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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Early modern period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Late modern period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interbellum_and_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interbellum_and_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Interbellum and World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interbellum_and_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>East Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_reunification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_reunification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>After reunification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_reunification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population_genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Population genetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population_genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Language and culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Language_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Language and culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Language_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Traditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>National symbols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regions_of_Lusatia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regions_of_Lusatia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Regions of Lusatia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regions_of_Lusatia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Regions of Lusatia subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Regions_of_Lusatia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Region_of_Upper_Lusatia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Region_of_Upper_Lusatia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Region of Upper Lusatia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Region_of_Upper_Lusatia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Region_of_Hoyerswerda_(Wojerecy)_and_Schleife_(Slepo)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Region_of_Hoyerswerda_(Wojerecy)_and_Schleife_(Slepo)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Region of Hoyerswerda (Wojerecy) and Schleife (Slepo)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Region_of_Hoyerswerda_(Wojerecy)_and_Schleife_(Slepo)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Region_of_Lower_Lusatia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Region_of_Lower_Lusatia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Region of Lower Lusatia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Region_of_Lower_Lusatia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Relationship with Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_Czechia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_Czechia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Relationship with Czechia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_Czechia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Demography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Diaspora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sorbs</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 67 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-67" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">67 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbe" title="Sorbe – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sorbe" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfe" title="Surfe – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Surfe" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="صوربيون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صوربيون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorabos" title="Sorabos – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sorabos" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="سوربلار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سوربلار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Лужычане – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лужычане" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Лужычане – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Лужычане" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Лужишки сърби – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лужишки сърби" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%C5%BEi%C4%8Dki_Srbi" title="Lužički Srbi – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Lužički Srbi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorabed" title="Sorabed – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sorabed" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B2rabs" title="Sòrabs – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sòrabs" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%C5%BEi%C4%8Dt%C3%AD_Srbov%C3%A9" title="Lužičtí Srbové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lužičtí Srbové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbiaid" title="Sorbiaid – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sorbiaid" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbere" title="Sorbere – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sorbere" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorben" title="Sorben – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sorben" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serby" title="Serby – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Serby" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbid" title="Sorbid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sorbid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbios" title="Sorbios – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sorbios" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soraboj" title="Soraboj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Soraboj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorabiar" title="Sorabiar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sorabiar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="مردمان سوربی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مردمان سوربی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorabes" title="Sorabes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sorabes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorben" title="Sorben – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sorben" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soraps" title="Soraps – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Soraps" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbaigh" title="Sorbaigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sorbaigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_sorabo" title="Pobo sorabo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo sorabo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8C%EB%A5%B4%EB%B8%8C%EC%9D%B8" title="소르브인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="소르브인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Սորբեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սորբեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbja" title="Serbja – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Serbja" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%C5%BEi%C4%8Dki_Srbi" title="Lužički Srbi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Lužički Srbi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbi" title="Sorbi – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sorbi" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suku_Sorbia" title="Suku Sorbia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Suku Sorbia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%86%C3%A6%D0%B9%C3%A6%D0%B3%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Лужицæйæгтæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Лужицæйæгтæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbi_(gruppo_etnico)" title="Sorbi (gruppo etnico) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sorbi (gruppo etnico)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D" title="סורבים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סורבים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Лужиліктер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Лужиліктер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%93" title="Сорбвлӓ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Сорбвлӓ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbi" title="Sorbi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sorbi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbai" title="Sorbai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sorbai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szorbok" title="Szorbok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szorbok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Лужички Срби – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Лужички Срби" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="صوربيون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="صوربيون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorben" title="Sorben – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sorben" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BD%E3%83%AB%E3%83%96%E4%BA%BA" title="ソルブ人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ソルブ人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbere" title="Sorbere – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sorbere" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbarar" title="Sorbarar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sorbarar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbo%C5%82u%C5%BCyczanie" title="Serbołużyczanie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Serbołużyczanie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sor%C3%A1bios" title="Sorábios – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sorábios" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorabi" title="Sorabi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sorabi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbs" title="Sorbs – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Sorbs" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Лужичане – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лужичане" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorb%C3%ABt" title="Sorbët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sorbët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbs" title="Sorbs – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sorbs" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%C5%BEick%C3%AD_Srbi" title="Lužickí Srbi – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Lužickí Srbi" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%C5%BEi%C5%A1ki_Srbi" title="Lužiški Srbi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Lužiški Srbi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B8_(%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%87%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B8)" title="Срьби (Лоужичьсци) – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Срьби (Лоужичьсци)" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorby" title="Sorby – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Sorby" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Лужички Срби – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лужички Срби" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%C5%BEi%C4%8Dki_Srbi" title="Lužički Srbi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Lužički Srbi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbit" title="Sorbit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sorbit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorber" title="Sorber – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sorber" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorblar" title="Sorblar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sorblar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Лужичани – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лужичани" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E5%B8%83%E4%BA%BA" title="索布人 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="索布人" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suorb%C4%81" title="Suorbā – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Suorbā" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E5%B8%83%E4%BA%BA" title="索布人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="索布人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Sorbs</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Sorbs.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Sorbs.svg/200px-Flag_of_Sorbs.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Sorbs.svg/300px-Flag_of_Sorbs.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Sorbs.svg/400px-Flag_of_Sorbs.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Sorbian flag, in <a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavic_colors" title="Pan-Slavic colors">Pan-Slavic colors</a>, introduced in 1842</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sorbs_national-costume1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Sorbs_national-costume1.jpg/180px-Sorbs_national-costume1.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Sorbs_national-costume1.jpg/270px-Sorbs_national-costume1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Sorbs_national-costume1.jpg/360px-Sorbs_national-costume1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="369" data-file-height="598" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Traditional female costume of <a href="/wiki/Lower_Lusatia" title="Lower Lusatia">Lower Lusatia</a> (Spreewald)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">80,000<sup id="cite_ref-gebel_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gebel-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> (est.)<br />• 45,000–60,000 Upper Sorbs<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><br />• 15,000–20,000 Lower Sorbs<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="infobox-data">60,000 Sorbs in Germany (20,000 of which still speak Sorbian) <small>(2007 Reuters estimate)</small><sup id="cite_ref-Chambers_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chambers-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,000<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="infobox-data">fewer than 1,000<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,245 <small>(2000)</small><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Sorbian_languages" title="Sorbian languages">Sorbian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Upper_Sorbian_language" title="Upper Sorbian language">Upper Sorbian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lower_Sorbian_language" title="Lower Sorbian language">Lower Sorbian</a>), <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lusatian_dialects" title="Lusatian dialects">Lusatian dialects</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Majority <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a><sup id="cite_ref-Chambers_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chambers-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Other <a href="/wiki/West_Slavs" title="West Slavs">West Slavs</a> <br />(especially <a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czechs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sorbs</b> (<a href="/wiki/Upper_Sorbian_language" title="Upper Sorbian language">Upper Sorbian</a>: <i lang="hsb">Serbja</i>, <a href="/wiki/Lower_Sorbian_language" title="Lower Sorbian language">Lower Sorbian</a>: <i lang="dsb">Serby</i>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Sorben</i> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈzɔʁbn̩]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/1a\/De-Sorben.ogg\/De-Sorben.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Sorben.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1a/De-Sorben.ogg/De-Sorben.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Sorben.ogg" title="File:De-Sorben.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>: <i lang="cs">Lužičtí Srbové</i>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Serbołużyczanie</i>; also known as <b>Lusatians</b>, <b>Lusatian Serbs</b><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <b>Wends</b>) are a <a href="/wiki/West_Slavs" title="West Slavs">West Slavic</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a> predominantly inhabiting the parts of <a href="/wiki/Lusatia" title="Lusatia">Lusatia</a> located in the German <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">states</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>. Sorbs traditionally speak the <a href="/wiki/Sorbian_languages" title="Sorbian languages">Sorbian languages</a> (also known as "Wendish" and "Lusatian"), which are closely related to <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kashubian_language" title="Kashubian language">Kashubian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silesian_language" title="Silesian language">Silesian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a>. <a href="/wiki/Upper_Sorbian" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Sorbian">Upper Sorbian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Sorbian" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Sorbian">Lower Sorbian</a> are officially recognized minority languages in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a>, the Sorbs formed their own principality, which later shortly became part of the early West Slavic <a href="/wiki/Samo%27s_Empire" title="Samo's Empire">Samo's Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Great_Moravia" title="Great Moravia">Great Moravia</a>, as were ultimately conquered by the <a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sorbian_March" title="Sorbian March">Sorbian March</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saxon_Eastern_March" title="Saxon Eastern March">Saxon Eastern March</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margravate_of_Meissen" title="Margravate of Meissen">Margravate of Meissen</a>, <a href="/wiki/March_of_Lusatia" title="March of Lusatia">March of Lusatia</a>). From the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a>, they were ruled at various times by the closely related <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_during_the_Piast_dynasty" title="History of Poland during the Piast dynasty">Poles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Czechs</a>, as well as the more distant Germans and Hungarians. Due to a gradual and increasing <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">assimilation</a> between the 17th and 20th centuries, virtually all Sorbs also spoke German by the early 20th century. In the newly created <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German nation state</a> of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, policies were implemented in an effort to <a href="/wiki/Germanize" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanize">Germanize</a> the Sorbs. These policies reached their climax under the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi</a> regime, who denied the existence of the Sorbs as a distinct <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic people</a> by referring to them as "Sorbian-speaking Germans". The community is divided religiously between <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a> (the majority) and <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a>. The former <a href="/wiki/Minister_president_(Germany)" title="Minister president (Germany)">Minister President</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a> <a href="/wiki/Stanislaw_Tillich" title="Stanislaw Tillich">Stanislaw Tillich</a> is of Sorbian origin. