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id="toc-Frankish_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Great_Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Great Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scotland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scotland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Scotland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scotland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>Roman Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ley_lines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ley_lines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.4</span> <span>Ley lines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ley_lines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Middle East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-North_America-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle North America subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Corduroy_road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corduroy_road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Corduroy road</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corduroy_road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plank_road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plank_road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Plank road</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plank_road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>South America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> 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data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Timber_trackway&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber trackway">Timber trackway</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Historical trail or road</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about roads and trails. For ancient animal trackways, see <a href="/wiki/Fossil_trackway" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil trackway">Fossil trackway</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Achaemenid_Empire_at_its_greatest_extent_according_to_Oxford_Atlas_of_World_History_2002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Achaemenid_Empire_at_its_greatest_extent_according_to_Oxford_Atlas_of_World_History_2002.jpg/300px-Achaemenid_Empire_at_its_greatest_extent_according_to_Oxford_Atlas_of_World_History_2002.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Achaemenid_Empire_at_its_greatest_extent_according_to_Oxford_Atlas_of_World_History_2002.jpg/450px-Achaemenid_Empire_at_its_greatest_extent_according_to_Oxford_Atlas_of_World_History_2002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Achaemenid_Empire_at_its_greatest_extent_according_to_Oxford_Atlas_of_World_History_2002.jpg/600px-Achaemenid_Empire_at_its_greatest_extent_according_to_Oxford_Atlas_of_World_History_2002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>The map of <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> and the section of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Road" title="Royal Road">Royal Road</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Empire">Persian Empire</a>, noted by the ancient Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 484 BC – c. 425 BC)</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bohlenweg_Wittmoor_histFoto_detail_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Bohlenweg_Wittmoor_histFoto_detail_1.jpg/250px-Bohlenweg_Wittmoor_histFoto_detail_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Bohlenweg_Wittmoor_histFoto_detail_1.jpg/375px-Bohlenweg_Wittmoor_histFoto_detail_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Bohlenweg_Wittmoor_histFoto_detail_1.jpg/500px-Bohlenweg_Wittmoor_histFoto_detail_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1513" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wittmoor_Bog_Trackway" class="mw-redirect" title="Wittmoor Bog Trackway">Wittmoor Bog Trackway</a>, Germany. (The trackways date to the 4th and 7th century AD). Photo taken during an excavation.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Appian_Way.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Appian_Way.jpg/250px-Appian_Way.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Appian_Way.jpg/375px-Appian_Way.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Appian_Way.jpg/500px-Appian_Way.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Appian_Way" title="Appian Way">Appian Way</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Casal_Rotondo" title="Casal Rotondo">Casal Rotondo</a>, to the southeast of <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, Italy</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Historic roads</b> (historic <a href="/wiki/Trail" title="Trail">trails</a> in USA and Canada) are paths or routes that have historical importance due to their use over a period of time. Examples exist from <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric">prehistoric</a> times until the early 20th century. They include ancient trackways, long-lasting roads, important trade routes, and migration trails. Many historic routes, such as the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Amber_Road" title="Amber Road">Amber Road</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Road" title="Royal Road">Royal Road</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Empire">Persian Empire</a>, covered great distances and their impact on human settlements remain today. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Post_Track" title="Post Track">Post Track</a>, a prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Causeway" title="Causeway">causeway</a> in the valley of the <a href="/wiki/River_Brue" title="River Brue">River Brue</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Somerset_Levels" title="Somerset Levels">Somerset Levels</a>, England, is one of the oldest known constructed trackways and dates from around 3800 BCE. The world's oldest known paved road was constructed in Egypt some time between 2600 and 2200 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_roads" title="Roman roads">Romans</a> were the most significant road builders of the ancient world. At the peak of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> there were more than 400,000 kilometres (250,000 miles) of roads, of which over 80,000 kilometres (50,000 mi) were stone-paved.<sup id="cite_ref-Page_9_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Page_9-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Michael_Grant_1978_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michael_Grant_1978-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another empire, that of the <a href="/wiki/Inca_road_system" title="Inca road system">Incas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian South America">pre-Columbian South America</a>, also built an extensive and advanced transportation system. </p><p>Much later historic roads include the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Trails" title="Red River Trails">Red River Trails</a> between Canada and the US, from the 19th century. Such pioneer trails often made use of ancient routes created by <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous people">indigenous people</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Asia">Asia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historic_roads_and_trails&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silk_route.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Silk_route.jpg/250px-Silk_route.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Silk_route.jpg/375px-Silk_route.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Silk_route.jpg/500px-Silk_route.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2868" data-file-height="1866" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>. Both the land and sea routes</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historic_roads_and_trails&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> was a major trade route between China and India, Europe, and Arabia. It derives its name from the lucrative trade in <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a> carried out along its length, beginning in the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> (207 BCE–220 CE). The Han dynasty expanded the <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asian</a> section of the trade routes around 114 BCE through the missions and explorations of the Chinese imperial envoy <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Qian" title="Zhang Qian">Zhang Qian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-boulnois_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boulnois-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chinese took great interest in the safety of their trade products and extended the <a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China" title="Great Wall of China">Great Wall of China</a> to ensure the protection of the trade route.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to the Silk Road an ancient overland route existed through the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe" title="Eurasian Steppe">Eurasian Steppe</a>. Silk and horses were traded as key commodities; secondary trade included furs, weapons, musical instruments, precious stones (turquoise, lapis lazuli, agate, nephrite) and jewels. This route extended for approximately 10,000 km (6,200 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trans-Eurasian trade through the <a href="/wiki/Steppe_Route" title="Steppe Route">Steppe Route</a> precedes the conventional date for the origins of the Silk Road by at least two millennia. </p><p>See also the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Silk_Road" title="Northern Silk Road">Northern Silk Road</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Silk_Road:_Through_Khotan" title="Southern Silk Road: Through Khotan">Southern Silk Road: Through Khotan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tea_Horse_Road" title="Tea Horse Road">Tea Horse Road</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%88%E5%B3%A1%E5%8F%A4%E6%A0%88%E9%81%93%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%88%E5%B3%A1%E5%8F%A4%E6%A0%88%E9%81%93%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87.JPG/220px-%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%88%E5%B3%A1%E5%8F%A4%E6%A0%88%E9%81%93%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%88%E5%B3%A1%E5%8F%A4%E6%A0%88%E9%81%93%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87.JPG/330px-%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%88%E5%B3%A1%E5%8F%A4%E6%A0%88%E9%81%93%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%88%E5%B3%A1%E5%8F%A4%E6%A0%88%E9%81%93%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87.JPG/440px-%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%88%E5%B3%A1%E5%8F%A4%E6%A0%88%E9%81%93%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87.JPG 2x" data-file-width="764" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Reconstructed ancient cliff path of Mingyue Gorge, northern <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>, China, part of the <a href="/wiki/Shudao" title="Shudao">Shudao</a> road system</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Shudao" title="Shudao">Shudao</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">蜀道</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Shǔdào</span></i>), or the "Road(s) to Shu", is a system of mountain roads linking the Chinese province of <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a> with <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a> (Shu), built and maintained since the 4th century BC. Technical highlights were the <a href="/wiki/Gallery_road" title="Gallery road">gallery roads</a>, consisting of wooden planks erected on wooden or stone beams slotted into holes cut into the sides of cliffs. The roads join three adjacent basins separated and surrounded by high mountains. Like many ancient road systems, the Shu Roads formed a network of major and minor roads with different roads being used at different historical times. However, a number of roads are commonly identified as the main routes.