" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/authors-editors - Authors" data-track-category="publisher footer links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests">Authors</a> </dd> <dd class="c-publisher-footer__item"> <a class="c-publisher-footer__link " href="/gp/authors-editors/journal-author" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/authors-editors/journal-author - Journal authors" data-track-category="publisher footer links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests">Journal authors</a> </dd> <dd class="c-publisher-footer__item"> <a class="c-publisher-footer__link " href="/gp/editorial-policies" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/editorial-policies - Editorial Policies" data-track-category="publisher footer links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests">Editorial Policies</a> </dd> <dd class="c-publisher-footer__item"> <a class="c-publisher-footer__link " href="/gp/open-access" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/open-access - Open access & Springer" data-track-category="publisher footer links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests">Open access & Springer</a> </dd> </dl> </div> <div class="c-publisher-footer__menu-group"> <dl class="c-publisher-footer__list"> <dt class="c-publisher-footer__heading">Discover content</dt> <dd class="c-publisher-footer__item"> <a class="c-publisher-footer__link " href="https://link.springer.com/" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - https://link.springer.com/ - SpringerLink" data-track-category="publisher footer links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests">SpringerLink</a> </dd> <dd class="c-publisher-footer__item"> <a class="c-publisher-footer__link " href="https://link.springer.com/books/a/1" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - https://link.springer.com/books/a/1 - Books A - Z" data-track-category="publisher footer links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests">Books A - Z</a> </dd> <dd class="c-publisher-footer__item"> <a class="c-publisher-footer__link " href="https://link.springer.com/journals/a/1" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - https://link.springer.com/journals/a/1 - Journals A - Z" data-track-category="publisher footer links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests">Journals A - Z</a> </dd> <dd class="c-publisher-footer__item"> <a class="c-publisher-footer__link " href="https://link.springer.com/video" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - https://link.springer.com/video - Video" data-track-category="publisher footer links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests">Video</a> </dd> </dl> </div> <div class="c-publisher-footer__menu-group"> <dl class="c-publisher-footer__list"> <dt class="c-publisher-footer__heading">Other services</dt> <dd class="c-publisher-footer__item"> <a class="c-publisher-footer__link " href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/authors/lecturers" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - https://www.springernature.com/gp/authors/lecturers - Instructors & lecturers (SpringerNature)" data-track-category="publisher footer links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests">Instructors & lecturers (SpringerNature)</a> </dd> <dd class="c-publisher-footer__item"> <a class="c-publisher-footer__link " href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/librarians" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - https://www.springernature.com/gp/librarians - Librarians (SpringerNature)" data-track-category="publisher footer links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests">Librarians (SpringerNature)</a> </dd> <dd class="c-publisher-footer__item"> <a class="c-publisher-footer__link " href="/gp/partners" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/partners - Societies & Publishing Partners" data-track-category="publisher footer links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests">Societies & Publishing Partners</a> </dd> <dd class="c-publisher-footer__item"> <a class="c-publisher-footer__link " href="/gp/advertisers" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/advertisers - Advertisers" data-track-category="publisher footer links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests">Advertisers</a> </dd> <dd class="c-publisher-footer__item"> <a class="c-publisher-footer__link " href="https://link.springer.com/shop/springer/titles/en-eu/" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - https://link.springer.com/shop/springer/titles/en-eu/ - SpringerLink shop" data-track-category="publisher footer links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests">SpringerLink shop</a> </dd> </dl> </div> <div class="c-publisher-footer__menu-group"> <dl class="c-publisher-footer__list"> <dt class="c-publisher-footer__heading">About Springer</dt> <dd class="c-publisher-footer__item"> <a class="c-publisher-footer__link " href="/gp/about-springer" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/about-springer - About us" data-track-category="publisher footer links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests">About us</a> </dd> <dd class="c-publisher-footer__item"> <a class="c-publisher-footer__link " href="/gp/help" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/help - Help & Support" data-track-category="publisher footer links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests">Help & Support</a> </dd> <dd class="c-publisher-footer__item"> <a class="c-publisher-footer__link " href="/gp/help/contact" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/help/contact - Contact us" data-track-category="publisher footer links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests">Contact us</a> </dd> <dd class="c-publisher-footer__item"> <a class="c-publisher-footer__link " href="/gp/about-springer/media/press-releases" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/about-springer/media/press-releases - Press releases" data-track-category="publisher footer links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests">Press releases</a> </dd> <dd class="c-publisher-footer__item"> <a class="c-publisher-footer__link " href="/gp/imprint/610056" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/imprint/610056 - Impressum" data-track-category="publisher footer links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests">Impressum</a> </dd> </dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-corporate-footer"> <div class="c-corporate-footer__container"> <nav> <ul class="c-corporate-footer__links"> <li> <button class="c-corporate-footer__link" data-cc-action="preferences">Your Privacy Choices / Manage Cookies</button> </li> <li> <a class="c-corporate-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/info/accessibility" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - https://www.springernature.com/gp/info/accessibility - Accessibility statement" data-track-category="corporate footer links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests">Accessibility statement</a> </li> <li> <a class="c-corporate-footer__link" href="/gp/privacy-policy" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/privacy-policy - Privacy policy" data-track-category="corporate footer links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests">Privacy policy</a> </li> <li> <a class="c-corporate-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/legal/ccpa" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - https://www.springernature.com/gp/legal/ccpa - Your US State Privacy Rights" data-track-category="corporate footer links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests">Your US State Privacy Rights</a> </li> <li> <a class="c-corporate-footer__link" href="/gp/standard-terms-and-conditions-of-business" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/standard-terms-and-conditions-of-business - Terms and conditions" data-track-category="corporate footer links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests">Terms and conditions</a> </li> <li> <a class="c-corporate-footer__link" href="/gp/help" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/help - Help and support" data-track-category="corporate footer links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests">Help and support</a> </li> </ul> </nav> <a href="https://www.springernature.com/gp" class="c-corporate-footer__link" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - https://www.springernature.com/gp - Springer Nature logo" data-track-category="corporate footer links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests"> <img src="/public/images/springernature-logo.svg" alt="Springer Nature logo" loading="lazy" width="200" height="20"/> </a> <p class="c-corporate-footer__legal" data-test="copyright">© 2023 Springer Nature</p> </div> </div> </footer> <noscript> <iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=&gtm_auth=&gtm_preview=&gtm_cookies_win=x;" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden" title="Google Tag Manager"></iframe> </noscript> <script type="module" src="/public/js/bundle.js"></script> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Editorial policies - Competing Interests | Springer | Springer — International Publisher