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sorbs&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Serbs_and_Serbia" title="Names of the Serbs and Serbia">Names of the Serbs and Serbia</a></div> <p>The ethnonym "Sorbs" (<i>Serbja</i>, <i>Serby</i>) derives from the medieval ethnic groups called "<a href="/wiki/Sorbs_(tribe)" title="Sorbs (tribe)">Sorbs</a>" (<i>Surbi</i>, <i>Sorabi</i>). The original ethnonym, <i>Srbi</i>, was retained by the Sorbs and <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone20159_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone20159-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 6th century, <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a> occupied the area west of the Oder formerly inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone20159_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone20159-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sorbs are first mentioned in the 6th or 7th century. In their languages, the other Slavs call them the "Lusatian Serbs", and the Sorbs call the Serbs "the south Sorbs".<sup id="cite_ref-DW-Lužički_Srbi_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DW-Lužički_Srbi-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name "Lusatia" was originally applied only to Lower Lusatia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone20159_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone20159-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is generally considered that their ethnonym <i>*Sŕbъ</i> (plur. <i>*Sŕby</i>) originates from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a> with an appellative meaning of a "family kinship" and "alliance", however others argue a derivation from <a href="/wiki/Scythian_languages" title="Scythian languages">Iranian-Sarmatian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Łuczyński_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Łuczyński-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rudnicki1959_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rudnicki1959-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Popowska_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Popowska-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sorbs&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Middle_Ages">Early Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sorbs&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sorbs_(tribe)" title="Sorbs (tribe)">Sorbs (tribe)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BOGUS%C5%81AWSKI(1861)_Das_Siedlungsgebiet_der_Sorben_vom_7._bis_11._Jahrhundert_in_Mitteldeutschland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/BOGUS%C5%81AWSKI%281861%29_Das_Siedlungsgebiet_der_Sorben_vom_7._bis_11._Jahrhundert_in_Mitteldeutschland.jpg/220px-BOGUS%C5%81AWSKI%281861%29_Das_Siedlungsgebiet_der_Sorben_vom_7._bis_11._Jahrhundert_in_Mitteldeutschland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/BOGUS%C5%81AWSKI%281861%29_Das_Siedlungsgebiet_der_Sorben_vom_7._bis_11._Jahrhundert_in_Mitteldeutschland.jpg/330px-BOGUS%C5%81AWSKI%281861%29_Das_Siedlungsgebiet_der_Sorben_vom_7._bis_11._Jahrhundert_in_Mitteldeutschland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/BOGUS%C5%81AWSKI%281861%29_Das_Siedlungsgebiet_der_Sorben_vom_7._bis_11._Jahrhundert_in_Mitteldeutschland.jpg/440px-BOGUS%C5%81AWSKI%281861%29_Das_Siedlungsgebiet_der_Sorben_vom_7._bis_11._Jahrhundert_in_Mitteldeutschland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4872" data-file-height="3655" /></a><figcaption>A map of the Sorbian-Lusatian tribes between the 7th and 11th century, by Wilhelm Bogusławski, 1861</figcaption></figure> <p>The name of the Sorbs can be traced to the 6th century or earlier when <a href="/wiki/Vibius_Sequester" title="Vibius Sequester">Vibius Sequester</a> recorded <i>Cervetiis</i> living on the other part of the river <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a> which divided them from the <a href="/wiki/Suevi" class="mw-redirect" title="Suevi">Suevi</a> (<i>Albis Germaniae Suevos a Cerveciis dividiit</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Simek1955_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simek1955-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tyszkiewicz1990_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tyszkiewicz1990-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dulinicz2001_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dulinicz2001-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Moczulski2007_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moczulski2007-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Lubor_Niederle" title="Lubor Niederle">Lubor Niederle</a>, the Serbian district was located somewhere between <a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lusatia" title="Lusatia">Lusatia</a>, and was later mentioned by the <a href="/wiki/Ottonian_dynasty" title="Ottonian dynasty">Ottonians</a> as <i>Ciervisti</i>, <i>Zerbisti</i>, and <i>Kirvisti</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The information is in accordance with the Frankish 7th-century <i><a href="/wiki/Chronicle_of_Fredegar" title="Chronicle of Fredegar">Chronicle of Fredegar</a></i> according to which the <i>Surbi</i> lived in the <a href="/wiki/Saale" title="Saale">Saale</a>-<a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a> valley, <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">having settled</a> in the Thuringian part of <a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a> since the second half of the 6th century or beginning of the 7th century and were vassals of the <a href="/wiki/Merovingian_dynasty" title="Merovingian dynasty">Merovingian dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Simek1955_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simek1955-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LaetHerrmann1996_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LaetHerrmann1996-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stone2015_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stone2015-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Saale-Elbe line marked the approximate limit of Slavic westward migration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVlasto1970142_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVlasto1970142-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the leadership of <i>dux</i> (duke) <a href="/wiki/Dervan" title="Dervan">Dervan</a> ("Dervanus dux gente Surbiorum que ex genere Sclavinorum"), they joined the Slavic <a href="/wiki/Samo%27s_Empire" title="Samo's Empire">tribal union</a> of <a href="/wiki/Samo" title="Samo">Samo</a>, after Samo's decisive victory against Frankish King <a href="/wiki/Dagobert_I" title="Dagobert I">Dagobert I</a> in 631.<sup id="cite_ref-LaetHerrmann1996_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LaetHerrmann1996-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stone2015_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stone2015-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afterwards, these Slavic tribes continuously raided <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Thuringia" title="Duchy of Thuringia">Thuringia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LaetHerrmann1996_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LaetHerrmann1996-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fate of the tribes after Samo's death and dissolution of the union in 658 is undetermined, but it is considered that they subsequently returned to Frankish vassalage.<sup id="cite_ref-Pronk-Tiethoff2013_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pronk-Tiethoff2013-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a 10th-century source <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/De_Administrando_Imperio" title="De Administrando Imperio">De Administrando Imperio</a></i></span>, they lived "since the beginning" in the region called by them as <i><a href="/wiki/White_Serbia" title="White Serbia">Boiki</a></i> which was a neighbor to Francia, and when two brothers succeeded their father, one of them migrated with half of the people to the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> during the rule of <a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a> in the first half of the 7th century.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to some scholars, the White Serbian <a href="/wiki/Unknown_Archon" title="Unknown Archon">Unknown Archon</a> who led them to the Balkans was most likely a son, brother or other relative of Dervan.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dervan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Dervan.png/220px-Dervan.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Dervan.png/330px-Dervan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Dervan.png/440px-Dervan.png 2x" data-file-width="682" data-file-height="674" /></a><figcaption>7th-century Sorbian Duchy of <a href="/wiki/Dervan" title="Dervan">Dervan</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marchia_Wschodnia_ok._1000.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Marchia_Wschodnia_ok._1000.svg/220px-Marchia_Wschodnia_ok._1000.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Marchia_Wschodnia_ok._1000.svg/330px-Marchia_Wschodnia_ok._1000.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Marchia_Wschodnia_ok._1000.svg/440px-Marchia_Wschodnia_ok._1000.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="389" data-file-height="535" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saxon_Eastern_March" title="Saxon Eastern March">Saxon Eastern March</a> c. 1000 AD</figcaption></figure> <p>Sorbian tribes, Sorbi/Surbi, are noted in the mid-9th-century work of the <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Geographer" title="Bavarian Geographer">Bavarian Geographer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Łuczyński_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Łuczyński-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having settled by the Elbe, Saale, Spree, and Neisse in the 6th and early 7th century, Sorbian tribes divided into two main groups, which have taken their names from the characteristics of the area where they had settled. The two groups were separated from each other by a wide and uninhabited forest range, one around Upper Spree and the rest between the Elbe and Saale.<sup id="cite_ref-Sedov_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sedov-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars consider that the contemporary Sorbs are descendants of the two largest Sorbian tribes, the <a href="/wiki/Milceni" title="Milceni">Milceni</a> (Upper) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lusici_(tribe)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lusici (tribe) (page does not exist)">Lusici</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusitzi" class="extiw" title="de:Lusitzi">de</a>]</sup> (Lower), and these tribes' respective dialects have developed into separate languages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone20159_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone20159-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sandford2013_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sandford2013-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, others emphasize differences between these two dialects and that their respective territories correspond to two different Slavic archeological cultures of <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_group" title="Leipzig group">Leipzig group</a> (<a href="/wiki/Upper_Sorbian_language" title="Upper Sorbian language">Upper Sorbian language</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Tornow_group" title="Tornow group">Tornow group</a> ceramics (<a href="/wiki/Lower_Sorbian_language" title="Lower Sorbian language">Lower Sorbian language</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Sedov_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sedov-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both a derivation of <a href="/wiki/Prague-Korchak_culture" title="Prague-Korchak culture">Prague(-Korchak) culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raddusch_07-2017_img01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Raddusch_07-2017_img01.jpg/220px-Raddusch_07-2017_img01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Raddusch_07-2017_img01.jpg/330px-Raddusch_07-2017_img01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Raddusch_07-2017_img01.jpg/440px-Raddusch_07-2017_img01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5364" data-file-height="3017" /></a><figcaption>The reconstructed Lusatian <i><a href="/wiki/Gord_(archaeology)" title="Gord (archaeology)">gord</a></i> (fortification) of Raduš (Raddusch), near <a href="/wiki/Vetschau" title="Vetschau">Vetschau</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Lusatia" title="Lower Lusatia">Lower Lusatia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>Annales Regni Francorum</i> state that in 806 Sorbian Duke <a href="/wiki/Miliduch" title="Miliduch">Miliduch</a> fought against the Franks and was killed. In 840, Sorbian Duke <a href="/wiki/Czimislav" title="Czimislav">Czimislav</a> was killed. From the 9th century was organized <a href="/wiki/Sorbian_March" title="Sorbian March">Sorbian March</a> by the <a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a> and from the 10th century the <a href="/wiki/Saxon_Eastern_March" title="Saxon Eastern March">Saxon Eastern March</a> (<a href="/wiki/Margravate_of_Meissen" title="Margravate of Meissen">Margravate of Meissen</a>) and <a href="/wiki/March_of_Lusatia" title="March of Lusatia">March of Lusatia</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. In 932, the German king <a href="/wiki/Henry_I_the_Fowler" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry I the Fowler">Henry I</a> conquered <a href="/wiki/Lusatia" title="Lusatia">Lusatia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Upper_Lusatia" title="Upper Lusatia">Milsko</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gero" title="Gero">Gero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margrave" title="Margrave">Margrave</a> of the Saxon Eastern March, reconquered Lusatia the following year and, in 939, murdered 30 Sorbian princes during a feast.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, there were many Sorbian uprisings against German rule. A reconstructed castle, at Raddusch in Lower Lusatia, is the sole physical remnant from this early period. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High_and_Late_Middle_Ages">High and Late Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sorbs&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: High and Late Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1002, the Sorbs came under the rule of their Slavic relatives, the Poles, when <a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_I_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolesław I of Poland">Bolesław I of Poland</a> took over Lusatia. Following the subsequent <a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Polish_War_(1003%E2%80%931018)" title="German–Polish War (1003–1018)">German–Polish War of 1003–1018</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Bautzen" title="Peace of Bautzen">Peace of Bautzen</a> confirmed Lusatia as part of Poland; but, it returned to German rule in 1031. In the 1070s, southern Lusatia, passed into the hands of the Sorbs' other Slavic relatives, the Czechs, within their <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bohemia" title="Duchy of Bohemia">Duchy of Bohemia</a>. There was a dense network of dynastic and diplomatic relations between German and Slavic feudal lords, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Wiprecht_of_Groitzsch" title="Wiprecht of Groitzsch">Wiprecht of Groitzsch</a> (a German) rose to power through close links with the Bohemian (Czech) king and marriage to the king's daughter. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Kingdom of Bohemia</a> eventually became a politically influential member of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> but was in a constant power-struggle with neighbouring Poland. In the following centuries, at various times, parts of Lusatia passed to <a href="/wiki/Piast_dynasty" title="Piast dynasty">Piast</a>-ruled fragmented Poland. In the German-ruled parts, Sorbs were ousted from <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guilds</a>, the Sorbian language was banned and <a href="/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung">German colonisation</a> and Germanisation policies were enacted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolecka200357_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolecka200357-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the 11th to the 15th century, agriculture in Lusatia developed and colonization by Frankish, Flemish and Saxon settlers intensified. This can still be seen today from the names of local villages which geographically form a patchwork of typical German (ending on -dorf, -thal etc.) and typical Slavic origin (ending on -witz, -ow etc.), indicating the language originally spoken by its inhabitants, although some of the present German names may be of later origin from the time of planned name changes to erase Slavic origin, especially in the 1920s and 1930s. In 1327 the first prohibitions on using Sorbian before courts and in administrative affairs in the cities of <a href="/wiki/Altenburg" title="Altenburg">Altenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zwickau" title="Zwickau">Zwickau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a> appeared. Speaking Sorbian in family and business contexts was, however, not banned, as it did not involve the functioning of the administration. Also the village communities and the village administration usually kept operating in Sorbian. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_period">Early modern period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sorbs&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early modern period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wendische_kirche_senftenberg_2018-04-07_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Wendische_kirche_senftenberg_2018-04-07_%282%29.jpg/220px-Wendische_kirche_senftenberg_2018-04-07_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Wendische_kirche_senftenberg_2018-04-07_%282%29.jpg/330px-Wendische_kirche_senftenberg_2018-04-07_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Wendische_kirche_senftenberg_2018-04-07_%282%29.jpg/440px-Wendische_kirche_senftenberg_2018-04-07_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3672" /></a><figcaption>Sorbian church in <a href="/wiki/Senftenberg" title="Senftenberg">Senftenberg</a> (Zły Komorow)</figcaption></figure> <p>From 1376 to 1469 and from 1490 to 1635 Lusatia was part of the <a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown">Lands of the Bohemian Crown</a> under the rule of the houses of <a href="/wiki/House_of_Luxembourg" title="House of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_dynasty" title="Jagiellonian dynasty">Jagiellon</a> and <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg</a> and other kings, whereas from 1469 to 1490 it was ruled by King <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Corvinus" title="Matthias Corvinus">Matthias Corvinus</a> of Hungary. Under Bohemian (Czech) rule, Sorbs were allowed to return to cities, offices and crafts, Germanisation significantly reduced and the Sorbian language could be used in public.