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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ancient Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_of_the_16th–18th_Centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_of_the_16th–18th_Centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Music of the 16th–18th Centuries</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Music_of_the_16th–18th_Centuries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Music of the 16th–18th Centuries subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Music_of_the_16th–18th_Centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Influence_on_Russian_Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_Russian_Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Influence on Russian Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_Russian_Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthodox_Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthodox_Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Orthodox Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthodox_Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catholic_Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholic_Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Catholic Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholic_Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Flourishing_of_Catholic_Musical_Traditions_(16th_Century_Onward)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Flourishing_of_Catholic_Musical_Traditions_(16th_Century_Onward)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>The Flourishing of Catholic Musical Traditions (16th Century Onward)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Flourishing_of_Catholic_Musical_Traditions_(16th_Century_Onward)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catholic_Music_Printing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholic_Music_Printing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Catholic Music Printing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholic_Music_Printing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Franciscan_Dominance_in_the_18th_Century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Franciscan_Dominance_in_the_18th_Century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Franciscan Dominance in the 18th Century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Franciscan_Dominance_in_the_18th_Century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protestant_Influences_on_Music_in_Belarus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protestant_Influences_on_Music_in_Belarus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Protestant Influences on Music in Belarus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protestant_Influences_on_Music_in_Belarus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uniate_Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uniate_Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Uniate Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uniate_Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Instrumental_Accompaniment_in_Uniate_Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instrumental_Accompaniment_in_Uniate_Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Instrumental Accompaniment in Uniate Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instrumental_Accompaniment_in_Uniate_Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_of_Non-Christian_Confessions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_of_Non-Christian_Confessions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Music of Non-Christian Confessions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_of_Non-Christian_Confessions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secular_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secular_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Secular music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secular_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_from_the_19th-early_20th_Century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_from_the_19th-early_20th_Century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Music from the 19th-early 20th Century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_from_the_19th-early_20th_Century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_of_Soviet_Belarus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_of_Soviet_Belarus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Music of Soviet Belarus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_of_Soviet_Belarus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Belarus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Belarus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Modern Belarus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Belarus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patriotic_songs_and_hymns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patriotic_songs_and_hymns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Patriotic songs and hymns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patriotic_songs_and_hymns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Music_of_Belarus" title="Special:EditPage/Music of Belarus">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Music+of+Belarus%22">"Music of Belarus"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Music+of+Belarus%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Music+of+Belarus%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Music+of+Belarus%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Music+of+Belarus%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Music+of+Belarus%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1989_CPA_6115.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/1989_CPA_6115.jpg/300px-1989_CPA_6115.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/1989_CPA_6115.jpg/450px-1989_CPA_6115.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/1989_CPA_6115.jpg/600px-1989_CPA_6115.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1322" data-file-height="629" /></a><figcaption>Soviet postage stamp depicting traditional musical instruments of Belarus</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern European</a> country with a rich tradition of <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religious_music" title="Religious music">religious music</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country's folk music traditions can be traced back to the times of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a>. The country's musical traditions spread with its people to countries like <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>. The people of Belarus were exposed mostly to Russian pop music during this period and also after independence in 1991. In 2002, however, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Belarus" title="President of Belarus">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lukashenko" title="Alexander Lukashenko">Alexander Lukashenko</a> has signed a decree requiring 50% of all <a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting" title="FM broadcasting">FM</a> broadcast music to be Belarusian in origin, and since 1 January 2005 the rule has been even stricter (75% of music broadcast each day must be Belarusian). However, it does not regulate the language of the songs, so most<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> of the music which is broadcast is still in Russian. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.4em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Belarusian_people" title="Category:Belarusian people">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="border:none; padding:0.6em 0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Belarus_(2020%E2%80%93present).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Coat_of_arms_of_Belarus_%282020%E2%80%93present%29.svg/160px-Coat_of_arms_of_Belarus_%282020%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Coat_of_arms_of_Belarus_%282020%E2%80%93present%29.svg/240px-Coat_of_arms_of_Belarus_%282020%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Coat_of_arms_of_Belarus_%282020%E2%80%93present%29.svg/320px-Coat_of_arms_of_Belarus_%282020%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="601" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Belarus" title="Culture of Belarus">Culture</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_literature" title="Belarusian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarusian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Belarus" title="Cinema of Belarus">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_cuisine" title="Belarusian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">By regions</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusians_in_Russia" title="Belarusians in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusians_in_Ukraine" title="Belarusians in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarusian American">USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_minority_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarusian minority in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Australian_people_of_Belarusian_descent" title="Category:Australian people of Belarusian descent">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Belarusians in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canadian_people_of_Belarusian_descent" title="Category:Canadian people of Belarusian descent">Canada</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Belarus" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Belarus">Closely related peoples</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleszuk" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleszuk">Paleszuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podlashuks" title="Podlashuks">Padlašuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_minority_in_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish minority in Belarus">Belarusian Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Lithuania" title="Poles in Lithuania">Lithuanian Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Latvia" title="Poles in Latvia">Latvian Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Belarus" title="History of the Jews in Belarus">Belarusian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusyns" title="Rusyns">Rusyns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belarus" title="Religion in Belarus">Religion</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Orthodox_Church" title="Belarusian Orthodox Church">Belarusian Orthodox Church</a> <ul><li>also <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Autocephalous_Orthodox_Church" title="Belarusian Autocephalous Orthodox Church">Autocephalous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Belarus" title="Catholic Church in Belarus">Catholic Church in Belarus</a> <ul><li>also <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Belarusian Greek Catholic Church">Belarusian Greek Catholic Church</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Languages and dialects</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trasianka" title="Trasianka">Trasianka</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> Topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belarus" title="History of Belarus">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Belarusian_people" title="Category:Belarusian people">People from Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Belarusians" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Belarusians">Belarusians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvin" title="Litvin">Litvins</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Belarusians" title="Template:Belarusians"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Belarusians" title="Template talk:Belarusians"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Belarusians" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Belarusians"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Documentation of its music stretches back to at least the 15th century. Prior to that, <a href="/wiki/Skomorokh" title="Skomorokh">skomorokhs</a> were the major profession for musicians. A <a href="/wiki/Neumatic_chant" class="mw-redirect" title="Neumatic chant">neumatic chant</a>, called <a href="/wiki/Znamenny" class="mw-redirect" title="Znamenny">znamenny</a>, from the word 'znamia', meaning sign or neume, used until the 16th century in Orthodox church music, followed by two hundreds of stylistic innovation that drew on the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>. In the 17th century, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Partesnoe_penie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Partesnoe penie (page does not exist)">Partesnoe penie</a>, part singing, became common for choruses, followed by private theaters established in cities like <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vitebsk" title="Vitebsk">Vitebsk</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prehistoric_Times">Prehistoric