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id="main"> <div class="container"> <div class="content"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12 col-md-8 col-lg-9 order-md-2"> <div class="content-main"> <article id="post-7536" class="post-7536 page type-page status-publish hentry"> <header class="content-main-header"> <h1 class="entry-title">A-Z Glossary</h1> </header>  <div class="content-main-body"> 2LD Second Level Domain, for example, www.yourbusinessname.com.au, the letters after the name and before the .au. 6to4 A 6to4 gateway adds its IPv4 address to this 2002::/16, creating a unique /48 prefix. As the IPv4 address of the gateway router is used to compose the IPv6 prefix, it is possible to reverse the process and identify the IPv4 address, which can then be looked up in the relevant RIR’s whois database. AC Advisory Council. The ARIN Advisory Council serves in an advisory capacity to the Board of Trustees on Internet number resource policy and related matters. ADSL <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymmetric_digital_subscriber_line" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line</a> is a type of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_subscriber_line" title="Digital subscriber line" target="_blank" rel="noopener">digital subscriber line</a> (DSL) technology, a data communications technology that enables faster data transmission over copper telephone lines than a conventional voiceband modem can provide. Adjacency attestation (AAO) An AAO is a digitally signed object that verifies that an AS has made an attestation that it has an inter-domain adjacency with one or more other ASes. Advertisements See Routing advertisement. AFA <a href="https://apnic.foundation/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">APNIC Foundation Australia</a>. See APNIC Foundation. AFRINIC <a href="https://afrinic.net/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">African Network Information Centre</a> (AFRINIC) is the Regional Internet Registry for the African region. AGM Annual General Meeting. Allocation Address space allocated by APNIC or NIRs to LIRs for the purpose of subsequent distribution by LIRs to their customers. AMM Annual Member Meeting. APAN <a href="https://apan.net/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Asia Pacific Advanced Network Consortium</a> is the international partnership of the National Research and Education Networks (NRENs) across the region. It spans over half of the world’s population, and its members are fundamental in the provision of high-speed network connectivity domestically and internationally. APEC The <a href="https://www.apec.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Asia Pacific Economic Corporation </a>is a regional economic forum established in 1989 to leverage the growing interdependence of the Asia Pacific. <a href="https://www.apec.org/About-Us/About-APEC/Member-Economies.aspx" target="_blank" rel="noopener">APEC’s 21 members</a> aim to create greater prosperity for the people of the region by promoting balanced, inclusive, sustainable, innovative and secure growth and by accelerating regional economic integration. APECTEL The <a href="https://www.apec.org/Groups/SOM-Steering-Committee-on-Economic-and-Technical-Cooperation/Working-Groups/Telecommunications-and-Information" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Telecommunications and Information Working Group</a> aims to advance the development of information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure and services as well as to promote cooperation, information sharing and the development of effective ICT policies and regulations in the Asia Pacific region. APIDT The <a href="https://www.apidt.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Asia Pacific Internet Development Trust</a> is a fund created to benefit Internet development in the region. APNIC APNIC<a href="https://www.apnic.net/about-apnic/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> (Asia Pacific Network Information Centre)</a> is the Regional Internet Registry for the Asia Pacific region. APNIC Foundation The <a href="https://apnic.foundation/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">APNIC Foundation</a> actively seeks funding to support APNIC in building human and community capacity for Internet development in the Asia Pacific region. APNIC Whois Database The <a href="https://www.apnic.net/about-apnic/whois_search/about/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">APNIC Whois Database</a> is an official record that contains information regarding organizations that hold IP addresses and AS numbers in the Asia Pacific region. Application Service Provider Entity that provides specific application(s) direct to the end user. APNG The <a href="https://apng.asia/?page_id=30" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Asia Pacific Next Generation</a> is an arena in which future leaders of the digital society in the Asia Pacific region gather to build a human network and learn from each other. APNOG The <a href="https://apnog.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Asia Pacific Network Operators Group</a> is the non-profit entity which has assumed responsibility for the delivery of the annual APRICOT summit from the Asia Pacific Internet Association (<a href="https://apia.org/">APIA</a>) as from the 1st July 2019. APJII/IDNIC <a href="https://apjii.or.id/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Asosiasi Penyelenggara Jasa Internet Indonesia</a> (Indonesian ISP Association) and Indonesia Network Information Centre is the NIR for Indonesia. APrIGF The <a href="https://www.aprigf.asia/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Asia Pacific Regional Internet Governance Forum</a> serves as a platform for discussion, exchange and collaboration to advance Internet governance development in the Asia Pacific region. APrIGF MSG The APrIGF <a href="https://www.aprigf.asia/msg.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Multistakeholder Steering Group</a> helps organize the APrIGF events and promotes and encourages dialogue among all stakeholders involved with Internet governance related issues in the Asia Pacific region. APT The <a href="https://www.apt.int/APT-Introduction" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Asia Pacific Telecommunity</a> is an intergovernmental organization that operates in conjunction with telecom service providers, manufacturers of communications equipment, and research and development organizations active in the field of communication, information and innovation technologies. APT — Advanced persistent threat Advanced persistent threat is a stealthy threat actor, typically a nation state or state-sponsored group, which gains unauthorized access to a computer network and remains undetected for an extended period. APTLD The <a href="https://aptld.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Asia Pacific Top Level Domain Association</a> is an organization for ccTLD (country-code Top Level Domain) registries in the Asia Pacific region. ARIN <a href="https://www.arin.net/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">American Registry for Internet Numbers</a> (ARIN) is the Regional Internet Registry for the North American region. arpa (or ‘.arpa’) The Address and Routing Parameters Area top level domain, used for network infrastructure. ARPA/ARPANET The Advanced Research Project Agency Network, now known as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency</a> (DARPA) is a research and development agency of the United States Department of Defense responsible for the development of emerging technologies for use by the military. ASEAN The <a href="https://asean.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Association of Southeast Asian Nations</a> is an economic union comprising 10 member states in Southeast Asia, which promotes intergovernmental cooperation and facilitates economic, political, security, military, educational, and sociocultural integration between its members and other economies in Asia. Assignment Address space assigned for specific use within the Internet infrastructure of a network. Assignments can be made by LIRs to their customer’s network infrastructure or to the LIR’s own infrastructure. Assignment of a number The process for providing an international numbering resource to an eligible applicant (when used in the formal sense as defined in Section 5.4 of ITU-T Rec. E.190 (05/97)). ASO The <a href="https://aso.icann.