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolecka200358_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolecka200358-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the beginning of the 16th century the whole Sorbian-inhabited area, with the exception of Bohemian-ruled Lusatia, underwent <a href="/wiki/Germanization" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanization">Germanization</a>. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>, in 1635, Lusatia became a <a href="/wiki/Fiefdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiefdom">fiefdom</a> of <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony">Saxon electors</a>, but it retained a considerable autonomy and largely its own legal system (see <a href="/wiki/Lusatian_League" title="Lusatian League">Lusatian League</a>). The Thirty Years' War and the <a href="/wiki/Second_plague_pandemic" title="Second plague pandemic">plague of the 17th century</a> caused terrible devastation in Lusatia. This led to further German colonization and Germanization. </p><p>In 1667 the Prince of <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>, Frederick Wilhelm, ordered the immediate destruction of all Sorbian printed materials and banned saying masses in this language. At the same time the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_in_Germany" title="Evangelical Church in Germany">Evangelical Church</a> supported printing Sorbian religious literature as a means of fighting the <a href="/wiki/Counterreformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterreformation">Counterreformation</a>. With the formation of the Polish-Saxon union in 1697, Polish-Sorbian contacts resumed, and Poles influenced the Sorbs' national and cultural activities (see <i>Relationship with Poland</i> below). With the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>, the Sorbian national revival began and resistance to Germanization emerged.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatyniak1968241_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatyniak1968241-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1706 the Sorbian Seminary, the main centre for the education of Sorbian <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> priests, was founded in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatyniak1968241_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatyniak1968241-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sorbian preaching societies were founded by <a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">Evangelical</a> students in <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wittenberg" title="Wittenberg">Wittenberg</a> in 1716 and 1749, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatyniak1968241_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatyniak1968241-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_modern_period">Late modern period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sorbs&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Late modern period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bramborski_Serbski_Casnik.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Bramborski_Serbski_Casnik.jpg/170px-Bramborski_Serbski_Casnik.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Bramborski_Serbski_Casnik.jpg/255px-Bramborski_Serbski_Casnik.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Bramborski_Serbski_Casnik.jpg/340px-Bramborski_Serbski_Casnik.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="664" /></a><figcaption>First issue of the <i>Bramborski Serbski Casnik</i> Sorbian newspaper, 1848</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a>, in 1815, divided Lusatia between <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a>. More and more bans on the use of <a href="/wiki/Sorbian_languages" title="Sorbian languages">Sorbian languages</a> appeared from then until 1835 in Prussia and Saxony; emigration of the Sorbs, mainly to the town of <a href="/wiki/Serbin,_Texas" title="Serbin, Texas">Serbin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> and to Australia, increased. In 1848, 5000 Sorbs signed a petition to the Saxon Government, in which they demanded equality for the Sorbian language with the German one in churches, courts, schools and Government departments. From 1871 the whole of Lusatia became a part of united Germany and was divided between two parts; Prussia (<a href="/wiki/Province_of_Silesia" title="Province of Silesia">Silesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Brandenburg" title="Province of Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>), and Saxony. </p><p>In 1871 the industrialization of the region and German immigration began; official Germanization intensified. Persecution of the Sorbs under German rule became increasingly harsh throughout the 19th century. Slavs were labeled inferior to Germanic peoples, and in 1875, the use of Sorbian was banned in German schools. As a result, almost the entire Sorbian population was bilingual by the end of the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Remus_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Remus-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Braugasse_1_HY.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Braugasse_1_HY.JPG/220px-Braugasse_1_HY.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Braugasse_1_HY.JPG/330px-Braugasse_1_HY.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Braugasse_1_HY.JPG/440px-Braugasse_1_HY.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2356" data-file-height="1703" /></a><figcaption>The place where <a href="/wiki/Domowina" title="Domowina">Domowina</a> was founded in <a href="/wiki/Hoyerswerda" title="Hoyerswerda">Hoyerswerda</a> (<i>Wojerecy</i>) in 1912</figcaption></figure> <p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, one of the most venerated <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbian generals</a> was <a href="/wiki/Pavle_Juri%C5%A1i%C4%87_%C5%A0turm" title="Pavle Jurišić Šturm">Pavle Jurišić Šturm (Paul Sturm)</a>, a Sorb from <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6rlitz" title="Görlitz">Görlitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Silesia" title="Province of Silesia">Province of Silesia</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interbellum_and_World_War_II">Interbellum and World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sorbs&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Interbellum and World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Anti-Slavic sentiment</a></div> <p>Although the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> guaranteed constitutional minority rights, it did not practice them.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, Sorbians were described as a German tribe who spoke a Slavic language. Sorbian costume, culture, customs, and the language was said to be no indication of a non-German origin. The Reich declared that there were truly no "Sorbs" or "Lusatians", only Wendish-speaking Germans. As such, while the Sorbs were largely safe from the Reich's policies of ethnic cleansing, the cultivation of "Wendish" customs and traditions was to be encouraged in a controlled manner and it was expected that the Slavic language would decline due to natural causes. Young Sorbs enlisted in the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> and were sent to the front. The entangled lives of the Sorbs during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> are exemplified by the life stories of <a href="/wiki/Mina_Witkojc" title="Mina Witkojc">Mina Witkojc</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%9Br%C4%87in_Nowak-Njechor%C5%84ski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Měrćin Nowak-Njechorński (page does not exist)">Měrćin Nowak-Njechorński</a> <span class="noprint metadata ill"><small>[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q159956" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q159956">Wikidata</a>]</small></span> and <a href="/wiki/Jan_Skala" title="Jan Skala">Jan Skala</a>. </p><p>Persecution of the Sorbs reached its climax under the Nazis, who attempted to completely assimilate and <a href="/wiki/Germanization" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanization">Germanize</a> them. Their distinct identity and culture and Slavic origins were denied by referring to them as "Wendish-speaking Germans". Under Nazi rule, the Sorbian language and practice of Sorbian culture was banned, Sorbian and Slavic place-names were changed to German ones,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolecka200361_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolecka200361-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sorbian books and printing presses were destroyed, Sorbian organizations and newspapers were banned, Sorbian libraries and archives were closed, and Sorbian teachers and clerics were deported to German-speaking areas and replaced with German-speaking teachers and clerics. Leading figures in the Sorbian community were forcibly isolated from their community or simply arrested.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramet_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramet-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pynsent_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pynsent-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Group_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Group-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sorbian national anthem and flag were banned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolecka200360_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolecka200360-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The specific <i>Wendenabteilung</i> was established to monitor the assimilation of the Sorbs.<sup id="cite_ref-Remus_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Remus-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Towards the end of World War II, the Nazis considered the deportation of the entire Sorbian population to the mining districts of <a href="/wiki/Alsace-Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alsace-Lorraine">Alsace-Lorraine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramet_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramet-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Group_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Group-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Germany">East Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sorbs&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: East Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R1012-0127,_Berlin,_Palast_der_Republik,_Tanzgruppe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R1012-0127%2C_Berlin%2C_Palast_der_Republik%2C_Tanzgruppe.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R1012-0127%2C_Berlin%2C_Palast_der_Republik%2C_Tanzgruppe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R1012-0127%2C_Berlin%2C_Palast_der_Republik%2C_Tanzgruppe.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R1012-0127%2C_Berlin%2C_Palast_der_Republik%2C_Tanzgruppe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R1012-0127%2C_Berlin%2C_Palast_der_Republik%2C_Tanzgruppe.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R1012-0127%2C_Berlin%2C_Palast_der_Republik%2C_Tanzgruppe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="784" data-file-height="557" /></a><figcaption>A Sorbian dance performance at the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_Republic,_Berlin" title="Palace of the Republic, Berlin">Palace of the Republic, Berlin</a> (East German parliament), 1976</figcaption></figure> <p>The first Lusatian cities were captured in April 1945, when the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Second_Army_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Army (Poland)">Polish Second Army</a> crossed the river <a href="/wiki/Kwisa" title="Kwisa">Queis</a> (Kwisa). The defeat of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> changed the Sorbs’ situation considerably. The regions in <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> (the German Democratic Republic) faced heavy industrialisation and a large influx of <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Germans_after_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion of Germans after World War II">expelled Germans</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The East German authorities tried to counteract this development by creating a broad range of Sorbian institutions. The Sorbs were officially recognized as an ethnic minority, more than 100 Sorbian schools and several academic institutions were founded, the <a href="/wiki/Domowina" title="Domowina">Domowina</a> and its associated societies were re-established and a Sorbian theatre was created. Owing to the suppression of the church and forced collectivization, however, these efforts were severely affected and consequently over time the number of people speaking Sorbian languages decreased by half. </p><p>The relationship between the Sorbs and the government of East Germany was not without occasional difficulties, mainly because of the high levels of religious observance and resistance to the nationalisation of agriculture. During the compulsory collectivization campaign, a great many unprecedented incidents were reported. Thus, throughout the <a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_1953_in_East_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Uprising of 1953 in East Germany">Uprising of 1953 in East Germany</a>, violent clashes with the police were reported in Lusatia. A small uprising took place in three upper communes of Błot. There were also tensions between German and Sorbian parents in the 1950s and early 1960s, as many German families protested the state policy of mandatory instruction of the Sorbian language in schools located in bilingual areas. As a consequence of the tensions, which split the local SED, Sorbian language classes were no longer mandatory after 1964, and a temporary but sharp decline in the number of learners occurred immediately thereafter. The number of learners increased again after 1968, when new regulations were adopted giving Domowina a greater role in consulting parents of schoolchildren. The number of learners did not decrease again until after German reunification.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sorbs experienced greater representation in the German Democratic Republic than under any other German government. Domowina had status as a constituent member organization of the <a href="/wiki/National_Front_of_the_German_Democratic_Republic" title="National Front of the German Democratic Republic">National Front</a>, and a number of Sorbs were members of the <a href="/wiki/Volkskammer" title="Volkskammer">Volkskammer</a> and <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_East_Germany" title="State Council of East Germany">State Council of East Germany</a>. Notable Sorbian figures of the period include Domowina Chairmen <a href="/wiki/Jurij_Gr%C3%B3s" title="Jurij Grós">Jurij Grós</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Krje%C5%84c" title="Kurt Krjeńc">Kurt Krjeńc</a>, State Council member <a href="/wiki/Maria_Schneider_(politician)" title="Maria Schneider (politician)">Maria Schneider</a>, and writer and three-time recipient of the <a href="/wiki/National_Prize_of_the_German_Democratic_Republic" title="National Prize of the German Democratic Republic">National Prize of the German Democratic Republic</a> <a href="/wiki/Jurij_Br%C4%9Bzan" title="Jurij Brězan">Jurij Brězan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1973, Domowina reported that 2,130 municipal councillors, 119 burgomasters, and more than 3,500 members of commissions and local bodies in East Germany were ethnic Sorbs registered with the organization.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, there was a seat reserved for a Sorbian representative in the Central Council of the <a href="/wiki/Free_German_Youth" title="Free German Youth">Free German Youth</a>, the mass organization for young people in East Germany, and magazines for both the FDJ and the <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Th%C3%A4lmann_Pioneer_Organisation" title="Ernst Thälmann Pioneer Organisation">Ernst Thälmann Pioneer Organisation</a> were published in the Sorbian language on a regular basis under the titles <i>Chorhoj Měra</i> and <i>Plomjo</i>, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 1989, there were nine schools with exclusively Sorbian language instruction, eighty-five schools that offered Sorbian-language instruction, ten Sorbian-language periodicals, and one daily newspaper.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_reunification">After reunification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sorbs&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: After reunification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:332px;max-width:332px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:218px;max-width:218px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:144px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Budy%C5%A1in_Serbski_Dom.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Budy%C5%A1in_Serbski_Dom.JPG/216px-Budy%C5%A1in_Serbski_Dom.JPG" decoding="async" width="216" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Budy%C5%A1in_Serbski_Dom.JPG/324px-Budy%C5%A1in_Serbski_Dom.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Budy%C5%A1in_Serbski_Dom.JPG/432px-Budy%C5%A1in_Serbski_Dom.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="1868" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:110px;max-width:110px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:144px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Am_Schillerplatz03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Am_Schillerplatz03.jpg/108px-Am_Schillerplatz03.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Am_Schillerplatz03.jpg/162px-Am_Schillerplatz03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Am_Schillerplatz03.jpg/216px-Am_Schillerplatz03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">"<a href="/wiki/Serbski_dom" title="Serbski dom">Houses of the Sorbs</a>" (<i>Serbski dom</i>), chief Sorbian cultural institutions in <a href="/wiki/Bautzen" title="Bautzen">Bautzen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cottbus" title="Cottbus">Cottbus</a></div></div></div></div> <p>After the reunification of Germany on 3 October 1990, Lusatians made efforts to create an autonomous administrative unit; however, <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a>’s government did not agree to it.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> After 1989, the Sorbian movement revived, however, it still encounters many obstacles. Although Germany supports national minorities, Sorbs claim that their aspirations are not sufficiently fulfilled.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The desire to unite Lusatia in one of the federal states has not been taken into consideration. <a href="/wiki/Upper_Lusatia" title="Upper Lusatia">Upper Lusatia</a> still belongs to Saxony and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Lusatia" title="Lower Lusatia">Lower Lusatia</a> to Brandenburg. Liquidations of Sorbian schools, even in areas mostly populated by Sorbs, still happen, under the pretext of financial difficulties or demolition of whole villages to create <a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">lignite</a> quarries.