Times</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Belarus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Prehistoric Times"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first musical instruments appeared in territories adjacent to Belarus as early as the <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic era</a>. Tools made from mammoth bones, showing marks of rhythmic strikes—considered by some researchers to be primitive musical instruments used to create rhythmic sounds during magical rituals associated with hunting—have been discovered near the villages of Mezin in the <a href="/wiki/Chernihiv_Oblast" title="Chernihiv Oblast">Chernihiv region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horodok,_Rivne_Raion" title="Horodok, Rivne Raion">Horodok</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Rivne_Oblast" title="Rivne Oblast">Rivne region</a>, and Kostenki in the <a href="/wiki/Voronezh_Oblast" title="Voronezh Oblast">Voronezh region</a>. </p><p>The earliest musical instruments on Belarusian territory were found at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubakray_settlement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dubakray settlement (page does not exist)">Dubakray settlement</a> near Lake Sennitsa, on the border of <a href="/wiki/Vitebsk_Region" title="Vitebsk Region">Vitsyebsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pskov_Oblast" title="Pskov Oblast">Pskov</a> regions. Two bone flutes discovered there were straight tubes with five sound holes. Excavations of the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> settlement of Asavets (<a href="/wiki/Beshankovichy_District" title="Beshankovichy District">Beshankovichy district</a>) uncovered a fragment of a <a href="/wiki/Reed_pipe" title="Reed pipe">reed pipe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zhaleika" title="Zhaleika">zhaleyka</a>) made from the bone of a small bird. These finds are dated to the 4th–3rd millennium BCE. Similar discoveries include whistles made from the leg bones of a stork at the Kamyen settlement (Pinsk district). </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> (3rd–early 1st millennium BCE), multibarreled flutes were already known. Some examples were found in monuments of the <a href="/wiki/Lusatian_culture" title="Lusatian culture">Lusatian culture</a>, which was widespread in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Poland</a> and the southwestern regions of Belarus. </p><p>From the <a href="/wiki/Early_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Iron Age">early Iron Age</a> (7th century BCE–5th century CE), bone pipes and whistles have been found, such as those discovered at the Horani hillfort (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Smorgon_district&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smorgon district (page does not exist)">Smorgon district</a>). These instruments were carefully crafted, with both ends of the bones neatly cut at right angles and holes drilled along the sides. A similar pipe from the 12th–13th centuries was found in <a href="/wiki/Slutsk" title="Slutsk">Slutsk</a>. </p><p>The origins of Belarusian musical art can be traced back to the folk creativity of the <a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">Eastern Slavs</a>. The first professional musicians included <i><a href="/wiki/Skomorokh" title="Skomorokh">skomorokhi</a></i> (wandering minstrels), instrumentalists (players of <a href="/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre">lyres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bagpipes" title="Bagpipes">bagpipes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gusli" title="Gusli">gusli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cymbal" title="Cymbal">cymbals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">violins</a>, and others), as well as church and monastery musicians. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_Music">Ancient Music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Belarus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ancient Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The development of ancient professional musical art in Belarus is closely linked to the <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Christianization</a> process. This facilitated the assimilation of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Byzantine spiritual music</a>, influencing genres of church chants such as the <a href="/wiki/Antiphon" title="Antiphon">antiphon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irmos" title="Irmos">irmos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Troparion" title="Troparion">troparion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canon_(music)" title="Canon (music)">canon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sticheron" title="Sticheron">sticheron</a>. These chants were performed in a <a href="/wiki/Monophony" title="Monophony">monophonic</a>, a <a href="/wiki/A_cappella" title="A cappella">cappella</a> manner, and the accompanying musical terminology also reflected these influences. Church choral culture was indirectly shaped by folklore traditions, especially linguistic prosody, which later influenced secular music. Over time, the foundations of musical professionalism emerged. Original <a href="/wiki/Old_Belarusian" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Belarusian">Old Belarusian</a> chant forms were recorded using medieval neumatic notation in handwritten collections, predominantly monastic. </p><p>A connection with broader European folk traditions in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> is evident in the activities of <i>skamarochy</i>—wandering professional performers whose art synthesized various forms. They were musicians (playing <i>husli</i>, bagpipes, recorders, drums, reed pipes, shawms, later violins, and cymbals), singers, acrobats, gymnasts, illusionists, and animal trainers who performed in town squares, villages, castles, taverns, and other venues. Notable among them were <i>skamarochy-damračei</i> (performers of historical songs and epics accompanied by the <i><a href="/wiki/Domra" title="Domra">domra</a></i>), and <i>skamarochy-paciesniki</i> (entertainers who performed dramatic, comedic, and satirical scenes, pantomimes, dances, and more). As carriers of oral poetic and musical folk traditions, they participated in various folk rituals and festivals. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B9._1601_(02).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B9._1601_%2802%29.jpg/220px-%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B9._1601_%2802%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B9._1601_%2802%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="417" /></a><figcaption>Page from the Suprasl' irmologionj of 1601</figcaption></figure> <p>The origins of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a> music among the Eastern Slavs can be traced to Byzantine and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bulgaria" title="Music of Bulgaria">Bulgarian church music</a>, which arrived in Belarus with Christianity. The 10th–14th centuries were marked by the adaptation of Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Hymnography" class="mw-redirect" title="Hymnography">hymnography</a> to local conditions. <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> played a significant role in ancient Eastern Christian worship in Belarus, and Byzantine church music was assimilated, while original forms of <a href="/wiki/Neume" title="Neume">neumatic notation</a> and an <i><a href="/wiki/Octoechos_(liturgy)" title="Octoechos (liturgy)">oktoichos</a></i> system with its characteristic set of chants were developed. This period also saw the establishment of single-voiced Orthodox liturgical singing, where the dominant role was given to the text of the <a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">hymns</a>. From the late 10th century, notable singing schools in Belarus included the <a href="/wiki/Polotsk" title="Polotsk">Polack</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vitebsk" title="Vitebsk">Viciebsk</a> schools (established in 992), <a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smalensk</a> (1001), and <a href="/wiki/Turov,_Belarus" title="Turov, Belarus">Turau</a> (1005). Initially, the practical theory of singing art and its semiography involved the use of non-linear notation symbols, church statutes (<i>ustavy</i>), service books, and <i>padobniki</i> (the first practical singing manuals). By the 14th century, a system of <i><a href="/wiki/Znamenny_chant" title="Znamenny chant">znamenny</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Neume" title="Neume">neumatic</a>) notation had taken shape. In the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a>, traditions of Old Rus' znamenny chant were initially preserved. </p><p>The 15th century saw the flourishing of Orthodox singing culture in Belarus. Authors of hymns and compilers of handwritten musical collections (<i><a href="/wiki/Irmologion" title="Irmologion">irmologions</a></i>) began to be recorded. Early singing alphabets appeared, the number of <i>znamenny</i> signs increased, and the tonal range expanded toward higher notes. Diverse melodies and musical terminology developed, while local differences in chanting styles deepened. Belarusian hymnography became closely tied to <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk-song</a> creativity and everyday culture. Original znamenny chants emerged and became widespread in the singing practice of the 15th–16th centuries, documented in handwritten collections like the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suprasl_Irmaloh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suprasl Irmaloh (page does not exist)">Suprasl irmologiongion</a></i> (1598–1601). <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Greece" title="Music of Greece">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bulgaria" title="Music of Bulgaria">Bulgarian</a>, and Serbian chants were widely used, while the semantics of non-linear notation were reinterpreted. Square linear notation arose as Old Rus' chant transitioned to a new <a href="/wiki/Western_musical_notation" class="mw-redirect" title="Western musical notation">Western European</a> level and <a href="/wiki/Polyphony" title="Polyphony">polyphonic</a> recording systems. During this period, Belarusian hymnography gradually diverged from the norms of the <i>oktoichos</i> system. Spiritual chants (<i><a href="/wiki/Chant" title="Chant">kanty</a></i>) and <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">psalms</a> began to develop, recorded in early handwritten <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kantsianaly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kantsianaly (page does not exist)">kantsianaly</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahah%C5%82asniki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahahłasniki (page does not exist)">bahahłasniki</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">catechisms</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music_of_the_16th–18th_Centuries"><span id="Music_of_the_16th.E2.80.9318th_Centuries"></span>Music of the 16th–18th Centuries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Belarus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Music of the 16th–18th Centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, the role of the secular component in Belarusian musical culture increased. The temple remained the main center for the development of professional musical art. In Belarus, where various religious currents historically intersected, a unique <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belarus" title="Religion in Belarus">polyconfessional environment</a> emerged in the 16th–18th centuries. Orthodox music coexisted with <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Music">Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protestant_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant music">Protestant</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Uniate" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniate">Uniate</a> traditions, as well as with music from non-Christian confessions. From the late 16th century, traditional Orthodox chants coexisted with <i><a href="/wiki/Supra%C5%9Bl" title="Supraśl">Suprasl</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Kievan_chant" title="Kievan chant">Kyiv</a>-Lithuanian, and Belarusian chants, as well as regional styles such as <a href="/wiki/Vitebsk" title="Vitebsk">Viciebsk</a>, Kuceinski, <a href="/wiki/Mogilev" title="Mogilev">Mahiloŭ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mir,_Belarus" title="Mir, Belarus">Mir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nyasvizh" title="Nyasvizh">Niaśviž</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Slutsk" title="Slutsk">Sluck</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_on_Russian_Music">Influence on