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Address Supporting Organization</a> is one of ICANN’s three supporting organizations that reviews and develops recommendations on IP address policy and advises the ICANN Board on policy issues relating to the operation, assignment, and management of IP addresses. ASO AC The <a href="https://aso.icann.org/aso-ac/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Address Supporting Organization Address Council</a> consists of the 15 members of the NRO Number Council (NRO NC). The NRO NC is an elected body of 15 volunteers and is called for in the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) Bylaws. See NRO NC below. Assignment window Refers to the amount of IP address space that you can assign or sub-allocate to your customers without the need to send in a second opinion request form for APNIC’s approval. AUNIC Australian Network Information Centre. AusNOG <a href="https://www.ausnog.net/about" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Australian Network Operators Group</a>. AusNOG is a community of network operators who work in ISPs, content providers, or other areas of the online industry in Australia. See the <a href="https://www.apnic.net/community/support/network-operator-groups/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">NOGs</a> page for more information about NOGs. Autonomous System (AS) An AS is a group of IP networks run by one or more network operators with a single clearly defined routing policy. Autonomous System Number (ASN or AS number) ASNs are globally unique identifiers for Autonomous Systems (ASes) and are used as identifiers to allow the ASes to exchange dynamic routing information. BCP Best Common Practice; Best Current Practice (IETF); Business Continuity Plan. bdNOG <a href="https://www.bdnog.org/About.php" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Bangladesh Network Operators Group</a>. Benchmarking These IPv6 addresses are reserved for use in documentation. They should not be used as source or destination addresses. BGP The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is the routing protocol used to exchange routing information across the Internet. BGP allows ISPs to connect to each other and for end users to connect to more than one ISP. BGP is the only protocol that is designed to deal with a network of the Internet’s size, and deal well with having multiple connections to unrelated routing domains. BIND <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIND" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Berkeley Internet Name Daemon</a> is a software server application that provides name resolution services. Blackholing Where false routing advertisements redirect traffic away from its intended destination and instead are directed to a sink point. This results in an effective Denial of Service (DoS), where the target service is taken offline. A side effect may be a rearrangement of traffic flows that could overload some network links. BoF <a href="https://www.apnic.net/community/participate/sigs/bofs/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Birds of a Feather</a> meetings are informal meetings that are convened for a variety of purposes such as exchanging information and discussing new ideas or particular issues. btNOG Bhutan Network Operators Group. Cache The Recursive Resolver’s cache is its memory where the answers for recent queries are stored. If the answer to a query is on the Recursive Resolver’s cache, the Recursive Resolver will not query any other server, but will give out the stored answer. CC E.164 Country Code (as specified in ITU-T Recommendation E.164). ccTLD Country Code Top Level Domain. CA A <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_authority" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Certificate Authority</a> is an entity that issues digital certificates. CANTO <a href="https://www.canto.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Caribbean Association of National Telecommunications Organizations</a>. CCWG The Cross Community Working Group on Enhancing ICANN Accountability is a group formed by ICANN as part of ICANN’s Enhancing Accountability Process. It was created to examine how ICANN’s accountability mechanisms should be strengthened as part of the IANA Stewardship Transition Process. Also referred to as CCWG-Accountability. Certificate extensions To make the original X.509 certificate standard suitable for Resource Certification it needed some minor modifications, or extensions, to provide a place to record the Internet number resources held by the private key holder. See X.509. CERTs <a href="https://www.apnic.net/community/security/security-cooperation/#CERTs" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Computer Emergency Response Teams </a>(CERTs) or Computer Security Incident Response Teams (CSIRTs) are expert groups that respond to cybersecurity incidents, such as malware, DDoS, and ransomware attacks. These groups play a vital role in the maintenance of the networks that comprise the Internet. CIDR Classless Inter Domain Routing is a method of categorizing IP addresses for the purpose of allocating IP addresses to users and for efficiently routing IP packets on the Internet. Client/Server A method of splitting software functions, for example, a PC-based email client and a network-based email server. CNNIC The <a href="https://www.cnnic.com.cn/AU/Introduction/Introduction/201208/t20120815_33295.htm" target="_blank" rel="noopener">China Internet Network Information Centre</a> is the NIR for China. Country A specific country, a group of countries in an integrated numbering plan or a specific geographical area (when used in a formal sense of an ITU-T Rec. E.164 Country Code). CPE <a href="https://networkencyclopedia.com/customer-premises-equipment-cpe/">Customer Premises Equipment </a> is any telecommunications equipment sold or leased by the carrier to the customer that is installed at the customer’s location. It is typically installed to originate, route, or terminate telecommunication between the customer premises and the carrier or telco’s location from which the service is leased. CPS A <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certification_Practice_Statement" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Certification Practice Statement</a> is a document from a certificate authority or a member of a web of trust which describes their practice for issuing and managing public key certificates. CRISP Team The Consolidated RIR IANA Stewardship Proposal Team (CRISP) is a group representing the Internet numbering community that produced a proposal for the <a href="https://www.apnic.net/community/ecosystem/iana-transition/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">IANA Stewardship Transition Process</a>. Critical Internet infrastructure A collective terms for all hardware and software systems that constitute essential components in the operation of the Internet. CSIRT See CERTs above. CWG The Cross Community Working Group to Develop an IANA Stewardship Transition Proposal on Naming Related Functions (CWG) is a group representing the domain name community to produce a proposal for the IANA Stewardship Transition Process. DASH The <a href="https://dash.apnic.net/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Dashboard for Autonomous System Health</a> is an APNIC product to help you rapidly track suspicious traffic seen coming from your network. DDoS Distributed denial-of-service is a DoS attack launched from multiple computers. Digital certificate A digital certificate is an electronic certificate used to prove your identity or your right to access information or services online. A digital certificate is required in order to access secured services of APNIC. The digital certificates used by APNIC conform to Standard X.509. Digital signature A digital signature is an electronic signature that authenticates the identity of a message sender, or document signer and possibly to ensure that the original content of the message or document has arrived unchanged. DNS The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Domain Name System</a> is a hierarchical and decentralized naming system for computers, services, or other resources connected to the Internet or a private network. It associates various information with domain names assigned to each of the participating entities. DNSSEC <a href="https://www.apnic.net/community/security/dnssec/">Domain Name Security