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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cup and ring mark</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cup-and-Ring-Markierung" title="Cup-and-Ring-Markierung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Cup-and-Ring-Markierung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marca_de_cazoleta_y_anillos" title="Marca de cazoleta y anillos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Marca de cazoleta y anillos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvo-kaj-ringo-markado" title="Pelvo-kaj-ringo-markado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pelvo-kaj-ringo-markado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupule_(arch%C3%A9ologie)" title="Cupule (archéologie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cupule (archéologie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B1%ED%98%88" title="성혈 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="성혈" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coppella" title="Coppella – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Coppella" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cup_and_ring_marks" title="Cup and ring marks – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cup and ring marks" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%83%E7%8A%B6%E7%A9%B4" title="盃状穴 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="盃状穴" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%A5lgroper" title="Skålgroper – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Skålgroper" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cup_and_ring_marks&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Cup and ring marks">Cup and ring marks</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Form of prehistoric art</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Cup mark" redirects here. For a carved depression alone, see <a href="/wiki/Rock_cupule" title="Rock cupule">Rock cupule</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cup_and_ring_marks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Cup_and_ring_marks.jpg/220px-Cup_and_ring_marks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Cup_and_ring_marks.jpg/330px-Cup_and_ring_marks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Cup_and_ring_marks.jpg/440px-Cup_and_ring_marks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Typical cup and ring marks at Weetwood Moor, in the English county of <a href="/wiki/Northumberland" title="Northumberland">Northumberland</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maps.google.co.uk/maps?q=55.54754N+1.99632W&spn=0.020343,0.028783&hl=en">Google Maps</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Cup and ring marks</b> or <b>cup marks</b> are a form of <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">prehistoric art</a> found in the Atlantic seaboard of Europe (Ireland, Wales, <a href="/wiki/Northern_England" title="Northern England">Northern England</a>, Scotland, France (<a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>), Portugal, and Spain (<a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a>) – and in Mediterranean Europe – Italy (in Alpine valleys and Sardinia), Azerbaijan and Greece (<a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and <a href="/wiki/Irakleia_(Cyclades)" title="Irakleia (Cyclades)">Irakleia (Cyclades)</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), as well as in <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> (Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Finland)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and in Switzerland (at Caschenna in <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Grisons" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Grisons">Grisons</a>). </p><p>Similar forms are also found throughout the world including <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Alpert_-_Anthropologie-Moravian_Museum_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alpert_-_Anthropologie-Moravian_Museum-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bhanpura#Daraki-Chattan_Cave_survey_Bhanpura" title="Bhanpura">Daraki-Chattan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dwarahat" title="Dwarahat">Dwarahat</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/The_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="The Americas">the Americas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pica-Callahan_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pica-Callahan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ferg_-_Kiva_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferg_-_Kiva-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest known forms are found from the <a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a> to <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. </p><p>They consist of a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/concave" class="extiw" title="wikt:concave">concave</a> depression, no more than a few centimetres across, pecked into a rock surface and often surrounded by concentric circles also etched into the stone. Sometimes a linear channel called a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/gutter" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/gutter">gutter</a> leads out from the middle. The decoration occurs as a <a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">petroglyph</a> on natural boulders and outcrops and also as an element of <a href="/wiki/Megalithic_art" title="Megalithic art">megalithic art</a> on purposely worked <a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megaliths</a> such as the slab <a href="/wiki/Cist" title="Cist">cists</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Food_Vessel_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Food Vessel culture">Food Vessel culture</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Stone_circle" title="Stone circle">stone circles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Passage_grave" title="Passage grave">passage graves</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Clava_tomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Clava tomb">clava tombs</a> and on the <a href="/wiki/Coping_(architecture)" title="Coping (architecture)">capstones</a> at <a href="/wiki/Newgrange" title="Newgrange">Newgrange</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Canaan">Canaan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cup_and_ring_mark&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Canaan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cupandring.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Cupandring.png/220px-Cupandring.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Cupandring.png/330px-Cupandring.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Cupandring.png/440px-Cupandring.png 2x" data-file-width="491" data-file-height="718" /></a><figcaption> "...and on a projecting boss of rock close by is the only "cup and ring" mark I have seen in Palestine."</figcaption></figure> <p>The site of <a href="/wiki/Atlit_Yam" title="Atlit Yam">Atlit Yam</a>, abandoned circa 6300 BCE and now under Israel's Mediterranean Sea coast south of <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>, features cup marks engraved into megalithic stones, some of which are set upright to form a semi-circle which has been referred to as resembling the UK's Stonehenge but smaller,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with ceremonially buried bodies at the site, and potential alignments to the solstice, and/or to other stars, still being hypothesized as the site was only discovered in 2009 and undersea sites are difficult and expensive to explore. Further inland, dating to <i>at least</i> 3000 BCE (exposed) and estimated <i>up to</i> 4000 BCE (unexcavated layer, under the layer which is exposed), is <a href="/wiki/Rujm_el-Hiri" title="Rujm el-Hiri">Rujm el-Hiri</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Cairn" title="Cairn">cairn</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">tumulus</a>) type of megalith, consisting of concentric circles (as cup marks also are <i>concentric</i> circles, but much smaller than Rogem Hiri) estimated to contain 40,000,000 kg of stones moved by humans, with an opening in the outer circle which aligns to the summer solstice (just as sites throughout Eurasia also align to solstices) and which has a burial chamber in the center, with thousands of <a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">dolmens</a> nearby, a "dolmen" being a 3rd and younger type of megalith found elsewhere in Eurasia, the oldest of which, thus far, are found in the UK, but date only to the 3rd millennium BCE in Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cup marks are still present in other proto-<a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaanite</a> sites as recently as the <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a> Age, for example at several sites in and around modern-day <a href="/wiki/Modiin" class="mw-redirect" title="Modiin">Modiin</a> dated to the fourth millennium BCE<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the third millennium BCE,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the <a href="/wiki/City_of_David_(historic)#Chalcolithic_.284500.E2.80.933500_BCE.29" class="mw-redirect" title="City of David (historic)">City of David, Old Jerusalem</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tel_Gezer" class="mw-redirect" title="Tel Gezer">Tel Gezer</a> has more up-ended megaliths dating to only 1550 BCE which are aligned to Earth's north and south physical poles, but Tel Gezer's cupmarks have only recently been surveyed (2012) and do not appear to have been dated (as to whether they were made before, concurrent to or after the 1550 BCE megaliths) yet;<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, excavations at Gezer are ongoing as of 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Italy">Italy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cup_and_ring_mark&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Novalesa_cup-and-rings_stone_Italy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Novalesa_cup-and-rings_stone_Italy.jpg/220px-Novalesa_cup-and-rings_stone_Italy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Novalesa_cup-and-rings_stone_Italy.jpg/330px-Novalesa_cup-and-rings_stone_Italy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Novalesa_cup-and-rings_stone_Italy.jpg/440px-Novalesa_cup-and-rings_stone_Italy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="458" /></a><figcaption>Novalesa cup-and-rings stone Italy</figcaption></figure> <p>Numerous cup-marked stones have been found in the alpine valleys, comprising <a href="/wiki/Val_Camonica" title="Val Camonica">Val Camonica</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>), associated with <a href="/wiki/Rock_Drawings_in_Valcamonica" title="Rock Drawings in Valcamonica">rock drawings</a>. Regarding western alps (<a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a>), the best known are distributed along the Chisone,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Susa<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Viù valleys; also the La Bessa<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> site is to be cited. Strictly referring to cup-and-rings, it is possible to cite in the western Alps only the Novalesa stone,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the Cenischia Valley, near the Italian-French border. Found in 1988, it shows 4 concentric circles, with a central cup-mark; all around a network of 20 cup-marks and channels. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sardinia_mamoiada_perda_pinta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Sardinia_mamoiada_perda_pinta.jpg/220px-Sardinia_mamoiada_perda_pinta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Sardinia_mamoiada_perda_pinta.jpg/330px-Sardinia_mamoiada_perda_pinta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Sardinia_mamoiada_perda_pinta.jpg/440px-Sardinia_mamoiada_perda_pinta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="686" /></a><figcaption>Sardinia mamoiada perda pinta</figcaption></figure> <p>Sardinia is rich in cup-and-rings stones. The best known is the <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Perda Pintà</i></span> (the 'painted stone', which is carved, not painted) or Stele di Boeli,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at Mamoiada: an impressive <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">stele</a> or <a href="/wiki/Menhir" title="Menhir">menhir</a> 2.67 metres (8 ft 9 in) high with various concentric circles patterns crossed by engraved channels and central cup-marks.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spain">Spain</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cup_and_ring_mark&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Similar patterns are known in <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which has given them the name of 'Galician style'. These types, the cup-and-ring, cup-and-ring with gutter and the gapped concentric circles motifs are shared between this part of <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>, manifesting, together with other cultural expressions like <a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megaliths</a> or <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Bronze_Age" title="Atlantic Bronze Age">Bronze Age culture</a>, a cultural link along the coasts of <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Europe" title="Atlantic Europe">Atlantic Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cup_and_ring_mark&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cupandring.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Cupandring.JPG/220px-Cupandring.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Cupandring.JPG/330px-Cupandring.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Cupandring.JPG/440px-Cupandring.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>A replica of an unusual cup-and-ring-marked stone from Museum of Ayrshire Country Life and Costume, Dalgarven, North Ayrshire, Scotland.</figcaption></figure> <p>Precisely dating megalithic art is difficult: even if the megalithic monument can be dated, the art may be a later addition. The <a href="/wiki/Hunterheugh_Crags" title="Hunterheugh Crags">Hunterheugh Crags</a> cup and ring marks near <a href="/wiki/Alnwick" title="Alnwick">Alnwick</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northumberland" title="Northumberland">Northumberland</a> have recently been demonstrated to date back into the <a href="/wiki/Early_Neolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Neolithic">Early Neolithic</a> era through their <a href="/wiki/Stratigraphy" title="Stratigraphy">stratigraphic</a> relationship with other, datable features. Some cup marks have been found in <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> contexts but these may represent re-used stones. </p><p>Where they are etched onto natural, flat stone it has been observed that they seem to incorporate the natural surface of the rock. Those at Hunterheugh are mostly connected to one another by gutters that can channel rainwater from one to the next, down the sloping top of the stone. It has been suggested by <a href="/wiki/Archaeologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeologist">archaeologist</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clive_Waddington&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clive Waddington (page does not exist)">Clive Waddington</a> that the initial Early Neolithic impetus to create the marks was forgotten and that the practice fell into abeyance until a second phase of creation continued the basic tradition but with less precision and more variability in design. The markers of this second phase moved the art from natural stones to megaliths as its symbolism was reinterpreted by Later Neolithic and Early Bronze Age people. </p><p>Their purpose is unknown although some may be connected with natural stone outcrops exploited by Neolithic peoples to make polished stone axes. A religious purpose has been suggested. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Thom" title="Alexander Thom">Alexander Thom</a> suggested in a <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> documentary, <i>Cracking the Stone Age Code</i>, in 1970, "I have an idea, entirely nebulous at the moment, that the cup and ring markings were a method of recording, of writing, and that they may indicate, once we can read them, what a particular stone was for. We have seen the cup and ring markings on the stone at <a href="/wiki/Kilmartin_Glen" title="Kilmartin Glen">Temple Wood</a>, and that's on the main stone but we can't interpret them ...yet."<sup id="cite_ref-The_Spectator_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Spectator-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He created diagrams and carried out analysis of over 50 of the cup and ring markings from which he determined a length he termed the <a href="/wiki/Megalithic_Yard" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalithic Yard">Megalithic Inch</a> (MI).