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asahina_kiridoshi_-03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Asahina_kiridoshi_-03.jpg/220px-Asahina_kiridoshi_-03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Asahina_kiridoshi_-03.jpg/330px-Asahina_kiridoshi_-03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Asahina_kiridoshi_-03.jpg/440px-Asahina_kiridoshi_-03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kamakura" title="Kamakura">Kamakura</a> Kaidō, Japan </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historic_roads_and_trails&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kaid%C5%8D" title="Kaidō">Kaidō</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">街道</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">road</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span> were roads in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> dating from the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a> (between 1603 and 1868). They act important roles in transportation like the <a href="/wiki/Appian_way" class="mw-redirect" title="Appian way">Appian way</a> of ancient Roman roads. Major examples include the <a href="/wiki/Edo_Five_Routes" title="Edo Five Routes">Edo Five Routes</a>, all of which started at <a href="/wiki/Edo" title="Edo">Edo</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-e_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Minor examples include sub-routes such as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hokuriku_Kaid%C5%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hokuriku Kaidō (page does not exist)">Hokuriku Kaidō</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki_Kaid%C5%8D" title="Nagasaki Kaidō">Nagasaki Kaidō</a>. </p><p><i>Kaidō</i>, however, do <i>not</i> include <a href="/wiki/San%27y%C5%8Dd%C5%8D" title="San'yōdō">San'yōdō</a>, <a href="/wiki/San%27ind%C5%8D" title="San'indō">San'indō</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nankaid%C5%8D" title="Nankaidō">Nankaidō</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saikaid%C5%8D" title="Saikaidō">Saikaidō</a>, which were part of the even more ancient system of Yamato government called <a href="/wiki/Gokishichid%C5%8D" title="Gokishichidō">Gokishichidō</a>. This was the name for ancient administrative units and the roads within these units, organized in Japan during the <a href="/wiki/Asuka_period" title="Asuka period">Asuka period</a> (AD 538–710), as part of a <a href="/wiki/Ritsury%C5%8D" title="Ritsuryō">legal and governmental system</a> borrowed from the Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many <a href="/wiki/Highway" title="Highway">highways</a> and <a href="/wiki/Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway">railway</a> lines in modern Japan follow the ancient routes and carry the same names. The early roads radiated from the capital at <a href="/wiki/Nara,_Nara" class="mw-redirect" title="Nara, Nara">Nara</a> or <a href="/wiki/Kyoto,_Kyoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyoto, Kyoto">Kyoto</a>. Later, Edo was the reference, and even today Japan reckons directions and measures distances along its <a href="/wiki/Highway" title="Highway">highways</a> from <a href="/wiki/Nihonbashi" title="Nihonbashi">Nihonbashi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%AB%C5%8D,_Tokyo" title="Chūō, Tokyo">Chūō, Tokyo</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historic_roads_and_trails&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Indian subcontinent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Road" title="Grand Trunk Road">Grand Trunk Road</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> was the main road from modern day <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, through what is now <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>. A route since antiquity,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was constructed into a coherent highway by the <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a> in 300 BC. Soon after, the Greek diplomat <a href="/wiki/Megasthenes" title="Megasthenes">Megasthenes</a> (c. 350 – c. 290 BC) wrote of his travels along the road to reach Hindu kingdoms in the 3rd century BC<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After invading India over 1,500 years later, <a href="/wiki/Mughals" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughals">Mughals</a> extended the Grand Trunk Road westwards from <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a> (the capital of Afghanistan) crossing the <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pass" title="Khyber Pass">Khyber Pass</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The road was later improved and extended from <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a> to <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a> by the British rulers of <a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">colonial India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For many centuries, the road has acted as a major trade route and facilitated travel and postal communication. The Grand Trunk Road remains under use for transportation in India. The <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pass" title="Khyber Pass">Khyber Pass</a> was an all-season mountain pass connecting <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> to western <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. </p><p>Brick-paved streets appeared in India as early as 3000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Europe">Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historic_roads_and_trails&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Danewerk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Danewerk.jpg/250px-Danewerk.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Danewerk.jpg/375px-Danewerk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Danewerk.jpg/500px-Danewerk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A6rvejen" title="Hærvejen">Hærvejen</a> crossing the <a href="/wiki/Danevirke" title="Danevirke">Dannevirke</a>, in Germany</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lieto_old_castle_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Lieto_old_castle_1.jpg/250px-Lieto_old_castle_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Lieto_old_castle_1.jpg/375px-Lieto_old_castle_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Lieto_old_castle_1.jpg/500px-Lieto_old_castle_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4meen_H%C3%A4rk%C3%A4tie" title="Hämeen Härkätie">Oxen Road of Tavastia</a> (<i>Hämeen Härkätie</i>) at <a href="/wiki/Lieto" title="Lieto">Lieto</a>, in Finland</figcaption></figure> <p>Except for <a href="/wiki/Roman_roads" title="Roman roads">Roman roads</a>, European pathways were rarely in good shape and depended on the <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geography</a> of the region. In the early <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, people often preferred to travel along elevated <a href="/wiki/Drainage_divide" title="Drainage divide">drainage divides</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ridgeway_(road)" title="Ridgeway (road)">ridgeways</a> rather than in the valleys. This was due to thick forests and other natural obstacles in valleys. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Amber_Road" title="Amber Road">Amber Road</a> was an ancient <a href="/wiki/Trade_route" title="Trade route">trade route</a> for the transfer of <a href="/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">amber</a> from coastal areas of the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Trade_route" title="Trade route">trade routes</a> between Northern and Southern Europe were defined by the amber trade. As an important commodity, sometimes dubbed "the gold of the north", amber was transported overland by way of the <a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dnieper_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Dnieper River">Dnieper</a> rivers to the Mediterranean area from at least the 16th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The breast ornament of the Egyptian pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamen" class="mw-redirect" title="Tutankhamen">Tutankhamen</a> (ca. 1333–1324 BC) contains large Baltic amber beads.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The quantity of amber in the Royal Tomb of Qatna, Syria, is unparalleled for known second millennium BC sites in the Levant and the Ancient Near East.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>, trade could continue to Asia along the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A6rvejen" title="Hærvejen">Hærvejen</a></i> (Danish, meaning "the army road") ran from <a href="/wiki/Viborg,_Denmark" title="Viborg, Denmark">Viborg, Denmark</a> through <a href="/wiki/Flensburg" title="Flensburg">Flensburg</a> (in the present northern German state of <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>) to <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>. The road runs more or less along the <a href="/wiki/Drainage_divide" title="Drainage divide">watershed</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Jutland" title="Jutland">Jutland</a> Peninsula, known as the <i>Jyske Højderyg</i> (Jutland Ridge), similar to the <a href="/wiki/Ridgeway_(track)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ridgeway (track)">ridgeways</a> in England. By using this route rivers were avoided, or fords used, close to the rivers sources. Over time by this route was improved with paved fords, embankments and bridges. Concentrations of mounds, defensive ditches, settlements and other historic landmarks can be found along the road and sections of it can be traced back to 4000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Drunter_2002_p._8_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drunter_2002_p._8-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_roads">Roman roads</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historic_roads_and_trails&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Roman roads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Roman_roads_in_Britannia" title="Roman roads in Britannia">Roman roads in Britannia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_roads_in_Africa" title="Roman roads in Africa">Roman roads in Africa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roman_roads_in_Morocco" title="Roman roads in Morocco">Roman roads in Morocco</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PompeiiStreet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/PompeiiStreet.jpg/250px-PompeiiStreet.