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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_lyres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_lyres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ancient lyres</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ancient_lyres-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ancient lyres subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ancient_lyres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eastern_lyres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_lyres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Eastern lyres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_lyres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bull_lyres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bull_lyres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Bull lyres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bull_lyres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thick_lyres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thick_lyres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Thick lyres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thick_lyres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thin_lyres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thin_lyres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Thin lyres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thin_lyres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Giant_lyres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Giant_lyres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Giant lyres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Giant_lyres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_lyres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_lyres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Western lyres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_lyres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Phorminx" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phorminx"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Phorminx</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phorminx-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kitharis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kitharis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Kitharis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kitharis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_use_in_Ancient_Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_use_in_Ancient_Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cultural use in Ancient Greece</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultural_use_in_Ancient_Greece-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultural use in Ancient Greece subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultural_use_in_Ancient_Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Number_of_strings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Number_of_strings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Number of strings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Number_of_strings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_and_Northern_European_lyres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_and_Northern_European_lyres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Central and Northern European lyres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_and_Northern_European_lyres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bowed_lyres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bowed_lyres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bowed lyres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bowed_lyres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_lyres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_lyres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Modern lyres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_lyres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_instruments_called_"lyres"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_instruments_called_"lyres""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Other instruments called "lyres"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_instruments_called_"lyres"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_variants_and_parallels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_variants_and_parallels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Global variants and parallels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_variants_and_parallels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lyre</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lier" title="Lier – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Lier" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_(%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9)" title="كنارة (آلة موسيقية) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كنارة (آلة موسيقية)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9F%DC%A2%DC%AA%DC%90" title="ܟܢܪܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܟܢܪܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lira" title="Lira – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Lira" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="لیر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لیر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Лира (музикален инструмент) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лира (музикален инструмент)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lira_(muzi%C4%8Dki_instrument)" title="Lira (muzički instrument) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Lira (muzički instrument)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lira_(instrument_musical)" title="Lira (instrument musical) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lira (instrument musical)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyra" title="Lyra – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lyra" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyra_(offeryn)" title="Lyra (offeryn) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Lyra (offeryn)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyre_(musikinstrument)" title="Lyre (musikinstrument) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lyre (musikinstrument)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyra_(Zupfinstrument)" title="Lyra (Zupfinstrument) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lyra (Zupfinstrument)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BC%C3%BCra" title="Lüüra – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lüüra" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Λύρα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λύρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lira_(instrumento_musical)" title="Lira (instrumento musical) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lira (instrumento musical)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liro_(muzikilo)" title="Liro (muzikilo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Liro (muzikilo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lira_(musika_tresna)" title="Lira (musika tresna) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lira (musika tresna)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C" title="چنگ رومی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چنگ رومی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lyre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liere_(muzykynstrumint)" title="Liere (muzykynstrumint) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Liere (muzykynstrumint)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lir" title="Lir – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Lir" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lira_(m%C3%BAsica)" title="Lira (música) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lira (música)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EB%9D%BC_(%EC%95%85%EA%B8%B0)" title="리라 (악기) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="리라 (악기)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%80_(%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AA%D5%B7%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AE%D5%AB%D6%84)" title="Քնար (երաժշտական գործիք) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քնար (երաժշտական գործիք)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lira_(instrument)" title="Lira (instrument) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Lira (instrument)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liro" title="Liro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Liro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lira_(alat_musik)" title="Lira (alat musik) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lira (alat musik)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lira_(strumento_musicale)" title="Lira (strumento musicale) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lira (strumento musicale)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%94_(%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94)" title="לירה (כלי נגינה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לירה (כלי נגינה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ქნარი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქნარი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyra" title="Lyra – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lyra" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lira_(m%C5%ABzikas_instruments)" title="Lira (mūzikas instruments) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lira (mūzikas instruments)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyra" title="Lyra – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lyra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADra_(hangszer)" title="Líra (hangszer) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Líra (hangszer)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lier_(muziekinstrument)" title="Lier (muziekinstrument) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lier (muziekinstrument)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A9_(%E6%A5%BD%E5%99%A8)" title="リラ (楽器) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リラ (楽器)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lyre" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lyre" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lira" title="Lira – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lira" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lira_(cholg%CA%BBu_asbobi)" title="Lira (cholgʻu asbobi) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Lira (cholgʻu asbobi)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lira" title="Lira – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lira" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Λύρα – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Λύρα" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lira_(instrumento_musical)" title="Lira (instrumento musical) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lira (instrumento musical)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lir%C4%83_(instrument)" title="Liră (instrument) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Liră (instrument)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Лира (музыкальный инструмент) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лира (музыкальный инструмент)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Lyre" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BDra_(starogr%C3%A9cky_n%C3%A1stroj)" title="Lýra (starogrécky nástroj) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Lýra (starogrécky nástroj)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lira_(glasbilo)" title="Lira (glasbilo) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Lira (glasbilo)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Лира – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лира" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lira_(instrument)" title="Lira (instrument) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Lira (instrument)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyyra_(soitin)" title="Lyyra (soitin) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lyyra (soitin)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyra" title="Lyra – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lyra" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8_%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D3%A3" title="Чанги румӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Чанги румӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lir" title="Lir – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lir" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Ліра (музичний інструмент) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ліра (музичний інструмент)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0n_lia" title="Đàn lia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đàn lia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E6%8B%89%E7%90%B4" title="里拉琴 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="里拉琴" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E6%8B%89%E7%90%B4" title="里拉琴 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="里拉琴" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient Greek string instrument</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Lyre_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Lyre (disambiguation)">Lyre (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Lyre</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mousai_Helikon_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_Schoen80_n1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Mousai_Helikon_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_Schoen80_n1.jpg/172px-Mousai_Helikon_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_Schoen80_n1.jpg" decoding="async" width="172" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Mousai_Helikon_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_Schoen80_n1.jpg/257px-Mousai_Helikon_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_Schoen80_n1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Mousai_Helikon_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_Schoen80_n1.jpg/343px-Mousai_Helikon_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_Schoen80_n1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2010" data-file-height="2926" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Greek vase with muse playing the <a href="/wiki/Phorminx" title="Phorminx">phorminx</a>, a type of lyre</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #b0c4de"><a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">String instrument</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Hornbostel%E2%80%93Sachs" title="Hornbostel–Sachs">Hornbostel–Sachs classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">321.2<br />(Composite <a href="/wiki/Chordophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Chordophone">chordophone</a> sounded with a <a href="/wiki/Plectrum" title="Plectrum">plectrum</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Developed</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #b0c4de"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Related instruments</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87eng" title="Çeng">Çeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang_(instrument)" title="Chang (instrument)">Chang (instrument)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cithara" class="mw-redirect" title="Cithara">Cithara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kythara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kythara (page does not exist)">Kythara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krar" title="Krar">Krar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbitos" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbitos">Barbitos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crwth" title="Crwth">Crwth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">Harp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konghou" title="Konghou">Konghou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endongo" title="Endongo">Endongo</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>lyre</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/aɪər/: 'ire' in 'fire'">aɪər</span></span>/</a></span></span>) (from Greek λύρα and Latin <i>lyra)</i> is a <a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">stringed musical instrument</a> that is classified by <a href="/wiki/Hornbostel%E2%80%93Sachs" title="Hornbostel–Sachs">Hornbostel–Sachs</a> as a member of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_lute-family_instruments" title="History of lute-family instruments">lute family of instruments</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Organology" title="Organology">organology</a>, a lyre is considered a <a href="/wiki/Yoke_lute" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoke lute">yoke lute</a>, since it is a <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lute</a> in which the strings are attached to a <a href="/wiki/Yoke" title="Yoke">yoke</a> that lies in the same plane as the <a href="/wiki/Sound_table" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound table">sound table</a>, and consists of two arms and a crossbar. </p><p>The lyre has its origins in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">ancient history</a>. Lyres were used in several ancient cultures surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>. The earliest known examples of the lyre have been recovered at archeological sites that date to c. 2700 BCE in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-Grove_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest lyres from the <a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a> are known as the <b>eastern lyres</b> and are distinguished from other ancient lyres by their flat base. They have been found at archaeological sites in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <b>round lyre</b> or the <b>Western lyre</b> also originated in Syria and Anatolia, but was not as widely used and eventually died out in the east c. 1750 BCE. The round lyre, so called for its rounded base, reappeared in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a> c. 1700–1400 BCE,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then later spread throughout the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This lyre served as the origin of the European lyre known as the <b>Germanic lyre</b> or <b><a href="/wiki/Rotte_(instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotte (instrument)">rotte</a></b> that was widely used in north-western Europe from pre-Christian to medieval times.<sup id="cite_ref-rotte_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rotte-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fresco_from_Pompeii,_1st_century_AD,_National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Naples,_Italy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Fresco_from_Pompeii%2C_1st_century_AD%2C_National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Naples%2C_Italy.jpg/220px-Fresco_from_Pompeii%2C_1st_century_AD%2C_National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Naples%2C_Italy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Fresco_from_Pompeii%2C_1st_century_AD%2C_National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Naples%2C_Italy.jpg/330px-Fresco_from_Pompeii%2C_1st_century_AD%2C_National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Naples%2C_Italy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Fresco_from_Pompeii%2C_1st_century_AD%2C_National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Naples%2C_Italy.jpg/440px-Fresco_from_Pompeii%2C_1st_century_AD%2C_National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Naples%2C_Italy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> fresco from <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a>, 1st century CE, depicting a man in a theatre mask and a woman wearing a garland while playing a lyre</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyre&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest reference to the word "lyre" is the <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean Greek</a> <i>ru-ra-ta-e</i>, meaning "lyrists" and written in the <a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a> script.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In classical Greek, the word "lyre" could either refer specifically to an amateur instrument, which is a smaller version of the professional <a href="/wiki/Cithara" class="mw-redirect" title="Cithara">cithara</a> and eastern-<a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean</a> <a href="/wiki/Barbiton" title="Barbiton">barbiton</a>, or "lyre" can refer generally to all three instruments as a family.<sup id="cite_ref-West1992_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West1992-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The English word comes via <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Greek</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Perseus_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perseus-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyre&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Museu_arqueologic_de_Creta43.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Museu_arqueologic_de_Creta43.jpg/260px-Museu_arqueologic_de_Creta43.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Museu_arqueologic_de_Creta43.jpg/390px-Museu_arqueologic_de_Creta43.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Museu_arqueologic_de_Creta43.jpg/520px-Museu_arqueologic_de_Creta43.jpg 2x" data-file-width="993" data-file-height="755" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a> sarcophagus of Hagia Triada, 14th century BCE, depicting the earliest lyre with seven strings, held by a man with long robe, third from the left.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Hornbostel%E2%80%93Sachs" title="Hornbostel–Sachs">Hornbostel–Sachs</a> classifies the lyre as a member of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_lute-family_instruments" title="History of lute-family instruments">lute-family of instruments</a> which is one of the families under the <a href="/wiki/Chordophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Chordophone">chordophone</a> classification of instruments. Hornbostel–Sachs divide lyres into two groups Bowl lyres (<a href="/wiki/List_of_musical_instruments_by_Hornbostel%E2%80%93Sachs_number:_321.21" title="List of musical instruments by Hornbostel–Sachs number: 321.21">321.21</a>), Box lyres (<a href="/wiki/List_of_musical_instruments_by_Hornbostel%E2%80%93Sachs_number:_321.22" title="List of musical instruments by Hornbostel–Sachs number: 321.22">321.22</a>). <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Organology" title="Organology">organology</a>, a lyre is considered a <a href="/wiki/Yoke_lute" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoke lute">yoke lute</a>, since it is a <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lute</a> in which the strings are attached to a <a href="/wiki/Yoke" title="Yoke">yoke</a> that lies in the same plane as the <a href="/wiki/Sound_table" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound table">sound table</a>, and consists of two arms and a crossbar.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_lyres">Ancient lyres</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyre&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ancient lyres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is evidence of the development of many forms of lyres from the period 2700 BCE through 700 BCE. Lyres from the ancient world are divided by scholars into two separate groups, the eastern lyres and the western lyres, which are defined by patterns of geography and chronology.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_lyres">Eastern lyres</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyre&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Eastern lyres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Britannica_Cithara_Ancient_Egyptian_Cithara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Britannica_Cithara_Ancient_Egyptian_Cithara.jpg/170px-Britannica_Cithara_Ancient_Egyptian_Cithara.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Britannica_Cithara_Ancient_Egyptian_Cithara.jpg/255px-Britannica_Cithara_Ancient_Egyptian_Cithara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Britannica_Cithara_Ancient_Egyptian_Cithara.jpg/340px-Britannica_Cithara_Ancient_Egyptian_Cithara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="692" /></a><figcaption>A lyre from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a>, found in <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt" title="Thebes, Egypt">Thebes</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ur_lyre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Ur_lyre.jpg/140px-Ur_lyre.