Russian Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Belarus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Influence on Russian Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the mid-16th to the 18th centuries, Catholic influences became characteristic. Several Belarusian monasteries were relocated to Russia, including the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuceinski_Monastery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuceinski Monastery (page does not exist)">Kuceinski Monastery</a> near <a href="/wiki/Orsha" title="Orsha">Orša</a>, which became the foundation of one of Russia’s cultural centers, the <a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem_Monastery" title="New Jerusalem Monastery">New Jerusalem Monastery</a>. Here, the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Novaierusalimska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Novaierusalimska (page does not exist)">novaierusalimska</a></i> school of text and melody creators developed spiritual <i>kanty</i> and psalms. Belarusian singers (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaspiavaki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vaspiavaki (page does not exist)">vaspiavaki</a></i>) joined the patriarchal and imperial choirs in Moscow. Belarusian theorists, alongside Ukrainian and Russian scholars under the guidance of Novgorodian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Shaydura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivan Shaydura (page does not exist)">Ivan Šajdura</a>, developed the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kinavarnyja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kinavarnyja (page does not exist)">kinavarnyja</a></i> notational marks and formalized the expanded tonal system (based on tetrachords) widely used in singing practice at the time. </p><p>Significant contributions to Orthodox church singing were made by the Iverski and Novadevočy monasteries in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, which were entirely composed of Belarusians. These monasteries produced new manuscripts, hymns, and Belarusian (<a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lithuania" title="Music of Lithuania">Lithuanian</a>) chants, including the Vetski, Iverski, and Starysimanaŭski styles. Belarusian singers in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> included Ja. Kaniuchoŭski, Ja. Kalenda, I. Dziakoŭski, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=I._Koklia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I. Koklia (page does not exist)">I. Koklia</a> from Polack, as well as Dziak Tyzienhauz from <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a> and A. Bierazanski. </p><p>Belarusian A. Miezianiec created the sole theoretical work on znamenny chant, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izve%C5%A1%C4%8Denie_o_soglasnej%C5%A1ich_pometach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Izveščenie o soglasnejšich pometach (page does not exist)">Izveščenie o soglasnejšich pometach</a></i> (1668), while <a href="/w/index.php?title=C._Makarje%C5%ADski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C. Makarjeŭski (page does not exist)">C. Makarjeŭski</a> from near <a href="/wiki/Orsha" title="Orsha">Orša</a> authored <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kliu%C4%8D_razumienia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kliuč razumienia (page does not exist)">Kliuč razumienia</a></i> (late 17th century). Belarusian singing art and <i><a href="/wiki/Chant" title="Chant">kant</a></i> culture significantly influenced <a href="/wiki/Russian_liturgical_music" title="Russian liturgical music">Russian liturgical music</a>. By the mid-17th century, all church singing in Moscow was entirely managed by “natives of <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Poland and Lithuania</a>,” who also served as teachers. Belarusian <i><a href="/wiki/Cherubic_Hymn" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherubic Hymn">cherubic hymns</a></i> became part of the <a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_Saint_John_Chrysostom" title="Liturgy of Saint John Chrysostom">Liturgy of John Chrysostom</a>, and various Ukrainian and Russian <i><a href="/wiki/Irmologion" title="Irmologion">irmologions</a></i> incorporated these chants. </p><p>With the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Ruthenians" title="Ruthenians">Belarusian and Ukrainian</a> <i>kant</i> culture, polyphonic (<i>partesny</i>) singing entered Russia, aiding the transition of Russian church music to a new Western European level. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5._%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%96%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5._%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%96%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0.jpg/220px-%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5._%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%96%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="386" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5._%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%96%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="228" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Page from the Zhyrovitsk <a href="/wiki/Irmologion" title="Irmologion">irmologion</a> of the 1620s</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orthodox_Music">Orthodox Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Belarus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Orthodox Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the late 16th century, Belarusian choirs of the Vilnius, Niaśviž, Sluck, Minsk, Mahiloŭ, Orša, and Kuceiń brotherhoods were distinguished for performing both spiritual and secular works in 4, 6, 8, and 12 parts. Belarusian monasteries, such as the <a href="/wiki/Supra%C5%9Bl_Orthodox_Monastery" title="Supraśl Orthodox Monastery">Suprasl</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Blahave%C5%A1%C4%8Da%C5%84ski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blahaveščański (page does not exist)">Blahaveščański</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%BDyrovi%C4%8Dy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Žyrovičy (page does not exist)">Žyrovičy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mogilev" title="Mogilev">Mahiloŭ</a> monasteries, as well as local churches, served as cultural and educational centers and strongholds of Orthodoxy. </p><p>At the Suprasl Monastery, the complete body of Orthodox hymns was transcribed, with B. Anisimavič playing a key role as a compiler. The monastery also produced anti-Catholic and anti-<a href="/wiki/Uniate" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniate">Uniate</a> polemical writings in manuscript form. Elements of Orthodox worship and chanting persisted in Uniate, especially <a href="/wiki/Basilian_monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilian monastery">Basilian</a>, monasteries. For example, in the 17th century, several handwritten <i><a href="/wiki/Irmologion" title="Irmologion">irmologions</a></i> were created at the Žyrovičy Monastery. </p><p>By the late 18th century, new handwritten singing collections were being created, using both square linear and neumatic notations. Copies of older manuscripts were also circulated. During this time, there was an expansion of humanistic and democratic spiritual <i>kanty</i>, alongside the development of a rich tradition of Belarusian folk songs and instrumental works. </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_the_Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth">partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> at the end of the 18th century, Belarusian church music, while retaining its local characteristics, evolved within the framework of <a href="/wiki/Russian_liturgical_music" title="Russian liturgical music">Russian liturgical singing</a>. Churches performed canonical hymns approved by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Synod" title="Holy Synod">Holy Synod</a>, blending Belarusian traditions with the broader Russian Orthodox musical canon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catholic_Music">Catholic Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Belarus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Catholic Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Music">Catholic music</a> appeared in Belarus in the late 14th century as an integral part of the <a href="/wiki/Latin-Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin-Rite">Latin rite</a>. The musical accompaniment of Catholic worship was composed of stylistically diverse elements, including the archaic <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a>, vocal-choral works <i><a href="/wiki/A_cappella" title="A cappella">a cappella</a></i> with instrumental accompaniment, instrumental compositions (notably <a href="/wiki/Organ_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ music">organ music</a>), and religious hymns. The arrival of Catholicism facilitated the cultivation of organ music in Belarus, including cycles of <a href="/wiki/Mass_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Mass in the Catholic Church">Mass</a> ordinaries, <a href="/wiki/Requiem" title="Requiem">Requiems</a>, individual <a href="/wiki/Introit" title="Introit">Introits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gradual" title="Gradual">Graduals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sequence_(musical_form)" title="Sequence (musical form)">Sequences</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communion_(chant)" title="Communion (chant)">Communions</a>, and Office chants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Flourishing_of_Catholic_Musical_Traditions_(16th_Century_Onward)"><span id="The_Flourishing_of_Catholic_Musical_Traditions_.2816th_Century_Onward.29"></span>The Flourishing of Catholic Musical Traditions (16th Century Onward)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Belarus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The Flourishing of Catholic Musical Traditions (16th Century Onward)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the 16th century, Catholic musical traditions in Belarus experienced significant growth. Music, including instrumental music, became a mandatory subject in Catholic educational institutions at all levels. The <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuit order</a> played a leading role in musical and educational activities. Catholic church music in Belarus developed in close connection with European Catholic institutions, following broader European trends and integrating into the European musical tradition. </p><p>In Belarus, various traditions of Catholic liturgical music coexisted: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuit</a> Tradition: Highly professional and oriented towards the latest European innovations.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican</a> Tradition: Conservative and protective of earlier practices.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscan</a> Tradition: Adapted to the tastes of ordinary believers.</li></ul> <p>The Vilnia Jesuit Academy emerged as a hub of Catholic music, hosting educated European composers and musicians such as Jan Brant, S. Lauksmin, M. Radaŭ, Š. Berant, and M. Krečmer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Catholic_Music_Printing">Catholic Music Printing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Belarus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Catholic Music Printing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 17th century saw an expansion of music printing in Belarus, including works such as: </p> <ul><li>Jan Brant's "Piesni" (Songs) (1601)</li> <li>B. Bartasheŭski's "Spieŭnik" (Hymnal) (1613)</li> <li>Š. Berant's "Litanies" (1638, 1639)</li> <li>Various Graduals (1667, 1693, 1742) and Antiphonaries (1667, 1694, 1742) compiled by <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDygimantas_Liauksminas" title="Žygimantas Liauksminas">Žygimantas Liauksminas</a></li></ul> <p>Liauksminas also authored the first textbook on the theory of choral singing in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, <i>"Theory and Practice of Music"</i> (1667, 1669, 1693). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Franciscan_Dominance_in_the_18th_Century">Franciscan Dominance in the 18th Century</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Belarus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Franciscan Dominance in the 18th Century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 18th century, most Catholic music works in Belarus originated from the <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscan order</a>. Liturgical compositions flourished, with notable contributions from figures such as Franciscan monk Šymkievič and musicians from the Słonim <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chapel_of_M._K._Oginski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chapel of M. K. Oginski (page does not exist)">Chapel of M. K. Ogiński</a>, including musicians like J. and L. Grabenbauer. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0._1558.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0._1558.png/220px-%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0._1558.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0._1558.png 1.5x" data-file-width="296" data-file-height="247" /></a><figcaption>Page from the Brest cantional of 1558</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protestant_Influences_on_Music_in_Belarus">Protestant Influences on Music in Belarus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Belarus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Protestant Influences on Music in Belarus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Protestant denomination significantly influenced the formation of professional musical art in Belarus. <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>'s spread in Belarus during the mid-16th century, under the impact of <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> ideas embraced by much of the local aristocracy, contributed to the growth of musical culture. Protestants notably advanced music publishing, producing the first Belarusian music printings, including: </p> <ul><li>"Bieraściejski Kanciaŭnal" (Brest Cantional) (1558)</li> <li>"Niaśvižski Kanciaŭnal" (Nesvizh Cantional) (1563)</li></ul> <p>These publications reflect the broader impact of Protestantism on Belarusian musical traditions and liturgical culture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uniate_Music">Uniate Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Belarus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Uniate Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 15th to early 16th centuries, the <a href="/wiki/Uniate" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniate">Uniate</a> musical tradition began to take shape in Belarus. This development was linked to significant changes in Orthodox music, including the strong influence of <a href="/wiki/Western_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Western classical music">Western European musical culture</a>. The adoption of Western systems of staff notation for recording compositions and the incorporation of polyphonic <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Partesny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Partesny (page does not exist)">partesny</a></i> singing (designed in a Western European concert style) marked this transformation. </p><p>The Uniate liturgical musical practice, modeled after Catholic traditions, combined several elements: </p> <ul><li>Traditional <a href="/wiki/Ruthenians" title="Ruthenians">Belarusian-Ukrainian</a> znamenny chant</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyphony" title="Polyphony">Polyphonic</a> choral compositions with either polyphonic or homophonic-harmonic structures (<i>a cappella</i> or with instrumental accompaniment)</li> <li>Simple, semi-folkloric songs performed by congregants</li></ul> <p>The Uniates maintained and developed ancient <a href="/wiki/Ruthenians" title="Ruthenians">Belarusian-Ukrainian</a> znamenny singing traditions, which were preserved in manuscript <a href="/wiki/Irmologion" title="Irmologion">irmologions</a> of the 17th–18th centuries from locations such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Suprasla%C5%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supraslaŭ (page does not exist)">Supraslaŭ</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%BDyrovi%C4%8Dy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Žyrovičy (page does not exist)">Žyrovičy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smalensk</a>. These traditions also appeared in the first Slavic music prints for Uniate churches, such as the Lviv <a href="/wiki/Irmologion" title="Irmologion">irmologions</a> (1700, 1709) and Počaev <a href="/wiki/Irmologion" title="Irmologion">irmologions</a> (1766, 1793), as well as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asmaglasniks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asmaglasniks (page does not exist)">Asmaglasniks</a> (1776, 1793). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Instrumental_Accompaniment_in_Uniate_Music">Instrumental Accompaniment in Uniate Music</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Belarus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Instrumental Accompaniment in Uniate Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Uniate tradition incorporated widespread use of the organ and instrumental ensembles (chapels). The organ at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%BDyrovi%C4%8Dy_Basilian_monastery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Žyrovičy Basilian monastery (page does not exist)">Žyrovičy Basilian monastery</a> was considered one of the finest instruments of the 17th century. </p><p>Uniate centers of musical culture included: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Suprasla%C5%AD_monastery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supraslaŭ monastery (page does not exist)">Supraslaŭ monastery</a>, which published the first collection of Eastern Slavic religious songs, <i>"Bahahłasnik"</i> (1790)</li> <li>The Žyrovičy and Vilnius Basilian monasteries, which were prominent hubs for Uniate liturgical music</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_of_Non-Christian_Confessions">Music of Non-Christian Confessions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Belarus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Music of Non-Christian Confessions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the 16th century, alongside Christian denominations, Belarus was home to non-Christian confessions such as <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Belarus" title="History of the Jews in Belarus">Judaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Belarus" title="Islam in Belarus">Islam</a>, each with distinct musical traditions. These communities contributed to the diversity of musical culture in the region, albeit in separate spheres from the dominant Christian traditions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secular_music">Secular music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Belarus&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Secular music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rutheni_1563.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Rutheni_1563.jpg/220px-Rutheni_1563.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Rutheni_1563.jpg/330px-Rutheni_1563.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Rutheni_1563.jpg/440px-Rutheni_1563.jpg 2x" data-file-width="755" data-file-height="849" /></a><figcaption>Ruthenians, an illustration in a book by Pietro Bertelli, 1563</figcaption></figure> <p>Secular vocal and instrumental music is associated with princely castle, military, and urban life. From the 16th century, musical centers were established at <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of lithuania">royal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Dukes_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Dukes of Lithuania">grand-ducal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Magnates_of_Poland_and_Lithuania" title="Magnates of Poland and Lithuania">magnate</a> courts, where talented local and foreign musicians worked. In <a href="/wiki/Grodno" title="Grodno">Hrodna</a> since 1543, the "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Litouskaja_kapjela&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Litouskaja kapjela (page does not exist)">Litouskaja kapjela</a>" (consisting of 15 musicians, likely of local origin) performed for noble festivities. At the court of <a href="/wiki/Stephen_B%C3%A1thory" title="Stephen Báthory">Stefan Batory</a> in the 1580s, there was a chapel where authors of vocal and instrumental (mainly lute) works <a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Klabon" title="Krzysztof Klabon">Krzysztof Klabon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wojciech_D%C5%82ugoraj" title="Wojciech Długoraj">Wojciech Dlugoraj</a> worked. At the courts of magnates and grand dukes in the 16th century, the following also worked: Slavic composers <a href="/wiki/Cyprian_Bazylik" title="Cyprian Bazylik">Cyprijan Bazylik</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wac%C5%82aw_of_Szamotu%C5%82y" title="Wacław of Szamotuły">Wacław of Szamotuły</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miko%C5%82aj_Gom%C3%B3%C5%82ka" title="Mikołaj Gomółka">Mikołaj Gomółka</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Brat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Brat (page does not exist)">Jan Brat</a>, Hungarian lutenist and composer <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1lint_Bakfark" title="Bálint Bakfark">Bálint Bakfark</a>, many <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Italy" title="Music of Italy">Italian musicians</a>, including well-known composers <a href="/wiki/Luca_Marenzio" title="Luca Marenzio">Luca Marenzio</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giovani_Batista_Kalola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giovani Batista Kalola (page does not exist)">Džovani Batysta Kalola</a>, lutenist and composer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Djamjed_Kato&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Djamjed Kato (page does not exist)">Djamjed Kato</a>, organist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antoni_Maphon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antoni Maphon (page does not exist)">Antoni Maphon</a>. At the courts of the local aristocracy, both authorial and anonymous works were performed, examples of which have been preserved in the "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vilenski_%C5%A1ytku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vilenski šytku (page does not exist)">Vilenski šytku</a>" and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Astra%C4%8Dmje%C4%8Da%C5%ADski_rukapis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astračmječaŭski rukapis (page does not exist)">Astračmječaŭski rukapis</a> (the so-called "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polacki_%C5%A1ytku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polacki šytku (page does not exist)">Polacki šytku</a>"; both 17th century). </p><p>In the 16th-18th centuries, musical accompaniment was characteristic of theatrical performances in educational institutions of various denominations in cities and towns of Belarus, including <a href="/wiki/Biera%C5%9Bcie" class="mw-redirect" title="Bieraście">Bieraści</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grodno" title="Grodno">Haradnia</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%BDyrovi%C4%8Dy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Žyrovičy (page does not exist)">Žyrovičy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mogilev" title="Mogilev">Mahiloŭ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orsha" title="Orsha">Orša</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polack,_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Polack, Belarus">Polack</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Slonim" title="Slonim">Słonim</a>. In school performances, timed to religious and secular holidays, vocal (chants, psalms, hymns, songs) and instrumental (musical tunes, dances) music appropriate to the content and character of the plays was performed. In intermedes and interludes, played between the main parts of the action, folk melodies were sometimes used. As school theater developed, the role of music in performances grew, and operatic works began to be performed. A manuscript score of one of them has been preserved — "Apalon-zakanadavca, abo Refarmavany Parnas" by R. Vardoсki and M. Ciacerski from the Dominican Collegium in Zabieĺ (1789), which organically combines features of school productions and actual opera. </p><p>From the second half of the 18th century, musical centers emerged and expanded at magnate courts, encompassing musical theaters, orchestras-cappellas, and music-theatrical schools. Among the largest musical centers were <a href="/wiki/Nyasvizh" title="Nyasvizh">Niasviž</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slutsk" title="Slutsk">Słuck</a> (<a href="/wiki/Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82s" class="mw-redirect" title="Radziwiłłs">Radziwiłłs</a>), <a href="/wiki/Slonim" title="Slonim">Słonim</a> (<a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Kazimierz_Ogi%C5%84ski" title="Michał Kazimierz Ogiński">Michał Kazimierz Ogiński</a>), <a href="/wiki/Grodno" title="Grodno">Hrodna</a> (<a href="/wiki/Antoni_Tyzenhauz" title="Antoni Tyzenhauz">A. Tyzenhauz</a>), <a href="/wiki/Shklow" title="Shklow">Škłoŭ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Semyon_Zorich" title="Semyon Zorich">Semyon Zorich</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Dzyarechyn" title="Dzyarechyn">Dziarečyn</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sapieha" title="Sapieha">Sapiegaŭ</a>). The