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/PompeiiStreet.jpg/375px-PompeiiStreet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/PompeiiStreet.jpg/500px-PompeiiStreet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="795" /></a><figcaption>A Roman street in <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Roman_roads" title="Roman roads">Roman roads</a> were physical infrastructure vital to the maintenance and development of the Roman state, and were built from about 300 BC through the expansion and consolidation of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They ranged from small local roads to broad, long-distance highways built to connect cities, major towns and military bases. These major roads were often stone-paved and metaled, cambered for drainage, and flanked by footpaths, <a href="/wiki/Bridle_path" title="Bridle path">bridleways</a> and drainage ditches. They were laid along accurately surveyed courses, and some were cut through hills, or conducted over rivers and ravines on bridgework. Sections could be supported over marshy ground on rafted or piled foundations.<sup id="cite_ref-LWPageArticleRoadsCanals_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LWPageArticleRoadsCanals-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Corbishley,_Mike_page_50_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corbishley,_Mike_page_50-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the peak of Rome's development, no fewer than 29 great military highways radiated from the capital, and the late Empire's 113 provinces were interconnected by 372 great roads.<sup id="cite_ref-LWPageArticleRoadsCanals_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LWPageArticleRoadsCanals-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The whole comprised more than 400,000 kilometres (250,000 miles) of roads, of which over 80,000 kilometres (50,000 mi) were stone-paved.<sup id="cite_ref-Page_9_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Page_9-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Michael_Grant_1978_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michael_Grant_1978-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> alone, no less than 21,000 kilometres (13,000 mi) of roadways are said to have been improved, and in Britain at least 4,000 kilometres (2,500 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-LWPageArticleRoadsCanals_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LWPageArticleRoadsCanals-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The courses (and sometimes the surfaces) of many Roman roads survived for millennia; some are overlaid by modern roads. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frankish_Empire">Frankish Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historic_roads_and_trails&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Frankish Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alte_Salzstrasse_Breitenfelde.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Alte_Salzstrasse_Breitenfelde.jpg/220px-Alte_Salzstrasse_Breitenfelde.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Alte_Salzstrasse_Breitenfelde.jpg/330px-Alte_Salzstrasse_Breitenfelde.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Alte_Salzstrasse_Breitenfelde.jpg/440px-Alte_Salzstrasse_Breitenfelde.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Old_Salt_Route" title="Old Salt Route">Old Salt Route</a>: historical pavement near <a href="/wiki/Breitenfelde" title="Breitenfelde">Breitenfelde</a>, northern Germany</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a> or the Frankish Empire was the largest <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Roman Empire">post-Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Barbarian_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbarian kingdom">Barbarian kingdom</a> in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>. It was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> during <a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antiquity">Late Antiquity</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a>. It is the predecessor of the modern states of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Verdun" title="Treaty of Verdun">Treaty of Verdun</a> in 843, <a href="/wiki/West_Francia" title="West Francia">West Francia</a> became the predecessor of France, and <a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a> became that of Germany. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Old_Salt_Route" title="Old Salt Route">Old Salt Route</a> or <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Alte Salzstraße</i></span> of the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> trade route in northern <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> that transported <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salt</a> from <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCneburg" title="Lüneburg">Lüneburg</a> to <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a>. </p><p>The <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Rennsteig" title="Rennsteig">Rennsteig</a></i></span> is a <a href="/wiki/Ridgeway_(road)" title="Ridgeway (road)">ridgeway</a> and an historical boundary path in the <a href="/wiki/Thuringian_Forest" title="Thuringian Forest">Thuringian Forest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thuringian_Highland" title="Thuringian Highland">Thuringian Highland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franconian_Forest" title="Franconian Forest">Franconian Forest</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_Germany_(cultural_area)" title="Central Germany (cultural area)">Central Germany</a>. It was a connecting road between small independent states in <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a>. The route crosses the Thuringian Forest and the slate mountains of Thuringia and <a href="/wiki/Franconian_Forest" title="Franconian Forest">Franconian Forest</a>, stretching from <a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B6rschel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hörschel (page does not exist)">Hörschel</a> at the river <a href="/wiki/Werra" title="Werra">Werra</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Eisenach" title="Eisenach">Eisenach</a>) to <a href="/wiki/Blankenstein" title="Blankenstein">Blankenstein</a> at the river <a href="/wiki/Saale" title="Saale">Saale</a>. It is part of the <a href="/wiki/European_long-distance_paths" title="European long-distance paths">European long-distance paths</a> network. </p><p>The <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Via_Regia#The_"Via_Regia"" title="Via Regia">Via Regia</a></i></span> (king's road) is a <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> road that ran from <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt am Main</a> to <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6rlitz" title="Görlitz">Görlitz</a> in Lower Silesia, in what is today south-west <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>. See also the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Via_Regia_Lusatiae_Superioris" title="Via Regia Lusatiae Superioris">Via Regia Lusatiae Superioris</a></i></span>. </p><p>An important medieval German pilgrim route was the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/French_Way" title="French Way">Via Tolosana</a></i></span> (because the most important town along the way is <a href="/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a>, France). This is one of the four medieval pilgrim routes described by Aimery Picaud in his 12th-century <i>Pilgrim's Guide</i>, used by pilgrims from southern and eastern Europe on the <a href="/wiki/Way_of_St._James" class="mw-redirect" title="Way of St. James">Way of St James</a> to <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Santiago de Compostela">Santiago de Compostela</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See also the <a href="/wiki/Palatine_Ways_of_St._James" title="Palatine Ways of St. James">Palatine Ways of St. James</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historic_roads_and_trails&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Wittemoor_timber_trackway" title="Wittemoor timber trackway">Wittemoor timber trackway</a> is a log causeway or <a href="/wiki/Corduroy_road" title="Corduroy road">corduroy road</a> across a bog at Neuenhuntdorf, part of the <a href="/wiki/Berne,_Germany" title="Berne, Germany">Berne</a> in the district of <a href="/wiki/Wesermarsch" title="Wesermarsch">Wesermarsch</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a>, Germany. Originating in the pre-Roman <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>, it is one of several such causeways which have been found in the North German Plain, particularly in the Weser-Ems region. It has been dated by <a href="/wiki/Dendrochronology" title="Dendrochronology">dendrochronology</a> to 135 <a href="/wiki/BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="BCE">BCE</a>. It ran across the Wittemoor bog, connecting the more elevated <a href="/wiki/Geest" title="Geest">geest</a> at <a href="/wiki/Hude,_Lower_Saxony" title="Hude, Lower Saxony">Hude</a> with the River <a href="/wiki/Hunte" title="Hunte">Hunte</a>. An Iron Age settlement near a spring in the Lintel section of Hude was at the southern end. A section of the trackway has been reconstructed. </p><p>Built somewhat later, the <a href="/wiki/Wittmoor_Bog_Trackway" class="mw-redirect" title="Wittmoor Bog Trackway">Wittmoor Bog Trackways</a> are two historic trackways discovered in Wittmoor in northern <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>. The trackways date to the 4th and 7th century AD, both linked the eastern and western shores of the formerly inaccessible, swampy bog. A part of the older trackway No. II dating to the period of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> is on display at the permanent exhibition of the <a href="/wiki/Arch%C3%A4ologisches_Museum_Hamburg" title="Archäologisches Museum Hamburg">Archaeological Museum Hamburg</a> in <a href="/wiki/Harburg,_Hamburg" title="Harburg, Hamburg">Harburg, Hamburg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Articus_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Articus-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hellweg" title="Hellweg">Hellweg</a> was the official and common name given to main travelling routes <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> trade route through Germany. Their breadth was decreed as an unimpeded passageway a <a href="/wiki/Lance" title="Lance">lance</a>'s width, about three metres, which the landholders through which the Hellweg passed were required to maintain.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Kulmer_Steig" title="Kulmer Steig">Kulmer Steig</a> is a byword for transport links from the Elbe valley over the eastern part of the Eastern Ore Mountains to Bohemian <span title="Czech-language text"><span lang="cs" style="font-style: normal;">Chlumec u Chabařovic</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Kulm</i>). Archaeological finds suggest that this route existed in the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1800–750 BC</span>) and the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> (750 BC – early AD) and even in the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 4500–1800 BC</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Great_Britain">Great Britain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historic_roads_and_trails&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Great Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="England">England</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historic_roads_and_trails&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Post_Track" title="Post Track">Post Track</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sweet_Track" title="Sweet Track">Sweet Track</a>, <a href="/wiki/Causeways" class="mw-redirect" title="Causeways">causeways</a> or timber trackways, in the <a href="/wiki/Somerset_levels" class="mw-redirect" title="Somerset levels">Somerset levels</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Glastonbury" title="Glastonbury">Glastonbury</a>, are believed to be the oldest known purpose built roads in the world and have been dated to the <a href="/wiki/3800s_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="3800s BC">3800s BC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Current_Archaeology_somerset-levels_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Current_Archaeology_somerset-levels-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tracks were walkways consisting mainly of planks of <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a> laid end-to-end, supported by crossed pegs of <a href="/wiki/Ash_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash tree">ash</a>, oak, and <a href="/wiki/Tilia" title="Tilia">lime</a>, driven into the underlying peat.