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Faced with growing threat of cultural extinction, the Domowina issued a memorandum in March 2008<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and called for "help and protection against the growing threat of their cultural extinction, since an ongoing conflict between the German government, Saxony and Brandenburg about the financial distribution of help blocks the financing of almost all Sorbian institutions". The memorandum also demands a reorganisation of competence by ceding responsibility from the <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">Länder</a> to the federal government and an expanded legal status. The call has been issued to all governments and heads of state of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dawid Statnik, president of Domowina, the umbrella association of Sorbs in Germany, said in an interview with <a href="/wiki/Der_Tagesspiegel" title="Der Tagesspiegel">Tagesspiegel</a> that he considers it dangerous that the AFD defines the issue of German citizens through an ethnic aspect. He believes that there is a concrete danger for the Sorbs if the <a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">AfD</a> enters the governments of the federal states of Brandenburg and Saxony in the autumn elections.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population_genetics">Population genetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sorbs&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Population genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to 2013 and 2015 studies, the most common <a href="/wiki/Human_Y-chromosome_DNA_haplogroup" title="Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup">Y-DNA haplogroup</a> among the Sorbs who speak Upper Sorbian in <a href="/wiki/Lusatia" title="Lusatia">Lusatia</a> (n=123) is <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1a" title="Haplogroup R1a">R1a</a> with 65%, mainly its R-M458 subclade (57%). It is followed in frequency by <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_I1" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup I1">I1</a> (9.8%), <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1b" title="Haplogroup R1b">R1b</a> (9.8%), <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_E-M215_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup E-M215 (Y-DNA)">E1b1b</a> (4.9%), <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_I-M438" title="Haplogroup I-M438">I2</a> (4.1%), <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_J_(Y-DNA)" title="Haplogroup J (Y-DNA)">J</a> (3.3%) and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_G-M201" title="Haplogroup G-M201">G</a> (2.4%). Other haplogroups are less than 1%.<sup id="cite_ref-Rębała_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rębała-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kushniarevich2_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kushniarevich2-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study from 2003 reported a similar frequency of 63.4% of <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1a" title="Haplogroup R1a">haplogroup R1a</a> among Sorbian males (n=112).<sup id="cite_ref-Behar20032_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Behar20032-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other studies that covered aspects of Sorbian Y-DNA include Immel et al. 2006,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rodig et al. 2007,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Krawczak et al. 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Significant percentage of R1a (25.7-38.3%), but strongly diminished in value because of high R1b (33.5-21.7%), and low I2 (5.8-5.1%) are in whole Saxony and <i><a href="/wiki/Germania_Slavica" title="Germania Slavica">Germania Slavica</a></i> area as well.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2011 paper on the Sorbs' <a href="/wiki/Autosome" title="Autosome">autosomal DNA</a> reported that the Upper Sorbian speakers (n=289) showed the greatest <a href="/wiki/Genealogical_DNA_test#Autosomal_DNA_(atDNA)_testing" title="Genealogical DNA test">autosomal genetic similarity</a> to <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czechs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovaks" title="Slovaks">Slovaks</a>, consistent with the linguistic proximity of <a href="/wiki/Sorbian_languages" title="Sorbian languages">Sorbian</a> to other <a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic</a> languages.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In another genome-wide paper from the same year on Upper Sorbs (n=977), which indicated their genetic isolation "which cannot be explained by over-sampling of relatives" and a closer proximity to Poles and Czechs than Germans. The researchers however question this proximity, as the German reference population was almost exclusively West-German, and the Polish and Czech reference population had many that were part of a German minority.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2016 paper, Sorbs cluster autosomally again with Poles (from <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_and_culture">Language and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sorbs&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Language and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bautzen_Theater.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bautzen_Theater.JPG/220px-Bautzen_Theater.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bautzen_Theater.JPG/330px-Bautzen_Theater.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bautzen_Theater.JPG/440px-Bautzen_Theater.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bautzen" title="Bautzen">Bautzen</a>, German-Sorbian folk theatre</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sorbian_languages" title="Sorbian languages">Sorbian languages</a></div> <p>The oldest known relic of Sorbian literature originated in about 1530 – the <a href="/wiki/Bautzen" title="Bautzen">Bautzen</a> townsmen's oath. In 1548 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Miko%C5%82aj_Jakubica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikołaj Jakubica (page does not exist)">Mikołaj Jakubica</a> – Lower Sorbian vicar, from the village called Lubanice, wrote the first unprinted translation of the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> into Lower Sorbian. In 1574 the first Sorbian book was printed: <a href="/wiki/Albin_Moller" title="Albin Moller">Albin Mollers</a>’ songbook. In 1688 Jurij Hawštyn Swětlik translated <a href="/wiki/The_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bible">the Bible</a> for Catholic Sorbs. From 1706 to 1709 the New Testament was printed in the Upper Sorbian translation was done by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Micha%C5%82_Frencel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michał Frencel (page does not exist)">Michał Frencel</a> and in Lower Sorbian by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Bogumi%C5%82_Fabricius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Bogumił Fabricius (page does not exist)">Jan Bogumił Fabricius</a> (1681–1741). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Bjedrich_Fryco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Bjedrich Fryco (page does not exist)">Jan Bjedrich Fryco</a> (a.k.a. Johann Friedrich Fritze) (1747–1819), translated the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> for the first time into Lower Sorbian, published in 1790. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:201px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zejler01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Zejler01.jpg/132px-Zejler01.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Zejler01.jpg/198px-Zejler01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Zejler01.jpg/264px-Zejler01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="424" data-file-height="648" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:154px;max-width:154px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:201px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jan_Arno%C5%A1t_Smoler_by_Regulski.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Jan_Arno%C5%A1t_Smoler_by_Regulski.png/152px-Jan_Arno%C5%A1t_Smoler_by_Regulski.png" decoding="async" width="152" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Jan_Arno%C5%A1t_Smoler_by_Regulski.png/228px-Jan_Arno%C5%A1t_Smoler_by_Regulski.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Jan_Arno%C5%A1t_Smoler_by_Regulski.png/304px-Jan_Arno%C5%A1t_Smoler_by_Regulski.png 2x" data-file-width="778" data-file-height="1031" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:200px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mato_Kosyk.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Mato_Kosyk.png/142px-Mato_Kosyk.png" decoding="async" width="142" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Mato_Kosyk.png/213px-Mato_Kosyk.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Mato_Kosyk.png/284px-Mato_Kosyk.png 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="618" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:200px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jakub_Bart-%C4%86i%C5%A1inski.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Jakub_Bart-%C4%86i%C5%A1inski.jpg/142px-Jakub_Bart-%C4%86i%C5%A1inski.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Jakub_Bart-%C4%86i%C5%A1inski.jpg/213px-Jakub_Bart-%C4%86i%C5%A1inski.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Jakub_Bart-%C4%86i%C5%A1inski.jpg/284px-Jakub_Bart-%C4%86i%C5%A1inski.jpg 2x" data-file-width="628" data-file-height="888" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Prominent 19th-century Sorbian writers, from top left to right: <a href="/wiki/Handrij_Zejler" title="Handrij Zejler">Handrij Zejler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Arno%C5%A1t_Smoler" title="Jan Arnošt Smoler">Jan Arnošt Smoler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mato_K%C3%B3syk" title="Mato Kósyk">Mato Kósyk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jakub_Bart-%C4%86i%C5%A1inski" title="Jakub Bart-Ćišinski">Jakub Bart-Ćišinski</a></div></div></div></div> <p>Other Sorbian Bible translators include Jakub Buk (1825–1895), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Micha%C5%82_H%C3%B3rnik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michał Hórnik (page does not exist)">Michał Hórnik</a> (Michael Hornig) (1833–1894), Jurij Łušćanski (a.k.a. Georg Wuschanski) (1839–1905). In 1809 for the short period of time, there was the first printed Sorbian newspaper. In 1767 Jurij Mjeń publishes the first secular Sorbian book. Between 1841 and 1843, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Arno%C5%A1t_Smoler" title="Jan Arnošt Smoler">Jan Arnošt Smoler</a> and Leopold Haupt (a.k.a. J. L. Haupt and J. E. Schmaler) published two-volume collection of Wendish folk-songs in Upper and Lower Lusatia. From 1842, the first Sorbian publishing companies started to appear: the poet Handrij Zejler set up a weekly magazine, the precursor of today’s Sorbian News. In 1845 in <a href="/wiki/Bautzen" title="Bautzen">Bautzen</a> the first festival of Sorbian songs took place. In 1875, <a href="/wiki/Jakub_Bart-%C4%86i%C5%A1inski" title="Jakub Bart-Ćišinski">Jakub Bart-Ćišinski</a>, the poet and classicist of Upper Sorbian literature, and Karol Arnošt Muka created a movement of young Sorbians influencing Lusatian art, science and literature for the following 50 years. A similar movement in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Lusatia" title="Lower Lusatia">Lower Lusatia</a> was organized around the most prominent Lower Lusatian poets <a href="/wiki/Mato_K%C3%B3syk" title="Mato Kósyk">Mato Kósyk</a> (Mato Kosyk) and <a href="/wiki/Bogumi%C5%82_%C5%A0wjela" title="Bogumił Šwjela">Bogumił Šwjela</a>. </p><p>In 1904, mainly thanks to the Sorbs’ contribution, the most important Sorbian cultural centre (the <a href="/wiki/Serbski_dom" title="Serbski dom">Sorbian House</a>) was built in <a href="/wiki/Bautzen" title="Bautzen">Bautzen</a>. In 1912, the social and cultural organization of Lusatian Sorbs was created, the <a href="/wiki/Domowina" title="Domowina">Domowina</a> Institution - the union of Sorbian organizations. In 1919 it had 180,000 members. In 1920, Jan Skala set up a Sorbian party and in 1925 in Berlin, Skala started Kulturwille- the newspaper for the protection of national minorities in Germany. In 1920, the <a href="/wiki/Sokol_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Sokol Movement">Sokol Movement</a> was founded (youth movement and gymnastic organization). From 1933 the Nazi party started to repress the Sorbs. At that time the Nazis also dissolved the Sokol Movement and began to combat every sign of Sorbian culture. In 1937, the activities of the Domowina Institution and other organizations were banned as anti-national. Sorbian clergymen and teachers were forcedly deported from Lusatia; Nazi German authorities confiscated the Sorbian House, other buildings and crops. </p><p>On May 10, 1945, in <a href="/wiki/Crostwitz" title="Crostwitz">Crostwitz</a>, after the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>'s invasion, the Domowina Institution renewed its activity. In 1948, the <a href="/wiki/Landtag" title="Landtag">Landtag</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a> passed an Act guaranteeing protection to Sorbian Lusatians; in 1949, <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a> resolved a similar law. Article 40 of the constitution of <a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="German Democratic Republic">German Democratic Republic</a> adopted on 7 October 1949 expressly provided for the protection of the language and culture of the Sorbs. In the times of the German Democratic Republic, Sorbian organizations were financially supported by the country, but at the same time the authorities encouraged <a href="/wiki/Germanization" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanization">Germanization</a> of Sorbian youth as a means of incorporating them into the system of "building <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a>". Sorbian language and culture could only be publicly presented as long as they promoted socialist ideology. For over 1000 years, the Sorbs were able to maintain and even develop their national culture, despite escalating Germanization and <a href="/wiki/Polonization" title="Polonization">Polonization</a>, mainly due to the high level of religious observance, cultivation of their tradition and strong families (Sorbian families still often have five children). In the middle of the 20th century, the revival of the Central European nations included some Sorbs, who became strong enough to attempt twice to regain their independence. After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the Lusatian National Committee in Prague claimed the right to self-government and separation from Germany and the creation of a Lusatian Free State or attachment to <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>. The majority of the Sorbs were organized in the Domowina, though, and did not wish to split from Germany.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Claims asserted by the Lusatian National movement were postulates of joining Lusatia to Poland or Czechoslovakia. Between 1945 and 1947 they postulated about ten petitions<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, the United States, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, the United Kingdom, France, Poland and Czechoslovakia, however, it did not bring any results. On April 30, 1946, the Lusatian National Committee also postulated a petition to the Polish Government, signed by Pawoł Cyž – the minister and an official Sorbian delegate in Poland. There was also a project of proclaiming a Lusatian Free State, whose Prime Minister was supposed to be a Polish archaeologist of Lusatian origin- Wojciech Kóčka. The most radical postulates in this area (" Na swobodu so ńečeka, swobodu so beŕe!")<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were expressed by the Lusatian youth organization- Narodny Partyzan Łužica. Similarly, in Czechoslovakia, where before the <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Conference" title="Potsdam Conference">Potsdam Conference</a> in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, 300,000 people demonstrated for the independence of Lusatia. The endeavours to separate Lusatia from Germany did not succeed because of various individual and geopolitical interests. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bilinguale_Stra%C3%9Fenbeschilderung_Cottbus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Bilinguale_Stra%C3%9Fenbeschilderung_Cottbus.jpg/220px-Bilinguale_Stra%C3%9Fenbeschilderung_Cottbus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Bilinguale_Stra%C3%9Fenbeschilderung_Cottbus.jpg/330px-Bilinguale_Stra%C3%9Fenbeschilderung_Cottbus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Bilinguale_Stra%C3%9Fenbeschilderung_Cottbus.jpg/440px-Bilinguale_Stra%C3%9Fenbeschilderung_Cottbus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3052" data-file-height="2289" /></a><figcaption>Bilingual names of streets in <a href="/wiki/Cottbus" title="Cottbus">Cottbus</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The following statistics indicate the progression of cultural change among Sorbs: by the end of the 19th century, about 150,000 people spoke Sorbian languages. By 1920, almost all Sorbs had mastered Sorbian and German to the same degree. Nowadays, the number of people using Sorbian languages has been estimated to be no more than 40,000. </p><p>The Israeli Slavic linguist <a href="/wiki/Paul_Wexler_(linguist)" title="Paul Wexler (linguist)">Paul Wexler</a> has argued that the Yiddish language structure provides "compelling evidence of an intimate Jewish contact with the Slavs in the German and Bohemian lands as early as the 9th century", and has theorized that Sorbs may have been contributors to the Ashkenazic Jewish population in Europe from the same period.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wexler2_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wexler2-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditions">Traditions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sorbs&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Shrove_Tuesday" title="Shrove Tuesday">Shrove Tuesday</a> festival <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zapust_(tradition)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zapust (tradition) (page does not exist)">Zapust</a></i> is the most popular tradition of the Sorbs, deeply linked to the working life of the community. Traditionally, festivities would last one week ahead of the spring sowing of the fields and would feature traditional dress, parade and dancing.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Egg_decorating_in_Slavic_culture" title="Egg decorating in Slavic culture">Egg decorating</a> (<i>pisanici</i>) is a Slavic <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> tradition maintained by Sorbs since the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (August 2016)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sorbs&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nowy_zako%C5%84_Micha%C5%82_Frencel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Nowy_zako%C5%84_Micha%C5%82_Frencel.jpg/220px-Nowy_zako%C5%84_Micha%C5%82_Frencel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Nowy_zako%C5%84_Micha%C5%82_Frencel.jpg/330px-Nowy_zako%C5%84_Micha%C5%82_Frencel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Nowy_zako%C5%84_Micha%C5%82_Frencel.jpg/440px-Nowy_zako%C5%84_Micha%C5%82_Frencel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2334" /></a><figcaption>Sorbian translation of the New Testament by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Micha%C5%82_Frencel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michał Frencel (page does not exist)">Michał Frencel</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Frencel" class="extiw" title="dsb:Michał Frencel">dsb</a>]</sup>, 1717</figcaption></figure> <p>Most current speakers of Upper-Sorbian are part of the Catholic denomination. Originally, the majority of Sorbs were Lutheran Protestants, and this was still the case going into the 20th Century (with a Protestant population of 86.9% recorded in 1900).