Extensions </a> are extensions to the DNS that provide authentication of the origin of DNS data, integrity of data and authentication of denial of existence. Domain A set of host names consisting of a single domain name and all the domain names below it. Domain name As part of the Domain Name System, domain names identify IP resources, such as an Internet website. DoS Denial-of-service is a type of Internet attack where an attacker attempts to prevent legitimate users from accessing information or services generally by flooding the service provider with bogus requests or traffic. E.164 The international public telecommunication numbering plan. E.164 number (for geographical areas) An E.164 number typically consisting of three fields, CC (country code), NDC (national destination code), and SN (subscriber number). E.190 Principles and responsibilities for the management, assignment and reclamation of E Series international numbering resources. E164 Number A number from ITU-T Rec E.164 numbering plan that uniquely indicates a public network termination point. e164.arpa In the .arpa domain, the subdomain of ENUM names for E.164 numbers. EC The <a href="https://www.apnic.net/about-apnic/organization/structure/apnic-executive-council/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">APNIC Executive Council </a>serves as the governing board of APNIC, as defined in the <a href="https://www.apnic.net/about-apnic/corporate-documents/documents/corporate/by-laws/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">APNIC By-laws</a>. Each <a href="https://www.apnic.net/about-apnic/organization/structure/apnic-executive-council/ec-members/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">member of the EC</a> serves a two-year term of office but is eligible for re-election at the end of each term. End site An end site is defined as an end user (subscriber) who has a business relationship with a service provider that involves that service provider: (i) Assigning address space to the end user; (ii) Providing transit service for the end user to other sites; (iii) Carrying the end user’s traffic; and (iv) Advertising an aggregate prefix route that contains the end user’s assignment. ENUM Telephone Number Mapping – a protocol and an IETF WG. ERX <a href="https://help.apnic.net/s/article/Early-Registration-Transfer-Project" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Early Registration Transfer Project.</a> Ethernet A system for connecting a number of computer systems to form a local area network. EU End user. Exterior Gateway Protocol The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exterior_Gateway_Protocol" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Exterior Gateway Protocol</a> was a routing protocol used to connect different Autonomous Systems on the Internet from the mid-1980s until the mid-1990s, when it was replaced by Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). FIRST The <a href="https://www.first.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Forum of Incident Response and Security Teams</a> brings together a variety of computer security incident response teams from government, commercial, and educational organizations. FIRST aims to foster cooperation and coordination in incident prevention, to stimulate rapid reaction to incidents, and to promote information sharing among members and the community at large. GAC Governmental Advisory Committee, one of ICANN’s stakeholder groups. The GAC provides ICANN with input from governments on issues of public policy. GDD ICANN’s Global Domains Division oversees generic domain operations, domain name industry engagement and web services. Global Service A service defined by the ITU-T, provisioned on the public switched network, … to enable the provision of that international service between two or more countries … (when used in the formal sense as defined in Section 4.14 of ITU-T Rec. E.164 (05/97)). Global Unicast Other than the exceptions documented in this table, the <a href="http://www.iana.org/assignments/ipv6-unicast-address-assignments" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">operators</a> of networks using these addresses can be found using the whois servers of the RIRs listed in the registry. GPRS <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Packet_Radio_Service" target="_blank" rel="noopener">General Packet Radio Service</a> is a packet oriented mobile data standard on the 2G and 3G cellular communication network’s global system for mobile communications (GSM). gTLD Generic Top Level Domain hosting/webhosting — a location (a server somewhere, connected to the Internet) that houses your Internet address. H.323 Packet-based multimedia communication systems. HD-Ratio The HD-Ratio is a way of measuring the efficiency of address assignment [RFC 3194]. It is an adaption of the HD-Ratio originally defined in [RFC 1715] and is expressed as the number of allocated objects divided by the maximum number of allocatable objects. In the case of the ‘IPv6 Address Allocation and Assignment Policy document, the objects are IPv6 site addresses (/56s) assigned from an IPv6 prefix of a given size. Historical resources These are resources delegated to organizations by APNIC before the introduction of a membership structure. These resources have always been registered in the APNIC Whois Database but if the resource holder did not become an APNIC Member at any time after the introduction of the membership structure, the resources were not made subject to current APNIC policies. HKNOG <a href="https://hknog.net/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Hong Kong Network Operators Group.</a> HTTP <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Hypertext Transfer Protoco</a>l is an application layer protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypermedia information systems. IAB The<a href="https://www.iab.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Internet Architecture Board</a> provides long-range technical direction for Internet development, ensuring the Internet continues to grow and evolve as a platform for global communication and innovation. IANA The<a href="http://www.iana.org/about" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Internet Assigned Numbers Authority</a> is a standards organization that oversees global IP address allocation, ASN allocation, root zone management in the DNS, media types, and other IP-related symbols and Internet numbers. IANAPlan WG The IANAPlan Working Group is a group representing the Internet protocols and parameters community that produced a proposal for the IANA Stewardship Transition Process. IBGP The <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/computer-science/interior-gateway-protocol" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Interior border Gateway Protocol</a> is used inside an organization’s network and is limited to the border router. ICANN The<a href="https://www.icann.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Internet Corporation of Assigned Names and Numbers</a> is a multistakeholder group and nonprofit organization responsible for coordinating the maintenance and procedures of several databases related to the Internet’s names and numerical spaces, ensuring the network’s stable and secure operation. ICANN GAC <a href="https://gac.icann.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ICANN Government Advisory Committee</a> is an advisory committee to the ICANN Board. The GAC’s key role is to provide advice to ICANN on issues of public policy, and especially where there may be an interaction between ICANN’s activities or policies and national laws or international agreements. ICG The <a href="https://www.icann.org/stewardship/coordination-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">IANA Stewardship Transition Coordination Group</a> was formed by ICANN to oversee the IANA Stewardship Transition Process. This group is responsible for collecting and evaluating proposals on the IANA Stewardship Transition Process from the Domain Names Community (CWG), Number Resources Community (CRISP Team), and the Protocol and Parameters Community (IANAPlan WG). ICMP The Internet Control Message Protocol is a supporting protocol in the Internet protocol suite. It is used by network devices, including routers, to send error messages and operational information indicating success or failure when communicating with another IP address, for example, when an error is indicated when a requested service is not available or that a host or router could not be reached. IESG The <a href="https://www.ietf.org/about/groups/iesg//" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Internet Engineering Steering Group</a> (IESG) is part of ISOC and is responsible for technical management of IETF activities and the Internet standards process. IETF The<a href="https://www.ietf.