<sup id="cite_ref-bm_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bm-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and were used to link the <a href="/wiki/Fen" title="Fen">fen</a> islands across the <a href="/wiki/Marshes" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshes">marshes</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Hatfield_neolithic_trackway" title="Hatfield neolithic trackway">Lindholme Trackway</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is later and dates to around 2900–2500 BC. It fits within a trend of narrowing width and increased sophistication during the third millennium BC. Some argue that this shift could relate to the growing complexity of <a href="/wiki/Wheel" title="Wheel">wheeled</a> transport at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Martha_Hill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/St_Martha_Hill.jpg/250px-St_Martha_Hill.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/St_Martha_Hill.jpg/375px-St_Martha_Hill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/St_Martha_Hill.jpg/500px-St_Martha_Hill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Pilgrims%27_Way" title="Pilgrims' Way">Pilgrims' Way</a> climbing St Martha's Hill, near <a href="/wiki/Guildford" title="Guildford">Guildford</a>, England</figcaption></figure> <p>Tracks provided links between farmsteads and fields, other farmsteads, and neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Long_barrow" title="Long barrow">long barrow</a> tombs. They also joined the separate localities to the camp meeting places and cross-country flint roads. Others were more likely to have been processional ways, such as the one leading to the gigantic temple at <a href="/wiki/Avebury" title="Avebury">Avebury</a> in Wiltshire. On British hills, the line of tracks often run <a href="/wiki/Ridgeway_(road)" title="Ridgeway (road)">a little below the actual crest of a ridge</a>, possibly to afford some shelter from the wind or to avoid travellers presenting themselves to marauders as a target on the skyline.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Harrow_Way" title="Harrow Way">Harrow Way</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pilgrims%27_Way" title="Pilgrims' Way">Pilgrims' Way</a>, running along the <a href="/wiki/North_Downs" title="North Downs">North Downs</a> in southern England. The <a href="/wiki/Harrow_Way" title="Harrow Way">Harrow Way</a> (also spelled as "Harroway") is another name for the "Old Way", an ancient trackway in the south of England, dated by archaeological finds to 600–450 BC, but probably in existence since the <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brayley_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brayley-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Margary_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Margary-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "Old Way" ran from <a href="/wiki/Seaton,_Devon" title="Seaton, Devon">Seaton</a> in <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a> to <a href="/wiki/Dover" title="Dover">Dover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>. Later the eastern part of the Harrow Way become known as the <a href="/wiki/Pilgrims_Way" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgrims Way">Pilgrims Way</a>, following the canonisation of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Becket" title="Thomas Becket">Thomas Beckett</a> and the establishment of a shrine in <a href="/wiki/Canterbury" title="Canterbury">Canterbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>. This <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">pilgrimage</a> route ran from <a href="/wiki/Winchester" title="Winchester">Winchester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hampshire" title="Hampshire">Hampshire</a>, via <a href="/wiki/Farnham" title="Farnham">Farnham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Canterbury" title="Canterbury">Canterbury</a> <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>. The western section of the Harrow Way ends in Farnham, the eastern in Dover. </p><p><a href="/wiki/The_Ridgeway" title="The Ridgeway">The Ridgeway</a> similarly keeps to high ground and for at least 5,000 years travellers have used it.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ridgeway provided a reliable trading route running along <a href="/wiki/Downland" title="Downland">chalk hills</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Dorset" title="Dorset">Dorset</a> coast to <a href="/wiki/The_Wash" title="The Wash">the Wash</a> in <a href="/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk">Norfolk</a>. The high dry ground made travel easy and provided a measure of protection by giving traders a commanding view, warning against potential attacks. The <a href="/wiki/Icknield_Way" title="Icknield Way">Icknield Way</a> follows the <a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">chalk</a> <a href="/wiki/Escarpment" title="Escarpment">escarpment</a> that includes the <a href="/wiki/Berkshire_Downs" title="Berkshire Downs">Berkshire Downs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chiltern_Hills" title="Chiltern Hills">Chiltern Hills</a>, in southern and eastern England, from <a href="/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk">Norfolk</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wiltshire" title="Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a>. </p><p>Other examples of historic roads in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> include the <a href="/wiki/Long_Causeway" title="Long Causeway">Long Causeway</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Medieval</a> <a href="/wiki/Packhorse" title="Packhorse">packhorse</a> route that ran from <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a> to <a href="/wiki/Hathersage" title="Hathersage">Hathersage</a> and The Mariners' Way in Devon. The latter was created by sailors in the eighteenth century, or earlier, travelling between the ports of <a href="/wiki/Bideford" title="Bideford">Bideford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth,_Devon" title="Dartmouth, Devon">Dartmouth, Devon</a>, who linked existing lanes, tracks and footpaths to form a direct route.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scotland">Scotland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historic_roads_and_trails&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Scotland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Aberdeenshire" title="Aberdeenshire">Aberdeenshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, ancient tracks include the <a href="/wiki/Causey_Mounth" title="Causey Mounth">Causey Mounth</a>, an ancient <a href="/wiki/Drovers%27_road" title="Drovers' road">drovers' road</a> over the coastal fringe of the Grampian Mountains and <a href="/wiki/Elsick_Mounth" title="Elsick Mounth">Elsick Mounth</a>, which was one of the few means of traversing the Grampian <a href="/wiki/Mounth" title="Mounth">Mounth</a> area in <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric">prehistoric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> times.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">Roman legions</a> marched along the Elsick Mounth.<sup id="cite_ref-Hogan_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hogan-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Roman_Britain">Roman Britain</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historic_roads_and_trails&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Roman Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a>, many trackways were built upon by the Romans to form the foundations for <a href="/wiki/Roman_roads_in_Britannia" title="Roman roads in Britannia">their roads</a>. Prior to this, people used trackways to travel between settlements but this was unsuitable for the swift movement of troops and equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mastiles_Lane" title="Mastiles Lane">Mastiles Lane</a> was a Roman marching road and later an important route for monks leading sheep from <a href="/wiki/Fountains_Abbey" title="Fountains Abbey">Fountains Abbey</a> to summer pasture on higher ground. Also known as the Old Monks' Road,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this is now a <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Dales" title="Yorkshire Dales">Dales</a> walking track. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ley_lines">Ley lines</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historic_roads_and_trails&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ley lines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The existence of <a href="/wiki/Ley_lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Ley lines">ley lines</a> and their relationship with ancient trackways was first suggested in 1921 by the amateur <a href="/wiki/Archaeologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeologist">archaeologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Watkins" title="Alfred Watkins">Alfred Watkins</a>, in his books <i>Early British Trackways</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Old_Straight_Track" title="The Old Straight Track">The Old Straight Track</a></i>. Watkins theorized that these alignments were created for ease of overland trekking on ancient trackways during <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">neolithic</a> times and had persisted in the landscape over millennia.<sup id="cite_ref-TheOldStraightTrack_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheOldStraightTrack-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greece">Greece</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historic_roads_and_trails&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Improvements in <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">metallurgy</a> meant that by 2000 BC stone-cutting tools were generally available in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> allowing local streets to be paved.