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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/M%C3%A9nade_relieve_romano_%28Museo_del_Prado%29_01.jpg/440px-M%C3%A9nade_relieve_romano_%28Museo_del_Prado%29_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1117" data-file-height="1940" /></a><figcaption>Marble image of a dancing Maenad; approximately 120–140 AD. Attributed to <a href="/wiki/Callimachus_(sculptor)" title="Callimachus (sculptor)">Callimachus</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><i><b>Omophagia</b></i>, or <b>omophagy</b> (from Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ωμός</span></span> "raw") is the eating of raw flesh. The term is of importance in the context of the cult worship of <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a>. </p><p>Omophagia is a large element of Dionysiac myth; in fact, one of Dionysus' epithets is <i>Omophagos</i> "Raw-Eater".<sup id="cite_ref-Henrichs,_1978,_144_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henrichs,_1978,_144-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Omophagia may have been a symbol of the triumph of wild nature over civilization, and a symbol of the breaking down of boundaries between nature and civilization.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor-Perry,_Rosemarie_2003_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor-Perry,_Rosemarie_2003-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It might also have been symbolic that the worshippers were internalizing Dionysus' wilder traits and his association with brute nature, in a sort of "communion" with the god.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mythology sometimes depicts <a href="/wiki/Maenads" class="mw-redirect" title="Maenads">Maenads</a>, Dionysus' female worshippers, eating raw meat as part of their worship; however, there is little solid evidence that historical Maenads consumed raw meat.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor-Perry,_Rosemarie_2003_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor-Perry,_Rosemarie_2003-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Dionysiac diet of raw meat may be more properly attributed to Dionysus himself, rather than his followers—he received sacrifices of raw meat and was believed to consume them, but his followers did not share in the consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orphism">Orphism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Omophagia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Orphism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Orphic_mysteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Orphic mysteries">Orphic mysteries</a> originated as a ritual which focused on purification<sup id="cite_ref-Tierney,_1922,_77_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tierney,_1922,_77-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the afterlife; the mysteries were based on the stories of Dionysus <a href="/wiki/Zagreus" title="Zagreus">Zagreus</a>. Zagreus was the child of <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persephone" title="Persephone">Persephone</a>, who was torn apart by the Titans in an act of <i><a href="/wiki/Sparagmos" title="Sparagmos">sparagmos</a></i>. After tearing Zagreus apart, the Titans devoured him, except for his heart. </p><p>His body was then reassembled; this may be reflected in the story of <a href="/wiki/Pentheus" title="Pentheus">Pentheus</a>, whose body parts were gathered together after his mother, aunt and other Maenads tore him apart in a Dionysic frenzy, and the story of <a href="/wiki/Actaeon" title="Actaeon">Actaeon</a>, who was eaten by his own hunting dogs. Because the dogs grieved so deeply after Actaeon's death, an image of him was made to comfort them. All three stories show a common motif of reassembly of body parts following sparagmos and omophagia, and this motif may have been significant for religious ritual.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Orphism, worshippers took part in an Orphic ritual which reenacted the story of Zagreus, using a bull as their victim (poorer worshippers may have used a goat instead).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They considered the ritual to be "commemorative" of events in their god's existence.<sup id="cite_ref-Henrichs,_1978,_144_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henrichs,_1978,_144-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his article "A New Ritual of the Orphic Mysteries", Michael Tierney says that "... by sacramental re-enactment of the god's death, a hope of salvation for his worshippers was obtained."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dionysus became associated with Zagreus, and the story of having been torn apart and eaten by the Titans was applied to him as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Henrichs,_1978,_144_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henrichs,_1978,_144-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Omophagia was the focus of the Dionysiac mysteries, and a component of Orphic ceremonies.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In its beginnings, Orphism was influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Eleusinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusinian">Eleusinian</a> mysteries,<sup id="cite_ref-Tierney,_1922,_77_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tierney,_1922,_77-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it adopted stories from other mythologies as its own.