stages of magnate theaters presented world opera classics as well as the first local operas, including "Agatka, abo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pryjezd_pana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pryjezd pana (page does not exist)">Pryjezd pana</a>" by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ja._Holand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ja. Holand (page does not exist)">Ja. Holand</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=M._Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M. Radziwiłł (page does not exist)">M. Radziwiłł</a>. Concerts featured symphonic and chamber works by Italian, French, Austro-German composers, as well as compositions by local authors. Composers and performers from various countries were invited to the magnate centers. Talented local musicians such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerzy_Bakanowicz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jerzy Bakanowicz (page does not exist)">Jerzy Bakanovič</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lja%C5%ADon_Sitanski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ljaŭon Sitanski (page does not exist)">Ljaŭon Sitanski</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Ciancy%C5%82ovi%C4%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Ciancyłovič (page does not exist)">Jan Ciancyłovič</a>, and future renowned composers like <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Koz%C5%82owski" title="Józef Kozłowski">Józef Kozłowski</a> also worked there. Amateur performance and creativity (M. Radziwiłł, M. Kazimir Ogiński) also developed. At the end of the 18th century, due to socio-political events and the destruction of the previous infrastructure of magnate-aristocratic culture, most magnate musical centers ceased to exist and gave way to new forms of musical life. The activities of magnate "musical estates" contributed to the development of various forms of musical creativity, performance, and education in Belarus, the growth of musical professionalism, the formation of theatrical and concert genres, and the creative assimilation of the norms of European classical music. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antoni_Abramowicz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Antoni_Abramowicz.jpg/220px-Antoni_Abramowicz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Antoni_Abramowicz.jpg/330px-Antoni_Abramowicz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Antoni_Abramowicz.jpg/440px-Antoni_Abramowicz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1284" data-file-height="1599" /></a><figcaption>1848 portrait of Anton I. Abramovič</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music_from_the_19th-early_20th_Century">Music from the 19th-early 20th Century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Belarus&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Music from the 19th-early 20th Century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 19th century, interest in <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_folklore" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarusian folklore">Belarusian folk songs</a> was awakened. Alongside the collection, study, and publication of these songs, there were attempts at their compositional arrangement and concert promotion. The first publications of melodies of Belarusian folk songs are found in the works of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Czarnowskaja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maria Czarnowskaja (page does not exist)">Maryja Čarnouskaja</a> ("Monuments of Slavic Mythology in Customs Preserved among the Rural Population of Belarus," 1817), <a href="/wiki/%C5%81ukasz_Go%C5%82%C4%99biowski" title="Łukasz Gołębiowski">Łukasz Gołębiowski</a> ("Polish People, Their Customs, Superstitions," 1830), and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Abramowicz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anton Abramowicz (page does not exist)">Anton Abramovič</a> (article "Several Melodies of Belarusians Recorded and Arranged by the Piano Society," 1843). </p><p>The period of intensive accumulation of information about the folk musical culture of Belarusians, recording of tunes and instrumental pieces, and their publication falls on the second half of the 19th — early 20th century. Musical material was included in ethnographic descriptions and folklore collections: "Materials for the Study of the Life and Language of the Russian Population of the North-Western Region" by <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Shejn" title="Pavel Shejn">Pavel Shejn</a> (vol. 1—3, 1887—1902), "Litvins-Belarusians of the <a href="/wiki/Chernihiv_gubernia" class="mw-redirect" title="Chernihiv gubernia">Chernihiv Province</a>, Their Life and Songs" by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maryja_Kosi%C4%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maryja Kosič (page does not exist)">Maryja Kosič</a> (1901), "Belarusians-Saky" by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaak_Serbaw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isaak Serbaw (page does not exist)">Isaak Serbaw</a> (1915). Separate publications included "Belarusian Songs of the Dzisna County of the Vilnia Province" by <a href="/wiki/Adolf_%C4%8Cern%C3%BD" title="Adolf Černý">Adolf Černy</a> (1895), "Collection of Folk Songs Recorded in the Village of Kaljuga-Kamarna, Ragoznańska Parish of the <a href="/wiki/Kobryn_District" title="Kobryn District">Kobryn District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grodno_Governorate" title="Grodno Governorate">Grodno Province</a>" by <a href="/w/index.php?title=I._By%C4%8Dko-Ma%C5%A1ko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I. Byčko-Maško (page does not exist)">I. Byčko-Maško</a> (1911). Among important works of this period are: musical "Collection of <a href="/wiki/Little_Russian_identity" title="Little Russian identity">Little Russian</a> and White Russian Songs of the <a href="/wiki/Gomel_District" title="Gomel District">Homiel District</a>, Recorded for Voice with Piano Accompaniment" (1881) and "Homiel Folk Songs (White Russian and Little Russian)" (1888; described for the first time the ancient type of Belarusian polyphony — heterophony) by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinaida_Rad%C4%8Danka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zinaida Radčanka (page does not exist)">Zinaida Radčanka</a>, "Belarusian Collection: Belarusian Folk Melodies. Seasonal, Ritual, Game, Dance, Spiritual Songs" by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaukima_Ramanaw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jaukima Ramanaw (page does not exist)">Jaukima Ramanaw</a> (1910), "Belarusian Songs with Notes" by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Hrynevich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anton Hrynevich (page does not exist)">Anton Hrynevich</a> (vol. 1, 1910). The style of Belarusian two-voice singing was first recorded in the book "Belarusian Songs with Notes" by Anton Hrynevich (with Andrej Ziaziula, vol. 2, 1912). The activities of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Micha%C5%82_Fiedarowski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michał Fiedarowski (page does not exist)">Michał Fiedarowski</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Kolberg" title="Oskar Kolberg">Oskar Kolberg</a> developed in the mainstream of <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polish_Positivism" title="Polish Positivism">Positivism</a>. In the fundamental collection "Belarusian People" by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Micha%C5%82_Fiedarowski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michał Fiedarowski (page does not exist)">Michał Fiedarowski</a>, prepared in the 1890s (vol. 5, 1958; vol. 6, 1960), 1413 songs of various genres with melodies recorded and noted by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Karlowicz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Karlowicz (page does not exist)">Jan Karlovič</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=L._Patula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L. Patula (page does not exist)">L. Patula</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioahim_Tra%C4%8Dyk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ioahim Tračyk (page does not exist)">Ioahim Tračyk</a> were included. In the main Belarusian work in vol. 52 "Belarus-<a href="/wiki/Polesia" title="Polesia">Paliessie</a>" (1968) of the "Complete Collection of Works" (vol. 1—69, 1961—1995) by Oskar Kolberg, 41 melodies with texts of ritual and non-ritual songs were included. The first theorist-ethnomusicologist <a href="/wiki/Ludv%C3%ADk_Kuba" title="Ludvík Kuba">Ludvík Kuba</a> in the collection "Belarusian Folk Song" (1887) defined the place of Belarusian folk songs in the Slavic world, characterizing their main musical-stylistic features, particularly emphasizing their antiquity compared to <a href="/wiki/Russian_folk_music" title="Russian folk music">Russian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_folk_music" title="Ukrainian folk music">Ukrainian</a> ones. The activities of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikalaj_Janczuk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikalaj Janczuk (page does not exist)">Mikalaj Janczuk</a> were characterized by organizational scope and innovative scientific approach, which allowed ethnomusicology to gain the status of one of the ethnological sciences. The range of problems outlined and developed in his major musical folklore works "Across the <a href="/wiki/Minsk_Governorate" title="Minsk Governorate">Minsk Province</a>" (1889) and especially "<a href="/wiki/Little_Russian_identity" title="Little Russian identity">Little Russian</a> Wedding in the Karnicki Parish of the Konstantinów County, Siedlce Province" (1886), allowed a systematic understanding of the musical-song component in the structure of the Belarusian wedding ritual. A special role belongs to the collection "Folk Songs with Melodies" by <a href="/wiki/Maksim_Haretski" title="Maksim Haretski">Maksim Harecki</a> (with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikalaj_Aladaw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikalaj Aladaw (page does not exist)">Mikalaj Aladaw</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=A._Jagoraw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A. Jagoraw (page does not exist)">A. Jagoraw</a>, 1928), which largely became the prototype of future analytical ethnomusicological collections of the 1980s-1990s. </p><p>In the first half of the 19th century, manor theaters, galleries, libraries, and private schools of the magnates <a href="/wiki/Tyszkiewicz_family" title="Tyszkiewicz family">Tyszkiewicz</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lahoysk" title="Lahoysk">Łahojsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astrashytski_Haradok" title="Astrashytski Haradok">Astrašycki Haradok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plyeshchanitsy" title="Plyeshchanitsy">Plesčańicy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Svislach" title="Svislach">Śvislač</a>, Count <a href="/wiki/Zakhar_Chernyshev" title="Zakhar Chernyshev">Zakhar Chernyshev</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mogilev" title="Mogilev">Mahiloŭ</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chachersk" title="Chachersk">Čačersk</a>, princes <a href="/wiki/Sapieha" title="Sapieha">Sapieha</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ruzhany" title="Ruzhany">Ružany</a>, the music lover and patron <a href="/w/index.php?title=V._Raki%C4%87ki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="V. Rakićki (page does not exist)">V. Rakićki</a> in Haradzišča near Minsk, gained fame. The spread of home music-making and education was facilitated by the activities of musical salons of Counts <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Tyzenhauz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudolf Tyzenhauz (page does not exist)">Rudolf Tyzenhauz</a> in <a href="/wiki/Zhaludok" title="Zhaludok">Žałudok</a>, Grodno Province, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwik_Raki%C4%87ki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludwik Rakićki (page does not exist)">Ludwik Rakićki</a> in <a href="/wiki/Haradzishcha,_Baranavichy_District" title="Haradzishcha, Baranavichy District">Haradzišča</a>, Minsk Province, <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Zavi%C5%A1a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General Zaviša (page does not exist)">General Zaviša</a> in Kuchcicy, Prince <a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Kleofas_Ogi%C5%84ski" title="Michał Kleofas Ogiński">Michał Kleofas Ogiński</a> in Zaliessie, Minsk Province, and others. Active organizers of home musical evenings were the parents of <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Moniuszko" title="Stanisław Moniuszko">Stanisław