<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only the Sorbs of the Kamenz area – predominantly settled on the expansive former site of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Marienstern_Monastery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saint Marienstern Monastery (page does not exist)">Saint Marienstern Monastery</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloster_St._Marienstern" class="extiw" title="de:Kloster St. Marienstern">de</a>]</sup> in <a href="/wiki/Panschwitz-Kuckau" title="Panschwitz-Kuckau">Panschwitz-Kuckau</a> – veered from the norm, with a Catholic population of 88.4%. Otherwise, the proportion of Catholics remained under 1% throughout the region of Lower Lusatia. Due to the rapid decline in language and cultural identity amongst the Protestant Sorbs – particularly during the years of the <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">GDR</a> – the denominational make-up of the Sorbian-speaking population of the region has now been reversed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_symbols">National symbols</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sorbs&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: National symbols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hymna-rukopis01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Hymna-rukopis01.jpg/170px-Hymna-rukopis01.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Hymna-rukopis01.jpg/255px-Hymna-rukopis01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Hymna-rukopis01.jpg/340px-Hymna-rukopis01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="358" data-file-height="344" /></a><figcaption>Handwriting of <i><a href="/wiki/Rjana_%C5%81u%C5%BEica" title="Rjana Łužica">Rjana Łužica</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Handrij_Zejler" title="Handrij Zejler">Handrij Zejler</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The flag of the Lusatian Sorbs is a cloth of blue, red and white horizontal stripes. First used as a national symbol in 1842, the flag was fully recognized among Sorbs following the proclamation of <a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavic_colors" title="Pan-Slavic colors">pan-Slavic colors</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Prague_Slavic_Congress,_1848" title="Prague Slavic Congress, 1848">Prague Slavic Congress of 1848</a>. Section 25 of the Constitution of Brandenburg contains a provision on the Lusatian flag. Section 2 of the Constitution of Saxony contains a provision on the use of the coat of arms and traditional national colors of the Lusatian Sorbs. The laws on the rights of the Lusatian Sorbs of Brandenburg and Saxony contain provisions on the use of Lusatian national symbols (coat of arms and national colors).<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The national anthem of Lusatian Sorbs since the 20th century is the song <a href="/wiki/Rjana_%C5%81u%C5%BEica" title="Rjana Łužica">Rjana Łužica</a> (Beautiful Lusatia).<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previously, the songs “Still Sorbs Have Not Perished” (written by <a href="/wiki/Handrij_Zejler" title="Handrij Zejler">Handrij Zejler</a> in 1840)<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and “Our Sorbs Rise from the Dust” (written by M. Domashka, performed until 1945)<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> served as a hymn. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regions_of_Lusatia">Regions of Lusatia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sorbs&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Regions of Lusatia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are three main regions of <a href="/wiki/Lusatia" title="Lusatia">Lusatia</a> that differ in language, religion, and customs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Region_of_Upper_Lusatia">Region of Upper Lusatia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sorbs&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Region of Upper Lusatia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:308px;max-width:308px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flagge_Oberlausitz.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flagge_Oberlausitz.svg/190px-Flagge_Oberlausitz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flagge_Oberlausitz.svg/285px-Flagge_Oberlausitz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flagge_Oberlausitz.svg/380px-Flagge_Oberlausitz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3350" data-file-height="2010" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:112px;max-width:112px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oberlausitz_Wappen.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Oberlausitz_Wappen.png/110px-Oberlausitz_Wappen.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Oberlausitz_Wappen.png/165px-Oberlausitz_Wappen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Oberlausitz_Wappen.png/220px-Oberlausitz_Wappen.png 2x" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="610" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Flag and coat of arms of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Lusatia" title="Upper Lusatia">Upper Lusatia</a></div></div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> Lusatia encompasses 85 towns in the districts of <a href="/wiki/Bautzen" title="Bautzen">Bautzen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kamenz" title="Kamenz">Kamenz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hoyerswerda" title="Hoyerswerda">Hoyerswerda</a>, where Upper Sorbian language, customs, and tradition are still thriving. In some of these places (<i>e.g.</i>, <a href="/wiki/Radibor" title="Radibor">Radibor</a> or Radwor in Sorbian, <a href="/wiki/Crostwitz" title="Crostwitz">Crostwitz</a> or Chrósćicy, and <a href="/wiki/Ralbitz-Rosenthal" title="Ralbitz-Rosenthal">Rosenthal</a> or Róžant), Sorbs constitute the majority of the population, and children grow up speaking Sorbian. </p><p>On Sundays, during holidays, and at weddings, people wear regional costumes, rich in decoration and embroidery, encrusted with pearls. </p><p>Some of the customs and traditions observed include Bird Wedding (25 January), <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> Cavalcade of Riders, Witch Burning (30 April), Maik, singing on <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Day" title="St. Martin's Day">St. Martin's Day</a> (Nicolay), and the celebrations of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Barbara" title="Saint Barbara">Saint Barbara</a>’s Day and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas" title="Saint Nicholas">Saint Nicholas</a>’s Day. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Region_of_Hoyerswerda_(Wojerecy)_and_Schleife_(Slepo)"><span id="Region_of_Hoyerswerda_.28Wojerecy.29_and_Schleife_.28Slepo.29"></span>Region of Hoyerswerda (Wojerecy) and Schleife (Slepo)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sorbs&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Region of Hoyerswerda (Wojerecy) and Schleife (Slepo)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the area from <a href="/wiki/Hoyerswerda" title="Hoyerswerda">Hoyerswerda</a> to <a href="/wiki/Schleife" title="Schleife">Schleife</a>, a dialect of Sorbian which combines characteristic features of both Upper and Lower Sorbian is spoken. The region is predominantly Protestant, highly devastated by the brown coal mining industry, sparsely populated, and to a great extent germanicized. Most speakers of Sorbian are over 60 years old. </p><p>The region distinguishes itself through many examples of <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a> wooden architecture monuments including churches and regular houses, a diversity of regional costumes (mainly worn by elderly women) that feature white-knitting with black, cross-like embroidery, and a tradition of playing <a href="/wiki/Bagpipes" title="Bagpipes">bagpipes</a>. In several villages, residents uphold traditional festivities such as expelling of winter, <i>Maik</i>, <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Great_Friday" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Friday">Great Friday</a> singing, and the celebration of <i>dźěćetko</i> (disguised child or young girl giving <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> presents). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Region_of_Lower_Lusatia">Region of Lower Lusatia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sorbs&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Region of Lower Lusatia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:308px;max-width:308px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flagge_Niederlausitz.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Flagge_Niederlausitz.svg/190px-Flagge_Niederlausitz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Flagge_Niederlausitz.svg/285px-Flagge_Niederlausitz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Flagge_Niederlausitz.svg/380px-Flagge_Niederlausitz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3350" data-file-height="2010" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:112px;max-width:112px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Niederlausitz_Wappen.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Niederlausitz_Wappen.png/110px-Niederlausitz_Wappen.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Niederlausitz_Wappen.png/165px-Niederlausitz_Wappen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Niederlausitz_Wappen.png/220px-Niederlausitz_Wappen.png 2x" data-file-width="464" data-file-height="586" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Flag and coat of arms of <a href="/wiki/Lower_Lusatia" title="Lower Lusatia">Lower Lusatia</a></div></div></div></div> <p>There are 60 towns from the area of <a href="/wiki/Cottbus" title="Cottbus">Cottbus</a> belonging to this region, where most of the older people over 60 but few young people and children can speak the Lower Sorbian language<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>; the local variant often incorporates many words taken from the German language, and in conversations with the younger generation, German is generally preferred. Some primary schools in the region teach bilingually, and in Cottbus there is an important Gymnasium whose main medium of instruction is Lower Sorbian. The region is predominantly Protestant, again highly devastated by the brown coal mining industry. The biggest tourist attraction of the region and in the whole <a href="/wiki/Lusatia" title="Lusatia">Lusatia</a> are the marshlands, with many <a href="/wiki/Spreewald" class="mw-redirect" title="Spreewald">Spreewald</a>/Błóta canals, picturesque broads of the <a href="/wiki/Spree_(river)" title="Spree (river)">Spree</a>. </p><p>Worn mainly by older but on holidays by young women, regional costumes are colourful, including a large headscarf called "lapa", rich in golden embroidering and differing from village to village. </p><p>In some villages, following traditions are observed: Shrovetide, <i>Maik</i>, <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> bonfires, <a href="/wiki/Rooster" class="mw-redirect" title="Rooster">Roosters</a> catching/hunting. In Jänschwalde (Sorbian: Janšojce) so-called Janšojski bog (disguised young girl) gives <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> presents. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_Poland">Relationship with Poland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sorbs&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Relationship with Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polska_992_-_1025.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Polska_992_-_1025.png/220px-Polska_992_-_1025.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Polska_992_-_1025.png/330px-Polska_992_-_1025.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Polska_992_-_1025.png/440px-Polska_992_-_1025.png 2x" data-file-width="4215" data-file-height="3780" /></a><figcaption>Lusatia was part of the Polish state between 1002 and 1031 under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_I_the_Brave" title="Bolesław I the Brave">Bolesław I</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_I_the_Brave" title="Bolesław I the Brave">Bolesław I the Brave</a> had taken control of the marches of <a href="/wiki/Lusatia" title="Lusatia">Lusatia</a> (Łużyce), Sorbian <a href="/wiki/Meissen" title="Meissen">Meissen</a> (Miśnia), and the cities of Budziszyn (Bautzen) and Miśnia in 1002, and refused to pay the tribute to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Empire</a> from the conquered territories. The Sorbs sided with the Poles, and opened the town gates and allowed Bolesław I into Miśnia in 1002.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bolesław, after the Polish-German War (1002–1018), signed the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Bautzen" title="Peace of Bautzen">Peace of Bautzen</a> on 30 January 1018, which made him a clear winner. The Polish ruler was able to keep the contested marches of Lusatia and Milsko not as fiefs, but as part of Polish territory.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Polish prince Mieszko destroyed about 100 Sorbian villages in 1030 and expelled Sorbians from urban areas, with the exception of fishermen and carpenters who were allowed to live in the outskirts.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the following centuries, at various times, parts of Lusatia formed part of <a href="/wiki/Piast_dynasty" title="Piast dynasty">Piast</a>-ruled fragmented Poland. </p><p>The 18th century saw increased Polish-Sorbian contacts during the reign of Kings <a href="/wiki/Augustus_II_the_Strong" title="Augustus II the Strong">Augustus II the Strong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Augustus_III_of_Poland" title="Augustus III of Poland">Augustus III of Poland</a> in Poland and Lusatia. Sorbian pastor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Micha%C5%82_Frencel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michał Frencel (page does not exist)">Michał Frencel</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Frencel" class="extiw" title="dsb:Michał Frencel">dsb</a>]</sup> and his son polymath <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abraham_Frencel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abraham Frencel (page does not exist)">Abraham Frencel</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Frencel" class="extiw" title="hsb:Abraham Frencel">hsb</a>]</sup> took their cues from Polish texts in their Sorbian Bible translations and philological works, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatyniak1968240_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatyniak1968240-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also Polish-born Jan Bogumił Fabricius established a Sorbian printing house and translated the catechism and <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> into Sorbian.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatyniak1968242_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatyniak1968242-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polish and Sorbian students established contacts at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leipzig" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Leipzig">University of Leipzig</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatyniak1968240_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatyniak1968240-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polish dignitaries traveled through Lusatia on several occasions on their way between <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, encountering Sorbs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatyniak1968243_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatyniak1968243-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some <a href="/wiki/Szlachta" title="Szlachta">Polish nobles</a> owned estates in Lusatia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatyniak1968243_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatyniak1968243-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neschwitz_Schlosspark_Barockschloss_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Neschwitz_Schlosspark_Barockschloss_02.jpg/220px-Neschwitz_Schlosspark_Barockschloss_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Neschwitz_Schlosspark_Barockschloss_02.jpg/330px-Neschwitz_Schlosspark_Barockschloss_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Neschwitz_Schlosspark_Barockschloss_02.jpg/440px-Neschwitz_Schlosspark_Barockschloss_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque</a> Palace of <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_J%C3%B3zef_Su%C5%82kowski" title="Aleksander Józef Sułkowski">Aleksander Józef Sułkowski</a> in <a href="/wiki/Neschwitz" title="Neschwitz">Neschwitz</a> (Upper Sorbian: <i lang="hsb">Njeswačidło</i>, Polish: <i lang="pl">Nieswacidło</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The first translation from Sorbian into another language was a translation of the poem <i>Wottendzenje wot Liepska teho derje dostoineho wulze wuczeneho Knesa Jana Friedricha Mitschka</i> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Handrij_Ru%C5%A1ka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Handrij Ruška (page does not exist)">Handrij Ruška</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handrij_Ru%C5%A1ka" class="extiw" title="hsb:Handrij Ruška">hsb</a>]</sup> into Polish, made by Stanisław Nałęcz Moszczyński, a Polish lecturer at the University of Leipzig, and published by the famous Polish traveler <a href="/wiki/Jan_Potocki" title="Jan Potocki">Jan Potocki</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatyniak1968244_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatyniak1968244-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A distinct remnant of the region's ties to Poland are the 18th-century <a href="/wiki/Milepost" class="mw-redirect" title="Milepost">mileposts</a> decorated with the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Coat of arms of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">coat of arms of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> located in various towns in the region. </p><p>Polish-Sorbian contacts continued in the 19th century. In the 1840s, <a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Poland" title="Romanticism in Poland">Polish Romantic</a> poet <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_Zmorski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roman Zmorski (page does not exist)">Roman Zmorski</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Zmorski" class="extiw" title="pl:Roman Zmorski">pl</a>]</sup> befriended the Sorbian writer <a href="/wiki/Jan_Arno%C5%A1t_Smoler" title="Jan Arnošt Smoler">Jan Arnošt Smoler</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a>, and then he settled in Lusatia, where he got to know other leading Sorbian national revival figures <a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C5%99es%C4%87an_Bohuw%C4%9Br_Pful&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Křesćan Bohuwěr Pful (page does not exist)">Křesćan Bohuwěr Pful</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%99es%C4%87an_Bohuw%C4%9Br_Pful" class="extiw" title="hsb:Křesćan Bohuwěr Pful">hsb</a>]</sup>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jarom%C4%9Br_Hendrich_Imi%C5%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jaroměr Hendrich Imiš (page does not exist)">Jaroměr Hendrich Imiš</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarom%C4%9Br_Hendrich_Imi%C5%A1" class="extiw" title="hsb:Jaroměr Hendrich Imiš">hsb</a>]</span> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Micha%C5%82_H%C3%B3rnik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michał Hórnik (page does not exist)">Michał Hórnik</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha%C5%82_H%C3%B3rnik" class="extiw" title="hsb:Michał Hórnik">hsb</a>]</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewaszkiewicz201588_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewaszkiewicz201588-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zmorski then issued the Polish newspaper <i>Stadło</i> in <a href="/wiki/Budissin" class="mw-redirect" title="Budissin">Budissin</a>, translated four Smoler's poems into Polish, and published articles about the Sorbs in other Polish press.