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notably, in about 2000 BC, the <a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoans</a> built a 50 km (31-mile) paved road from <a href="/wiki/Knossos" title="Knossos">Knossos</a> in north <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> through the mountains to <a href="/wiki/Gortyn" title="Gortyn">Gortyn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lebena" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebena">Lebena</a>, a port on the south coast of the island, which had side drains, a 200 mm (8-inch) thick pavement of <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> blocks bound with <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a>-<a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a> <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(masonry)" title="Mortar (masonry)">mortar</a>, covered by a layer of <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basaltic</a> <a href="/wiki/Flagstone" title="Flagstone">flagstones</a> and had separate <a href="/wiki/Shoulder_(road)" title="Shoulder (road)">shoulders</a>. This road could be considered superior to any <a href="/wiki/Roman_road" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman road">Roman road</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Via_Pythia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Via Pythia (page does not exist)">Via Pythia</a> (or Pythian road) was the route to <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a>. It was revered<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Claims like this need to sourced, otherwise they appear to be peacocky (September 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> throughout the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek world">Ancient Greek world</a> as the site of the <a href="/wiki/Omphalos" title="Omphalos">Omphalos</a> stone (the centre of the earth and universe). </p><p><a href="/wiki/The_Sacred_Way" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sacred Way">The Sacred Way</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ἱερὰ Ὁδός</span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Hierá Hodós</i></span>), in ancient <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, was the road from <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> to <a href="/wiki/Eleusis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a>. It was so called because it was the route taken by a procession celebrating the <a href="/wiki/Eleusinian_Mysteries" title="Eleusinian Mysteries">Eleusinian Mysteries</a>. The procession to Eleusis began at the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Gate" title="Sacred Gate">Sacred Gate</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kerameikos" title="Kerameikos">Kerameikos</a> (the Athenian cemetery) on the 19th <a href="/wiki/Attic_calendar" title="Attic calendar">Boedromion</a>. In the present day, the road from central Athens to <a href="/wiki/Aegaleo" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegaleo">Aegaleo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chaidari" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaidari">Chaidari</a> (the old route to Eleusis) is called after the ancient road. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historic_roads_and_trails&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_roads_in_Ireland" title="History of roads in Ireland">History of roads in Ireland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Corlea_ancient_trackway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Corlea_ancient_trackway.jpg/220px-Corlea_ancient_trackway.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Corlea_ancient_trackway.jpg/330px-Corlea_ancient_trackway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Corlea_ancient_trackway.jpg/440px-Corlea_ancient_trackway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Corlea_Trackway" title="Corlea Trackway">Corlea Trackway</a>, Ireland</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Corlea_Trackway" title="Corlea Trackway">Corlea Trackway</a> is an ancient road built on a bog consisting of packed hazel, birch and alder planks placed lengthways across the track, and occasional cross timbers for support. Other bog trackways or "toghers" have also been discovered dating to around 4000 BC. The Corlea trackway dates from approx 148 BC and was excavated in 1994. It is the largest trackway of its kind to be uncovered in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ireland's prehistoric roads were minimally developed, but oak-plank pathways covered many bog areas, and five great 'ways' (<a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>: <i lang="ga">slighe</i>) converged at the <a href="/wiki/Hill_of_Tara" title="Hill of Tara">Hill of Tara</a>. An ancient avenue or trackway in Ireland is located at <a href="/wiki/Rathcroghan" title="Rathcroghan">Rathcroghan</a> Mound and the surrounding earthworks within a 370m circular enclosure.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Esker_Riada" title="Esker Riada">Esker Riada</a>, a series of glacial <a href="/wiki/Eskers" class="mw-redirect" title="Eskers">eskers</a> formed at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Last_glacial_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Last glacial period">last Ice Age</a>, formed an elevated pathway from east to west, connecting <a href="/wiki/Galway" title="Galway">Galway</a> to <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historic_roads_and_trails&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimirka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Vladimirka.jpg/250px-Vladimirka.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Vladimirka.jpg/375px-Vladimirka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Vladimirka.jpg/500px-Vladimirka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3516" data-file-height="2275" /></a><figcaption>In <a href="/wiki/Isaak_Levitan" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaak Levitan">Isaak Levitan</a>'s well-known "mood landscape", the <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Highway" title="Vladimir Highway">Vladimir Highway</a>, or <i><a href="/wiki/Vladimirka_(painting)" title="Vladimirka (painting)">Vladimirka</a></i>, takes on a symbolic meaning.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Siberian_Route" title="Siberian Route">Siberian Route</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Сибирский тракт</span>, <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">Sibirsky trakt</i></span>), also known as the "Moscow Highway" and "Great Highway", was a historic route that connected <a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. </p><p>The construction of the road was decreed by the Tsar two months after the conclusion of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nerchinsk" title="Treaty of Nerchinsk">Treaty of Nerchinsk</a>, on 22 November 1689, but it did not start until 1730 and was not finished until the mid-19th century. Previously, Siberian transport had been mostly by river via <a href="/wiki/Siberian_River_Routes" title="Siberian River Routes">Siberian River Routes</a>. First Russian settlers arrived in Siberia by the <a href="/wiki/Cherdyn_Route" title="Cherdyn Route">Cherdyn river route</a> which was superseded by the <a href="/wiki/Babinov_Road" title="Babinov Road">Babinov overland route</a> in the late 1590s. The town of <a href="/wiki/Verkhoturye" title="Verkhoturye">Verkhoturye</a> in the Urals was the most eastern point of the Babinov Road. </p><p>The much longer Siberian route started in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Highway" title="Vladimir Highway">Vladimir Highway</a> (a medieval road) and passed through <a href="/wiki/Murom" title="Murom">Murom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kozmodemyansk" title="Kozmodemyansk">Kozmodemyansk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perm,_Russia" title="Perm, Russia">Perm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kungur" title="Kungur">Kungur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yekaterinburg" title="Yekaterinburg">Yekaterinburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tyumen" title="Tyumen">Tyumen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tobolsk" title="Tobolsk">Tobolsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tara,_Russia" title="Tara, Russia">Tara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kainsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Kainsk">Kainsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tomsk" title="Tomsk">Tomsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yeniseysk" title="Yeniseysk">Yeniseysk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irkutsk" title="Irkutsk">Irkutsk</a>. After crossing <a href="/wiki/Lake_Baikal" title="Lake Baikal">Lake Baikal</a> the road split near <a href="/wiki/Verkhneudinsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Verkhneudinsk">Verkhneudinsk</a>. One branch continued east to <a href="/wiki/Nerchinsk" title="Nerchinsk">Nerchinsk</a> while the other went south to the border post of <a href="/wiki/Kyakhta" title="Kyakhta">Kyakhta</a> where it linked to camel caravans that crossed <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China" title="Great Wall of China">Great Wall</a> gate at <a href="/wiki/Zhangjiakou" title="Zhangjiakou">Kalgan</a>. </p><p>In the early 19th century, the route was moved to the south. From <a href="/wiki/Tyumen" title="Tyumen">Tyumen</a> the road proceeded through <a href="/wiki/Yalutorovsk" title="Yalutorovsk">Yalutorovsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ishim,_Tyumen_Oblast" title="Ishim, Tyumen Oblast">Ishim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omsk" title="Omsk">Omsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tomsk" title="Tomsk">Tomsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Achinsk" title="Achinsk">Achinsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krasnoyarsk" title="Krasnoyarsk">Krasnoyarsk</a> before rejoining the older route at Irkutsk. It remained a vital artery connecting Siberia with <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> and Europe until the last decades of the 19th century, when it was superseded by the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Siberian_Railway" title="Trans-Siberian Railway">Trans-Siberian Railway</a> (built 1891–1916), and the <a href="/wiki/Amur_Cart_Road" title="Amur Cart Road">Amur Cart Road</a> (built 1898–1909). The contemporary equivalent is the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Siberian_Highway" title="Trans-Siberian Highway">Trans-Siberian Highway</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Middle_East">Middle East</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historic_roads_and_trails&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Middle East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Streets paved with <a href="/wiki/Cobblestone" title="Cobblestone">cobblestones</a> appeared in the city of <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a> in the Middle East dating back to 4000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Road" title="Royal Road">Royal Road</a> was an ancient highway reorganized and rebuilt by the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Empire">Persian</a> king <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius the Great</a> (Darius I) of the first (<a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a>) Persian Empire in the 5th century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Darius built the <a href="/wiki/Road" title="Road">road</a> to facilitate rapid communication throughout his very large empire from <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> to <a href="/wiki/Sardis" title="Sardis">Sardis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="North_America">North America</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historic_roads_and_trails&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/American_bison#Habitat_and_trails" title="American bison">American bison § Habitat and trails</a></div> <p>It is claimed that some of the earliest roads were created by humans who followed already existing paths made by animals,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, in particular, that trails created by the herds of <a