Moniuszko</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vintsent_Dunin-Martsinkyevich" title="Vintsent Dunin-Martsinkyevich">Vincent Dunin-Marcinkievič</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87.jpg/220px-%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87.jpg/330px-%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87.jpg/440px-%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87.jpg 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>1836 portrait of Daminik Stafanovič</figcaption></figure> <p>Intensive musical activity developed in large cities of Belarus—<a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brest,_Belarus" title="Brest, Belarus">Bieraście</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitebsk" title="Vitebsk">Viciebsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mogilev" title="Mogilev">Mahiloŭ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babruysk" title="Babruysk">Babrujsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grodno" title="Grodno">Hrodna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gomel" title="Gomel">Homiel</a>, and others. Boarding schools in Minsk, <a href="/wiki/Pinsk" title="Pinsk">Pinsk</a>, Homiel, Viciebsk, Polack, Słuck, <a href="/wiki/Mstsislaw" title="Mstsislaw">Mścisłaŭ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok" title="Białystok">Biełastok</a>, Bieraście, and Hrodna played an important role in its expansion. In Minsk <a href="/wiki/Boarding_school" title="Boarding school">boarding schools</a>, musical education was obtained by Belarusian pianist, composer, and teacher <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamila_Marcinkiewicz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kamila Marcinkiewicz (page does not exist)">Kamila Marcinkievič</a> (boarding school of L. and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maryja_Montegrandz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maryja Montegrandz (page does not exist)">Maryja Montegrandz</a>i), <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Moniuszko" title="Stanisław Moniuszko">Stanisław Moniuszko</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Florian_Mi%C5%82adowski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Florian Miładowski (page does not exist)">Florian Miładowski</a> (boarding school of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominik_Stafanowicz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dominik Stafanowicz (page does not exist)">Dominik Stafanovič</a>). The spread of musical culture was facilitated by city orchestras in Minsk (conductors the brothers Dominik and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vicency_Stefanowicz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vicency Stefanowicz (page does not exist)">Vicency Stafanovič</a>), Haradzišča (conductor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juzaf_Da%C5%A1%C4%8Dynski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juzaf Daščynski (page does not exist)">Juzaf Daščynski</a>), Mahiloŭ (conductor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lean_Skrebiecki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lean Skrebiecki (page does not exist)">Lean Skrebiecki</a>), Homiel (conductor <a href="/w/index.php?title=T._Sipaj%C5%82a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="T. Sipajła (page does not exist)">T. Sipajła</a>), Viciebsk (conductor and composer <a href="/w/index.php?title=I._V._%C5%A0adurski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I. V. Šadurski (page does not exist)">I. V. Šadurski</a>), an amateur orchestra in Hrodna (conductor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Vicencievi%C4%8D_Dabravolski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivan Vicencievič Dabravolski (page does not exist)">Ivan Vicencievič Dabravolski</a>); solo performances by pianists Kamila Marcinkievič, <a href="/w/index.php?title=F._Mi%C5%82adowski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="F. Miładowski (page does not exist)">F. Miładowski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Orda" title="Napoleon Orda">N. Orda</a>, violinists <a href="/w/index.php?title=K._Krzy%C5%BCanowski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="K. Krzyżanowski (page does not exist)">K. Krzyżanowski</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=M._Je%C4%BAski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M. Jeĺski (page does not exist)">M. Jeĺski</a>, wind instrument players father and son T. and <a href="/w/index.php?title=J._Sipaj%C5%82au&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. Sipajłau (page does not exist)">J. Sipajłau</a>, vocalists <a href="/w/index.php?title=N._Mura%C5%84ska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N. Murańska (page does not exist)">N. Murańska</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=J._Rejder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. Rejder (page does not exist)">J. Rejder</a>, and guitarist <a href="/w/index.php?title=K._Strelka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="K. Strelka (page does not exist)">K. Strelka</a>. Some musicians engaged in music-theoretical activities: N. Orda created the "Grammar of Music, or Theoretical and Practical Teaching of Melody and Harmony with a Brief Appendix on Fugue, Counterpoint, Orchestral Instruments, Organ, Piano and the Science of Singing for Pianists" (1873), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ja._Ho%C5%82and&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ja. Hołand (page does not exist)">Ja. Hołand</a> wrote the "Academic Treatise on True Musical Art" (1806), Lean Skrebiecki wrote articles about the musical life of Mahiloŭ, and others. Since 1838, a chronicle of musical life was maintained (newspaper "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Minskie_gubernskie_vedomosti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minskie gubernskie vedomosti (page does not exist)">Minskie gubernskie vedomosti</a>"). </p><p>In the 19th century, interest in Belarusian folk songs was awakened. Alongside the collection, publication, and study (see Musicology), attempts were made for their compositional arrangement and concert promotion. Belarusian folk song themes or intonations were occasionally used by Polish (<a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">F. Chopin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Moniuszko" title="Stanisław Moniuszko">S. Manioŭszka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mieczys%C5%82aw_Kar%C5%82owicz" title="Mieczysław Karłowicz">M. Karłowić</a>) and Russian (<a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">N. Rimsky-Korsakov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Glazunov" title="Alexander Glazunov">A. Glazunov</a>) classical composers. Works of the Belarusian composer <a href="/w/index.php?title=A._Abramovcz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A. Abramovcz (page does not exist)">A. Abramovič</a> ("Belaruskaje viaselie", "Belarusian Melodies", "Zacharavanaja duda") were based on Belarusian folklore. One of the first propagandists of Belarusian song folklore was the Russian choral conductor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dz._Ahre%C5%84ew-Slaviancki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dz. Ahreńew-Slaviancki (page does not exist)">Dz. Ahreńew-Slaviancki</a> (since 1863). In 1893, several Belarusian songs arranged by M. Kłanowski with symphonic orchestra accompaniment were performed in the hall of the Moscow Nobility Assembly. A significant role in the study and promotion of Belarusian folk songs was played by the music-ethnographic commission of the ethnographic department of the Society of Lovers of Natural History, Anthropology, and Ethnography at <a href="/wiki/Moscow_State_University" title="Moscow State University">Moscow University</a>, organized in 1901 by <a href="/w/index.php?title=M._Janczuk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M. Janczuk (page does not exist)">M. Janczuk</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Taneyev" title="Sergei Taneyev">Sergei Taneyev</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=M._K%C5%82anowski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M. Kłanowski (page does not exist)">M. Kłanowski</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=A._Mas%C5%82aw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A. Masław (page does not exist)">A. Masław</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joel_Engel_(composer)" title="Joel Engel (composer)">J. Engel</a> participated in its work. </p><p>In compositional activity during this period, the genres of operetta ("Konkurenty" by F. Miładowski, "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taras_na_Parnasie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taras na Parnasie (page does not exist)">Taras na Parnasie</a>" by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ja%C5%ADchim_%C5%A0adurski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jaŭchim Šadurski (page does not exist)">Jaŭchim Šadurski</a>, "Rekrutski nabor" and "Sialanka" by <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Moniuszko" title="Stanisław Moniuszko">Stanisław Moniuszko</a> and Kanstancin Krzyżanowski, "Spabornictva muzykaŭ" and "Charadziejna vada" by <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Moniuszko" title="Stanisław Moniuszko">Stanisław Moniuszko</a>), musical comedy ("Latareja" by S. Moniuszko), as well as instrumental concert (two violin concerts by Michal Jeĺski), instrumental miniature (piano compositions by <a href="/w/index.php?title=V._P%C5%A1ybory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="V. Pšybory (page does not exist)">V. Pšybory</a>, dances for various instruments, including polonaises, mazurkas, angles by <a href="/w/index.php?title=P._Karafa-Korbut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="P. Karafa-Korbut (page does not exist)">P. Karafa-Korbut</a>), piano miniatures (mazurkas by M. Jeĺski, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Orda" title="Napoleon Orda">N. Orda</a>, K. Marcinkievič, F. Miładowski, waltzes by A. Abramovič, J. Daščynski, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Orda" title="Napoleon Orda">N. Orda</a>, impromptus by F. Miładowski, M. Jeĺski, serenades by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Orda" title="Napoleon Orda">N. Orda</a>, "songs without words" by M. Jeĺski and others) stood out. </p><p>Alongside secular music, spiritual music was also created. It was written by: J. Daščynski (masses, requiems, <a href="/wiki/Vespers" title="Vespers">vespers</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrabrama_litanies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astrabrama litanies (page does not exist)">Astrabrama litanies</a> and others), S. Manioŭszka (masses, requiems, Astrabrama litanies, organ compositions, religious songs and others), F. Miładowski (masses, hymns and others), <a href="/w/index.php?title=J._Hli%C5%84ski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. Hliński (page does not exist)">J. Hliński</a> (masses, motets), <a href="/w/index.php?title=J._Hrym&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. Hrym (page does not exist)">J. Hrym</a> (masses, organ arrangements and others). Masses on the texts of Polish verse paraphrases of traditional Latin texts became widespread. In Vilnius, church cantionals by <a href="/w/index.php?title=E._Tupa%C5%82ski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E. Tupałski (page does not exist)">E. Tupałski</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=M._Herburt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M. Herburt (page does not exist)">M. Herburt</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Va%C5%A1kevi%C4%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vaškevič (page does not exist)">Vaškevič</a>, songbooks by J. Hrym, textbooks on organ playing by <a href="/w/index.php?title=J._Halin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. Halin (page does not exist)">J. Halin</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=J._Hrym&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. Hrym (page does not exist)">J. Hrym</a>, masses by <a href="/w/index.php?title=L._Herinh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L. Herinh (page does not exist)">L. Herinh</a>, J. Hrym and others were regularly published. There were attempts to create specialized educational institutions for church musicians. </p><p>At the turn of the 19th—20th centuries, private music schools operated in Minsk (<a href="/w/index.php?title=S._%C5%A0ackina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S. Šackina (page does not exist)">S. Šackina</a>, since 1894), Mahiloŭ (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pia%C4%8Dko%C5%ADskaja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piačkoŭskaja (page does not exist)">Piačkoŭskaja</a>, since 1886), Homiel (<a href="/w/index.php?title=S._I._Zachary%C5%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S. I. Zacharyń (page does not exist)">S. I. Zacharyń</a>, since early 20th century). In 1872—1897, an organist school operated