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewaszkiewicz201588–89_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewaszkiewicz201588–89-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Michał Hórnik declared his sympathy and admiration for the Poles, popularised knowledge of <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Nicolaus Copernicus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Ko%C5%9Bciuszko" title="Tadeusz Kościuszko">Tadeusz Kościuszko</a> through Sorbian press, reported on the events of the Polish <a href="/wiki/January_Uprising" title="January Uprising">January Uprising</a> of 1863–1864 and made contacts with Poles during visits to Warsaw, <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polish historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Bogus%C5%82awski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Bogusławski (page does not exist)">Wilhelm Bogusławski</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Bogus%C5%82awski" class="extiw" title="pl:Wilhelm Bogusławski">pl</a>]</sup> wrote the first book on Sorbian history <i>Rys dziejów serbołużyckich</i>, published in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> in 1861. The book was expanded and published again in cooperation with Michał Hórnik in 1884 in <a href="/wiki/Bautzen" title="Bautzen">Bautzen</a>, under a new title <i>Historije serbskeho naroda</i>. Polish historian and activist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfons_Parczewski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfons Parczewski (page does not exist)">Alfons Parczewski</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfons_Parczewski" class="extiw" title="pl:Alfons Parczewski">pl</a>]</sup> was another friend of Sorbs, who from 1875 was involved in Sorbs' rights protection, participating in Sorbian meetings in Bautzen. Parczewski joined the <a href="/wiki/Ma%C4%87ica_Serbska" title="Maćica Serbska">Maćica Serbska</a> organization in 1875, supported Sorbian publishing, wrote articles about Sorbs in Polish press and collected Sorbian magazines and books, which now form part of the Adam Asnyk Regional Public Library in <a href="/wiki/Kalisz" title="Kalisz">Kalisz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewaszkiewicz201591_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewaszkiewicz201591-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was thanks to him, among others, that <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Ignacy_Kraszewski" title="Józef Ignacy Kraszewski">Józef Ignacy Kraszewski</a> founded a scholarship for Sorbian students. His sister <a href="/w/index.php?title=Melania_Parczewska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Melania Parczewska (page does not exist)">Melania Parczewska</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melania_Parczewska" class="extiw" title="pl:Melania Parczewska">pl</a>]</sup> joined the Maćica Serbska in 1878, wrote articles about Sorbs in Polish press and translated Sorbian poems into Polish.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewaszkiewicz201591_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewaszkiewicz201591-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Klettwitz_kath._Kirche_Herz_Jesu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Klettwitz_kath._Kirche_Herz_Jesu.jpg/170px-Klettwitz_kath._Kirche_Herz_Jesu.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Klettwitz_kath._Kirche_Herz_Jesu.jpg/255px-Klettwitz_kath._Kirche_Herz_Jesu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Klettwitz_kath._Kirche_Herz_Jesu.jpg/340px-Klettwitz_kath._Kirche_Herz_Jesu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1512" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Sacred Heart church in <a href="/wiki/Klettwitz" title="Klettwitz">Klettwitz</a> (Klěśišća), built by Polish Catholics in the 1900s<sup id="cite_ref-lpn_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lpn-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In the early 20th century, Polish slavist and professor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henryk_U%C5%82aszyn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henryk Ułaszyn (page does not exist)">Henryk Ułaszyn</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk_U%C5%82aszyn" class="extiw" title="pl:Henryk Ułaszyn">pl</a>]</sup> met several prominent Sorbs, including <a href="/wiki/Jan_Skala" title="Jan Skala">Jan Skala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jakub_Bart-%C4%86i%C5%A1inski" title="Jakub Bart-Ćišinski">Jakub Bart-Ćišinski</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arno%C5%A1t_Muka" title="Arnošt Muka">Arnošt Muka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewaszkiewicz201591–92_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewaszkiewicz201591–92-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and the restoration of independent Poland, Polish linguist <a href="/wiki/Jan_Baudouin_de_Courtenay" title="Jan Baudouin de Courtenay">Jan Baudouin de Courtenay</a> supported the Sorbs' right to self-determination and demanded that the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> assume protection over them.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the interbellum, the Poles and Sorbs in Germany closely cooperated as part of the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_National_Minorities_in_Germany" title="Association of National Minorities in Germany">Association of National Minorities in Germany</a>, established at the initiative of the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Poles_in_Germany" title="Union of Poles in Germany">Union of Poles in Germany</a> in 1924. Sorbian journalist, poet and activist <a href="/wiki/Jan_Skala" title="Jan Skala">Jan Skala</a> was a member of the press headquarters of the Union of Poles in Germany, and was one of the authors of the <i>Leksykon Polactwa w Niemczech</i> ("Lexicon of Poles in Germany").<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were also notable Polish communities in Lusatia, such as <a href="/wiki/Klettwitz" title="Klettwitz">Klettwitz</a> (Upper Sorbian: <i lang="hsb">Klěśišća</i>, Polish: <i lang="pl">Kletwice</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-lpn_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lpn-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Poland, Antoni Ludwiczak, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Folk_high_school" title="Folk high school">folk high school</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dalki,_Gniezno" title="Dalki, Gniezno">Dalki, Gniezno</a>, offered Sorbs five tuition-free spots for each course at the school, however, after the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> came to power in Germany in 1933, enrollment of Sorbs in the school was almost completely halted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewaszkiewicz201593_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewaszkiewicz201593-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several Sorbs studied in Poland in the interbellum.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewaszkiewicz201594_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewaszkiewicz201594-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1930, the Association of Friends of the Sorbs was established in Poznań with Henryk Ułaszyn as its president.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewaszkiewicz201592_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewaszkiewicz201592-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar association, the Polish Association of Friends of the Sorbian Nation (<i>Polskie Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Narodu Łużyckiego</i>), was established at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Warsaw" title="University of Warsaw">University of Warsaw</a> in 1936. It gathered people not only from the university. Its president was Professor Stanisław Słoński, and the deputy president was Julia Wieleżyńska. The association was a legal entity. The association in Warsaw issued the Polish-language <i>Biuletyn Serbo-Łużycki</i> ("Sorbian Newsletter"), which reported on Serbian affairs. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pomnik.Jana.Skali-Namyslow.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Pomnik.Jana.Skali-Namyslow.JPG/170px-Pomnik.Jana.Skali-Namyslow.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Pomnik.Jana.Skali-Namyslow.JPG/255px-Pomnik.Jana.Skali-Namyslow.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Pomnik.Jana.Skali-Namyslow.JPG/340px-Pomnik.Jana.Skali-Namyslow.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jan_Skala" title="Jan Skala">Jan Skala</a> monument in <a href="/wiki/Namys%C5%82%C3%B3w" title="Namysłów">Namysłów</a>, Poland</figcaption></figure> <p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the Poles postulated that after the defeat of Germany, the Sorbs should be allowed free national development either within the borders of Poland or Czechoslovakia, or as an independent Sorbian state in alliance with Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 22 January 1945, Jan Skala was murdered by a Soviet soldier in <a href="/wiki/Dziedzice,_Namys%C5%82%C3%B3w_County" title="Dziedzice, Namysłów County">Dziedzice</a>, and his grave at the local cemetery is now a <a href="/wiki/Cultural_property_protection_in_Poland" title="Cultural property protection in Poland">Polish protected cultural heritage monument</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a memorial to Skala in nearby <a href="/wiki/Namys%C5%82%C3%B3w" title="Namysłów">Namysłów</a>. In 1945, Polish troops fought against German forces in several battles in Lusatia, including the largest <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bautzen_(1945)" title="Battle of Bautzen (1945)">Battle of Bautzen</a>. There are memorials to Polish soldiers in Bautzen (<i>Budyšin</i>), <a href="/wiki/Crostwitz" title="Crostwitz">Crostwitz</a> (<i>Chrósćicy</i>) and <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigswartha" title="Königswartha">Königswartha</a> (<i>Rakecy</i>) with inscriptions in Sorbian, Polish and German. </p><p>Prołuż founded in <a href="/wiki/Krotoszyn" title="Krotoszyn">Krotoszyn</a>, expanded to all Poland (3000 members). It was the biggest non-communist organization that dealt with foreign affairs. This youth organization was created during the Soviet occupation and its motto was "Polish guard over Lusatia" (Polish: <i>Nad Łużycami polska straż</i>). Its highest activity was in the region of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland" title="Greater Poland">Greater Poland</a>. After the creation of <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>, Prołuż was dissolved, and its president historian from Poznań Alojzy Stanisław Matyniak was arrested.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After 1945, the Sorbs that historically lived in the eastern part of Lusatia (now again part of Poland) were <a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_from_Poland_during_and_after_World_War_II" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans from Poland during and after World War II">expelled</a>, as they were German citizens. Eastern Lusatia was resettled by Poles expelled from <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_Poland_annexed_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union">former eastern Poland annexed by the Soviet Union</a> and has by now lost its Sorbian identity.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1946, the establishment of a gymnasium for Sorbs in <a href="/wiki/Zgorzelec" title="Zgorzelec">Zgorzelec</a>, Poland, was initiated, and the registration of Sorbian students at Polish universities resumed.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the readiness to accept Sorbian youth in 1946, the gymnasium was not opened as the Sorbs had not yet obtained border passes to Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The launch of the gymnasium was postponed by a year and free boarding and scholarships were prepared for the Sorbs, but in view of the continued lack of border passes to Poland and the establishment of a Sorbian gymnasium in Bautzen, the idea was abandoned.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After a proposal to rebuild a pre-war statue of <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a> in Bautzen (<i>Budyšin</i>) appeared in 2021, the Sorbs objected and the Serbski Institut, in an open letter, reasoned the objection with the Bismarck government's repressions of the Sorbs, Poles, as well as <a href="/wiki/Danes" title="Danes">Danes</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a>, and Bismarck's calls for the extermination of Poles.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_Czechia">Relationship with Czechia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sorbs&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Relationship with Czechia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kamenzer_St.-Marien-Kirche_(12).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Kamenzer_St.-Marien-Kirche_%2812%29.JPG/170px-Kamenzer_St.-Marien-Kirche_%2812%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Kamenzer_St.-Marien-Kirche_%2812%29.JPG/255px-Kamenzer_St.-Marien-Kirche_%2812%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Kamenzer_St.-Marien-Kirche_%2812%29.JPG/340px-Kamenzer_St.-Marien-Kirche_%2812%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Golden <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Coat of arms of the Czech Republic">Czech Lion</a> at the top of the St. Mary's church in <a href="/wiki/Kamenz" title="Kamenz">Kamenz</a> (Upper Sorbian: <i lang="hsb">Kamjenc</i>, Czech: <i lang="cs">Kamenec</i>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Lusatia was partly or wholly part of the Czech Duchy or Kingdom (also known as Bohemia in the west) at various times between 1075 and 1635, and several remnants of Czech rule can be found in the region. When Lusatia returned from German to Bohemian (Czech) rule, Sorbs were allowed to return to cities, offices and crafts, and the Sorbian language could be used in public.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolecka200358_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolecka200358-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As result, it was in the lands under Czech rule that the Sorbian culture and language persisted, while the more western original Sorbian territory succumbed to Germanization policies. One of the remnants of Czech rule in the region are the many town coats of arms that include the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Coat of arms of the Czech Republic">Czech Lion</a>, as in <a href="/wiki/Drebkau" title="Drebkau">Drebkau</a> (<i>Drjowk</i>), <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6rlitz" title="Görlitz">Görlitz</a> (<i>Zhorjelc</i>), <a href="/wiki/Guben" title="Guben">Guben</a> (<i>Gubin</i>), <a href="/wiki/Kamenz" title="Kamenz">Kamenz</a> (<i>Kamjenc</i>), <a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6bau" title="Löbau">Löbau</a> (<i>Lubij</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Spremberg" title="Spremberg">Spremberg</a> (<i>Grodk</i>). </p><p>In 1706 the Catholic Sorbian Seminary was founded in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatyniak1968241_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatyniak1968241-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1846, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Serbowka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serbowka (page does not exist)">Serbowka</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbowka" class="extiw" title="hsb:Serbowka">hsb</a>]</sup> organization was founded by Sorbian students in Prague, and it issued the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kw%C4%9Btki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kwětki (page does not exist)">Kwětki</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kw%C4%9Btki" class="extiw" title="hsb:Kwětki">hsb</a>]</sup></i> magazine until 1892. </p><p>Calls for the incorporation of Lusatia into <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> were made after Germany's defeats in both world wars. In 1945, the Czechs established a gymnasium for the Sorbs in <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cesk%C3%A1_L%C3%ADpa" title="Česká Lípa">Česká Lípa</a>, then relocated to <a href="/wiki/Varnsdorf" title="Varnsdorf">Varnsdorf</a> in 1946 and to <a href="/wiki/Liberec" title="Liberec">Liberec</a> in 1949, however, the Sorbs took their high school diploma in Bautzen after a Sorbian high school was established there.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demography">Demography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sorbs&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Demography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Estimates of demographic history of the Sorb population since 1450:<sup id="cite_ref-gebel_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gebel-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#f3fff3">Year </th> <th style="background:#f3fff3"><b>1450</b> </th> <th style="background:#f3fff3"><b>1700</b> </th> <th style="background:#f3fff3"><b>1750</b> </th> <th style="background:#f3fff3"><b>1790</b> </th> <th style="background:#f3fff3"><b>1858</b> </th> <th style="background:#f3fff3"><b>1861</b> </th> <th style="background:#f3fff3"><b>1880</b> </th> <th style="background:#f3fff3"><b>1900</b> </th> <th style="background:#f3fff3"><b>1905</b> </th> <th style="background:#f3fff3"><b>1945</b> </th> <th style="background:#f3fff3"><b>2006</b> </th> <th style="background:#f3fff3"><b>2020</b> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#f3fff3">Population </th> <td>160,000 </td> <td>250,000 </td> <td>200,000 </td> <td>250,000 </td> <td>164,000 </td> <td>165,000 </td> <td>166,000 </td> <td>146,000 </td> <td>157,000 </td> <td>145,700 </td> <td>40,000-50,000 </td> <td>40,000 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Sorbian population in the middle of the 19th century: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Counties with large numbers of Sorbs in the middle of the 19th century<sup id="cite_ref-:02_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Region </th> <th>County </th> <th>Census year </th> <th>Total population </th> <th>Sorbian population </th> <th>% of Sorbs </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Regierungsbezirk_Frankfurt" title="Regierungsbezirk Frankfurt">Regierungsbezirk Frankfurt</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cottbus" title="Cottbus">Cottbus</a> </td> <td>1846 </td> <td>49248 </td> <td>33522 </td> <td>68.