<sup id="cite_ref-Tierney,_1922,_77_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tierney,_1922,_77-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The worshippers of Zagreus may have engaged in omophagia as an initiation rite.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Bacchae"><i>The Bacchae</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Omophagia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The Bacchae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>' play <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bacchae" title="The Bacchae">The Bacchae</a></i> focuses on the worship of Dionysus, including allusions to omophagia and its companion <a href="/wiki/Sparagmos" title="Sparagmos">sparagmos</a> (dismemberment). In this play, the character <a href="/wiki/Agave_(mythology)" title="Agave (mythology)">Agave</a> tears her son <a href="/wiki/Pentheus" title="Pentheus">Pentheus</a> apart while under the influence of Dionysus. Because Euripides depicts Agave as engaging in sparagmos, he likely intended for the audiences to assume she engaged in omophagia as well: additionally, the character <a href="/wiki/Cadmus" title="Cadmus">Cadmus</a> compares Agave's actions to the story of <a href="/wiki/Actaeon" title="Actaeon">Actaeon</a>, who was consumed by his own hunting dogs—this association further suggests that omophagia took place.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is another possible instance of omophagia in <i>The Bacchae</i>. At one point in the play, the maenads go into a nearby town and carry off the children; it is possible that the maenads then consumed them. In art and myth, this incident is linked to omophagia; however, Euripides may not have intended this meaning in <i>The Bacchae</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Omophagia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Henrichs,_1978,_144-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Henrichs,_1978,_144_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Henrichs,_1978,_144_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Henrichs,_1978,_144_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Henrichs, Albert. "Greek Maenadism from Lympias to Messalina." Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, Vol. 82 (1978): 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor-Perry,_Rosemarie_2003-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor-Perry,_Rosemarie_2003_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor-Perry,_Rosemarie_2003_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor-Perry, Rosemarie. The God Who Comes: Dionysian Mysteries Reclaimed. Algora Publishing, 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walcot, Peter. The Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol. 98 1978: 188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Witt, R. E. The Classical Review, Vol. 22, No. 2 1972: 288.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henrichs, Albert. "Greek Maenadism from Lympias to Messalina." Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, Vol. 82 (1978): 121-169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kraemer, Ross S. "Ecstasy and Possession: The Attraction of Women to the Cult of Dionysus." The Harvard Theological Review, Vol. 72 60 Jan.-Apr. 1979.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henrichs, Albert. "Greek Maenadism from Lympias to Messalina." Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, Vol. 82 (1978): 150-151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tierney,_1922,_77-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tierney,_1922,_77_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tierney,_1922,_77_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tierney,_1922,_77_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tierney, Michael. "A New Ritual of the Orphic Mysteries." The Classical Quarterly, Vol. 16, No. 2 April 1922: 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henrichs, Albert. "Greek Maenadism from Lympias to Messalina." Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, Vol. 82 (1978): 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tierney, Michael. "A New Ritual of the Orphic Mysteries." The Classical Quarterly, Vol. 16, No. 2 April 1922: 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tierney, Michael. "A New Ritual of the Orphic Mysteries." The Classical Quarterly, Vol. 16, No. 2 April 1922: 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tierney, Michael. "A New Ritual of the Orphic Mysteries." The Classical Quarterly, Vol. 16, No. 2 April 1922: 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henrichs, Albert. "Greek Maenadism from Lympias to Messalina." Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, Vol. 82 (1978): 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Devereux, G. "The Psychotherapy Scene in Euripiedes' Bacchae." The Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol. 90 1970: 35-48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seaford, Richard. "Review: Bacchae." The Classical Review, New Series, Vol. 36, No. 1 1986: 26.</span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Omophagia&oldid=1117783911">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Omophagia&oldid=1117783911</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cult_of_Dionysus" title="Category:Cult of Dionysus">Cult of Dionysus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Uncooked_meat_dishes" title="Category:Uncooked meat dishes">Uncooked meat dishes</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 23 October 2022, at 15:22<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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