in Minsk (founded by canon <a href="/w/index.php?title=F._Sencyko%C5%ADski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="F. Sencykoŭski (page does not exist)">F. Sencykoŭski</a>), where piano, violin, singing, music theory, and performance on the organ and in wind orchestra were taught. </p><p>The existence of musical instrument factories in Minsk (piano factory of <a href="/w/index.php?title=I._Bie%C5%82awski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I. Bieławski (page does not exist)">I. Bieławski</a>, preceded by the musical instrument factory of <a href="/w/index.php?title=I._Foht&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I. Foht (page does not exist)">I. Foht</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=J._Ka%C4%8Dko%C5%ADski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. Kačkoŭski (page does not exist)">J. Kačkoŭski</a>; in 1858, a church organ was made here) attests to the level of culture in Belarus in the 19th century. In 1896, the press mentioned the depot of pianos and grand pianos by <a href="/w/index.php?title=V._L._Valicki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="V. L. Valicki (page does not exist)">V. L. Valicki</a>. </p><p>At the end of the 19th century, there were permanent theaters in Belarus in Minsk (since 1890) and Mahiloŭ (since 1888). The activities of ensemble troupes expanded: <a href="/w/index.php?title=A._Metalaw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A. Metalaw (page does not exist)">A. Metalaw</a> (1877—81, Minsk, Babrujsk; operettas as well as operas "<i><a href="/wiki/Askold%27s_Grave_(opera)" title="Askold's Grave (opera)">Askold's Grave</a></i>" by <a href="/wiki/Alexey_Verstovsky" title="Alexey Verstovsky">Alexey Verstovsky</a> and "<a href="/wiki/Natalka_Poltavka_(opera)" title="Natalka Poltavka (opera)">Natalka-Poltavka</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Mykola_Lysenko" title="Mykola Lysenko">M. Lysenko</a> were staged), <a href="/w/index.php?title=A._Danilovi%C4%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A. Danilovič (page does not exist)">A. Danilovič</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=A._F._Kartavy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A. F. Kartavy (page does not exist)">A. F. Kartavy</a> (the first impresario in the new building of the Minsk theater, conductor V. Suk; classical repertoire operas were staged), <a href="/w/index.php?title=I._A._Tuman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I. A. Tuman (page does not exist)">I. A. Tuman</a> (rented the Minsk theater building from 1892, conductor <a href="/w/index.php?title=V._Suk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="V. Suk (page does not exist)">V. Suk</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=F._Kastelana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="F. Kastelana (page does not exist)">F. Kastelana</a> (1899—1901, 1903), <a href="/w/index.php?title=M._F._Knaufkamin%C5%9Dkaja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M. F. Knaufkaminŝkaja (page does not exist)">M. F. Knaufkaminŝkaja</a> (from 1902—03), <a href="/w/index.php?title=E._Bialieva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E. Bialieva (page does not exist)">E. Bialieva</a> (1906—07), <a href="/w/index.php?title=O._Sus%C5%82awa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="O. Susława (page does not exist)">O. Susława</a> (April 1906); the Polish operetta troupe of <a href="/w/index.php?title=B._Mariecki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="B. Mariecki (page does not exist)">B. Mariecki</a> (November 1906), the Italian troupe of the Hansapec brothers (December 1906) and others. In 1907, a new form of stage art "opera in tails" was presented in the Minsk theater by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moscow_Society_of_Opera_Artists&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moscow Society of Opera Artists (page does not exist)">Moscow Society of Opera Artists</a>. In the second half of the 19th century, musical societies were organized in Belarus (1860), a Literary and Musical-Dramatic Circle of Amateurs (1884) and the Society of Lovers of Fine Arts (1898) in Minsk, the Brest-Lithuanian Musical and Dramatic Society of Amateurs (1885), the Society of Music and Dramatic Art in Viciebsk (1887), the Brest Musical-Dramatic Circle (1892), the Mahiloŭ Musical-Dramatic Circle (1905—14), the Hrodna Society of Drama and Music Lovers "Muza" (1907—14), the Minsk Society of Friends of Music (1912), "Lyra", "Lutnia" in Dzińsk, the Musical-Dramatic Society in Homiel, the Society of Fine Arts in Viciebsk and others. Among the musicians who performed in Belarus at that time were <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Auer" title="Leopold Auer">L. Auer</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=M._Batysty%C5%84i&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M. Batystyńi (page does not exist)">M. Batystyńi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=A._Vier%C5%BEbilovi%C4%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A. Vieržbilovič (page does not exist)">A. Vieržbilovič</a>, H. and <a href="/w/index.php?title=J._Vienia%C5%ADski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. Vieniaŭski (page does not exist)">J. Vieniaŭski</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=M._Helmar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M. Helmar (page does not exist)">M. Helmar</a> (soloist of the Vienna Opera, native of Minsk), <a href="/w/index.php?title=I._Hofman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I. Hofman (page does not exist)">I. Hofman</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=K._Davydaw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="K. Davydaw (page does not exist)">K. Davydaw</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=H._Jesipava&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H. Jesipava (page does not exist)">H. Jesipava</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=A._Ziloty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A. Ziloty (page does not exist)">A. Ziloty</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=A._Koncki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A. Koncki (page does not exist)">A. Koncki</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=S._Mentar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S. Mentar (page does not exist)">S. Mentar</a>, Mikalaj and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Miedea_Fihnery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miedea Fihnery (page does not exist)">Miedea Fihnery</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=F._Shaliapin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="F. Shaliapin (page does not exist)">F. Shaliapin</a>. In 1895, concerts of S. Rachmaninaw, who performed with the Italian violinist T. Tua, took place in Hrodna, Minsk, and Mahiloŭ. At the turn of the 19th—20th centuries, Belarus was toured by pianists <a href="/w/index.php?title=R._Pui%C5%84io&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R. Puińio (page does not exist)">R. Puińio</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=I._Sliwi%C5%84ski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I. Sliwiński (page does not exist)">I. Sliwiński</a>, violinists <a href="/w/index.php?title=K._Hryharovi%C4%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="K. Hryharovič (page does not exist)">K. Hryharovič</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=P._Sarasate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="P. Sarasate (page does not exist)">P. Sarasate</a>, cellist <a href="/w/index.php?title=D._Popier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="D. Popier (page does not exist)">D. Popier</a>, an orchestra of Russian folk instruments under the direction of <a href="/w/index.php?title=V._Andrejew&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="V. Andrejew (page does not exist)">V. Andrejew</a> and others. In the early 20th century, the work of literary and art societies and music classes attached to them resumed. In 1915, a branch of the Russian Musical Society was organized in Viciebsk (among its directors were <a href="/w/index.php?title=M._Arciemo%C5%ADi%C4%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M. Arciemoŭič (page does not exist)">M. Arciemoŭič</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=V._Karmi%C5%82aw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="V. Karmiław (page does not exist)">V. Karmiław</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=F._Levinson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="F. Levinson (page does not exist)">F. Levinson</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=P._Rengarten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="P. Rengarten (page does not exist)">P. Rengarten</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=V._Somaw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="V. Somaw (page does not exist)">V. Somaw</a>). Since 1907, the Minsk Musical School (director <a href="/w/index.php?title=N._Rubinstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N. Rubinstein (page does not exist)">N. Rubinstein</a>) operated with day and evening departments. Each year, 5—6 chamber and symphonic concerts were organized. Introductory lectures were given by I. Patupaw. The Belarusian musical culture was associated with the work of the Polish composer <a href="/w/index.php?title=L._Rahowski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L. Rahowski (page does not exist)">L. Rahowski</a>, who created musical arrangements for the performances of the troupe of <a href="/w/index.php?title=I._Buinicki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I. Buinicki (page does not exist)">I. Buinicki</a>, compiled "Belarusian Songbook with Notes for Folk and School Choirs" (1911) and other musical works, including choirs (among them, on the verse "A kto tam idzie?" by <a href="/wiki/Yanka_Kupala" title="Yanka Kupala">J. Kupala</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music_of_Soviet_Belarus">Music of Soviet Belarus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Belarus&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Music of Soviet Belarus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Soviet_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet music">Soviet music</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%8B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%8B.jpg/220px-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%8B.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%8B.jpg/330px-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%8B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%8B.jpg/440px-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%8B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2491" data-file-height="1891" /></a><figcaption>Soviet <a href="/wiki/Folk_rock" title="Folk rock">folk rock</a> <a href="/wiki/VIA_(music)" title="VIA (music)">VIA</a> <a href="/wiki/Pesniary" title="Pesniary">Pesniary</a> was one of the most popular Belarusian bands</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 20th century, the first <a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">secondary education</a> institute in Belarus was founded (1924) and the first <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">operas</a>. Popular <a href="/wiki/Soviet_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet music">Soviet Belarusian music</a> was composed by several bands, many of whom performed Belarusian <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a>. Folk rock act <a href="/wiki/Pesniary" title="Pesniary">Pesniary</a>, formed in 1969 by guitarist <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Mulyavin" title="Vladimir Mulyavin">Vladimir Mulyavin</a>, toured over Europe.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_Belarus">Modern Belarus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Belarus&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Modern Belarus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20_years_of_Runet_0384.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/20_years_of_Runet_0384.jpg/220px-20_years_of_Runet_0384.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/20_years_of_Runet_0384.jpg/330px-20_years_of_Runet_0384.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/20_years_of_Runet_0384.jpg/440px-20_years_of_Runet_0384.