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Regierungsbezirk Frankfurt </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spremberg" title="Spremberg">Spremberg</a> </td> <td>1843 </td> <td>14092 </td> <td>9183 </td> <td>65.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Regierungsbezirk Frankfurt </td> <td><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbben_(Spreewald)" title="Lübben (Spreewald)">Lübben</a> </td> <td>1858 </td> <td>31566 </td> <td>12427 </td> <td>39.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Regierungsbezirk Frankfurt </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Calau" title="Calau">Calau</a> </td> <td>1849 </td> <td>43363 </td> <td>12143 </td> <td>28.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Regierungsbezirk Frankfurt </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBary" title="Żary">Sorau</a> </td> <td>1858 </td> <td>71826 </td> <td>10116 </td> <td>14.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Liegnitz_(region)" title="Liegnitz (region)">Regierungsbezirk Liegnitz</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hoyerswerda" title="Hoyerswerda">Hoyerswerda</a> </td> <td>1855 </td> <td>30068 </td> <td>17223 </td> <td>57.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Regierungsbezirk Liegnitz </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rothenburg,_Oberlausitz" title="Rothenburg, Oberlausitz">Rothenburg</a> </td> <td>1843 </td> <td>42891 </td> <td>14267 </td> <td>33.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigswartha" title="Königswartha">Königswartha</a> </td> <td>1861 </td> <td>7407 </td> <td>6385 </td> <td>86.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Saxony </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wei%C3%9Fenberg" title="Weißenberg">Weißenberg</a> </td> <td>1861 </td> <td>6579 </td> <td>4777 </td> <td>72.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Saxony </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bautzen" title="Bautzen">Bautzen</a> </td> <td>1861 </td> <td>37096 </td> <td>23148 </td> <td>62.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Saxony </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kamenz" title="Kamenz">Kamenz</a> </td> <td>1861 </td> <td>23564 </td> <td>7847 </td> <td>33.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Saxony </td> <td><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6bau" title="Löbau">Löbau</a> </td> <td>1861 </td> <td>27260 </td> <td>4089 </td> <td>15.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Saxony </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Schirgiswalde" title="Schirgiswalde">Schirgiswalde</a> </td> <td>1861 </td> <td>16636 </td> <td>2196 </td> <td>13.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Saxony </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bischofswerda" title="Bischofswerda">Bischofswerda</a> </td> <td>1861 </td> <td>21051 </td> <td>1642 </td> <td>7.8% </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sorbs_in_German_Empire.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Sorbs_in_German_Empire.png/220px-Sorbs_in_German_Empire.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Sorbs_in_German_Empire.png/330px-Sorbs_in_German_Empire.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Sorbs_in_German_Empire.png/440px-Sorbs_in_German_Empire.png 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="4222" /></a><figcaption>Sorbian population in the German Empire in years 1843-1861</figcaption></figure> <p>Sorbs are divided into two ethnographical groups: </p> <ul><li>Upper Sorbs (about 40,000 people).<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Lower Sorbs, who speak <a href="/wiki/Lower_Sorbian" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Sorbian">Lower Sorbian</a> (about 15–20,000 people).<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gebel_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gebel-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The dialects spoken vary in intelligibility in different areas. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Germany_sorbian_region.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of approximate Sorb-inhabited area in Germany"><img alt="Map of approximate Sorb-inhabited area in Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Germany_sorbian_region.png/96px-Germany_sorbian_region.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Germany_sorbian_region.png/144px-Germany_sorbian_region.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Germany_sorbian_region.png 2x" data-file-width="188" data-file-height="235" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Map of approximate Sorb-inhabited area in Germany</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sorben.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of area and towns inhabited by Sorbs"><img alt="Map of area and towns inhabited by Sorbs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Sorben.jpeg/100px-Sorben.jpeg" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Sorben.jpeg/150px-Sorben.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Sorben.jpeg/200px-Sorben.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3047" data-file-height="3664" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Map of area and towns inhabited by Sorbs</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sorbisches_Siedlungsgebiet-dsb.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Detailed map of Sorb-inhabited area in Germany (in Lower Sorbian)"><img alt="Detailed map of Sorb-inhabited area in Germany (in Lower Sorbian)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Sorbisches_Siedlungsgebiet-dsb.png/86px-Sorbisches_Siedlungsgebiet-dsb.png" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Sorbisches_Siedlungsgebiet-dsb.png/128px-Sorbisches_Siedlungsgebiet-dsb.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Sorbisches_Siedlungsgebiet-dsb.png/171px-Sorbisches_Siedlungsgebiet-dsb.png 2x" data-file-width="1398" data-file-height="1958" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detailed map of Sorb-inhabited area in Germany (in Lower Sorbian)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diaspora">Diaspora</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sorbs&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Diaspora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 1840s, many Sorbian émigrés travelled to Australia, along with many ethnic Germans. The first was Jan Rychtar, a Wendish <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Brethren" class="mw-redirect" title="Moravian Brethren">Moravian Brethren</a> missionary who settled in <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> during 1844.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were two major migrations of Upper Sorbs and Lower Sorbs to Australia, in 1848 and 1850 respectively. The diaspora settled mainly in <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a> – especially the <a href="/wiki/Barossa_Valley" title="Barossa Valley">Barossa Valley</a> – as well as <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria, Australia">Victoria</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>. </p><p>Many Wends also migrated from Lusatia to the United States, <a href="/wiki/Wends_of_Texas" title="Wends of Texas">especially Texas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sorbs&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sorbs" title="List of Sorbs">List of Sorbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusatia" title="Lusatia">Lusatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polabian_Slavs" title="Polabian Slavs">Polabian Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wends" title="Wends">Wends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milceni" title="Milceni">Milceni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavle_Juri%C5%A1i%C4%87_%C5%A0turm" title="Pavle Jurišić Šturm">Pavle Jurišić Šturm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendish_People%27s_Party" title="Wendish People's Party">Wendish People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wends_of_Texas" title="Wends of Texas">Wends of Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Slavic_peoples_and_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Slavic peoples and tribes">List of ancient Slavic peoples and tribes</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sorbs&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Remus-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Remus_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Remus_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"[A]nti-Sorbian policies throughout the Sorbian area of settlement got increasingly aggressive and, unsurprisingly, saw their climax under Nazi rule. Sorbs were declared to be "Wendish-speaking Germans" and a "Wendenabteilung was established to monitor the process of assimilation..."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemus20144_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemus20144-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramet-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ramet_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ramet_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Sorbs inhabiting Upper and Lower Lusatia, whose distinct identity and culture were simply denied by the Nazis, who described them as “Wendish-speaking” Germans and who, toward the end of the war, considered moving the Sorbs en masse to the mining districts of Alsace-Lorraine.".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamet2016227_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2016227-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pynsent-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pynsent_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Nazis intended to assimilate and permanently germanize these 'Wendish-speaking Germans' through integration into the 'National Socialist national community' and through the forbidding of the Sorbian language and manifestations of Sorbian culture, Sorbian and Slav place-names and local names of topographical features (fields, hills and so forth) were germanized, Sorbian books and printing presses confiscated and destroyed, Sorbian schoolteachers and clerics removed and put in German-speaking schools and parishes, and representatives of Sorbian cultural life were either forcibly isolated from their fellows or arrested."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPynsent2000115_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPynsent2000115-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Group-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Group_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Group_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"[A]fter 1933, under the Nazi regime, the Sorbian community suffered severe repression, and their organizations were banned. Indeed, the very existence of the ethnic group was denied and replaced by the theory of the Sorbs as 'Slavic speaking Germans'. Plans were made to re-settle the Sorbian population in Alsace in order to resolve the 'Lusatian question'. The 12 years of Nazi dictatorship was a heavy blow for a separate Sorbian identity."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Group199332_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Group199332-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"They pressed Sorbian associations to join Nazi organizations, often with Success, and the Domowina received an ultimatum to adopt a statute which defined it as a 'League of Wendish-speaking Germans'.” But the Domowina insisted upon the Slavonic character of the Sorbs. In March 1937 the Nazis forbade the Domowina and the Sorbian papers, all teaching in Sorbian was discontinued, and Sorbian books were removed from the school libraries."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZank1998173_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZank1998173-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"[T]he programmatic re-invention of the Sorbian minority as wen- dischsprechende Deutsche under the Nazi regime..."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlaser2007275_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlaser2007275-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sorbs&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-gebel-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gebel_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gebel_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gebel_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGebel2002" class="citation book cs1">Gebel, K. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/6353/1/Gebel-Language_and_ethnic_national_identity.pdf"><i>Language and ethnic national identity in Europe: the importance of Gaelic and Sorbian to the maintenance of associated cultures and ethno cultural identities</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. London: Middlesex University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+and+ethnic+national+identity+in+Europe%3A+the+importance+of+Gaelic+and+Sorbian+to+the+maintenance+of+associated+cultures+and+ethno+cultural+identities.&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Middlesex+University&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Gebel&rft.aufirst=K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feprints.mdx.ac.uk%2F6353%2F1%2FGebel-Language_and_ethnic_national_identity.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASorbs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chambers-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chambers_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chambers_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChambers2007" class="citation web cs1">Chambers, Madeline (26 November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/germany-sorbs-idUKL2243639820071126">"Germany's Sorb minority struggles for survival"</a>. <i>Reuters</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=luzice.cz&rft.atitle=Spole%C4%8Dnost+p%C5%99%C3%A1tel+Lu%C5%BEice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.luzice.cz%2Fhome%2Fluzicti-srbove.dot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASorbs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><i>census.gov</i>. United States Census Bureau <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2000/phc/phc-t-43/tab01.pdf">https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2000/phc/phc-t-43/tab01.pdf</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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XXXVII (37): 73. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17651%2FPOLON.37.9">10.17651/POLON.37.9</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polonica&rft.atitle=%22Geograf+Bawarski%22+%E2%80%94+nowe+odczytania&rft.volume=XXXVII+%2837%29&rft.pages=73&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17651%2FPOLON.37.9&rft.aulast=%C5%81uczy%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Michal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frcin.org.pl%2Fdlibra%2Fshow-content%2Fpublication%2Fedition%2F64469%3Fid%3D64469&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASorbs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rudnicki1959-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rudnicki1959_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudnicki1959" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Miko%C5%82aj_Rudnicki" title="Mikołaj Rudnicki">Rudnicki, Mikołaj</a> (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R9IeAAAAMAAJ"><i>Prasłowiańszczyzna, Lechia-Polska</i></a> (in Polish). Państwowe wydawn. naukowe, Oddzia ︢w Poznaniu. p. 182.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pras%C5%82owia%C5%84szczyzna%2C+Lechia-Polska&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=Pa%C5%84stwowe+wydawn.+naukowe%2C+Oddzia+%EF%B8%A2w+Poznaniu&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Rudnicki&rft.aufirst=Miko%C5%82aj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR9IeAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASorbs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPohl1970" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pohl, Heinz-Dieter (1970). "Die slawischen Sprachen in Jugoslawien" [The Slavic languages in Yugoslavia]. <i>Der Donauraum</i> (in German). <b>15</b> (1–2): 72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7767%2Fdnrm.1970.15.12.63">10.7767/dnrm.1970.15.12.63</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:183316961">183316961</a>. <q>Srbin, Plural Srbi: „Serbe", wird zum urslawischen *sirbŭ „Genosse" gestellt und ist somit slawischen Ursprungs41. Hrvat „Kroate", ist iranischer Herkunft, über urslawisches *chŭrvatŭ aus altiranischem *(fšu-)haurvatā, „Viehhüter"42.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Donauraum&rft.atitle=Die+slawischen+Sprachen+in+Jugoslawien&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=72&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7767%2Fdnrm.1970.15.12.63&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A183316961%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Pohl&rft.aufirst=Heinz-Dieter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASorbs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Popowska-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Popowska_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPopowska-Taborska1993" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Popowska-Taborska, Hanna (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yadda.icm.edu.pl/yadda/element/bwmeta1.element.hdl_11089_16320">"Ślady etnonimów słowiańskich z elementem obcym w nazewnictwie polskim"</a>. <i>Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Linguistica</i> (in Polish). <b>27</b>: 225–230. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18778%2F0208-6077.27.29">10.18778/0208-6077.27.29</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11089%2F16320">11089/16320</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Universitatis+Lodziensis.+Folia+Linguistica&rft.atitle=%C5%9Alady+etnonim%C3%B3w+s%C5%82owia%C5%84skich+z+elementem+obcym+w+nazewnictwie+polskim&rft.volume=27&rft.pages=225-230&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11089%2F16320&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18778%2F0208-6077.27.29&rft.aulast=Popowska-Taborska&rft.aufirst=Hanna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyadda.icm.edu.pl%2Fyadda%2Felement%2Fbwmeta1.element.hdl_11089_16320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASorbs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Simek1955-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Simek1955_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simek1955_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimek1955" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Simek, Emanuel (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digilib.phil.muni.cz/handle/11222.digilib/103713"><i>Chebsko V Staré Dobe: Dnesní Nejzápadnejsi Slovanské Území</i></a> (in Czech). Vydává Masarykova Universita v Brne. pp. 47, 269. <q>O Srbech máme zachován první historický záznam ze VI. století u Vibia Sequestra, který praví, že Labe dělí v GermaniinSrby od Suevů65. Tím ovšem nemusí být řečeno, že v končinách severně od českých hor nemohli býti Srbové již i za Labem (západně od Labe), neboť nevíme, koho Vibius Sequester svými Suevy mínil. Ať již tomu bylo jakkoli, víme bezpečně ze zpráv kroniky Fredegarovy, že Srbové měli celou oblast mezi Labem a Sálou osídlenu již delší dobu před založením říše Samovy66, tedy nejméně již v druhé polovici VI. století67. Jejich kníže Drevan se osvobodil od nadvlády francké a připojil se někdy kolem roku 630 se svou državou k říši Samově68. V následujících letech podnikali Srbové opětovně vpády přes Sálu do Durinska 69... 