href="/wiki/Bison" title="Bison">buffalo</a> shaped the routes taken first by <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous people">indigenous peoples</a> and then colonists, especially in North America: </p> <dl><dd>The buffalo, because of his sagacious selection of the most sure and most direct courses, has influenced the routes of trade and travel of the white race as much, possibly, as he influenced the course of the red-men in earlier days. There is great truth in <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hart_Benton_(politician)" title="Thomas Hart Benton (politician)">Thomas Benton</a>'s figure when he said that the buffalo blazed the way for the railways to the Pacific. That sagacious animal undoubtedly “blazed”—with his hoofs on the surface of the earth—the course of many of our roads, canals, and railways. That he found the points of least resistance across our great mountain ranges there can be little doubt. It is certain that he discovered Cumberland Gap and his route through that pass in the mountains has been accepted as one of the most important on the continent. It is also obvious that the buffalo found the course from Atlantic waters to the head of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Kanawha" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Kanawha">Great Kanawha</a>, and that he opened a way from the <a href="/wiki/Potomac_River" title="Potomac River">Potomac</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio</a>. How important these strategic points are now considered is evident from the fact that a railway crosses the mountains at each of them; the New York Central, the Baltimore and Ohio, the Pennsylvania, and the Chesapeake and Ohio cross the first great divide in the eastern portion of our country on routes selected centuries ago by the plunging buffalo. One of the most interesting of specific examples of a railway following an ancient highway of buffalo and Indian is to be found on the Baltimore and Ohio.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>However, Frank G. Roe disputes this theory – and its wider application – in "The 'Wild Animal Path' Origin of Ancient Roads".<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some suggest that the <a href="/wiki/Portage" title="Portage">portage</a> routes of North American <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous peoples</a> followed "the game trails the animals had made around rough water. ... [And] as centuries passed, well-trodden paths were made, winding among the rocks, and, by the easiest of grades, over or around hills".<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historic_roads_and_trails&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Historic_trails_and_roads_in_the_United_States" title="Historic trails and roads in the United States">Historic trails and roads in the United States</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Trail" class="mw-redirect" title="National Historic Trail">National Historic Trail</a></div><p> A complex system of prehistoric trails are located at <a href="/wiki/Tumamoc_Hill" title="Tumamoc Hill">Tumamoc Hill</a> near <a href="/wiki/Tucson" class="mw-redirect" title="Tucson">Tucson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> where archaeological traces have been found including <a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">petroglyphs</a>, pottery shards and mortar holes.<sup id="cite_ref-Kiva_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kiva-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chaco_Canyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaco Canyon">Chaco Canyon</a> in northern <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> consists of fifteen major complexes and a system of trails. Timber beams used to construct the <a href="/wiki/Cliff_dwellings" class="mw-redirect" title="Cliff dwellings">cliff dwellings</a> were hauled long distances to the site along the trails.<sup id="cite_ref-Chaco_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chaco-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sixty-mile long ancient <a href="/wiki/Great_Hopewell_Road" title="Great Hopewell Road">Great Hopewell Road</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Adena_culture" title="Adena culture">Adena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hopewell_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hopewell culture">Hopewell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Ancient culture">Fort Ancient cultures</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> connected the <a href="/wiki/Newark_Earthworks" title="Newark Earthworks">Newark Earthworks</a> to the mound group at Chillicothe.<sup id="cite_ref-Hopewell_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hopewell-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OldTraceSunken.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/OldTraceSunken.jpg/250px-OldTraceSunken.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/OldTraceSunken.jpg/375px-OldTraceSunken.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/OldTraceSunken.jpg/500px-OldTraceSunken.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="780" /></a><figcaption>Sunken stretch of the <a href="/wiki/Natchez_Trace" title="Natchez Trace">Natchez Trace</a> </figcaption></figure><p>The <a href="/wiki/Natchez_Trace" title="Natchez Trace">Natchez Trace</a> is a historic forest trail within the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> which extends roughly 440 miles (710 km) from <a href="/wiki/Natchez,_Mississippi" title="Natchez, Mississippi">Natchez, Mississippi</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville, Tennessee</a>, linking the <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_River" title="Cumberland River">Cumberland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_River" title="Tennessee River">Tennessee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a> Rivers. The trail was created and used by <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> for centuries, and was later used by early European and American explorers, traders, and emigrants in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Today, the path is commemorated by the 444-mile (715 km) <a href="/wiki/Natchez_Trace_Parkway" title="Natchez Trace Parkway">Natchez Trace Parkway</a>, which follows the approximate path of the Trace,<sup id="cite_ref-Devoss_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Devoss-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the related <a href="/wiki/Natchez_Trace_Trail" title="Natchez Trace Trail">Natchez Trace Trail</a>. Parts of the original trail are still accessible and some <a href="/wiki/Old_Natchez_Trace_segments_listed_on_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="Old Natchez Trace segments listed on the National Register of Historic Places">segments are listed on the National Register of Historic Places</a>. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/American_Old_West" class="mw-redirect" title="American Old West">American Old West</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Trail" title="Oregon Trail">Oregon Trail</a> was a 19th-century <a href="/wiki/American_pioneer" title="American pioneer">pioneer</a> route from <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> to <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, much of which was also used by the <a href="/wiki/Mormon_Trail" title="Mormon Trail">Mormon Trail</a> and <a href="/wiki/California_Trail" title="California Trail">California Trail</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_Trail" title="Santa Fe Trail">Santa Fe Trail</a> was a major commercial and military artery from <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> to <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico" title="Santa Fe, New Mexico">Santa Fe, New Mexico</a>. In modern times, the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Highway" title="Lincoln Highway">Lincoln Highway</a> (dedicated 1913) was the first road for the automobile across the United States of America, spanning 3389 miles coast-to-coast from <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> to <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mojave_Road" title="Mojave Road">Mojave Road</a> (also known as <a href="/wiki/Mohave_Trail" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohave Trail">Mohave Trail</a>) was a historical footpath and pack trail used by pre-contact desert-dwelling <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous people">indigenous people</a> that was later followed by Spanish missionaries, explorers, colonizers and settlers. Its course ran across the <a href="/wiki/Mojave_Desert" title="Mojave Desert">Mojave Desert</a> between watering holes approximately 60 miles (97 km) apart.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Casebier2010_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Casebier2010-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Corduroy_road">Corduroy road</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historic_roads_and_trails&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Corduroy road"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Corduroy_road" title="Corduroy road">Corduroy roads</a> are made by placing logs, perpendicular to the direction of the road over a low or swampy area, and were used extensively in the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, between Shiloh and Corinth after the battle of Shiloh,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in <a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman#Final_campaigns_in_the_Carolinas" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">Sherman's march through the Carolinas</a><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Plank_road">Plank road</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historic_roads_and_trails&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Plank road"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Plank_road" title="Plank road">plank road</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Road" title="Road">road</a> composed of <a href="/wiki/Plank_(wood)" title="Plank (wood)">wooden planks</a> or puncheon logs, which were commonly found in the Canadian province of <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a> of the United States in the first half of the 19th century. They were often built by <a href="/wiki/Toll_road" title="Toll road">turnpike</a> companies. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Plank_Road_Boom" title="Plank Road Boom">Plank Road Boom</a> was an economic boom that happened in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. Largely in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, the boom lasted from 1844 to the mid 1850s. In about 10 years, over 3,500 miles (5,600 km) of plank road were built in New York alone–enough road to go from <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a> to <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and more than 10,000 miles (16,000 km) of plank road were built countrywide.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historic_roads_and_trails&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Carlton_Trail" title="Carlton Trail">Carlton Trail</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">fur trade</a> route from south-west <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a> to <a href="/wiki/Fort_Edmonton" title="Fort Edmonton">Fort Edmonton</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Rivers_carts_at_Fort_Smith.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Red_Rivers_carts_at_Fort_Smith.jpg/250px-Red_Rivers_carts_at_Fort_Smith.