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Internet Engineering Task Force</a> is an open standards organization, which develops and promotes voluntary Internet standards, in particular, the standards that comprise the Internet protocol suite. IGF The <a href="https://www.intgovforum.org/multilingual/tags/about" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Internet Governance Forum</a> is an annual meeting where delegates discuss public policy issues relating to the Internet. IGF MAG The <a href="https://www.intgovforum.org/multilingual/content/about-mag" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">IGF Multistakeholder Advisory Group</a> advises the ITU Secretary-General on the program and schedule of the IGF meetings. The MAG comprises 55 Members from governments, the private sector and civil society, including representatives from the academic and technical communities. Impersonation Where false routing advertisements redirect traffic away from the intended destination and instead directs traffic to a site that masquerades as the destination service. This form of masquerading is used to gather otherwise confidential information from users of the original service. See Phishing. in-addr.arpa In the .arpa domain, the subdomain for IP addresses (as names) for host names. INNOG <a href="https://innog.net/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indian Network Operators Group</a>. Injection Refers to the method of inserting routing information into the routing table. In context, it can also imply the injection of false routing information. Internet Directory See <a href="#rex">REx—The Resource Explorer</a>. Inspection and alteration Where false routing advertisements cause traffic to an intended destination to be forwarded to a compromised network segment. Here the traffic may be inspected, or even altered, before being passed onward to the actual destination. Internet number resources APNIC refers to IPv4 and IPv6 address blocks and ASNs as Internet number resources. Internet Exchange Point (IX or IXP) An Internet Exchange Point is a layer 1 and layer 2 network structure that interconnects three or more ASes for the purpose of Internet traffic interchange. Internet Registry An Internet Registry (IR) is an organization that is responsible for distributing IP address space to its members or customers and for registering those distributions. IRs include: (i) APNIC and other Regional Internet Registries (RIRs); (ii) National Internet Registries (NIRs); and (iii) Local Internet Registries (LIRs). IRINN <a href="https://www.irinn.in/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indian Registry for Internet Names and Numbers</a>. IRR The <a href="https://www.apnic.net/about-apnic/whois_search/about/what-is-in-whois/irr/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Internet Routing Registry</a> is a part of the APNIC Whois Database that is used to publish information about the routing of Internet number resources. This information is then available worldwide to be used for routing validation, testing, and filtering. IoT The<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_things"> Internet of Things</a> is a system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical and digital machines provided with unique identifiers and the ability to transfer data over a network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction. IP The <a href="https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/network-layer/internet-protocol/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Internet Protocol</a> is a protocol, or set of rules, for routing and addressing packets of data so that they can travel across networks and arrive at the correct destination. IPv4 address An IPv4 address is a binary number consisting of 32 bits that are organized into four bytes. The four bytes are usually portrayed using a dotted decimal notation such as 1.2.3.4. Each decimal number is the equivalent of a byte; the dots used between the decimals are used to separate the bytes. For example, 205.150.58.7. IPv4-Mapped These addresses are used to embed IPv4 addresses in an IPv6 address. One use for this is in a dual-stack transition scenario where IPv4 addresses can be mapped into an IPv6 address. IPv6 The next generation Internet layer protocol for the Internet. It has a much larger address space than IPv4 with a 128-bit address. This supports 2128 addresses. They are conventionally expressed using hexadecimal strings, for example, 2001:0db8:582:ae33::29. IRT <a href="https://www.apnic.net/manage-ip/manage-resources/address-management-objectives/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Incident Response Teams</a> or Computer Security Incident Response Teams (CSIRTs) specifically respond to computer security incident reports and activity. ISIF Asia The <a href="https://isif.asia/about-isif-asia/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Information Society Innovation Fund</a> is a grants program dedicated to empowering organizations that research, design and implement technical solutions that support Internet development and facilitate human and economic development in the Asia Pacific region. ISOC The <a href="https://www.internetsociety.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Internet Society </a>is a global nonprofit organization empowering people to keep the Internet a force for good: open, globally connected, secure, and trustworthy. ISP An Internet Service Provider is an organization that provides services for accessing, using, or participating in the Internet. ISPAB <a href="https://ispab.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Internet Services Providers Association of Bangladesh</a>. ISPAI <a href="http://ispai.in/UI/contactUs.php" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Internet Services Providers Association of India</a>. ITAC The <a href="https://www.internetac.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Internet Technical Advisory Committee</a> contributes constructively to the OECD’s development of Internet-related policies. ITHI The <a href="https://ithi.research.icann.org/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Identifier Technology Health Indicator</a> project was implemented by ICANN to monitor the health of the registered identifiers ecosystem, through a set of Identifier Technology Health Indicators, or ITHI Metrics. ITU The <a href="https://www.itu.int/en/about/Pages/default.aspx" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">International Telecommunication Union</a> is the United Nations specialized agency for information and communication technologies — ICTs. ITU-T The <a href="https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/Pages/default.aspx" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Telecommunications standardization sector</a> of the ITU. It coordinates standards for telecommunications and Information Communication Technology such as X.509 for cybersecurity, Y.3172 for machine learning, and H.264/MPEG-4 AVC for video compression, between its Member States, Private Sector Members, and Academia Members. IXP <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_exchange_point" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Internet Exchange Points</a> are common grounds of IP networking, allowing participant Internet service providers to exchange data destined for their respective networks. IXPs are generally located at places with preexisting connections to multiple distinct networks. JPNIC <a href="https://www.nic.ad.jp/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Japan Network Information Center</a>. JANOG <a href="https://www.janog.gr.jp/en/html/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Japan Network Operators Group.</a> KISA/KRNIC <a href="https://xn--3e0bx5euxnjje69i70af08bea817g.xn--3e0b707e/jsp/eng/intro/intro.jsp" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Korean Internet & Security Agency / Korea Network Information Centre</a> is the NIR for the South Korea. KHNOG <a href="https://www.khnog.