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This whole idea has been ignored almost completely apart from a critical analysis carried out by Alan Davis in the 1980s, who tested Thom's hypothesis on cup and ring sites in England by examining the separations of neighbouring cupmark centres. He found some weak evidence for the "Megalithic Inch" but it was not statistically significant, and he suggested "strongest indications...towards the use of a quantum close in value to 5 MI at certain sites" and that "the apparent quantum seems strongly associated with ringed cups."<sup id="cite_ref-Ruggles2003_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruggles2003-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Davis made an initial effort to build on Thom's start, and to answer the question he posed: "Why should a man spend hours – or rather days – cutting cups in a random fashion on a rock? It would indeed be a breakthrough if someone could crack the code of the cups."<sup id="cite_ref-Ruggles2003_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruggles2003-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Subsequently, Davis investigated the idea that the prehistoric carvers used an elementary method of diameter-construction in laying out the carvings. This investigation (incorporating both Scottish and English sites) suggested a possible explanation for many of the characteristic shapes of carved rings, and also produced evidence in the ring diameters for the use of a unit of measurement close to Thom's MI (and 5 MI) that was of high statistical significance. The evidence is consistent with the use of rough measures such as hand- and finger-widths (rather than the formal, accurate system proposed by Thom), but the important conclusion is that a similar design ritual, apparently involving a consistent measurement system of some kind, was in use over a wide geographical area.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sites">Sites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cup_and_ring_mark&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sites with cup and ring marks include: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesall" title="Ecclesall">Ecclesall</a> Wood, Sheffield, South Yorkshire</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baildon" title="Baildon">Baildon</a> Moor, Bradford, West Yorkshire</li> <li>Chatton Sandyford <a href="/wiki/Cairn" title="Cairn">cairn</a> and Fowberry petroglyphs in <a href="/wiki/Northumberland" title="Northumberland">Northumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rombalds_Moor" title="Rombalds Moor">Rombalds Moor</a> including <a href="/wiki/Ilkley_Moor" title="Ilkley Moor">Ilkley Moor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardom%27s_Edge" title="Gardom's Edge">Gardom's Edge</a> in <a href="/wiki/Derbyshire" title="Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a></li> <li>Bachwen <a href="/wiki/Portal_dolmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal dolmen">portal dolmen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gwynedd" title="Gwynedd">Gwynedd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anderton,_Lancashire#Prehistoric_history" title="Anderton, Lancashire">Anderton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a></li> <li>Dalladies <a href="/wiki/Long_barrow" title="Long barrow">long barrow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kincardineshire" title="Kincardineshire">Kincardineshire</a></li> <li>Street House cairn in <a href="/wiki/Cleveland,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleveland, England">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalgarven_Mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalgarven Mill">Dalgarven Mill</a>, North Ayrshire</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballochmyle_cup_and_ring_marks" title="Ballochmyle cup and ring marks">Ballochmyle cup and ring marks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauchline" title="Mauchline">Mauchline</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Ayrshire" title="East Ayrshire">East Ayrshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodick" title="Brodick">Brodick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Arran" title="Isle of Arran">Isle of Arran</a></li> <li>Blackshaw Hill, North Ayrshire</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilmartin" title="Kilmartin">Kilmartin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argyll" title="Argyll">Argyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomnaverie_stone_circle" title="Tomnaverie stone circle">Tomnaverie stone circle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aberdeenshire" title="Aberdeenshire">Aberdeenshire</a></li> <li>Balblair, <a href="/wiki/Beauly" title="Beauly">Beauly</a>, nr. <a href="/wiki/Inverness" title="Inverness">Inverness</a></li> <li>Tongue Croft, near <a href="/wiki/Borgue,_Dumfries_and_Galloway" title="Borgue, Dumfries and Galloway">Borgue</a>, Dumfries and Galloway</li> <li>Kilpatrick Hills Strathclyde</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilpatrick_Hills" title="Kilpatrick Hills">Kilpatrick Hills</a></li> <li>Clava Cairns, <a href="/wiki/Culloden,_Highland" title="Culloden, Highland">Culloden</a></li> <li>Craigmaddie Muir by the Alud Wives Lifts near <a href="/wiki/Milngavie" title="Milngavie">Milngavie</a></li> <li>Reyfad Stones (<a href="/wiki/Reyfad" title="Reyfad">Reyfad</a>), <a href="/wiki/Boho,_County_Fermanagh" title="Boho, County Fermanagh">Boho, County Fermanagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eston#Eston_Hills" title="Eston">Eston Hills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Redcar_and_Cleveland" title="Redcar and Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weetwood_Moor" title="Weetwood Moor">Weetwood Moor</a>, Northumberland</li> <li>Lordenshaws, Northumberland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Meg_and_Her_Daughters" title="Long Meg and Her Daughters">Long Meg and Her Daughters</a>, Cumbria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Langdale" title="Great Langdale">Great Langdale</a>, Cumbria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grasmere_(village)" title="Grasmere (village)">Grasmere</a>, Cumbria</li> <li>Dun Borve, Isle of Harris, Western Isles</li> <li>Juniper Green, Edinburgh, Scotland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simonside_Hills" title="Simonside Hills">Simonside</a>, Rothbury, Northumberland</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ireland">Ireland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cup_and_ring_mark&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Work at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Drumirril&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Drumirril (page does not exist)">Drumirril</a> in <a href="/wiki/County_Monaghan" title="County Monaghan">County Monaghan</a> has uncovered <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> occupation evidence around the rock carvings there and this dating is generally accepted for most of the art. Another particularly rich source of cup-marked boulders is the Derrynablaha townland on the <a href="/wiki/Iveragh_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Iveragh peninsula">Iveragh peninsula</a> in <a href="/wiki/County_Kerry" title="County Kerry">County Kerry</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Switzerland_(Grisons)"><span id="Switzerland_.28Grisons.29"></span>Switzerland (Grisons)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cup_and_ring_mark&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Switzerland (Grisons)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Switzerland_Carschenna_concentric_circles_and_cupmarks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Switzerland_Carschenna_concentric_circles_and_cupmarks.jpg/220px-Switzerland_Carschenna_concentric_circles_and_cupmarks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Switzerland_Carschenna_concentric_circles_and_cupmarks.jpg/330px-Switzerland_Carschenna_concentric_circles_and_cupmarks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Switzerland_Carschenna_concentric_circles_and_cupmarks.jpg/440px-Switzerland_Carschenna_concentric_circles_and_cupmarks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="861" /></a><figcaption>Switzerland Carschenna concentric circles and cupmarks</figcaption></figure> <p>An open air rock art site in the Swiss Alps is situated at <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carschenna" class="extiw" title="de:Carschenna">Carschenna</a>, Rethic Alps (in <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Grisons" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Grisons">Grisons</a>, Switzerland), where Latin derived languages mingle with German. The first engraved rocks were discovered in 1965,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during the building of an iron electricity framework. Carschenna engravings<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are mainly characterized by cup-marks with from 1 to 9 concentric circles. Spirals, sun-like figures, riding scenes, and schematic horses are also present. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cup_and_ring_mark&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Laxe_das_Rodas_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Galicia, where hundreds of stations are known."><img alt="Galicia, where hundreds of stations are known." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Laxe_das_Rodas_01.jpg/120px-Laxe_das_Rodas_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Laxe_das_Rodas_01.jpg/180px-Laxe_das_Rodas_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Laxe_das_Rodas_01.jpg/240px-Laxe_das_Rodas_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Galicia, where hundreds of stations are known.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Touron_petr.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Deer and cup-and-ring motifs, Tourón, Ponte Caldelas, Galicia."><img alt="Deer and cup-and-ring motifs, Tourón, Ponte Caldelas, Galicia." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Touron_petr.JPG/120px-Touron_petr.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Touron_petr.JPG/180px-Touron_petr.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Touron_petr.JPG/240px-Touron_petr.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Deer and cup-and-ring motifs, Tourón, Ponte Caldelas, Galicia.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Petr%C3%B3glifo_de_Portaxes,_Monte_Tet%C3%B3n,_Tomi%C3%B1o.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cup-and-ring mark at Monte Tetón, Tomiño, the largest one in Galicia"><img alt="Cup-and-ring mark at Monte Tetón, Tomiño, the largest one in Galicia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Petr%C3%B3glifo_de_Portaxes%2C_Monte_Tet%C3%B3n%2C_Tomi%C3%B1o.jpg/120px-Petr%C3%B3glifo_de_Portaxes%2C_Monte_Tet%C3%B3n%2C_Tomi%C3%B1o.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Petr%C3%B3glifo_de_Portaxes%2C_Monte_Tet%C3%B3n%2C_Tomi%C3%B1o.jpg/180px-Petr%C3%B3glifo_de_Portaxes%2C_Monte_Tet%C3%B3n%2C_Tomi%C3%B1o.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Petr%C3%B3glifo_de_Portaxes%2C_Monte_Tet%C3%B3n%2C_Tomi%C3%B1o.jpg/240px-Petr%C3%B3glifo_de_Portaxes%2C_Monte_Tet%C3%B3n%2C_Tomi%C3%B1o.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1350" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cup-and-ring mark at Monte Tetón, Tomiño, the largest one in Galicia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cup_and_ring_petroglyph,_island_of_Hawaii.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cup and ring petroglyph in lava rock, island of Hawaii, US"><img alt="Cup and ring petroglyph in lava rock, island of Hawaii, US" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Cup_and_ring_petroglyph%2C_island_of_Hawaii.jpg/120px-Cup_and_ring_petroglyph%2C_island_of_Hawaii.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Cup_and_ring_petroglyph%2C_island_of_Hawaii.jpg/180px-Cup_and_ring_petroglyph%2C_island_of_Hawaii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Cup_and_ring_petroglyph%2C_island_of_Hawaii.jpg/240px-Cup_and_ring_petroglyph%2C_island_of_Hawaii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4496" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cup and ring petroglyph in lava rock, island of Hawaii, US</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cup_and_ring_mark&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bullaun" title="Bullaun">Bullaun</a></li> <li>Cup-marks<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupstone" title="Cupstone">Cupstones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldbusch" title="Goldbusch">Goldbusch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_dolmen_of_Dwasieden" class="mw-redirect" title="Great dolmen of Dwasieden">Great dolmen of Dwasieden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalgarven_Mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalgarven Mill">Dalgarven Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Megalithic_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="European Megalithic Culture">European Megalithic Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">Petroglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrosomatoglyph" title="Petrosomatoglyph">Petrosomatoglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Prehistoric art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Drawings_in_Valcamonica" title="Rock Drawings in Valcamonica">Rock Drawings in Valcamonica</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cup_and_ring_mark&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22675">"Irakleia spiral shaped Petroglyph 4 - Rock Art in Greece in Greek Islands"</a>. 2014-07-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Irakleia+spiral+shaped+Petroglyph+4+-+Rock+Art+in+Greece+in+Greek+Islands&rft.date=2014-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.megalithic.co.uk%2Farticle.php%3Fsid%3D22675&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACup+and+ring+mark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://debandrandall.blogspot.co.uk/2010/07/east-mcdonnel-ranges.html">"East McDonnel Ranges"</a>. <i>debandrandall.blogspot.co.uk</i>. July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=debandrandall.blogspot.co.uk&rft.atitle=East+McDonnel+Ranges&rft.date=2010-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdebandrandall.blogspot.co.uk%2F2010%2F07%2Feast-mcdonnel-ranges.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACup+and+ring+mark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alpert_-_Anthropologie-Moravian_Museum-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Alpert_-_Anthropologie-Moravian_Museum_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlpert1962" class="citation journal cs1">Alpert, Barbara Olins (1962). 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Bradley et al., Rock art and the prehistoric Landscape of Galicia..."</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>csic.es</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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A Field Survey"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ahds.ac.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/PSAS_2002/pdf/vol_092/92_071_084.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 11 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ahds.ac.uk&rft.atitle=M.+Stewart%2C+Strath+Tay+in+the+Second+Millennium+BC.+A+Field+Survey.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fads.ahds.ac.uk%2Fcatalogue%2Fadsdata%2FPSAS_2002%2Fpdf%2Fvol_092%2F92_071_084.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACup+and+ring+mark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Spectator-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Spectator_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oBw-AQAAIAAJ"><i>The Spectator, p. 608</i></a>. 1970<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spectator%2C+p.+608&rft.date=1970&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoBw-AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACup+and+ring+mark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Systematics: The Journal of the Institute for the comparative study of History, Philosophy and the Sciences, Vol. 6, Number 3, Coombe Spring Press., December 1968</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ruggles2003-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ruggles2003_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ruggles2003_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlan_Davis_in_Clive_Ruggles2003" class="citation book cs1">Alan Davis in Clive Ruggles (13 February 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oZ3JGYd1kJoC&pg=PA422"><i>Records in Stone: Papers in Memory of Alexander Thom</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 392–422. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-53130-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-53130-6"><bdi>978-0-521-53130-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Records+in+Stone%3A+Papers+in+Memory+of+Alexander+Thom&rft.pages=392-422&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003-02-13&rft.isbn=978-0-521-53130-6&rft.au=Alan+Davis+in+Clive+Ruggles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoZ3JGYd1kJoC%26pg%3DPA422&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACup+and+ring+mark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacKieDavis1989" class="citation journal cs1">MacKie, E. W.; Davis, A. (1989). "New light on neolithic rock carvings: the petroglyphs at Greenland (Auchentorlie), Dunbartonshire". <i>Glasgow Archaeological Journal</i>. <b>15</b> (15): 125–155. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fgas.1988.15.15.125">10.3366/gas.1988.15.15.125</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Glasgow+Archaeological+Journal&rft.atitle=New+light+on+neolithic+rock+carvings%3A+the+petroglyphs+at+Greenland+%28Auchentorlie%29%2C+Dunbartonshire&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=125-155&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3366%2Fgas.1988.15.15.125&rft.aulast=MacKie&rft.aufirst=E.+W.&rft.au=Davis%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACup+and+ring+mark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ZINDEL C., 1970. <i>Incisioni rupestri a Carschenna</i>, in Valcamonica Symposium, 1968, pp. 135-142, Capo di Ponte.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rupestre.net/alps/carsch_concentr.html">"Rock Art in the Alps – The engraved rocks of Carschenna"</a>. <i>www.rupestre.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rupestre.net&rft.atitle=Rock+Art+in+the+Alps+%E2%80%93+The+engraved+rocks+of+Carschenna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rupestre.net%2Falps%2Fcarsch_concentr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACup+and+ring+mark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRivett-Carnac1903" class="citation journal cs1">Rivett-Carnac, JH (1903). "Cup-marks as an archaic form of inscription". <i>Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland Journal</i>. New Series. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0035869X0003077X">10.1017/S0035869X0003077X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Royal+Asiatic+Society+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland+Journal&rft.atitle=Cup-marks+as+an+archaic+form+of+inscription&rft.date=1903&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0035869X0003077X&rft.aulast=Rivett-Carnac&rft.aufirst=JH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACup+and+ring+mark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cup_and_ring_mark&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stan_Beckensall" title="Stan Beckensall">Beckensall, Stan</a> and Laurie, Tim. 1998. <i>Prehistoric Rock Art of County Durham, Swaledale and Wensleydale. County Durham Books.</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-897585-45-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-897585-45-4">1-897585-45-4</a></li> <li>Beckensall, Stan. 2001. <i>Prehistoric Rock Art in Northumberland.</i> Tempus Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7524-1945-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7524-1945-5">0-7524-1945-5</a></li> <li>Beckensall, Stan. 2002. <i>Prehistoric Rock Art in Cumbria.</i> Tempus Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7524-2526-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7524-2526-9">0-7524-2526-9</a></li> <li>Butter, Rachel. 1999. <i>Kilmartin.</i> Kilmartin House Trust. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9533674-0-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-9533674-0-1">0-9533674-0-1</a></li> <li>Hadingham, Evan. 1974. <i>Ancient Carvings in Britain; A Mystery.</i> Garnstone Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85511-391-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-85511-391-X">0-85511-391-X</a></li> <li>Morris, Ronald W.B. 1977. <i>The Prehistoric Rock Art of Argyll.</i> Dolphin Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85642-043-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-85642-043-3">0-85642-043-3</a></li> <li>Papanikolaou Stelios. <i>600 Written Rocks. Channels of primeval knowledge</i> Larissa <<ella>> Second Revised Edition 2005 spapinvest@yahoo.gr <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/960-8439-21-3" title="Special:BookSources/960-8439-21-3">960-8439-21-3</a></li> <li>Schwegler Urs, <i>Die Felszeichnungen von Carschenna, Gemeinde Sils im Domleschg</i>, Helvetia Archaeologica, Bd. 28, Heft 111/112, 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0018-0173">0018-0173</a>, S. 76–126.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cup_and_ring_mark&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cup_marks" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cup marks">Cup marks</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060422083316/http://rockartuk.fotopic.net/">British Rock Art Collection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/era/">Era – England's Rock Art</a> (Currently only covers Northumberland and County Durham)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050628074128/http://rockart.ncl.ac.uk/">Rockart – Web Access to Rock Art: the Beckensall Archive of Northumberland Rock Art – University of Newcastle upon Tyne</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://montetecla.blogspot.com/">El Laberinto Atlántico - Galician Rock Art</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/chronicle/8604.shtml">BBC Archive - Chronicle | Cracking the Stone Age Code</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rupestre.net/tracce/?p=4530">The strange case of snow-circles and cup-and-rings</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prehistoric_technology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prehistoric_technology" title="Template:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prehistoric_technology" title="Template talk:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric_technology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prehistoric_technology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_technology" title="Prehistoric technology">Prehistoric technology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_prehistory" title="Timeline of prehistory">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_prehistoric_technology" title="Outline of prehistoric technology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-age_system#Stone_Age_subdivisions" title="Three-age system">Subdivisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">New Stone Age</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_archaeology" title="Glossary of archaeology">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Tools" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Tools</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">Farming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founder_crops" title="Founder crops">Founder crops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_crops" title="New World crops">New World crops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ard_(plough)" title="Ard (plough)">Ard / plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celt_(tool)" title="Celt (tool)">Celt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digging_stick" title="Digging stick">Digging stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">Domestication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goad" title="Goad">Goad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_products_revolution" title="Secondary products revolution">Secondary products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sickle" title="Sickle">Sickle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(earthworks)" title="Terrace (earthworks)">Terracing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Food processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" title="Control of fire by early humans">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basket" title="Basket">Basket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">Cooking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth_oven" title="Earth oven">Earth