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Red_Rivers_carts_at_Fort_Smith.jpg/375px-Red_Rivers_carts_at_Fort_Smith.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Red_Rivers_carts_at_Fort_Smith.jpg/500px-Red_Rivers_carts_at_Fort_Smith.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="409" /></a><figcaption> Red River ox cart train on the Carlton Trail</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Trails" title="Red River Trails">Red River Trails</a> were a network of ox cart routes connecting the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Colony" title="Red River Colony">Red River Colony</a> (the Selkirk Settlement) and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Garry" title="Fort Garry">Fort Garry</a> in <a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British North America</a> with the head of navigation on the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> in the United States. These trade routes ran from the location of present-day <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a> in the Canadian province of <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a> across the Canada–United States border, and thence by a variety of routes through what is now the eastern part of <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a> and western and central <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mendota,_Minnesota" title="Mendota, Minnesota">Mendota</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">Saint Paul, Minnesota</a> on the Mississippi. </p><p>Travellers began to use the trails by the 1820s, with the heaviest use from the 1840s to the early 1870s, when they were superseded by railways. Until then, these cartways provided the most efficient means of transportation between the isolated Red River Colony and the outside world. They gave the Selkirk colonists and their neighbours, the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis" title="Métis">Métis</a> people, an outlet for their furs and a source of supplies other than the <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a>, which was unable to enforce its monopoly in the face of the competition that used the trails. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="South_America">South America</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historic_roads_and_trails&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: South America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Incatrail_in_Peru.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Incatrail_in_Peru.jpg/220px-Incatrail_in_Peru.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Incatrail_in_Peru.jpg/330px-Incatrail_in_Peru.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Incatrail_in_Peru.jpg/440px-Incatrail_in_Peru.jpg 2x" data-file-width="692" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Trail to <a href="/wiki/Machu_Picchu" title="Machu Picchu">Machu Picchu</a>. Much of the trail is of original <a href="/wiki/Inca" class="mw-redirect" title="Inca">Inca</a> construction.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Inca_road_system" title="Inca road system">Inca road system</a></div> <p>The Inca road system was the most extensive and advanced transportation system in pre-Columbian South America. It was about 39,900 kilometres (24,800 mi) long.<sup id="cite_ref-D'Altroy2002a_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D'Altroy2002a-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 242">: 242 </span></sup> The construction of the roads required a large expenditure of time and effort.<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson1966_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson1966-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 634">: 634 </span></sup> The network was based on two north–south roads with numerous branches.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The best known portion of the road system is the <a href="/wiki/Inca_Trail_to_Machu_Picchu" title="Inca Trail to Machu Picchu">Inca Trail to Machu Picchu</a>. Part of the road network was built by cultures that precede the Inca Empire, notably the <a href="/wiki/Wari_culture" title="Wari culture">Wari culture</a>. During the Spanish colonial era, parts of the road system were given the status of <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Camino Real</i></span>. In 2014 the road system became a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> part of the Inca road system crossed the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> to connect areas of the <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historic_roads_and_trails&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_road_in_Tarsus" title="Ancient road in Tarsus">Ancient road in Tarsus</a>, Turkey.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop%27s_Road_(Mei%C3%9Fen%E2%80%93Stolpen)" title="Bishop's Road (Meißen–Stolpen)">Bishop's Road (Meißen–Stolpen)</a>. Germany.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog_of_Allen" title="Bog of Allen">Bog of Allen</a>, Ireland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camino_Real_de_Tierra_Adentro" title="Camino Real de Tierra Adentro">Camino Real de Tierra Adentro</a>. Mexico.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Indian_Warpath" title="Great Indian Warpath">Great Indian Warpath</a>. <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> trail, in USA.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_road_transport" title="History of road transport">History of road transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incense_Route" class="mw-redirect" title="Incense Route">Incense Route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_pilgrim_road" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerusalem pilgrim road">Jerusalem pilgrim road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Highway_(ancient)" title="King's Highway (ancient)">King's Highway (ancient)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_roads_in_Romania" title="List of medieval roads in Romania">List of medieval roads in Romania</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ontario_colonization_roads" title="List of Ontario colonization roads">List of Ontario colonization roads</a>. Canada.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Dresden_to_Teplitz_Post_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Dresden to Teplitz Post Road">Old Dresden to Teplitz Post Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Freiberg_to_Teplitz_Post_Road" title="Old Freiberg to Teplitz Post Road">Old Freiberg to Teplitz Post Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arab_trade" title="Pre-Islamic Arab trade">Pre-Islamic Arab trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridgeway_(road)" title="Ridgeway (road)">Ridgeway (road)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacbe" title="Sacbe">Sacbe</a>: paved <a href="/wiki/Road" title="Road">road</a> built by the <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya civilization</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian">pre-Columbian</a> <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_route" title="Stock route">Stock route</a>. Australian <a href="/wiki/Drovers%27_road" title="Drovers' road">drovers' road</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunken_lane" title="Sunken lane">Sunken lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toll_road" title="Toll road">Toll road</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toll_roads_in_Great_Britain" title="Toll roads in Great Britain">Toll roads in Great Britain</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_routes" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade routes">Trade routes</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Imperii" title="Via Imperii">Via Imperii</a>. Germany.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Maris" title="Via Maris">Via Maris</a>: linking <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> with the northern empires of <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Way_of_the_Patriarchs" title="Way of the Patriarchs">Way of the Patriarchs</a>. Israel</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historic_roads_and_trails&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Bibliography</dt></dl> <ul><li>Ramsay, William Mitchell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0sZAAAAYAAJ">The Historical Geography of Asia Minor</a>. London: John Murray, 1890.</li> <li>Abbott, Katharine M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oldpathsandlege02abbogoog">Old Paths and Legends of New England; Saunterings Over Historic Roads, with Glimpses of Picturesque Fields and Old Homesteads in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire</a>. New York and London: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1903.</li> <li>Hulbert, Archer Butler. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pioneerroadsand02hallgoog">Pioneer Roads and Experiences of Travelers</a>. Historic highways of America, v. 11–12. Cleveland, Ohio: A.H. Clark, 1904.</li> <li>McKinley, Albert E., and William G. Kimmel. The Social Studies. Philadelphia: McKinley Pub. Co, 1909. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vXoVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA370">Historical Problems of the Near East, The Trade Routes of Western Asia</a>" by <a href="/wiki/W._L._Westermann" class="mw-redirect" title="W. L. Westermann">W. L. Westermann</a>.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Footnotes</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Noble_Wildord1994" class="citation news cs1">John Noble Wildord (1994-05-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/08/world/world-s-oldest-paved-road-found-in-egypt.html">"World's Oldest Paved Road Found in Egypt"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=World%27s+Oldest+Paved+Road+Found+in+Egypt&rft.date=1994-05-08&rft.au=John+Noble+Wildord&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1994%2F05%2F08%2Fworld%2Fworld-s-oldest-paved-road-found-in-egypt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoric+roads+and+trails" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Page_9-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Page_9_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Page_9_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gabriel, Richard A. <i>The Great Armies of Antiquity</i>. Westport, Conn: Praeger, 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y1ngxn_xTOIC&pg=PA9">Page 9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Michael_Grant_1978-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Michael_Grant_1978_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Michael_Grant_1978_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Grant, <i>History of Rome</i> (New York: Charles Scribner, 1978), 264.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-boulnois-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-boulnois_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoulnois2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Luce_Boulnois" title="Luce Boulnois">Boulnois, Luce</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/silkroad00luce/page/66"><i>Silk Road: Monks, Warriors & Merchants</i></a>. 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M. de Navarro, "Prehistoric Routes between Northern Europe and Italy Defined by the Amber Trade", <i>The Geographical Journal,</i> Vol. 66, No. 6 (December 1925), pp. 481–503.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NAwGLzAfyhEC">Anthony F. Harding, "Reformation and Barbarism in Europe, 1300–600 BC", in Barry W. Cunliffe, ed., <i>Oxford Illustrated History of Prehistoric Europe,</i> Oxford, Oxford U. Press, 2001.