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Cambodia Network Operators Group</a>. LACNIC <a href="https://www.lacnic.net/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Latin American & Caribbean Network Information Centre</a> (LACNIC) is the Regional Internet Registry for Latin America and some Caribbean Islands. LAN A <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_network" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Local Area Network</a> is a computer network that interconnects computers within a limited area such as a residence, school, laboratory, university campus or office building. Link-Local addresses These addresses are used on a single link or a non-routed common access network, such as an Ethernet LAN. They do not need to be unique outside of that link. Link-local addresses may appear as the source or destination of an IPv6 address. LKNOG <a href="https://www.lknog.lk/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sri Lanka Network Operators Group</a>. Local Internet Registry (LIR) A LIR is an Internet Registry (IR) that primarily assigns address space to the users of the network services that it provides. LIRs are generally ISPs, whose customers are primarily end users and possibly other ISPs. LOA Letter of authority or Legitimacy of address check. Loopback This address is used when a host talks to itself over IPv6. This often happens when one program sends data to another. LSN Large Scale NAT. See NAT. MANRS The <a href="https://www.manrs.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Mutual Agreed Norms for Routing Security</a> is a global initiative, supported by the Internet Society, that provides crucial fixes to reduce the most common routing threats. MMNOG <a href="https://www.mmnog.net/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Myanmar Network Operators Group</a>. mnNOG <a href="https://2021.nog.mn/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Mongolian Network Operators Group</a>. MoU Memorandum of Understanding. MSP A <a href="https://www.gartner.com/en/information-technology/glossary/msp-management-service-provider" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Managed Service Provider</a> delivers services, such as network, application, infrastructure and security, via ongoing and regular support and active administration on customers’ premises, in their MSP’s data centre (hosting), or in a third-party data centre. MTU The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_transmission_unit" target="_blank" rel="noopener">M</a>aximum Transmission Unit is the size of the largest protocol data unit (PDU) that can be communicated in a single network layer transaction Multicast These addresses are used to identify multicast groups. They should only be used as destination addresses, never as source addresses. Multihomed Describes a computer host that has multiple IP addresses to connected networks. A multihomed host is physically connected to multiple data links that can be on the same or different networks. MyNOG <a href="https://www.mynog.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Malaysia Network Operators Group</a>. Name server A DNS component that stores information about one zone (or more) of the DNS name space. Name space The structure of the DNS database. Name vs address vs route A name identifies an endpoint, an address tells where it is, and a route tells how to get there. NANOG <a href="https://www.nanog.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">North American Network Operators Group</a>. NAPTR Number Authority Pointer (as used within IETF RFC 2916 to identify possible URLs and numbers that can be returned). NAT <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_address_translation" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Network Address Translation</a> (NAT) is the process of modifying a network address while in transit for the purpose of remapping a given address space into another. NAT-PT <a href="http://www.h3c.com/en/d_201211/761875_294551_0.htm" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Network Address Translation – Protocol Translation</a>. The NAT-PT router translates the source IPv4 address of the packet into an IPv6 address according to the static or dynamic mapping on the IPv4 side. National Internet Registry (NIR) A <a href="https://www.apnic.net/about-apnic/organization/apnic-region/national-internet-registries/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">NIR</a> primarily allocates address space to its members or constituents that are generally LIRs organized at a national level. NIRs mostly exist in the Asia Pacific region. NetOX NetOX (<a href="https://netox.apnic.net/">Network Operators toolboX</a>) is an APNIC product that provides a set of tools for network operators to get information about their, and other networks, to solve routing issues and make better informed decisions like deciding which other networks to connect to. Network An international network providing public correspondence services (when used in the formal sense as defined in Section 4.17 of ITU-T Rec. E.164 (05/97)). NFV <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_function_virtualization" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Network function virtualization</a> is a network architecture concept that uses the technologies of IT virtualization to virtualize entire classes of network node function into building blocks that may connect, or chain together, to create communication services. Nibble boundary A bit is the smallest unit of data on a binary computer. A nibble is a collection of bits on a four-bit boundary (half-byte), that is, it takes four bits to represent a single binary code decimal (BCD) or hexadecimal digit (0-9, A, B, C, D, E, F in ASCII). When IPv6 addresses are represented in the DNS, the entire binary sequence is listed as hexidecimal characters. When listed in reverse, each hexadecimal character becomes a ‘nibble boundary’. NIC Network Information Centre. NIR <a href="https://www.apnic.net/about-apnic/organization/apnic-region/national-internet-registries/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Internet Registry</a>. NIRs perform Internet number delegations and registrations in line with APNIC policies. NOG <a href="https://www.apnic.net/community/support/network-operator-groups/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Network Operator Groups</a> are informal forums that bring together network operators, network engineers and other technical professionals to discuss matters relating to routing, network security, peering and interconnection, and other operational Internet issues. While the forums are generally structured around sharing relevant technical information, they also provide training and other skills development opportunities to the region’s operators. Non-portable Non-portable addresses must be returned if the network changes upstream provider. NP Number portability. npNOG <a href="https://npnog.org.np/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Nepal Network Operators Group</a>. NREN <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_research_and_education_network" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">National research and education networks</a> are specialized ISPs dedicated to support the needs of research and education communities within an economy. NRO The <a href="https://www.nro.net/about/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Number Resource Organization</a> is the coordinating body of the RIRs. NRO NC The <a href="https://www.nro.net/about/address-supporting-organization/the-nro-number-council/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">NRO Number Council</a> is an elected body of 15 volunteers. It also serves as the ASO AC as outlined in the <a href="https://aso.icann.org/documents/memorandums-of-understanding/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ICANN ASO MoU</a>. See ASO AC above. NTIA The <a href="https://www.ntia.doc.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">National Telecommunications Information Administration</a> is an agency of the US government’s Department of Commerce, which provides advice on telecommunications and policy issues. NZNOG <a href="http://www.nznog.