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Ur_lyre.jpg/210px-Ur_lyre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Ur_lyre.jpg/280px-Ur_lyre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2202" data-file-height="2202" /></a><figcaption>A bull lyrist on the <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_Ur" title="Standard of Ur">Standard of Ur</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2500 BCE</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Eastern lyres, also known as flat-based lyres, are lyres which originated in the <a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mesoptamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesoptamia">Mesoptamia</a>) in what is present day Syria, Anatolia, the Levant and Egypt. The eastern lyres all contain <a href="/wiki/Sound_box" title="Sound box">sound boxes</a> with flat bases. They are the oldest lyres with iconographical evidence of their existence, such as depictions of the eastern lyre on pottery, dating back to 2700 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While flat-based lyres originated in the East, they were also later found in the West after 700 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a> (c. 330 BCE) what was once a clearly divided use of flat-based lyres in the East and round-based lyres in the West had disappeared, as trade routes between the East and the West dispersed both kinds of instruments across more geographic regions.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eastern lyres are divided into four main types: bull lyres, thick lyres, thin lyres and giant lyres.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bull_lyres">Bull lyres</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyre&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bull lyres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bull lyres are a type of eastern lyre that have a flat base and bull's head on one side.<sup id="cite_ref-bull_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bull-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Lyres_of_Ur" title="Lyres of Ur">lyres of Ur</a></i> are bull lyres excavated in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Mesopotamia">ancient Mesopotamia</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>), which date to 2500 BCE and are considered to be the world's oldest surviving <a href="/wiki/Stringed_instrument" class="mw-redirect" title="Stringed instrument">stringed instruments</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mp_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mp-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, older pictorial evidence of bull lyres exist in other parts of Mesopotamia and <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bull_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bull-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Thick_lyres">Thick lyres</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyre&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Thick lyres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thick lyres are a type of flat-based eastern lyre that comes from Egypt (2000–100 BCE) and Anatolia (c. 1600 BCE). The thick lyre is distinguished by a thicker <a href="/wiki/Sound_box" title="Sound box">sound box</a> which allowed for the inclusion of more strings. These strings were held on a larger 'box-bridge' than the other type of eastern lyres, and the <a href="/wiki/Sound_hole" title="Sound hole">sound hole</a> of the instrument was cut in the body of the lyre behind the box-bridge.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While similar to the bull lyre in size, the thick lyre did not contain the head of an animal, but did depict images of animals on the arms or yoke of the instrument. Like the bull lyre, the thick lyre did not use a <a href="/wiki/Plectrum" title="Plectrum">plectrum</a> but was plucked by hand.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the clearest examples of the thick lyre are extant to archaeological sites in Egypt and Anatolia, similar large lyres with thicker soundboxes have been found in Mesopotamia (1900–1500 BCE). However, these Mesopotamia lyres lack the box-bridge found in the instruments from Egypt and Anatolia.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Thin_lyres">Thin lyres</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyre&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Thin lyres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kinnor_played_before_a_king.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Kinnor_played_before_a_king.jpg/200px-Kinnor_played_before_a_king.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="378" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Kinnor_played_before_a_king.jpg/300px-Kinnor_played_before_a_king.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Kinnor_played_before_a_king.jpg 2x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="575" /></a><figcaption>Excavated at <a href="/wiki/Tel_Megiddo" title="Tel Megiddo">Tel Megiddo</a>, a lyre player 1350-1150 BCE, identified as a likely <i>kinnor</i> by scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-GroveKinnor_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GroveKinnor-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Iron Age, Megiddo was a royal city in the Kingdom of Israel.</figcaption></figure> <p>Thin lyres are a type of flat-based eastern lyre with a thinner <a href="/wiki/Soundbox" class="mw-redirect" title="Soundbox">soundbox</a> where the <a href="/wiki/Sound_hole" title="Sound hole">sound hole</a> is created by leaving the base of the <a href="/wiki/Resonator" title="Resonator">resonator</a> open. The earliest known example of the thin lyre dates to c. 2500 BCE in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>. After this, examples of the thin lyre can be found throughout the <a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a>. The thin lyre is the only one of the ancient eastern lyres that is still used in instrument design today among current practitioners of the instrument. As a means of support, players of the thin lyre wear a sling around the left wrist which is also attached to the base of the lyre's right arm. It is played using a plectrum or pic to strike the strings; a technique later used by the Greeks on the western lyres.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are several regional variations in the design of thin lyres. The Egyptian thin lyre was characterized by arms that bulged outwards asymmetrically; a feature also found later in Samaria (c. 375–323 BCE). In contrast, thin lyres in Syria and <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a> (c. 700 BCE) were symmetrical in shape and had straight arms with a perpendicular yoke which formed the outline of a rectangle.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Kinnor" title="Kinnor">kinnor</a> is an ancient <a href="/wiki/Israelite" class="mw-redirect" title="Israelite">Israelite</a> musical instrument that is thought to be a type of thin lyre based on iconographic archaeological evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the first instrument from the lyre family mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>. Its exact identification is unclear, but in the modern day it is generally translated as "harp" or "lyre",<sup id="cite_ref-Bromiley_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bromiley-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 440">: 440 </span></sup> and associated with a type of lyre depicted in Israelite imagery, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kochba" class="mw-redirect" title="Bar Kochba">Bar Kochba</a> coins.<sup id="cite_ref-Bromiley_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bromiley-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 440">: 440 </span></sup> It has been referred to as the "national instrument" of the Jewish people,<sup id="cite_ref-PutnamUrban1968_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PutnamUrban1968-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and modern <a href="/wiki/Luthiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Luthiers">luthiers</a> have created reproduction lyres of the "kinnor" based on this imagery. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Giant_lyres">Giant lyres</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyre&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Giant lyres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Giant lyres are a type of flat-based eastern lyre of immense size that typically required two players. Played from a standing position, the instrument stood taller than the instrumentalists. The oldest extent example of the instrument was found in the ancient city of <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> in what is present day Iraq, and dates to c. 2500 BCE. Well preserved giant lyres dating to c. 1600 BCE have been found in Anatolia. The instrument reached the height of its popularity in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a> <a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a> (c. 1353—1336 BCE). A giant lyre found in the ancient city of <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a> (c. 2500 BCE) is suspected to have been played by only a single instrumentalist, and giant lyres in Egypt dating from the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a> most likely also required only a single player.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_lyres">Western lyres</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyre&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Western lyres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Western lyres, sometimes referred to as round-based lyres, are lyres from the ancient history that were extant in the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>. They initially contained only round rather than flat bases; but by the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a> both constructs of lyre could be found in these regions. Like the flat-based Eastern lyres, the round-based lyre also originated in northern Syria and southern Anatolia in the 3rd millennium BCE. However, this round-based construction of the lyre was less common than its flat-based counterparts in the east, and by c. 1750 BCE the instrument had died out completely in this region. The round-based lyre re-appeared in the West in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a> where it was sole form of lyre used between 1400 BCE and 700 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like the eastern flat-based lyre, the western round-based lyre also had several sub-types. <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> described two different western lyres in his writings, the <a href="/wiki/Phorminx" title="Phorminx">phorminx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kitharis" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitharis">kitharis</a>. However, both of these terms have not had uniform meaning across time, and their use during Homer's time was later altered. Today, scholars divide instruments referred to as kitharis into two subgroups, the round-based cylinder kithara and the flat-based concert kithara. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diver_Paestum_32.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="5th century BCE. Lyra or barbitos from the Tomb of the Diver."><img alt="5th century BCE. Lyra or barbitos from the Tomb of the Diver." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Diver_Paestum_32.JPG/120px-Diver_Paestum_32.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Diver_Paestum_32.JPG/180px-Diver_Paestum_32.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Diver_Paestum_32.JPG/240px-Diver_Paestum_32.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">5th century BCE. <i>Lyra</i> or <i>barbitos</i> from the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Diver" title="Tomb of the Diver">Tomb of the Diver</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diver_Paestum_30.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="5th century BCE. Lyra or barbitos from the Tomb of the Diver. Tortoiseshell body.[15]"><img alt="5th century BCE. Lyra or barbitos from the Tomb of the Diver. Tortoiseshell body.[15]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Diver_Paestum_30.JPG/120px-Diver_Paestum_30.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Diver_Paestum_30.JPG/180px-Diver_Paestum_30.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Diver_Paestum_30.JPG/240px-Diver_Paestum_30.