oven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granary" title="Granary">Granaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinding_slab" title="Grinding slab">Grinding slab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_stone" title="Ground stone">Ground stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearth" title="Hearth">Hearth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9F%C4%B1kl%C4%B1_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk#Hearths" title="Aşıklı Höyük">Aşıklı Höyük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qesem_cave#Fire" title="Qesem cave">Qesem cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mano_(stone)" title="Mano (stone)">Manos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metate" title="Metate">Metate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortar_and_pestle" title="Mortar and pestle">Mortar and pestle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">Quern-stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_storage_pits" title="Prehistoric storage pits">Storage pits</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Hunting_hypothesis" title="Hunting hypothesis">Hunting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrow" title="Arrow">Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boomerang" title="Boomerang">Boomerang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Throwing_stick" title="Throwing stick">throwing stick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bow and arrow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_archery" title="History of archery">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian#Hunting" title="Gravettian">Nets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">Spear</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spear-thrower" title="Spear-thrower">spear-thrower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baton_fragment_(Palart_310)" title="Baton fragment (Palart 310)">baton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpoon" title="Harpoon">harpoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6ningen_spears" title="Schöningen spears">Schöningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woomera_(spear-thrower)" title="Woomera (spear-thrower)">woomera</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Projectile_point" title="Projectile point">Projectile points</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrowhead" title="Arrowhead">Arrowhead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_arrowhead" title="Transverse arrowhead">Transverse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bare_Island_projectile_point" title="Bare Island projectile point">Bare Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_point" title="Cascade point">Cascade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_point" title="Clovis point">Clovis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creswellian_culture" title="Creswellian culture">Cresswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_point" title="Cumberland point">Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_point" title="Eden point">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_point" title="Folsom point">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamoka_projectile_point" title="Lamoka projectile point">Lamoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manis_Mastodon_site" title="Manis Mastodon site">Manis Mastodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano_point" title="Plano point">Plano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Game_drive_system" title="Game drive system">Game drive system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_jump" title="Buffalo jump">Buffalo jump</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Toolmaking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industry_(archaeology)" title="Industry (archaeology)">Earliest toolmaking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oldowan" title="Oldowan">Oldowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mousterian" title="Mousterian">Mousterian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurignacian" title="Aurignacian">Aurignacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupstone" title="Cupstone">Cupstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_hardening" title="Fire hardening">Fire hardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian" title="Gravettian">Gravettian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafting" title="Hafting">Hafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_axe" title="Hand axe">Hand axe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grooves_(archaeology)" title="Grooves (archaeology)">Grooves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdale_axe_industry" title="Langdale axe industry">Langdale axe industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levallois_technique" title="Levallois technique">Levallois technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_core" title="Lithic core">Lithic core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_reduction" title="Lithic reduction">Lithic reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_analysis" title="Lithic analysis">analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debitage" title="Debitage">debitage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_flake" title="Lithic flake">flake</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Lithic technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalenian" title="Magdalenian">Magdalenian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrous_metallurgy" title="Ferrous metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microblade_technology" title="Microblade technology">Microblade technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grime%27s_Graves" title="Grime's Graves">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prepared-core_technique" title="Prepared-core technique">Prepared-core technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solutrean" title="Solutrean">Solutrean industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striking_platform" title="Striking platform">Striking platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tool_stone" title="Tool stone">Tool stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniface" title="Uniface">Uniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yubetsu_technique" title="Yubetsu technique">Yubetsu technique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Other tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adze" title="Adze">Adze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stitching_awl" title="Stitching awl">Awl</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian#Use_of_animal_remains" title="Gravettian">bone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">Axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannerstone" title="Bannerstone">Bannerstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blade_(archaeology)" title="Blade (archaeology)">Blade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prismatic_blade" title="Prismatic blade">prismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_tool" title="Bone tool">Bone tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_drill" title="Bow drill">Bow drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burin_(lithic_flake)" title="Burin (lithic flake)">Burin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe#History" title="Canoe">Canoe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oar" title="Oar">Oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesse_canoe" title="Pesse canoe">Pesse canoe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopper_(archaeology)" title="Chopper (archaeology)">Chopper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chopping_tool" title="Chopping tool">tool</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleaver_(Stone_Age_tool)" title="Cleaver (Stone Age tool)">Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denticulate_tool" title="Denticulate tool">Denticulate tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_plough" title="Fire plough">Fire plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-saw" title="Fire-saw">Fire-saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammerstone" title="Hammerstone">Hammerstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knife" title="Knife">Knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microlith" title="Microlith">Microlith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">Quern-stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racloir" title="Racloir">Racloir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">Rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scraper_(archaeology)" title="Scraper (archaeology)">Scraper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grattoir_de_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9" title="Grattoir de côté">side</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">Stone tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tally_stick#Paleolithic_tally_sticks" title="Tally stick">Tally stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_weapons#Copper_Age" title="History of weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel" title="Wheel">Wheel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronocice_pot" title="Bronocice pot">illustration</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Architecture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture" title="History of architecture">Architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Ceremonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiva" title="Kiva">Kiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid" title="Pyramid">Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhir" title="Menhir">Standing stones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megalith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_row" title="Stone row">row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Dwellings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_architecture" title="Neolithic architecture">Neolithic architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_long_house" title="Neolithic long house">long house</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_megalith_architecture" title="British megalith architecture">British megalith architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_megalith_architecture" title="Nordic megalith architecture">Nordic megalith architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burdei" title="Burdei">Burdei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff_dwelling" title="Cliff dwelling">Cliff dwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(shelter)" title="Dugout (shelter)">Dugout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hut" title="Hut">Hut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quiggly_hole" title="Quiggly hole">Quiggly hole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacal" title="Jacal">Jacal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse" title="Longhouse">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">Mudbrick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh#Lifestyle_and_technology" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit-house" title="Pit-house">Pit-house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_pueblitos" title="Navajo pueblitos">Pueblitos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo" title="Pueblo">Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_shelter" title="Rock shelter">Rock shelter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abri_de_la_Madeleine" title="Abri de la Madeleine">Abri de la Madeleine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibudu_Cave" title="Sibudu Cave">Sibudu Cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundhouse_(dwelling)" title="Roundhouse (dwelling)">Roundhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stilt_house" title="Stilt house">Stilt house</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_pile_dwellings_around_the_Alps" title="Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps">Alp pile dwellings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ness_of_Brodgar" title="Ness of Brodgar">Stone roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wattle_and_daub" title="Wattle and daub">Wattle and daub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Water management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Check_dam" title="Check dam">Check dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistern" title="Cistern">Cistern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flush_toilet#History" title="Flush toilet">Flush toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well" title="Well">Well</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Other architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feature_(archaeology)" title="Feature (archaeology)">Archaeological features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broch" title="Broch">Broch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnt_mound" title="Burnt mound">Burnt mound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fulacht_fiadh" title="Fulacht fiadh">fulacht fiadh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causewayed_enclosure" title="Causewayed enclosure">Causewayed enclosure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tor_enclosure" title="Tor enclosure">Tor enclosure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_circular_enclosures_in_Central_Europe" title="Neolithic circular enclosures in Central Europe">Circular enclosure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goseck_Circle" title="Goseck Circle">Goseck</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursus" title="Cursus">Cursus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henge" title="Henge">Henge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thornborough_Henges" title="Thornborough Henges">Thornborough</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_architectural_elements" title="Megalithic architectural elements">Megalithic architectural elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_extant_buildings" title="List of oldest extant buildings">Oldest extant buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_circle" title="Timber circle">Timber circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_trackway" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber trackway">Timber trackway</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Track" title="Sweet Track">Sweet Track</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Arts_and_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Arts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Material goods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basket_weaving" title="Basket weaving">Baskets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beadwork" title="Beadwork">Beadwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed#History" title="Bed">Beds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles" title="History of clothing and textiles">Clothing/textiles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology" title="Timeline of clothing and textiles technology">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cosmetics" title="History of cosmetics">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Stone_Age" title="Middle Stone Age">Glue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_hide_materials" title="History of hide materials">Hides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoe#History" title="Shoe">shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96tzi#Clothes_and_shoes" title="Ötzi">Ötzi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery#History" title="Jewellery">Jewelry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amber#Use" title="Amber">amber use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror#History" title="Mirror">Mirrors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery#History" title="Pottery">Pottery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardium_pottery" title="Cardium pottery">Cardium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cord-marked_pottery" title="Cord-marked pottery">Cord-marked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grooved_ware" title="Grooved ware">Grooved ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_pottery" title="Jōmon pottery">Jōmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unstan_ware" title="Unstan ware">Unstan ware</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewing_needle#History" title="Sewing needle">Sewing needle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">Weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">Wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Areni-1_winery" title="Areni-1 winery">winery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_wine_press#Early_history" title="History