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">New Zealand Network Operators Group</a>. OECD The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OECD" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development</a> is an intergovernmental economic organization with 38 member economies, founded to stimulate economic progress and world trade. Orchid These IPv6 addresses are used for a fixed-term experiment. They should only be visible on an end-to-end basis and routers should not see packets using them as source or destination addresses. OSPF <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Shortest_Path_First" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Open Shortest Path First</a> is a routing protocol for Internet Protocol networks. It uses a link state routing algorithm and falls into the group of interior gateway protocols, operating within a single Autonomous System. Ownership vs use of a number Numbering resources … are not to be considered ‘owned’ by the assignee. Assignment of the numbering resource … confers use of the resources … (in the formal sense of Principle 5 in ITU-T Rec. E.190.). PA <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provider-aggregatable_address_space" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Provider aggregatable</a> address space is a block of IP addresses assigned by an RIR to an ISP that can be aggregated into a single route advertisement for improved Internet routing efficiency PacNOG <a href="https://www.pacnog.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Pacific Network Operators Group</a>. PCTA <a href="https://pcta.org.ph/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Philippine Cable Television Association</a>. PDP APNIC Policy Development Process — APNIC’s resource management policies are developed by the Internet community through an open, bottom-up, multistakeholder process. The formal process used to develop these policies was itself decided by, and is controlled by, the community. Phishing Any of several methods designed to illegally acquire sensitive or private information such as bank details, login information or personal details by fraudulently masquerading as a trustworthy entity. PGP <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretty_Good_Privacy" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Pretty Good Privacy</a> is an encryption program that provides cryptographic privacy and authentication for data communication. PGP is used for signing, encrypting, and decrypting texts, emails, files, directories, and whole disk partitions and to increase the security of email communications. phNOG <a href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/632112196877805/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Philippine Network Operators Group</a>. PI <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provider-independent_address_space" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Provider independent</a> address space is a block of IP addresses assigned by an RIR directly to an end-user organization. PKI Public Key Infrastructure is a combination of technologies that allow the verification and secure exchange of data through the use of encryption, digitally signed certificates, and public and private keys. PNGNOG Papua New Guinea Network Operators Group. POP A <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_of_presence" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Point of Presence</a> is an artificial demarcation point or network interface point between communicating entities. A common example is an ISP POP, the local access point that allows users to connect to the Internet with their ISP. Portable Portable addresses can be retained by the network if the network changes upstream provider. Portable allocation APNIC makes portable allocations to organizations. That is, it distributes address space to IRs for the purpose of subsequent distribution by them. PPP <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocol" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Point-to-Point Protocol</a> is a data link layer communication protocol between two routers directly without any host or any other networking in between. It can provide connection authentication, transmission encryption, and data compression. PSTN The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Public Switched Telephone Network</a> is the aggregate of the world’s circuit-switched telephone networks that are operated by national, regional, or local telephony operators, providing infrastructure and services for public telecommunication. QoS <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_of_service" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Quality of Service</a> is the description or measurement of the overall performance of a service, such as a telephony or computer network or a cloud computing service, particularly the performance seen by the users of the network. Query/response A protocol interaction between a client and a server. RDAP <a href="https://www.apnic.net/about-apnic/whois_search/about/rdap/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Registration Data Access Protocol</a> is an alternative to whois for accessing Internet number resource registration data. It provides standardization of queries and responses; internationalization consideration to cater for languages other than English in data objects; and redirection capabilities to allow seamless referrals to other registries. Registrar Entity that provides direct services to domain name registrants by processing name registrations. Registry Entity that runs the DNS authoritative server for a specific domain. Resolver The client-based software that queries a DNS name server and receives the response. REST <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representational_state_transfer" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Representational state transfer</a> is a software architectural style that was created to guide the design and development of the architecture for the World Wide Web. REST defines a set of constraints for how the architecture of an Internet-scale distributed hypermedia system, such as the web, should behave. Reverse DNS delegation or RDNS <a href="https://www.apnic.net/manage-ip/manage-resources/reverse-dns/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Reverse DNS</a> delegations allow applications to map to a domain name from an IP address. Reverse delegation is achieved by use of the pseudo-domain names in-addr.arpa (IPv4) and ip6.arpa (IPv6). <a id="rex"></a>REx—The Resource Explorer <a href="https://rex.apnic.net/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">REx—The Resource Explorer </a>is an APNIC product that provides data on how Internet number resources are distributed and used in the Asia Pacific region. It was previously known as the Internet Directory. RFC <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_Comments" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Request For Comments</a> — the name for an Internet standards-related specification. RIP The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routing_Information_Protocol" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Routing Information Protocol</a> is one of the oldest distance-vector routing protocols which employs the hop count as a routing metric. RIP prevents routing loops by implementing a limit on the number of hops allowed in a path from source to destination. The largest number of hops allowed for RIP is 15, which limits the size of networks that RIP can support. RIPE NCC <a href="https://www.ripe.net/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Réseaux IP Européens Network Co-ordination Centre</a> (RIPE NCC) is the Regional Internet Registry for Europe, the Middle East and parts of Central Asia. RIRs Regional Internet Registries (RIRs) are established and authorized by respective regional communities and recognized by IANA to serve and represent large geographical regions. The primary role of RIRs is to manage and distribute public Internet address space within their respective regions. ROA <a href="https://www.apnic.net/community/security/resource-certification/#routing">Resource Origin Authorization</a> lists the prefixes that an ASN is authorized to announce. ROAs therefore state which AS is authorized to originate certain IP prefixes. Once validated, a ROA can be used to generate route filters. ROV <a href="https://www.apnic.net/community/security/resource-certification/#routing">Route Origin Validation</a> is the application of RPKI to validate the origin AS. It’s the mechanism by which route advertisements can be authenticated as originating from an expected AS. Root The root level is the top level of the DNS, a hierarchical tree-like structure