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reeves, C.N. <i>The Complete Tutankhamun: the king, the tomb, the Royal Treasure.</i> London, <a href="/wiki/Thames_%26_Hudson" title="Thames & Hudson">Thames & Hudson</a>, 1990.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Serpico, M. and White, R. "Resins, amber and bitumen". <i>in</i> P.T. Nicholson – I. Shaw (ed.). <i>Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology.</i> Cambridge, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 2000, Part. II, Chapter 18, 430–75: 451–54). Cited, Gestoso Singer.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hood, S., "Amber in Egypt", in C. W. Beck & J. Bouzek (ed.) <i>Amber in Archaeology</i> (Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Amber in Archaeology, Liblice 1990, Institute of Archaeology): 230–35. Prague: Czech Academy of Sciences.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/propylaeumdok/892/1/Pfaelzner_Qatna_lion_2008.pdf">Anna J. Mukherjee, et al., "The Qatna lion: scientific confirmation of Baltic amber in late Bronze Age Syria" <i>Antiquity</i> 82 (2008), pp. 49–59.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drunter_2002_p._8-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Drunter_2002_p._8_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Drunter oder drüber: Elbquerungen gestern und heute</i> (Brochure on the exhibition in Staatsarchiv Hamburg between 30 October till 20 December 2002 on occasion of the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Elbe_Tunnel_(1975)#Dilation" title="Elbe Tunnel (1975)">4th bore of the Elbe Tunnel</a>), Joachim W. Frank (ed.), Hamburg: Staatsarchiv Hamburg / Amt für Geoinformation und Vermessung, 2002, p. 8. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89907-016-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-89907-016-X">3-89907-016-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForbes1993" class="citation book cs1">Forbes, Robert James (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Oi70BovgoQC&q=%22Via+Gabina%22+road+built&pg=PA146"><i>Studies in ancient technology, Volume 2</i></a>. Brill. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-00622-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-00622-5"><bdi>978-90-04-00622-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+ancient+technology%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-90-04-00622-5&rft.aulast=Forbes&rft.aufirst=Robert+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4Oi70BovgoQC%26q%3D%2522Via%2BGabina%2522%2Broad%2Bbuilt%26pg%3DPA146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoric+roads+and+trails" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LWPageArticleRoadsCanals-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LWPageArticleRoadsCanals_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LWPageArticleRoadsCanals_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LWPageArticleRoadsCanals_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bailey, L. 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Warwick Press, 1986.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuducu2015" class="citation book cs1">Duducu, Jem (2015). <i>The Romans in 100 Facts</i>. 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Hamburg. p. 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-931429-24-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-931429-24-9"><bdi>978-3-931429-24-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeological+Museum+Hamburg+Helms-Museum%3A+A+short+guide+to+the+Tour+of+the+Times&rft.place=Hamburg&rft.series=Archaeological+Museum+Hamburg+publication+-+Helms-Museum&rft.pages=108&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-931429-24-9&rft.aulast=Articus&rft.aufirst=R%C3%BCdiger&rft.au=Brandt%2C+Jochen&rft.au=F%C3%B6rst%2C+Elke&rft.au=Krause%2C+Yvonne&rft.au=Merkel%2C+Michael&rft.au=Mertens%2C+Kathrin&rft.au=Weiss%2C+Rainer-Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoric+roads+and+trails" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John W. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Syracuse.com&rft.atitle=Central+NY+was+the+center+of+the+wooden+roads+boom+in+the+US+-+until+they+rotted&rft.date=2016-06-30&rft.aulast=Coin&rft.aufirst=Glen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.syracuse.com%2Fempire%2Findex.ssf%2F2016%2F06%2Fcentral_ny_was_the_center_of_the_wooden_roads_boom_in_the_us_until_they_rotted.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoric+roads+and+trails" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlein" class="citation web cs1">Klein, Daniel B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eh.net/encyclopedia/turnpikes-and-toll-roads-in-nineteenth-century-america/">"Turnpikes and Toll Roads in Nineteenth Century America"</a>. <i>Economic History Association</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Economic+History+Association&rft.atitle=Turnpikes+and+Toll+Roads+in+Nineteenth+Century+America&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Daniel+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feh.net%2Fencyclopedia%2Fturnpikes-and-toll-roads-in-nineteenth-century-america%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoric+roads+and+trails" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-D'Altroy2002a-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-D'Altroy2002a_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD'Altroy2002" class="citation book cs1">D'Altroy, Terence N. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/incasthepeopleso00tere"><i>The Incas</i></a>. Blackwell Publishers Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-17677-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-17677-0"><bdi>978-0-631-17677-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Incas&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishers+Inc&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-631-17677-0&rft.aulast=D%27Altroy&rft.aufirst=Terence+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fincasthepeopleso00tere&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoric+roads+and+trails" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thompson1966-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thompson1966_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompsonJohn_V._Murra1966" class="citation journal cs1">Thompson, Donald E.; John V. Murra (July 1966). "The Inca Bridges in the Huanuco Region". <i>Society for American Archaeology</i>. 5. <b>31</b> (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Society+for+American+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+Inca+Bridges+in+the+Huanuco+Region&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1966-07&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Donald+E.&rft.au=John+V.+Murra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoric+roads+and+trails" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>History of the Inca realm</i>. Cambridge, England: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. 1999. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63759-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63759-6"><bdi>978-0-521-63759-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Inca+realm&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-63759-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoric+roads+and+trails" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/how-inca-empire-engineered-road-would-endure-centuries-180955709/">"How the Inca Empire Engineered a Road Across Some of the World's Most Extreme Terrain"</a>. <i>Smithsonianmag.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonianmag.com&rft.atitle=How+the+Inca+Empire+Engineered+a+Road+Across+Some+of+the+World%27s+Most+Extreme+Terrain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fsmithsonian-institution%2Fhow-inca-empire-engineered-road-would-endure-centuries-180955709%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoric+roads+and+trails" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historic_roads_and_trails&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Old_roads" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Old roads">Old roads</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chobham.info/roads.htm">Analysis of local roads near Chobham Common</a></li> <li>Historic England: Pre-industrial Roads, Trackways and Canals <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/iha-preindustrial-roads-trackways-canals/preindustrialroadstrackwayscanals/">[1]</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00677989">Neolithic wooden trackways and bog hydrology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peatlandsni.gov.uk/archaeology/timber.htm">Timber features - trackways and logboats</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.llangynfelyn.org/dogfennau/digdiary05.htm">A medieval timber trackway and industrial complex at llangynfelyn, Cors Fochno</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/08/090812104141.htm">London's Earliest Timber Structure Found During Belmarsh Prison Dig</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eh.net/encyclopedia/turnpikes-and-toll-roads-in-nineteenth-century-america/">Turnpikes and Toll Roads in Nineteenth-Century America</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Historic_roads_and_trails&oldid=1257524057">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Historic_roads_and_trails&oldid=1257524057</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_roads_and_tracks" title="Category:Ancient roads and tracks">Ancient roads and tracks</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Footpaths" title="Category:Footpaths">Footpaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historical_roads" title="Category:Historical roads">Historical roads</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_roads" title="Category:Lists of roads">Lists of roads</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Medieval_roads_and_tracks" title="Category:Medieval roads and tracks">Medieval roads and tracks</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Road_transport" title="Category:Road transport">Road transport</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Trails" title="Category:Trails">Trails</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text">Articles containing Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Japanese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Japanese-language text">Articles containing Japanese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Czech-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Czech-language text">Articles containing Czech-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2013" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Irish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Irish-language text">Articles containing Irish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Russian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Russian-language text">Articles containing Russian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Spanish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Spanish-language text">Articles containing Spanish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_locally_defined" title="Category:Commons category link is locally defined">Commons category link is locally defined</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 15 November 2024, at 10:44<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; 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