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Ska punk band <a href="/wiki/Lyapis_Trubetskoy" title="Lyapis Trubetskoy">Lyapis Trubetskoy</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_411183_18th_International_Art_Festival_Slavyansky_Bazar_opens_in_Vitebsk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/RIAN_archive_411183_18th_International_Art_Festival_Slavyansky_Bazar_opens_in_Vitebsk.jpg/220px-RIAN_archive_411183_18th_International_Art_Festival_Slavyansky_Bazar_opens_in_Vitebsk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/RIAN_archive_411183_18th_International_Art_Festival_Slavyansky_Bazar_opens_in_Vitebsk.jpg/330px-RIAN_archive_411183_18th_International_Art_Festival_Slavyansky_Bazar_opens_in_Vitebsk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/RIAN_archive_411183_18th_International_Art_Festival_Slavyansky_Bazar_opens_in_Vitebsk.jpg/440px-RIAN_archive_411183_18th_International_Art_Festival_Slavyansky_Bazar_opens_in_Vitebsk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Opening ceremony of <a href="/wiki/Slavianski_Bazaar_in_Vitebsk" title="Slavianski Bazaar in Vitebsk">Slaviansky Bazar</a>, largest pop music festival of Belarus, in 2009</figcaption></figure> <p>Belarus gained independence after the fall of the Soviet Union and new bands appeared, including <a href="/wiki/N.R.M." title="N.R.M.">N.R.M.</a> Modern pop stars include <a href="/wiki/Boris_Moiseev" title="Boris Moiseev">Boris Moiseev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lyapis_Trubetskoy" title="Lyapis Trubetskoy">Lyapis Trubetskoy</a> (though they tend to orient themselves toward <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and Russian speakers). Around 2002 a new generation of electronic bands appeared, including the groups like <a href="/wiki/Randomajestiq" title="Randomajestiq">Randomajestiq</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dreamlin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dreamlin (page does not exist)">Dreamlin</a>. </p><p>Rock music of Belarus arose in Perestroika times. Bands like <a href="/wiki/Bi-2" title="Bi-2">Bi-2</a> (currently living in Russia), <a href="/wiki/Lyapis_Trubetskoy" title="Lyapis Trubetskoy">Lyapis Trubetskoy</a>, were founded in the late 1980s or early 1990s. The Belarusian government has attempted to limit the amount of popular music aired on the radio, in favour of traditional music of Belarus. These restrictions have encouraged some Belarusian bands to sign up to Russian labels and to tour more in neighbouring countries. </p><p>The tradition of Belarus as a centre of folk and folk rock music is continued today by <a href="/wiki/Stary_Olsa" title="Stary Olsa">Stary Olsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bristeil" title="Bristeil">Bristeil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kriwi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kriwi">Kriwi</a>, among others. </p><p>In 2003, Belarus took part in the <a href="/wiki/Junior_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Junior Eurovision Song Contest">Junior Eurovision Song Contest</a> for the first time. Their participant, Volha Satsiuk, came in 4th place. In 2004 Belarus made it to the semifinals of the regular <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Eurovision Song Contest">Eurovision Song Contest</a>. The country was represented by a duo <a href="/wiki/Aleksandra_and_Konstantin" title="Aleksandra and Konstantin">Aleksandra and Konstantin</a>, who failed to reach the final. They won the <a href="/wiki/Junior_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2005" title="Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2005">Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2005</a> the following year, with <a href="/wiki/Ksenia_Sitnik" title="Ksenia Sitnik">Ksenia Sitnik</a>'s song, 'My Vmeste'. </p><p>The Belarusian authorities promote folk or "Slavic" music at the country's top musical event—the state-sponsored <a href="/wiki/Slavianski_Bazaar_in_Vitebsk" title="Slavianski Bazaar in Vitebsk">Slavianski Bazaar in Vitebsk</a>, an annual pop and folk music festival in <a href="/wiki/Vitebsk" title="Vitebsk">Vitebsk</a>. The biggest festival of Belarusian rock music takes place outside of Belarus, in <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%B3dek,_Bia%C5%82ystok_County" title="Gródek, Białystok County">Gródek</a>, northeastern <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, a small town some 40 kilometers east of <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok" title="Białystok">Białystok</a>—the center of <a href="/wiki/Podlaskie_Voivodeship" title="Podlaskie Voivodeship">Podlaskie Voivodeship</a>, which is inhabited by a 200,000-strong Belarusian minority. The festival, held in July every year since 1990, is organized by the Belarusian Union of Students (BAS) in Poland. The official name of the event is the Music Festival of Young Belarus or <a href="/wiki/Basovi%C5%A1%C4%8Da" title="Basovišča">Basovišča</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Patriotic_songs_and_hymns">Patriotic songs and hymns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Belarus&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Patriotic songs and hymns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vajacki_mar%C5%A1" title="Vajacki marš">Vajacki marš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahutny_Bo%C5%BEa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahutny Boža">Mahutny Boža</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahonia_(song)" title="Pahonia (song)">Pahonia (song)</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Belarus&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPichura1966" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Guy_Picarda" title="Guy Picarda">Pichura</a>, G (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/bela/1/2/article-p92_4.xml">"The Origins of Renaissance Polyphony in Byelorussian Greek-Rite Liturgical Chant"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Belarusian_Studies" title="The Journal of Belarusian Studies">Journal of Belarusian Studies</a></i>. <b>I</b> (II): 92–102<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Belarusian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+Renaissance+Polyphony+in+Byelorussian+Greek-Rite+Liturgical+Chant&rft.volume=I&rft.issue=II&rft.pages=92-102&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Pichura&rft.aufirst=G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Fbela%2F1%2F2%2Farticle-p92_4.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105095339/http://nn.by/?c=ar&i=60220">Which song should be the national anthem of Belarus? (Якая песня павінна быць гімнам Беларусі?)</a> (in Belarusian)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Belarus&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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title="World Network of Biosphere Reserves in Europe and North America">Biosphere Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Belarus" title="List of national parks of Belarus">National parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Belarus" title="List of rivers of Belarus">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swamps_of_Belarus" title="Swamps of Belarus">Swamps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Belarus" title="Politics of Belarus">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Belarus" title="Regions of Belarus">Administrative 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Currency and Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Belarus" title="Transport in Belarus">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Belarus" title="Category:Society of Belarus">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Belarus" title="Demographics of Belarus">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Belarus" title="Education in Belarus">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Belarus" title="Healthcare in Belarus">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belarus" title="Religion in Belarus">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Belarus" title="Culture of Belarus">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Belarus" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Belarus">Awards and decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_name" title="Belarusian name">Belarusian names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_cuisine" title="Belarusian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_folk_dance" title="Belarusian folk dance">Folk dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Belarus" title="Languages of Belarus">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_literature" title="Belarusian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Belarus" title="Cinema of Belarus">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Belarus" title="Mass media in Belarus">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Belarus" title="National symbols of Belarus">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Belarus" title="Public holidays in Belarus">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Belarus" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Belarus">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Belarus" title="Outline of 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colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_of_Europe_by_country" title="Template:Music of Europe by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_of_Europe_by_country" title="Template talk:Music of Europe by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_of_Europe_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music of Europe by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Europe">Music of Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Albania" title="Music of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Andorra" title="Music of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Armenia" title="Music of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Austria" title="Music of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Azerbaijan" title="Music of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belgium" title="Music of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Music of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bulgaria" title="Music of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Croatia" title="Music of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cyprus" title="Music of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Music of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Denmark" title="Music of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Estonia" title="Music of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Finland" title="Music of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_France" title="Music of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Music of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Germany" title="Music of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Greece" title="Music of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Hungary" title="Music of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iceland" title="Music of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Italy" title="Music of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kazakhstan" title="Music of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Latvia" title="Music of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Liechtenstein" title="Music of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lithuania" title="Music of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Luxembourg" title="Music of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malta" title="Music of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Moldova" title="Music of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Monaco" title="Music of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Netherlands" title="Music of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Macedonia" title="Music of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Norway" title="Music of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Poland" title="Music of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Portugal" title="Music of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Romania" title="Music of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Russia" title="Music of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_San_Marino" title="Music of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Serbia" title="Music of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Slovakia" title="Music of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Slovenia" title="Music of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Spain" title="Music of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sweden" title="Music of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Switzerland" title="Music of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Turkey" title="Music of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ukraine" title="Music of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Music of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vatican_City" title="Music of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Abkhazia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kosovo" title="Music of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Transnistria" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Music of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Gibraltar" title="Music of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Isle_of_Man" 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