that maps domain names to IP addresses. Top level domains include .com, .org, and country-level names such as .ca nd .au. Root server A DNS server pointing to all top- level domains. Routing advertisements Each router announces or advertises a list of routes it can process, expressed as ranges of IP addresses for which it can provide routing service. Put simply, a router tells its peers, “If you have traffic intended for IP addresses in the range between 192.0.0.1 and 192.5.255.255 (for example), pass me those packets”. RPKI <a href="https://www.apnic.net/community/security/resource-certification/#resource-certification" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Resource Public Key Infrastructure</a> (see also PKI) is a structure of digitally signed certificates that contain attestations regarding the right to use Internet number resources. RPSL The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routing_Policy_Specification_Language" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Routing Policy Specification Language</a> is a language commonly used by ISPs to describe their routing policies. RRs A <a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/dns/managing-dns-resource-records" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">DNS Resource Record</a> is a unit of information entry in DNS zone files; RRs are the basic building blocks of host-name and IP information and are used to resolve all DNS queries. Resource records come in a fairly wide variety of types in order to provide extended name-resolution services. RQC The <a href="https://netox.apnic.net/" taget="_blank" target="_blank" rel="noopener">APNIC Network Operators ToolbOX</a> (NetOX) is a tool powered by RIPEstat , which includes a Resource Quality Check (RQC) section that allows you to check the quality of resources by providing whois, routing status and history, geolocation and blacklist entry information to users through a single web interface. RWhois <a href="https://www.arin.net/resources/registry/reassignments/rwhois/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Referral Whois</a> is a directory services protocol which extends and enhances the whois concept in a hierarchical and scalable fashion. It focuses on the distribution of “network objects,”— the data representing Internet resources or people — and uses the inherently hierarchical nature of these network objects (for example, domain names, IP networks, and email addresses) to more accurately discover the requested information. SANOG <a href="https://www.sanog.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">South Asian Network Operators Group</a>. SDN <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software-defined_networking" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Software Defined Networking technology</a> is an approach to network management that enables the network to be programmed using software applications. This helps operators manage the entire network consistently regardless of the underlying network technology. Second opinion request The process that is used to seek APNIC’s approval of assignments or sub-allocations that exceed your assignment window. Service Registrar (for ENUM) Entity that provides direct services to ENUM registrants and hosts NAPTR records that contain (service-specific) URIs. SG2 ITU-T Study Group 2. SGNOG <a href="https://www.sgnog.net/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Singapore Network Operators Group</a>. SIG <a href="https://www.apnic.net/community/participate/sigs/">Special Interest Groups</a> are formed with a focus on a particular subject area. SIGs provide an open public forum to discuss topics of interest to APNIC and the Internet community in the Asia Pacific region. Face-to-face SIG meetings are held at APNIC conferences, which are held twice per year. SIGs are chaired by members of the community with relevant knowledge and expertise. SIP <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Session_Initiation_Protocol" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Session Initiation Protocol</a> is a signalling protocol used for initiating, maintaining, and terminating real-time sessions that include voice, video and messaging applications. SLA-ID The <a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2374" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Site Level Aggregation Identifier</a> field is used by an individual organization to create its own local addressing hierarchy and to identify subnets. This is analogous to subnets in IPv4 except that each organization has a much greater number of subnets. The 16 bit SLA ID field support 65,535 individual subnets. SMTP <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Simple Mail Transfer Protocol</a> is a communication protocol for electronic mail transmission. As an Internet standard, SMTP was first defined in 1982 by RFC 821, and updated in 2008 by RFC 5321 to Extended SMTP additions, which is the protocol variety in widespread use today. SSL <a href="https://www.cloudflare.com/en-au/learning/ssl/what-is-ssl/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Secure Sockets Layer</a>, is an encryption-based Internet security protocol. It was first developed by Netscape in 1995 for the purpose of ensuring privacy, authentication, and data integrity in Internet communications. SSL is the predecessor to the modern TLS encryption used today. Sub-allocation IP addresses are sub-allocated when they are distributed to an organization that will further assign them to their own end users. Subnet mask The routing prefix of a designated IP address. TCP The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Transmission Control Protocol</a> is one of the main protocols of the Internet protocol suite. It originated in the initial network implementation in which it complemented the Internet Protocol. Therefore, the entire suite is commonly referred to as TCP/IP. Teredo <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teredo_tunneling" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Teredo</a> is a transition technology that gives full IPv6 connectivity for IPv6-capable hosts that are on the IPv4 Internet but have no native connection to an IPv6 network. ThaiNOG <a href="https://www.thainog.or.th/en/objective-en/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Thailand Network Operators Group</a>. TLA ID The<a href="https://www.computerworld.com/article/2782621/understanding-ipv6-addresses.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Top Level Aggregator</a> is used to identify the Top Level Aggregator to which the address block belongs. TLAs delegate portions of their address block down to Next Level Aggregators (NLAs). Time to Live (TTL) One of the fields in the DNS records is the TTL (Time-To-Live) field. This is the number of milliseconds corresponding to the amount of time that the Recursive Resolver should keep the answer in its memory. Top-Level Domain (TLD) Server A Top-Level Domain (TLD) Server is known to the root servers. It is authoritative for TLDs (for example .com, .org, .net). TTM <a href="https://www.apnic.net/community/support/ttm/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Test Traffic Measurement</a> comprehensively measured key parameters regarding the connectivity of the host’s site to other parts of the Internet. TWNIC <a href="https://www.twnic.tw/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Taiwan Network Information Center</a>. TWNOG <a href="https://twnog.tw/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Taiwan Network Operators Group</a>. UDP port The Recursive Resolver is expecting the answer packet on the same UDP port from where the query was sent. Unique Local Addresses (ULAs) These addresses are reserved for local use in home and enterprise environments and are not public address space. These addresses might not be unique and there is no formal address registration. Packets with these addresses in the source or destination fields are not intended to be routed on the public Internet but are intended to be routed within the enterprise or organization. URI <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Uniform Resource Identifier</a> — a URL is a URI. URL <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Uniform Resource Locator</a> is a specific type of URI. USG United States government. VLSM A Variable Length Subnet Mask (VLSM) is a method of allocating IP addresses and other Internet number resources to subnets, according to their individual needs. This serves as an alternative to using a general, network-wide rule. VNNIC <a href="https://vnnic.vn/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Vietnam Network Information Center</a>. VNIX-NOG <a href="https://vnix-nog.vn/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Vietnam Network Operators Group</a>. VoIP <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_over_IP" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Voice over IP</a>, also called IP telephony, is a method and group of technologies for the delivery of voice communications and multimedia sessions over Internet Protocol networks, such as the Internet. W3C The <a href="https://www.w3.