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">5th century BCE. <i>Lyra</i> or <i>barbitos</i> from the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Diver" title="Tomb of the Diver">Tomb of the Diver</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tortoiseshell" title="Tortoiseshell">Tortoiseshell</a> body.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Phorminx">Phorminx</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyre&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Phorminx"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Phorminx" title="Phorminx">phorminx</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kitharis">Kitharis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyre&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Kitharis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cithara" class="mw-redirect" title="Cithara">cithara</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_use_in_Ancient_Greece">Cultural use in Ancient Greece</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyre&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Cultural use in Ancient Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhyton_en_forme_de_t%C3%AAte_de_chien,_d%C3%A9tail.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Rhyton_en_forme_de_t%C3%AAte_de_chien%2C_d%C3%A9tail.JPG/220px-Rhyton_en_forme_de_t%C3%AAte_de_chien%2C_d%C3%A9tail.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Rhyton_en_forme_de_t%C3%AAte_de_chien%2C_d%C3%A9tail.JPG/330px-Rhyton_en_forme_de_t%C3%AAte_de_chien%2C_d%C3%A9tail.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Rhyton_en_forme_de_t%C3%AAte_de_chien%2C_d%C3%A9tail.JPG/440px-Rhyton_en_forme_de_t%C3%AAte_de_chien%2C_d%C3%A9tail.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="874" /></a><figcaption>Lyre with tortoiseshell body (<a href="/wiki/Rhyton" title="Rhyton">rhyton</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 475 BC</span>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pothos_Apollo_Musei_Capitolini_MC649.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Pothos_Apollo_Musei_Capitolini_MC649.jpg/220px-Pothos_Apollo_Musei_Capitolini_MC649.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="366" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Pothos_Apollo_Musei_Capitolini_MC649.jpg/330px-Pothos_Apollo_Musei_Capitolini_MC649.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Pothos_Apollo_Musei_Capitolini_MC649.jpg/440px-Pothos_Apollo_Musei_Capitolini_MC649.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1660" data-file-height="2760" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pothos_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pothos (mythology)">Pothos</a> (Desire), restored as <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Citharoedus" title="Apollo Citharoedus">Apollo Citharoedus</a> during the Roman era (1st or 2nd century CE, based on a Greek work <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 BCE</span>); the cithara strings are not extant.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Recitation" title="Recitation">recitations</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">lyric poetry</a> were accompanied by lyre playing. The earliest picture of a Greek lyre appears in the famous <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Triada_sarcophagus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hagia Triada sarcophagus">sarcophagus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Triada" title="Hagia Triada">Hagia Triada</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan</a> settlement in <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>). The sarcophagus was used during the <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a> occupation of Crete (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1400 BCE</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The lyre of classical antiquity was ordinarily played by being <a href="/wiki/Strum" title="Strum">strummed</a> like a <a href="/wiki/Guitar" title="Guitar">guitar</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Zither" title="Zither">zither</a>, rather than being <a href="/wiki/Plucked_string_instrument" title="Plucked string instrument">plucked</a> with the fingers as with a harp. A pick called a <a href="/wiki/Plectrum" title="Plectrum">plectrum</a> was held in one hand, while the fingers of the free hand silenced the unwanted strings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Construction">Construction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyre&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A classical lyre has a hollow body or sound-chest (also known as <a href="/wiki/Soundbox" class="mw-redirect" title="Soundbox">soundbox</a> or resonator), which, in ancient Greek tradition, was made out of turtle shell.<sup id="cite_ref-Perseus_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perseus-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Extending from this sound-chest are two raised arms, which are sometimes hollow, and are curved both outward and forward. They are connected near the top by a crossbar or yoke. An additional crossbar, fixed to the sound-chest, makes the bridge, which transmits the vibrations of the strings. The deepest note was that closest to the player's body; since the strings did not differ much in length, more weight may have been gained for the deeper notes by thicker strings, as in the <a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">violin</a> and similar modern instruments, or they were tuned by having a slacker <i>tension</i>. The strings were of <a href="/wiki/Catgut" title="Catgut">gut</a> (animal intestines). They were stretched between the yoke and bridge, or to a tailpiece below the bridge. There were two ways of tuning: one was to fasten the strings to pegs that might be turned, while the other was to change the placement of the string on the crossbar; it is likely that both expedients were used simultaneously.<sup id="cite_ref-West1992_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West1992-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lyres were used without a <a href="/wiki/Fingerboard" title="Fingerboard">fingerboard</a>, no Greek description or representation having ever been met with that can be construed as referring to one. Nor was a bow possible, the flat sound-board being an insuperable impediment. The pick, or plectrum, however, was in constant use. It was held in the right hand to set the upper strings in vibration; when not in use, it hung from the instrument by a ribbon. The fingers of the left hand touched the lower strings (presumably to silence those whose notes were not wanted).<sup id="cite_ref-West1992_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West1992-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Number_of_strings">Number of strings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyre&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Number of strings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before Greek civilization had assumed its historic form (c. 1200 BCE), there was likely to have been great freedom and independence of different localities in the matter of lyre stringing, which is corroborated by the antique use of the chromatic (half-tone) and enharmonic (<a href="/wiki/Quarter-tone" class="mw-redirect" title="Quarter-tone">quarter-tone</a>) tunings - pointing to an early exuberance, and perhaps also to a bias towards refinements of intonation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (October 2019)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> The number of strings on the classical lyre therefore varied, with three, four, six, seven, eight and ten having been popular at various times. </p><p>The priest and biographer <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> (c. 100 CE) wrote of the musicians of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Heroic_Age" title="Greek Heroic Age">archaic period</a> <a href="/wiki/Olympus_(musician)" title="Olympus (musician)">Olympus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terpander" title="Terpander">Terpander</a>, that they used only three strings to accompany their recitation; but there is no evidence for or against this dating from that period. The earliest known lyre had four strings, tuned to create a <a href="/wiki/Tetrachord" title="Tetrachord">tetrachord</a> or series of four tones filling in the interval of a perfect fourth. By doubling the tetrachord a lyre with seven or eight strings was obtained. Likewise the three-stringed lyre may have given rise to the six-stringed lyre depicted on many archaic Greek vases. The accuracy of this representation cannot be insisted upon, the vase painters being little mindful of the complete expression of details; yet one may suppose their tendency would be rather to imitate than to invent a number. It was their constant practice to represent the strings as being damped by the fingers of the left hand of the player, after having been struck by the plectrum held in the right hand.<sup id="cite_ref-West1992_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West1992-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin">Origin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyre&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to ancient <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>, the young god <a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a> stole a herd of sacred cows from Apollo. In order not to be followed, he made shoes for the cows which were facing backwards, making it appear that the animals had walked in the opposite direction. Apollo, following the trails, could not follow where the cows were going. Along the way, Hermes slaughtered one of the cows and offered all but the entrails to the gods. From the entrails and a <a href="/wiki/Tortoise" title="Tortoise">tortoise</a>/<a href="/wiki/Turtle_shell" title="Turtle shell">turtle shell</a>, he created the Lyre. Apollo, figuring out it was Hermes who had his cows, confronted the young god. Apollo was furious, but after hearing the sound of the lyre, his anger faded. Apollo offered to trade the herd of cattle for the lyre. Hence, the creation of the lyre is attributed to Hermes. Other sources credit it to Apollo himself.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the cultures using and developing the lyre were the <a href="/wiki/Aeolis" title="Aeolis">Aeolian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionian</a> Greek colonies on the coasts of Asia (ancient <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia Minor</a>, modern day <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>) bordering the Lydian empire. Some mythic masters like <a href="/wiki/Musaeus_of_Athens" title="Musaeus of Athens">Musaeus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thamyris" title="Thamyris">Thamyris</a> were believed to have been born in <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>, another place of extensive Greek colonization. The name <i>kissar</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cithara" class="mw-redirect" title="Cithara">cithara</a>) given by the ancient Greeks to Egyptian box instruments reveals the apparent similarities recognized by Greeks themselves. The cultural peak of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>, and thus the possible age of the earliest instruments of this type, predates the 5th century classic <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>. This indicates the possibility that the lyre might have existed in one of Greece's neighboring countries, either <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, and was introduced into Greece at pre-classic times. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Central_and_Northern_European_lyres">Central and Northern European lyres</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyre&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Central and Northern European lyres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buste_%C3%A0_la_lyre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Buste_%C3%A0_la_lyre.jpg/220px-Buste_%C3%A0_la_lyre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Buste_%C3%A0_la_lyre.jpg/330px-Buste_%C3%A0_la_lyre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Buste_%C3%A0_la_lyre.jpg/440px-Buste_%C3%A0_la_lyre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2837" data-file-height="4255" /></a><figcaption>2nd or 1st century BCE bust found in the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Paule" title="Paule">Paule</a>, in Brittany</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sutton_Hoo_Lyre_reconstruction_BM_SHR_9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Sutton_Hoo_Lyre_reconstruction_BM_SHR_9.jpg/220px-Sutton_Hoo_Lyre_reconstruction_BM_SHR_9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="383" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Sutton_Hoo_Lyre_reconstruction_BM_SHR_9.jpg/330px-Sutton_Hoo_Lyre_reconstruction_BM_SHR_9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Sutton_Hoo_Lyre_reconstruction_BM_SHR_9.jpg/440px-Sutton_Hoo_Lyre_reconstruction_BM_SHR_9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2236" data-file-height="3893" /></a><figcaption>Reproduction of the lyre from the <a href="/wiki/Sutton_Hoo" title="Sutton Hoo">Sutton Hoo</a> royal burial (England), <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 600 CE</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Other instruments known as lyres have been fashioned and used in Europe outside the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Roman">Greco-Roman</a> world since at least the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lyres are depicted on ceramic and bronze vessels of the Proto-Celtic <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture</a> across central Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Pomberger_2020_p471_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pomberger_2020_p471-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among them there are lyres with rounded bottoms, stringed instruments whose resonators seem to be missing and lyres with strongly curved yokes and single or double bulging resonators.<sup id="cite_ref-Pomberger_2020_p471_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pomberger_2020_p471-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of strings depicted varies from two to ten.<sup id="cite_ref-Pomberger_2020_p471_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pomberger_2020_p471-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fragmented tuning pegs and bridges made of wood have been discovered from the Iron Age industrial settlement in the Ramsau valley at <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCrrnberg" title="Dürrnberg">Dürrnberg</a>, Austria.<sup id="cite_ref-Pomberger_2020_p471_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pomberger_2020_p471-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Possible further wooden tuning pegs have been found in <a href="/wiki/Glastonbury" title="Glastonbury">Glastonbury</a> in Somerset in England and <a href="/wiki/Biskupin" title="Biskupin">Biskupin</a> in Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-Pomberger_2020_p471_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pomberger_2020_p471-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remains of what is thought to be the bridge of a <a href="/wiki/High_Pasture_Cave#Finds" title="High Pasture Cave">2300-year-old lyre</a> were discovered on the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Skye" title="Isle of Skye">Isle of Skye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1988, a stone bust from the 2nd or 1st century BCE was discovered in <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany, France</a> which depicts a figure wearing a <a href="/wiki/Torc" title="Torc">torc</a> playing a seven-string lyre.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_lyre" title="Anglo-Saxon lyre">Germanic lyre</a> is representative of a separate strand of lyre development. Appearing in warrior graves of the first millennium CE, these lyres differ from the lyres of the Mediterranean antiquity, by a long, shallow and broadly rectangular shape, with a hollow soundbox curving at the base, and two hollow arms connected across the top by an integrated crossbar or ‘yoke.<sup id="cite_ref-Kolltveit_2021_pp._208–212_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kolltveit_2021_pp._208–212-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Famous examples include the lyre from the ship burial at <a href="/wiki/Sutton_Hoo" title="Sutton Hoo">Sutton Hoo</a>, and the decayed lyre discovered in silhouette at the <a href="/wiki/Prittlewell_royal_Anglo-Saxon_burial" title="Prittlewell royal Anglo-Saxon burial">Prittlewell royal Anglo-Saxon burial</a> in Essex.<sup id="cite_ref-Kolltveit_2021_pp._208–212_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kolltveit_2021_pp._208–212-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The waterlogged lyre recovered from a grave at <a href="/wiki/Trossingen" title="Trossingen">Trossingen</a>, Germany, in 2001 is the best-preserved example found so far.<sup id="cite_ref-Kolltveit_2021_pp._208–212_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kolltveit_2021_pp._208–212-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bowed_lyres">Bowed lyres</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyre&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bowed lyres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some instruments called "lyres" were played with a <a href="/wiki/Bow_(music)" title="Bow (music)">bow</a> in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and parts of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, namely the Arabic <a href="/wiki/Rebab" title="Rebab">rebab</a> and its descendants,<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_lyra" title="Byzantine lyra">Byzantine lyra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ntongoli_(Bowl_Lyre),_Aloni_Kagya,_1968_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Picture of a 1960s Ntongoli (Bowl Lyre) from St. Cecilia's Hall, Edinburgh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Ntongoli_%28Bowl_Lyre%29%2C_Aloni_Kagya%2C_1968_%28cropped%29.png/191px-Ntongoli_%28Bowl_Lyre%29%2C_Aloni_Kagya%2C_1968_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="191" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Ntongoli_%28Bowl_Lyre%29%2C_Aloni_Kagya%2C_1968_%28cropped%29.png/286px-Ntongoli_%28Bowl_Lyre%29%2C_Aloni_Kagya%2C_1968_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Ntongoli_%28Bowl_Lyre%29%2C_Aloni_Kagya%2C_1968_%28cropped%29.png/382px-Ntongoli_%28Bowl_Lyre%29%2C_Aloni_Kagya%2C_1968_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="418" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption>Picture of a 1960s Ntongoli (Bowl Lyre) from <a href="/wiki/St_Cecilia%27s_Hall" title="St Cecilia's Hall">St. Cecilia's Hall</a>, Edinburgh</figcaption></figure> <p>After the bow made its way into Europe from the <a href="/wiki/Middle-East" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle-East">Middle-East</a>, it was applied to several species of those lyres that were small enough to make bowing practical. The dates of origin and other evolutionary details of the European bowed lyres continue to be disputed among organologists, but there is general agreement that none of them were the ancestors of modern orchestral bowed stringed instruments, as once was thought. </p><p>There came to be two different kinds of bowed European lyres: those with fingerboards, and those without. </p><p>The last surviving examples of instruments within the latter class were the Scandinavian <a href="/wiki/Talharpa" title="Talharpa">talharpa</a> and the Finnish <a href="/wiki/Jouhikko" title="Jouhikko">jouhikko</a>. Different tones could be obtained from a single bowed string by pressing the fingernails of the player's left hand against various points along the string to fret the string. </p><p>The last of the bowed lyres with a fingerboard was the "modern" (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1485–1800</span>) <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Wales" title="Music of Wales">Welsh</a> <a href="/wiki/Crwth" title="Crwth">crwth</a>. It had several predecessors both in the British Isles and in Continental Europe. Pitch was changed on individual strings by pressing the string firmly against the fingerboard with the fingertips. Like a violin, this method shortened the vibrating length of the string to produce higher tones, while releasing the finger gave the string a greater vibrating length, thereby producing a tone lower in pitch. This is the principle on which the modern violin and guitar work. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_lyres">Modern lyres</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyre&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Modern lyres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leier_at_Musical_Instruments_Fair_Japan_2018-10-20_%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Leier_at_Musical_Instruments_Fair_Japan_2018-10-20_%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC.jpg/220px-Leier_at_Musical_Instruments_Fair_Japan_2018-10-20_%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Leier_at_Musical_Instruments_Fair_Japan_2018-10-20_%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC.jpg/330px-Leier_at_Musical_Instruments_Fair_Japan_2018-10-20_%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Leier_at_Musical_Instruments_Fair_Japan_2018-10-20_%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC.jpg/440px-Leier_at_Musical_Instruments_Fair_Japan_2018-10-20_%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>Gärtner lyre; this modern lyre was created by Edmund Pracht and W. Lothar Gärtner in 1926.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyre&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lira_Pushkin_metrostation_Kharkov1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Lira_Pushkin_metrostation_Kharkov1.jpg/220px-Lira_Pushkin_metrostation_Kharkov1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Lira_Pushkin_metrostation_Kharkov1.jpg/330px-Lira_Pushkin_metrostation_Kharkov1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Lira_Pushkin_metrostation_Kharkov1.jpg/440px-Lira_Pushkin_metrostation_Kharkov1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>The lyre as a symbol of poetry in the <a href="/wiki/Pushkinska_(Kharkiv_Metro)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushkinska (Kharkiv Metro)">Pushkinska metro station</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kharkiv" title="Kharkiv">Kharkiv</a> as photographed in 2010, the accompanying <a href="/wiki/Category:Poetry_by_Aleksandr_Pushkin" title="Category:Poetry by Aleksandr Pushkin">poetry by Aleksandr Pushkin</a> as seen on this photo was removed from the station in January 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The term is also used <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphorically</a> to refer to the work or skill of a poet, as in <a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Shelley's</a> "Make me thy lyre, even as the forest is"<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Byron's</a> "I wish to tune my quivering lyre, / To deeds of fame, and notes of fire".