of the wine press">wine press</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Prehistoric art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Upper_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Upper Paleolithic">Art of the Upper Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Middle_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Middle Paleolithic">Art of the Middle Paleolithic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave#Archaeological_remains_and_material_culture_from_the_Middle_Stone_Age_levels" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Stone_Age_art" title="List of Stone Age art">List of Stone Age art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_stone" title="Bird stone">Bird stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairn" title="Cairn">Cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carved_stone_balls" title="Carved stone balls">Carved stone balls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">Cave paintings</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cup and ring mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoglyph" title="Geoglyph">Geoglyph</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hill_figure" title="Hill figure">Hill figure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_hat" title="Golden hat">Golden hats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_stones" title="Guardian stones">Guardian stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwion_Gwion_rock_paintings" title="Gwion Gwion rock paintings">Gwion Gwion rock paintings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_painting#Pre-history" title="History of painting">painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigment#History" title="Pigment">pigment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_art" title="Megalithic art">Megalithic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroform" title="Petroform">Petroform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">Petroglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrosomatoglyph" title="Petrosomatoglyph">Petrosomatoglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictogram" title="Pictogram">Pictogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">Rock art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_cupule" title="Rock cupule">Rock cupule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_carving" title="Stone carving">Stone carving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture#Prehistoric_periods" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_menhir" title="Statue menhir">Statue menhir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circle" title="Stone circle">Stone circle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stone_circles" title="List of stone circles">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circles_in_the_British_Isles_and_Brittany" title="Stone circles in the British Isles and Brittany">British Isles and Brittany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_figurine" title="Venus figurine">Venus figurine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Burial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">Burial mounds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowl_barrow" title="Bowl barrow">Bowl barrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_barrow" title="Round barrow">Round barrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_burial_mounds_in_the_United_States" title="List of burial mounds in the United States">U.S. sites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_tomb" title="Chamber tomb">Chamber tomb</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cotswold-Severn_Group" title="Cotswold-Severn Group">Cotswold-Severn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cist" title="Cist">Cist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dartmoor_kistvaens" title="Dartmoor kistvaens">Dartmoor kistvaens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clava_cairn" title="Clava cairn">Clava cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_cairn" title="Court cairn">Court cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremation#History" title="Cremation">Cremation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">Dolmen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_dolmen" title="Great dolmen">Great dolmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyre" title="Pyre">Funeral pyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallery_grave" title="Gallery grave">Gallery grave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transepted_gallery_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Transepted gallery grave">transepted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedge-shaped_gallery_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedge-shaped gallery grave">wedge-shaped</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grave_goods" title="Grave goods">Grave goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jar_burial" title="Jar burial">Jar burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_barrow" title="Long barrow">Long barrow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unchambered_long_barrow" title="Unchambered long barrow">unchambered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%B8nsalen" title="Grønsalen">Grønsalen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_tomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalithic tomb">Megalithic tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_grave" title="Passage grave">Passage grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectangular_dolmen" title="Rectangular dolmen">Rectangular dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_cairn" title="Ring cairn">Ring cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_dolmen" title="Simple dolmen">Simple dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_box_grave" title="Stone box grave">Stone box grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor_cairn" title="Tor cairn">Tor cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unchambered_long_cairn" title="Unchambered long cairn">Unchambered long cairn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Other cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeoastronomy" title="Archaeoastronomy">Archaeoastronomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeoastronomical_sites_by_country" title="List of archaeoastronomical sites by country">sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">lunar calendar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_musicology" title="Evolutionary musicology">Evolutionary musicology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_archaeology" title="Music archaeology">music archaeology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogenic_drugs_and_the_archaeological_record" title="Entheogenic drugs and the archaeological record">Spiritual drug use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Origin of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_counting" title="Prehistoric counting">Prehistoric counting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_medicine" title="Prehistoric medicine">Prehistoric medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trepanning" title="Trepanning">trepanning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_music" title="Prehistoric music">Prehistoric music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_drum" title="Alligator drum">Alligator drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_flute" title="Paleolithic flute">flutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divje_Babe_flute" title="Divje Babe flute">Divje Babe flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_(instrument)" title="Gudi (instrument)">gudi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diepkloof_Rock_Shelter" title="Diepkloof Rock Shelter">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Howiesons_Poort#Symbolism" title="Howiesons Poort">symbolism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cup_and_ring_mark&oldid=1259030130">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cup_and_ring_mark&oldid=1259030130</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Megalithic_symbols" title="Category:Megalithic symbols">Megalithic symbols</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rock_art" title="Category:Rock art">Rock art</a></li><li><a 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