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">World Wide Web Consortium</a> is an international community that develops open standards to ensure the long-term growth of the Web. WAN A <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_network" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Wide Area Network</a> is a telecommunications network that extends over a large geographic area for the primary purpose of computer networking. WANs are often established with leased telecommunication circuits. WCIT The ITU convened the <a href="https://www.itu.int/en/wcit-12/Pages/default.aspx" target="_blank" rel="noopener">World Conference on International Telecommunications</a> in 2012 to review the International Telecommunication Regulations (ITRs), which serve as the binding global treaty designed to facilitate international interconnection and interoperability of information and communication services, as well as ensuring their efficiency and widespread public usefulness and availability. WG Working Group. WGIG The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_Group_on_Internet_Governance" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Working Group on Internet Governance</a> was a United Nations multistakeholder Working group initiated after the 2003 World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) first phase Summit in Geneva failed to agree on the future of Internet governance. The first phase of World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) agreed to continue the dialogue on Internet Governance in the Declaration of Principles and Action Plan adopted on 12 December 2003, to prepare for a decision at the second phase of the WSIS in Tunis during November 2005. In this regard, the first phase of the Summit requested the United Nations Secretary-General to establish a Working Group on Internet Governance (WGIG). WP1/2 Working Party 1 of SG 2. WTPF The <a href="https://www.itu.int/en/wtpf-13/Pages/default.aspx" target="_blank" rel="noopener">World Telecommunication/ICT Policy Forum</a> is a high-level international event to exchange views on the key policy issues arising from today’s fast changing ICT environment. WTSA The <a href="https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/wtsa20/Pages/default.aspx" target="_blank" rel="noopener">World Telecommunication Standardization Assembly</a> is held every four years and defines the next period of study for ITU-T. X.509 certificate An <a href="https://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/X509-certificate#:~:text=with%20your%20network%3A-,An%20X.,identity%20contained%20within%20the%20certificate." target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">X. 509 certificate</a> is a digital certificate that uses the widely accepted international X.509 public key infrastructure (PKI) standard to verify that a public key belongs to the user, computer or service identity contained within the certificate. XML <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Extensible Markup Language</a> is a markup language that defines a set of rules for encoding documents in a format that is both human-readable and machine-readable. Zone In the DNS, a contiguous portion of a domain consisting of names or delegations. Formally, a domain name belongs to exactly one (authoritative) zone. zone (or ‘zone’) A segment of an ENUM domain name (used in the Berlin Liaison Statement (now RFC 3026) solely for convenience). </div>  </article>  </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-12 col-md-4 col-lg-3 order-md-1"> <nav class="content-navigation">  <ul class="child-sidebar-menu" data-level="1"><li class="page_item page-item-1518 menu-item has_children"><a href="https://www.apnic.net/about-apnic/organization/">What we do</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-1508 menu-item"><a href="https://www.apnic.net/about-apnic/service-updates/">Service updates</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-1509 menu-item has_children"><a href="https://www.apnic.net/about-apnic/transparency/">Transparency</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-1322 menu-item has_children"><a href="https://www.apnic.net/about-apnic/corporate-documents/">Corporate Documents</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-1325 menu-item has_children"><a href="https://www.apnic.net/about-apnic/team/">Meet the team</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-1324 menu-item has_children"><a href="https://www.apnic.net/about-apnic/employment/">APNIC Careers</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-1317 menu-item"><a href="https://www.apnic.net/about-apnic/supporters/">APNIC Supporters</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-1326 menu-item"><a href="https://www.apnic.net/about-apnic/social-media/">Social Media</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-4677 menu-item has_children"><a href="https://www.apnic.net/about-apnic/publications-archive/">Publications Archive</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-35 menu-item"><a href="https://www.apnic.net/about-apnic/apnic-email-policy/">APNIC Email Policy</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-4772 menu-item has_children"><a href="https://www.apnic.net/about-apnic/whois_search/">Whois search</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-7536 current_page_item menu-item current-menu-item"><a href="https://www.apnic.net/about-apnic/a-z-glossary/" aria-current="page">A-Z Glossary</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-4755 menu-item has_children"><a href="https://www.apnic.net/about-apnic/miscellaneous/">Miscellaneous</a></li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer class="footer"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-lg-2"> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/" aria-label="APNIC Home"> <div class="footer-logo"> APNIC Home </div> </a> </div> <div class="col-lg-10"> <div class="footer-social"> Connect with us <ul> <li> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/APNIC" class="fab fa-facebook">Facebook </a> </li><li> <a href="https://twitter.com/apnic" class="fab fa-twitter">Twitter </a> </li><li> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/apnicmultimedia" class="fab fa-youtube">YouTube </a> </li><li> <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/apnic/" class="fab fa-flickr">Flickr </a> </li><li> <a href="https://weibo.com/APNICrir" class="fab fa-weibo">Weibo </a> </li><li> <a href="https://www.slideshare.net/apnic" class="fab fa-slideshare">Slideshare </a> </li><li> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/apnic" class="fab fa-linkedin-in">LinkedIn </a> </li><li> <a href="https://blog.apnic.net/feed/" class="fas fa-rss">RSS </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="footer-aside"> © 2024 APNIC ABN 42 081 528 010 <ul class="footer-aside-links"> <li> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/about-apnic/corporate-documents/documents/corporate/privacy/">Privacy</a> </li><li> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/about-apnic/organization/contact-apnic/">Contact</a> </li><li> <a href="https://help.apnic.net/">Help Centre</a> </li><li> <a href="https://www.nro.net/category/news">NRO News</a> </li><li> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/about-apnic/service-updates/">Service Status</a> </li><li> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/about-apnic/employment/">Careers</a> </li><li> <a href="https://www.apnic.net/community/send-us-feedback">Feedback</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </footer><script type="application/javascript"> // Remove no-js class. document.documentElement.className = document.documentElement.className.replace("no-js", "js"); 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