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_instruments_called_"lyres""><span id="Other_instruments_called_.22lyres.22"></span>Other instruments called "lyres"</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyre&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Other instruments called "lyres""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Over time, the name in the wider Hellenic space came to be used to label mostly bowed lutes such as the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_lyra" title="Byzantine lyra">Byzantine lyra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kemenche#Kemenche_of_the_Eastern_Black_Sea_Region_in_Turkey" title="Kemenche">Pontic lyra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Classical_kemen%C3%A7e" title="Classical kemençe">Constantinopolitan lyra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cretan_lyra" title="Cretan lyra">Cretan lyra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lira_da_braccio" title="Lira da braccio">lira da braccio</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Calabrian_lira" title="Calabrian lira">Calabrian lira</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lijerica" title="Lijerica">lijerica</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lyra_viol" title="Lyra viol">lyra viol</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lirone" title="Lirone">lirone</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Global_variants_and_parallels">Global variants and parallels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyre&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Global variants and parallels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Europe</dt></dl> <ul><li>Armenia: քնար (<i>knar</i>)</li> <li>British Isles: Scotland <a href="/wiki/Cruit" class="mw-redirect" title="Cruit">cruit</a>, The Shetland Isles <a href="/wiki/Gue" title="Gue">gue</a> and Wales <a href="/wiki/Crwth" title="Crwth">crwth</a></li> <li>England: <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Lyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon Lyre">Anglo-Saxon Lyre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giga_(instrument)" title="Giga (instrument)">giga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crwth" title="Crwth">rote or crowd</a></li> <li>Continental Europe: Germanic or Anglo-Saxon lyre (<i>hearpe</i>), rotte or crotte</li> <li>Estonia: <a href="/wiki/Talharpa" title="Talharpa">talharpa</a></li> <li>Finland: <a href="/wiki/Jouhikko" title="Jouhikko">jouhikko</a></li> <li>Greece: λύρα (<i>lýra</i>; Modern Greek pronunciation: <i>líra</i>) with the subtypes of <a href="/wiki/Politiki_lyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Politiki lyra">Politiki lyra</a> ("Constantinopolitan lyre"), <a href="/wiki/Cretan_lyra" title="Cretan lyra">Cretan lyra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pontic_lyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontic lyra">Pontic lyra</a> ("lyre of the Black Sea", also known as <a href="/wiki/Kemen%C3%A7e" class="mw-redirect" title="Kemençe">kemençe</a>)</li> <li>Italy: the Latin <i>chorus</i>, the modern <a href="/wiki/Calabrian_lira" title="Calabrian lira">Calabrian lira</a></li> <li>Lithuania: lyra</li> <li>Norway: <a href="/wiki/Giga_(instrument)" title="Giga (instrument)">giga</a>, <a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraviklyra" class="extiw" title="sv:Kraviklyra">Kraviklyra</a></li> <li>Poland: lira</li> <li>Russia: Lyre-shaped gusli</li></ul> <dl><dt>Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li>Arabian peninsula: <a href="/wiki/Tanb%C5%ABra" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanbūra">tanbūra</a></li> <li>iran: chang romi</li> <li>Iraq (<a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a>): <a href="/wiki/Tanb%C5%ABra" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanbūra">tanbūra</a>, zami, <a href="/wiki/Hittite_music#Lyre" title="Hittite music">zinar</a></li> <li>Israel: <a href="/wiki/Kinnor" title="Kinnor">kinnor</a></li> <li>India and Pakistan: <a href="/wiki/Tanpura" title="Tanpura">tanpura</a></li> <li>Kazakhstan: <i>kossaz</i><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/sutton-hoo-lyre-and-the-music-of-the-silk-road-a-new-find-of-the-fourth-century-ad-reveals-the-germanic-lyres-missing-eastern-connections/C35D4310FE10FF85F0DD3AD4C077B6D7">[1]</a></li> <li>Siberia: <a href="/wiki/Nares-jux" title="Nares-jux">nares-jux</a></li> <li>Yemen: <a href="/wiki/Tanb%C5%ABra" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanbūra">tanbūra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simsimiyya" title="Simsimiyya">simsimiyya</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Africa</dt></dl> <ul><li>Egypt: <a href="/wiki/Kissar" title="Kissar">kissar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanb%C5%ABra" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanbūra">tanbūra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simsimiyya" title="Simsimiyya">simsimiyya</a></li> <li>Ethiopia and Eritrea: <a href="/wiki/Begena" title="Begena">begena</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dita_(instrument)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dita (instrument) (page does not exist)">dita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krar" title="Krar">krar</a></li> <li>Kenya: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kibugander&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kibugander (page does not exist)">kibugander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Litungu" title="Litungu">litungu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nyatiti" title="Nyatiti">nyatiti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obokano" title="Obokano">obokano</a></li> <li>Sudan: <a href="/wiki/Kissar" title="Kissar">kissar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanb%C5%ABra" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanbūra">tanbūra</a></li> <li>Uganda: <a href="/wiki/Endongo" title="Endongo">endongo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ntongoli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ntongoli (page does not exist)">ntongoli</a></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vyap_Saung.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Burmese lyre, a Byat saung."><img alt="Burmese lyre, a Byat saung." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Vyap_Saung.jpg/150px-Vyap_Saung.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Vyap_Saung.jpg/225px-Vyap_Saung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Vyap_Saung.jpg/300px-Vyap_Saung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Burmese lyre, a Byat saung.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carl_Haag_A_Nubian_harper.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tanbūra In Cairo, played by a Nubian, 1858."><img alt="Tanbūra In Cairo, played by a Nubian, 1858." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Carl_Haag_A_Nubian_harper.jpg/139px-Carl_Haag_A_Nubian_harper.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Carl_Haag_A_Nubian_harper.jpg/209px-Carl_Haag_A_Nubian_harper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Carl_Haag_A_Nubian_harper.jpg/279px-Carl_Haag_A_Nubian_harper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2232" data-file-height="3200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tanbūra In Cairo, played by a <a href="/wiki/Nubian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nubian people">Nubian</a>, 1858.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:African_Lyre_Player_c._1640-1660,_Deccan,_at_the_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lyre Player c. 1640–1660, Deccan sultanates"><img alt="Lyre Player c. 1640–1660, Deccan sultanates" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/African_Lyre_Player_c._1640-1660%2C_Deccan%2C_at_the_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg/143px-African_Lyre_Player_c._1640-1660%2C_Deccan%2C_at_the_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/African_Lyre_Player_c._1640-1660%2C_Deccan%2C_at_the_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg/214px-African_Lyre_Player_c._1640-1660%2C_Deccan%2C_at_the_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/African_Lyre_Player_c._1640-1660%2C_Deccan%2C_at_the_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg/286px-African_Lyre_Player_c._1640-1660%2C_Deccan%2C_at_the_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1784" data-file-height="2497" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lyre Player c. 1640–1660, <a href="/wiki/Deccan_sultanates" title="Deccan sultanates">Deccan sultanates</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyre&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asor" title="Asor">Asor</a> — an otherwise-unknown instrument mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> which may have been a type of lyre or a type of <a href="/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">harp</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_harps" title="Ancient Greek harps">Ancient Greek harps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbiton" title="Barbiton">Barbiton</a> (barbitos) — a <a href="/wiki/Bass_(sound)" title="Bass (sound)">bass</a> version of the <a href="/wiki/Kithara" title="Kithara">kithara</a> (<i>cithara</i>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kithara" title="Kithara">Kithara</a> (<i>cithara</i>) — the version of the lyre used by professional musicians.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyre-guitar" title="Lyre-guitar">Lyre-guitar</a> — a modern instrument that combines a <a href="/wiki/Guitar" title="Guitar">guitar</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Zither" title="Zither">zither</a>. Also called a "<a href="/wiki/Harp_guitar" title="Harp guitar">harp guitar</a>".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phorminx" title="Phorminx">Phorminx</a> — an ancient wooden-frame lyre intermediate in size between the smaller tortoise-shell lyre and larger <a href="/wiki/Kithara" title="Kithara">kithara</a>, which replaced it.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyre&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Grove-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKlaus_WachsmannBo_LawergrenUlrich_WegnerJohn_Clark2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Klaus Wachsmann; Bo Lawergren; Ulrich Wegner; John Clark (2002). "Lyre (from Gk.; Lat. lyra)". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">Grove Music Online</a></i>. Oxford Music Online. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.50534">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.50534</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lyre+%28from+Gk.%3B+Lat.+lyra%29&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.series=Oxford+Music+Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.50534&rft.au=Klaus+Wachsmann&rft.au=Bo+Lawergren&rft.au=Ulrich+Wegner&rft.au=John+Clark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawergren1998" class="citation journal cs1">Lawergren, Bo (February 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284520472">"Distinctions among Canaanite Philistine and Israelite Lyres and their Global Lyrical Contexts"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(pdf)</span>. <i>Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research</i> (309): <span class="nowrap">41–</span>68. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1357602">10.2307/1357602</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1357602">1357602</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163212339">163212339</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Schools+of+Oriental+Research&rft.atitle=Distinctions+among+Canaanite+Philistine+and+Israelite+Lyres+and+their+Global+Lyrical+Contexts&rft.issue=309&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E41-%3C%2Fspan%3E68&rft.date=1998-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163212339%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1357602%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1357602&rft.aulast=Lawergren&rft.aufirst=Bo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F284520472&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosho_Brouwers2019" class="citation journal cs1">Josho Brouwers (15 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.joshobrouwers.com/articles/agia-triada-sarcophagus/">"The Agia Triada sarcophagus"</a>. <i>Ancient World Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ancient+World+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Agia+Triada+sarcophagus&rft.date=2019-10-15&rft.au=Josho+Brouwers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.joshobrouwers.com%2Farticles%2Fagia-triada-sarcophagus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rotte-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rotte_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyrtle_Bruce-Mitford2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Myrtle Bruce-Mitford (2002). "Rotte [round lyre, Germanic lyre]". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">Grove Music Online</a></i>. Oxford Music Online. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.23943">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.23943</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rotte+%5Bround+lyre%2C+Germanic+lyre%5D&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.series=Oxford+Music+Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.23943&rft.au=Myrtle+Bruce-Mitford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palaeolexicon.com/">"Palaeolexicon"</a>. <q>word study tool of ancient languages</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Palaeolexicon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.palaeolexicon.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-West1992-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-West1992_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-West1992_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-West1992_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-West1992_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Litchfield_West" title="Martin Litchfield West">West, Martin L.</a> (1992). <i>Ancient Greek Music</i>. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-814975-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-814975-1"><bdi>0-19-814975-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Greek+Music&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-19-814975-1&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Martin+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perseus-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Perseus_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perseus_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiddellScott" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_George_Liddell" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry George Liddell">Liddell, Henry G.</a>; Scott, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dlu%2Fra">"λύρα"</a> [lura / lyre]. <i>A Greek-English Lexicon</i> – via <a href="/wiki/Tufts_University" title="Tufts University">Tufts U.</a> / Perseus Digital Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%CE%BB%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B1&rft.btitle=A+Greek-English+Lexicon&rft.aulast=Liddell&rft.aufirst=Henry+G.&rft.au=Scott%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.04.0057%253Aentry%253Dlu%252Fra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhirardini2020" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Ghirardini, Cristina (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fondazionelevi.it/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Reflecting-Hornbostel-Sachs.pdf">"Reflecting on Hornbostel-Sachs's Versuch a century later"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Edizioni Fondazione Levi</i>. Quaderni di Etnomusicologia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Edizioni+Fondazione+Levi&rft.atitle=Reflecting+on+Hornbostel-Sachs%27s+Versuch+a+century+later&rft.volume=Quaderni+di+Etnomusicologia&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Ghirardini&rft.aufirst=Cristina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fondazionelevi.it%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F05%2FReflecting-Hornbostel-Sachs.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray_CampbellClive_GreatedArnold_Myers2004" class="citation book cs1">Murray Campbell; Clive Greated; Arnold Myers (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D_15UtgRVJsC&dq=lyre+is+considered+a+yoke+lute,&pg=PA284">"Plucked and Hammered String Instruments; Historical Development"</a>. <i>Musical Instruments: History, Technology, and Performance of Instruments of Western Music</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 284. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198165040" title="Special:BookSources/9780198165040"><bdi>9780198165040</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Plucked+and+Hammered+String+Instruments%3B+Historical+Development&rft.btitle=Musical+Instruments%3A+History%2C+Technology%2C+and+Performance+of+Instruments+of+Western+Music&rft.pages=284&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780198165040&rft.au=Murray+Campbell&rft.au=Clive+Greated&rft.au=Arnold+Myers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD_15UtgRVJsC%26dq%3Dlyre%2Bis%2Bconsidered%2Ba%2Byoke%2Blute%2C%26pg%3DPA284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bull-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bull_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bull_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBo_Lawergren,_Hormoz_Farhat_and_Stephen_Blum2002" class="citation book cs1">Bo Lawergren, Hormoz Farhat and Stephen Blum (2002). "Bull lyres". <i>Iran</i>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">Grove Music Online</a>. Oxford Music Online. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.13895">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.13895</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bull+lyres&rft.btitle=Iran&rft.pub=Grove+Music+Online.+Oxford+Music+Online.+Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.13895&rft.au=Bo+Lawergren%2C+Hormoz+Farhat+and+Stephen+Blum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mp-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mp_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Chanan1994" class="citation book cs1">Michael Chanan (1994). <i>Musica Practica: The Social Practice of Western Music from Gregorian Chant to Postmodernism</i>. Verso. p. 170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-005-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-005-4"><bdi>978-1-85984-005-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Musica+Practica%3A+The+Social+Practice+of+Western+Music+from+Gregorian+Chant+to+Postmodernism&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-85984-005-4&rft.au=Michael+Chanan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GroveKinnor-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GroveKinnor_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontagu1984" class="citation book cs1">Montagu, Jeremy (1984). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Kinnor". In Sadie Stanley (ed.). <i>The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments</i>. Vol. 2. London: MacMillan Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">432–</span>433. <q>[In New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments, this is the caption accompanying the image:] Kinnor played before a king: ivory plaque (1350-1150 BC) from Megiddo (Archaeological Museum, Jerusalem.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Kinnor&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Musical+Instruments&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E432-%3C%2Fspan%3E433&rft.pub=MacMillan+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Montagu&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bromiley-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bromiley_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bromiley_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeoffrey_W._Bromiley1995" class="citation book cs1">Geoffrey W. Bromiley (February 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zkla5Gl_66oC&pg=PA442"><i>The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 442–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3785-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3785-1"><bdi>978-0-8028-3785-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+International+Standard+Bible+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=442-&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1995-02&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3785-1&rft.au=Geoffrey+W.+Bromiley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZkla5Gl_66oC%26pg%3DPA442&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PutnamUrban1968-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PutnamUrban1968_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNathanael_D._PutnamDarrell_E._UrbanHorace_Monroe_Lewis1968" class="citation book cs1">Nathanael D. Putnam; Darrell E. Urban; Horace Monroe Lewis (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rLDoAAAAIAAJ"><i>Three Dissertations on Ancient Instruments from Babylon to Bach</i></a>. F. E. Olds<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Three+Dissertations+on+Ancient+Instruments+from+Babylon+to+Bach&rft.pub=F.+E.+Olds&rft.date=1968&rft.au=Nathanael+D.+Putnam&rft.au=Darrell+E.+Urban&rft.au=Horace+Monroe+Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrLDoAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellia" class="citation book cs1">Bellia, Angela. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/33553811"><i>Strumenti musicali e oggetti sonori nell'Italia meridionale e in Sicilia (VI-III sec. a.C.)</i></a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">51–</span>84.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strumenti+musicali+e+oggetti+sonori+nell%27Italia+meridionale+e+in+Sicilia+%28VI-III+sec.+a.C.%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E51-%3C%2Fspan%3E84&rft.aulast=Bellia&rft.aufirst=Angela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F33553811&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20160203074243/http://www.uark.edu/campus-resources/dlevine/Hagia-Triada.jpg">Image of Hagia Triada Sarcophagus</a>, University of Arkansas.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. A. Sakellarakis. <i>Herakleion Museum. Illustrated Guide to the Museum.</i> Ekdotike Athinon, Athens 1987, p. 113 f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/lyre">Entry "Lyre"</a> at Dictionary.com. Retrieved on 2012-09-17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, the <i><a href="/wiki/Annales_Cambriae" title="Annales Cambriae">Annales Cambriae</a></i> (B Text).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-17537147">"Skye cave find western Europe's 'earliest string instrument'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>BBC.co.uk</i>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 28 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC.co.uk&rft.atitle=Skye+cave+find+western+Europe%27s+%27earliest+string+instrument%27&rft.date=2012-03-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-scotland-highlands-islands-17537147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pomberger_2020_p471-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pomberger_2020_p471_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pomberger_2020_p471_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pomberger_2020_p471_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pomberger_2020_p471_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pomberger_2020_p471_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPomberger2020" class="citation journal cs1">Pomberger, Beate Maria (2020-12-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31577%2Fslovarch.2020.suppl.1.40">"Stringed Instruments of the Hallstatt Culture – from Iconographic Representation to Experimental Reproduction"</a>. <i>Slovenská archeológia</i>. <b>LXVIII</b> (Suppl. 1). Central Library of the Slovak Academy of Sciences: <span class="nowrap">471–</span>482. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31577%2Fslovarch.2020.suppl.1.40">10.31577/slovarch.2020.suppl.1.40</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1335-0102">1335-0102</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slovensk%C3%A1+archeol%C3%B3gia&rft.atitle=Stringed+Instruments+of+the+Hallstatt+Culture+%E2%80%93+from+Iconographic+Representation+to+Experimental+Reproduction&rft.volume=LXVIII&rft.issue=Suppl.+1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E471-%3C%2Fspan%3E482&rft.date=2020-12-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31577%2Fslovarch.2020.suppl.1.40&rft.issn=1335-0102&rft.aulast=Pomberger&rft.aufirst=Beate+Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.31577%252Fslovarch.2020.suppl.1.40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120714094546/http://news.stv.tv/scotland/highlands-islands/301843-europes-oldest-stringed-instrument-discovered-on-scots-isle/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Europe's oldest stringed instrument' discovered on Scots island"</a>. STV. 28 March 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.stv.tv/scotland/highlands-islands/301843-europes-oldest-stringed-instrument-discovered-on-scots-isle/">the original</a> on 14 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27Europe%27s+oldest+stringed+instrument%27+discovered+on+Scots+island&rft.date=2012-03-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.stv.tv%2Fscotland%2Fhighlands-islands%2F301843-europes-oldest-stringed-instrument-discovered-on-scots-isle%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernadette_Arnaud2019" class="citation web cs1">Bernadette Arnaud (28 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencesetavenir.fr/archeo-paleo/archeologie/le-barde-a-la-lyre-ou-les-secrets-d-une-statue-gauloise_132463">"Bretagne: le barde à la Lyre, où les secrets d'une statue gauloise révélée par la 3D"</a>. Sciences Avenir.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bretagne%3A+le+barde+%C3%A0+la+Lyre%2C+o%C3%B9+les+secrets+d%27une+statue+gauloise+r%C3%A9v%C3%A9l%C3%A9e+par+la+3D&rft.pub=Sciences+Avenir&rft.date=2019-03-28&rft.au=Bernadette+Arnaud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencesetavenir.fr%2Farcheo-paleo%2Farcheologie%2Fle-barde-a-la-lyre-ou-les-secrets-d-une-statue-gauloise_132463&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kolltveit_2021_pp._208–212-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kolltveit_2021_pp._208–212_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kolltveit_2021_pp._208–212_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kolltveit_2021_pp._208–212_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolltveit2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kolltveit, Gjermund (2021-12-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15184%2Faqy.2021.164">"The Sutton Hoo lyre and the music of the Silk Road: a new find of the fourth century CE reveals the Germanic lyre's missing eastern connections"</a>. <i>Antiquity</i>. <b>96</b> (385). Antiquity Publications: <span class="nowrap">208–</span>212. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15184%2Faqy.2021.164">10.15184/aqy.2021.164</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-598X">0003-598X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=The+Sutton+Hoo+lyre+and+the+music+of+the+Silk+Road%3A+a+new+find+of+the+fourth+century+CE+reveals+the+Germanic+lyre%27s+missing+eastern+connections&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=385&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E208-%3C%2Fspan%3E212&rft.date=2021-12-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15184%2Faqy.2021.164&rft.issn=0003-598X&rft.aulast=Kolltveit&rft.aufirst=Gjermund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.15184%252Faqy.2021.164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-britannica_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/487848/rabab">"rabab (musical instrument) – Encyclopædia Britannica"</a>. Britannica.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=rabab+%28musical+instrument%29+%E2%80%93+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pub=Britannica.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F487848%2Frabab&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEncyclopædia_Britannica2009" class="citation cs2">Encyclopædia Britannica (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/343204/lira"><i>lira</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Online">Encyclopædia Britannica Online</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-02-20</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=lira&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F343204%2Flira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sq.com.ua/ukr/novini/12.10.2023/virsi-puskina-pribrali-z-xarkivskogo-metro-foto">"Pushkin's works were removed from the Kharkiv metro (photo)"</a>. <i>Status Quo</i> (in Ukrainian). 12 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Status+Quo&rft.atitle=Pushkin%27s+works+were+removed+from+the+Kharkiv+metro+%28photo%29&rft.date=2024-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sq.com.ua%2Fukr%2Fnovini%2F12.10.2023%2Fvirsi-puskina-pribrali-z-xarkivskogo-metro-foto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Percy Bysshe Shelley, <i>Ode to the West Wind</i>, I, 57–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lord Byron (1807), <i>Hours of Idleness</i>: <i>To His Lyre</i>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyre&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lyre"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Lyre">"Lyre" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lyre&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALyre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Andersson, Otto. <i>The Bowed Harp</i>, translated and edited by Kathleen Schlesinger (London: New Temple Press, 1930).</li> <li>Bachmann, Werner. <i>The Origins of Bowing</i>, trans. Norma Deane (London: Oxford University Press, 1969).</li> <li>Jenkins, J. "A Short Note on African Lyres in Use Today." <i>Iraq</i> 31 (1969), p. 103 (+ pl. XVIII).</li> <li>Kinsky, George. <i>A History of Music in Pictures</i> (New York: E.P. Dutton, 1937).</li> <li>Sachs, Curt. <i>The Rise of Music in the Ancient World, East and West</i> (New York: W.W. Norton, 1943).</li> <li>Sachs, Curt. <i>The History of Musical Instruments</i> (New York: W.W. Norton, 1940).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyre&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lyres" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Lyres">Lyres</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130105114005/http://launch.groups.yahoo.com/group/Anglo_Saxon_Lyres/">Anglo Saxon Lyres</a> at Yahoo!Groups</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kerylos.fr/index_en.php">Ensemble Kérylos</a> a music group directed by scholar <a href="/wiki/Annie_B%C3%A9lis" title="Annie Bélis">Annie Bélis</a>, dedicated to the recreation of ancient Greek and Roman music, and playing instruments reconstructed on archaeological reference.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/12639521/The_Universal_Lyre_-_from_three_perspectives">"The Universal Lyre – From Three Perspectives" </a> Article by Diana Rowan: a survey of three current lyre practitioners and builders – Temesgen Hussein of Ethiopia, Michalis Georgiou of Cyprus and Michael Levy of the United Kingdom.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fondazionelevi.it/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Reflecting-Hornbostel-Sachs.pdf">Hornbostel-Sachs classification</a> for classification category</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301296021_Summary_of_the_evolution_of_structural_features_in_tonal_organization_of_human_music_from_prehistoric_times_to_the_18th_century">Summary of Schemes of Tonal Organizations</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.joshobrouwers.com/articles/agia-triada-sarcophagus/">The Agia Triada sarcophagus</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Greek_musical_instruments" title="Template:Greek musical instruments"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Greek_musical_instruments" title="Template talk:Greek musical instruments"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greek_musical_instruments" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Greek musical instruments"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Greek_musical_instruments58" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Greek_musical_instruments" title="Greek musical instruments">Greek musical instruments</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="String83" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">String</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Pandura" title="Pandura">Pandura</a></dd></dl> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lyre</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Barbiton" title="Barbiton">Barbiton</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chelys" title="Chelys">Chelys</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kithara" title="Kithara">Kithara</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Phorminx" title="Phorminx">Phorminx</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_harps" title="Ancient Greek harps">Harp</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epigonion" title="Epigonion">Epigonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magadis" title="Magadis">Magadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambuca_(instrument)" title="Sambuca (instrument)">Sambuca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigonon" title="Trigonon">Trigonon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aerophones" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerophones">Wind</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Aulos" title="Aulos">Aulos</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pan_flute" title="Pan flute">Pan flute</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Salpinx" title="Salpinx">Salpinx</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Percussion_instrument" title="Percussion instrument">Percussion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Cochilia" title="Cochilia">Cochilia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Crotalum" title="Crotalum">Crotalum</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Water_organ" title="Water organ">Water organ</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sistrum" title="Sistrum">Sistrum</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_lyra" title="Byzantine lyra">Byzantine lyra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Organ_(music)" title="Organ (music)">Organon</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">String</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bowed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Cretan_lyra" title="Cretan lyra">Cretan lyra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kemen%C3%A7e_of_the_Black_Sea" title="Kemençe of the Black Sea">Pontic lyra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Classical_kemen%C3%A7e" title="Classical kemençe">Politiki lyra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_lyra" title="Macedonian lyra">Macedonian lyra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Calabrian_lira" title="Calabrian lira">Calabrian lira</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plucked</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bouzouki" title="Bouzouki">Bouzouki</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Guitar" title="Guitar">Guitar</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laouto" title="Laouto">Laouto</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mandola" title="Mandola">Mandola</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mandolin" title="Mandolin">Mandolin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oudola" title="Oudola">Oudola</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Psaltery" title="Psaltery">Psaltery</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tambouras" title="Tambouras">Tambouras</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thaboura" title="Thaboura">Thaboura</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Struck</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Santur" title="Santur">Santouri</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wind</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Askomandoura" title="Askomandoura">Askomandoura</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gaida" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaida">Gaida</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tsampouna" title="Tsampouna">Tsampouna</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Floghera" title="Floghera">Floghera</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Karamuza" title="Karamuza">Karamuza</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lalitsa" title="Lalitsa">Lalitsa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mantura" title="Mantura">Mantura</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Souravli" title="Souravli">Souravli</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Percussion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Membranophones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Tambourine" title="Tambourine">Tambourine</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Toubeleki" title="Toubeleki">Toubeleki</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tympanum_(hand_drum)" title="Tympanum (hand drum)">Tympano</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Idiophones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Koudounia" title="Koudounia">Koudounia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stamna_(musical_instrument)" title="Stamna (musical instrument)">Stamna</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Triangle_(musical_instrument)" title="Triangle (musical instrument)">Trigono</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Zill" title="Zill">Zilia</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Greece" title="Music of Greece">Music of Greece</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Greek_folk_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek folk music">Greek folk music</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Byzantine music</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nisiotika" title="Nisiotika">Nisiotika</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Greek_dances" title="Greek dances">Greek dances</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201129#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata614" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201129#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata614" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201129#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4168390-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00617069">Japan</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/instrument/21bd4d63-a75a-4022-abd3-52ba7487c2de">MusicBrainz instrument</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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