67 Schwarz, ON 48, dospěl k závěru, že se země mezi Labem a Sálou stala srbskou asi r. 595 a kolem roku 600 že bylo slovanské stěhování do končin západně od Labe určitě již skončeno; R. Fischer, GSl V. 58, Heimatbildung XVIII. 298, ON Falk. 59, NK 69 datuje příchod Slovanů na Chebsko do druhé polovice VI. století, G. Fischer(ová), Flurnamen 218, do VI. století. Chebský historik Sieg1 dospěl v posledním svém souhrnném díle o dějinách Chebska Eger u. Egerland 4 k závěru, že Slované (myslil na Srby) přišli do Chebska již kolem roku 490, tedy před koncem V. století.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chebsko+V+Star%C3%A9+Dobe%3A+Dnesn%C3%AD+Nejz%C3%A1padnejsi+Slovansk%C3%A9+%C3%9Azem%C3%AD&rft.pages=47%2C+269&rft.pub=Vyd%C3%A1v%C3%A1+Masarykova+Universita+v+Brne&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Simek&rft.aufirst=Emanuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigilib.phil.muni.cz%2Fhandle%2F11222.digilib%2F103713&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASorbs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSułowski1961" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sułowski, Zygmunt (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bazhum.pl/bib/article/273968/">"Migracja Słowian na zachód w pierwszym tysiącleciu n. e."</a> <i>Roczniki Historyczne</i> (in Polish). <b>27</b>: 50–52<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Roczniki+Historyczne&rft.atitle=Migracja+S%C5%82owian+na+zach%C3%B3d+w+pierwszym+tysi%C4%85cleciu+n.+e.&rft.volume=27&rft.pages=50-52&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Su%C5%82owski&rft.aufirst=Zygmunt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbazhum.pl%2Fbib%2Farticle%2F273968%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASorbs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tyszkiewicz1990-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tyszkiewicz1990_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyszkiewicz1990" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tyszkiewicz, Lech A. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7ZQTAQAAMAAJ"><i>Słowianie w historiografii antycznej do połowy VI wieku</i></a> (in Polish). Wydawn. Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-229-0421-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-229-0421-3"><bdi>978-83-229-0421-3</bdi></a>. <q>...Germaniae Suevos a Cervetiis dividit mergitur in oceanum". Według Szafarzyka, który odrzucił emendację Oberlina Cervetiis na Cheruscis, zagadkowy lud Cervetti to nikt inny, jak tylko Serbowie połabscy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=S%C5%82owianie+w+historiografii+antycznej+do+po%C5%82owy+VI+wieku&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Wydawn.+Uniwersytetu+Wroc%C5%82awskiego&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-83-229-0421-3&rft.aulast=Tyszkiewicz&rft.aufirst=Lech+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7ZQTAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASorbs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dulinicz2001-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dulinicz2001_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDulinicz2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dulinicz, Marek (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=akYjAQAAIAAJ"><i>Kształtowanie się Słowiańszczyzny Północno-Zachodniej: studium archeologiczne</i></a> (in Polish). Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-85463-89-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-85463-89-4"><bdi>978-83-85463-89-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kszta%C5%82towanie+si%C4%99+S%C5%82owia%C5%84szczyzny+P%C3%B3%C5%82nocno-Zachodniej%3A+studium+archeologiczne&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Instytut+Archeologii+i+Etnologii+Polskiej+Akademii+Nauk&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-83-85463-89-4&rft.aulast=Dulinicz&rft.aufirst=Marek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DakYjAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASorbs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moczulski2007-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Moczulski2007_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoczulski2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Moczulski" title="Leszek Moczulski">Moczulski, Leszek</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FY_u2_TUiFoC"><i>Narodziny Międzymorza: ukształtowanie ojczyzn, powstanie państw oraz układy geopolityczne wschodniej części Europy w późnej starożytności i we wczesnym średniowieczu</i></a> (in Polish). Bellona. pp. 335–336. <q>Tak jest ze wzmianką Vibiusa Sequestra, pisarza z przełomu IV—V w., którą niektórzy badacze uznali za najwcześniejszą informację o Słowianach na Polabiu: Albis Germaniae Suevon a Cervetiis dividit (Vibii Sequestris, De fluminibus, fontibus, lacubus, memoribus, paludibus, montibus, gentibus, per litteras, wyd. Al. Riese, Geographi latini minores, Heilbronn 1878). Jeśli początek nazwy Cerve-tiis odpowiadał Serbe — chodziło o Serbów, jeśli Cherue — byli to Cheruskowie, choć nie można wykluczyć, że pod tą nazwą kryje się jeszcze inny lud (por. G. Labuda, Fragmenty dziejów Słowiańszczyzny Zachodniej, t. 1, Poznań 1960, s. 91; H. Lowmiański, Początki Polski..., t. II, Warszawa 1964, s. 296; J. Strzelczyk, Vibius Sequester [w:] Slownik Starożytności Słowiańskich, t. VI, Wroclaw 1977, s. 414). Pierwsza ewentualność sygeruje, że zachodnia eks-pansja Słowian rozpoczęta się kilka pokoleń wcześniej niż się obecnie przypuszcza, druga —że rozgraniczenie pomiędzy Cheruskami a Swebami (Gotonami przez Labę względnie Semnonami przez Soławę) uksztaltowało się — być może po klęsce Marboda — dalej na południowy wschód, niżby wynikało z Germanii Tacyta (patrz wyżej). Tyle tylko, że nie będzie to sytuacja z IV w. Istnienie styku serbsko-turyńskiego w początkach VII w. potwierdza Kronika Fredegara (Chronicarum quae dicuntw; Fredegari scholastici, wyd. B., Krusch, Monu-menta Gennaniae Bisiorka, Scriptores rerum Merovingicarum, t. II, Hannover 1888, s. 130); bylby on jednak późniejszy niż styk Franków ze Slowianami (Sldawami, Winklami) w Alpach i na osi Dunaju. Tyle tylko, te o takim styku możemy mówić dopiero w końcu VI w.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narodziny+Mi%C4%99dzymorza%3A+ukszta%C5%82towanie+ojczyzn%2C+powstanie+pa%C5%84stw+oraz+uk%C5%82ady+geopolityczne+wschodniej+cz%C4%99%C5%9Bci+Europy+w+p%C3%B3%C5%BAnej+staro%C5%BCytno%C5%9Bci+i+we+wczesnym+%C5%9Bredniowieczu&rft.pages=335-336&rft.pub=Bellona&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Moczulski&rft.aufirst=Leszek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFY_u2_TUiFoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASorbs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFomina2016" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fomina, Z.Ye. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=25957680">"Славянская топонимия в современной Германии в лингвокультуроло-гическоми лингво-историческом аспек"</a> [Slavonic Toponymy in Linguoculturological and Linguo-historical Aspects in Germany]. <i>Современные лингвистические и методико-дидактические исследования</i> (in Russian). <b>1</b> (12): 30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2020</span>. <q>Как следует из многотомного издания „Славянские древности" (1953) известного чешского ученого Любора Нидерле, первым историческим известием о славянах на Эльбе является запись Вибия Секвестра «De fluminibus» (VI век), в которой об Эльбе говорится: «Albis Suevos a Cervetiis dividit». Cervetii означает здесь наименованиесербскогоокруга (pagus) на правом берегу Эльбы, между Магдебургом и Лужицами, который в позднейших грамотах Оттона I, Оттона II и Генриха II упоминается под терминомCiervisti, Zerbisti, Kirvisti,нынешний Цербст[8]. В тот период, как пишет Любор Нидерле, а именно в 782 году, началось большое, имевшее мировое значение, наступление германцев против сла-вян. ПерейдяЭльбу, славяне представляли большую опасность для империи Карла Вели-кого. Для того, чтобы создать какой-то порядок на востоке, Карл Великий в 805 году соз-дал так называемый limes Sorabicus, который должен был стать границей экономических (торговых) связеймежду германцами и славянами[8].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B8+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B2+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B2+%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE-%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%BE-%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=30&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Fomina&rft.aufirst=Z.Ye.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elibrary.ru%2Fitem.asp%3Fid%3D25957680&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASorbs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LaetHerrmann1996-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LaetHerrmann1996_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LaetHerrmann1996_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LaetHerrmann1996_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSigfried_J._de_LaetJoachim_Herrmann1996" class="citation book cs1">Sigfried J. de Laet; Joachim Herrmann (1 January 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WGUz01yBumEC&pg=PA284"><i>History of Humanity: From the seventh century B.C. to the seventh century A.D.</i></a> UNESCO. pp. 282–284. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-102812-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-102812-0"><bdi>978-92-3-102812-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Humanity%3A+From+the+seventh+century+B.C.+to+the+seventh+century+A.D.&rft.pages=282-284&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1996-01-01&rft.isbn=978-92-3-102812-0&rft.au=Sigfried+J.+de+Laet&rft.au=Joachim+Herrmann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWGUz01yBumEC%26pg%3DPA284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASorbs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stone2015-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stone2015_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stone2015_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerald_Stone2015" class="citation book cs1">Gerald Stone (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ABsmCwAAQBAJ"><i>Slav Outposts in Central European History: The Wends, Sorbs and Kashubs</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-9211-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-9211-8"><bdi>978-1-4725-9211-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slav+Outposts+in+Central+European+History%3A+The+Wends%2C+Sorbs+and+Kashubs&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4725-9211-8&rft.au=Gerald+Stone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DABsmCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASorbs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVlasto1970142-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVlasto1970142_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVlasto1970">Vlasto 1970</a>, p. 142.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFVlasto1970 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pronk-Tiethoff2013-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pronk-Tiethoff2013_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaskia_Pronk-Tiethoff2013" class="citation book cs1">Saskia Pronk-Tiethoff (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0iWLAgAAQBAJ"><i>The Germanic loanwords in Proto-Slavic</i></a>. Rodopi. pp. 68–69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-012-0984-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-012-0984-7"><bdi>978-94-012-0984-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Germanic+loanwords+in+Proto-Slavic&rft.pages=68-69&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-94-012-0984-7&rft.au=Saskia+Pronk-Tiethoff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0iWLAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASorbs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŽivković2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tibor_%C5%BDivkovi%C4%87" title="Tibor Živković">Živković, Tibor</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oE-gAAAAMAAJ"><i>Јужни Словени под византијском влашћу (600-1025)</i></a>. Belgrade: Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts. p. 198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788677430276" title="Special:BookSources/9788677430276"><bdi>9788677430276</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%88%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4+%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%9B%D1%83+%28600-1025%29&rft.place=Belgrade&rft.pages=198&rft.pub=Serbian+Academy+of+Sciences+and+Arts&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9788677430276&rft.aulast=%C5%BDivkovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Tibor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoE-gAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASorbs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŽivković2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tibor_%C5%BDivkovi%C4%87" title="Tibor Živković">Živković, Tibor</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1231887"><i>De conversione Croatorum et Serborum: A Lost Source</i></a>. Belgrade: The Institute of History. pp. 152–185.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+conversione+Croatorum+et+Serborum%3A+A+Lost+Source&rft.place=Belgrade&rft.pages=152-185&rft.pub=The+Institute+of+History&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=%C5%BDivkovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Tibor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1231887&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASorbs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSava_S._Vujić,_Bogdan_M._Basarić1998" class="citation book cs1">Sava S. Vujić, Bogdan M. Basarić (1998). <i>Severni Srbi (ne)zaboravljeni narod</i>. Beograd. p. 40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Severni+Srbi+%28ne%29zaboravljeni+narod&rft.place=Beograd&rft.pages=40&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Sava+S.+Vuji%C4%87%2C+Bogdan+M.+Basari%C4%87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASorbs" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiloš_S._Milojević1872" class="citation book cs1">Miloš S. Milojević (1872). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SuxEAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA59"><i>Odlomci Istorije Srba i srpskih jugoslavenskih zemalja u Turskoj i Austriji</i></a>. U državnoj štampariji. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Odlomci+Istorije+Srba+i+srpskih+jugoslavenskih+zemalja+u+Turskoj+i+Austriji&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=U+dr%C5%BEavnoj+%C5%A1tampariji&rft.date=1872&rft.au=Milo%C5%A1+S.+Milojevi%C4%87&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSuxEAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASorbs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRelja_Novaković1977" class="citation book cs1">Relja Novaković (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5K0BAAAAMAAJ"><i>Odakle su Sebl dos̆il na Balkansko poluostrvo</i></a>. Istorijski institut. p. 337.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Odakle+su+Sebl+dos%CC%86il+na+Balkansko+poluostrvo&rft.pages=337&rft.pub=Istorijski+institut&rft.date=1977&rft.au=Relja+Novakovi%C4%87&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5K0BAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASorbs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKardaras2018" class="citation book cs1">Kardaras, Georgios (2018). Florin Curta; Dušan Zupka (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1IN1DwAAQBAJ"><i>Byzantium and the Avars, 6th-9th Century AD: political, diplomatic and cultural relations</i></a>. BRILL. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-38226-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-38226-8"><bdi>978-90-04-38226-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantium+and+the+Avars%2C+6th-9th+Century+AD%3A+political%2C+diplomatic+and+cultural+relations&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-90-04-38226-8&rft.aulast=Kardaras&rft.aufirst=Georgios&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1IN1DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASorbs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">V. von Keltsch, <i>Der bairische Geograph</i>, Alpreussische Monatsschr., 23 (1886),</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerhard Billig, <i>Zur Rekonstruktion der ältesten slawischen Burgbezirke im obersächsisch-meißnischen Raum auf der Grundlage des Bayerischen Geographen</i>, Neues Archiv für sächsische Geschichte 66 (1995), s. 27-67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sedov-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sedov_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sedov_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSedov2013" class="citation book cs1">Sedov, Valentin Vasilyevich (2013) [1995]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HD4oAAAAMAAJ"><i>Славяне в раннем Средневековье</i></a> [<i>Sloveni u ranom srednjem veku (Slavs in Early Middle Ages)</i>]. Novi Sad: Akademska knjiga. pp. 191–205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-86-6263-026-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-86-6263-026-1"><bdi>978-86-6263-026-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%B2+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC+%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C%D0%B5&rft.place=Novi+Sad&rft.pages=191-205&rft.pub=Akademska+knjiga&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-86-6263-026-1&rft.aulast=Sedov&rft.aufirst=Valentin+Vasilyevich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHD4oAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASorbs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sandford2013-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sandford2013_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Sandford2013" class="citation book cs1">John Sandford (3 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TuMsBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA412"><i>Encyclopedia of Contemporary German Culture</i></a>. Routledge. p. 412. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-81603-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-81603-1"><bdi>978-1-136-81603-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Contemporary+German+Culture&rft.pages=412&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-04-03&rft.isbn=978-1-136-81603-1&rft.au=John+Sandford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTuMsBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA412&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASorbs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul M. Barford (2001). <i>The Early Slavs: Culture and Society in Early Medieval Eastern Europe</i>. Cornell University Press. pp. 64–65, 77–78, 104–105. 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdministrator" class="citation web cs1">Administrator. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prolusatia.pl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=159:dziaalno-wojciecha-wojcecha-kocki-w-serbouyckim-ruchu-narodowym-w-latach-1945-1950&catid=2:wszelkie-artykuy&Itemid=14">"Działalność Wojciecha (Wojcecha) Kócki w serbołużyckim ruchu narodowym w latach 1945 - 1950"</a>. <i>prolusatia.pl</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=prolusatia.pl&rft.atitle=Dzia%C5%82alno%C5%9B%C4%87+Wojciecha+%28Wojcecha%29+K%C3%B3cki+w+serbo%C5%82u%C5%BCyckim+ruchu+narodowym+w+latach+1945+-+1950&rft.au=Administrator&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prolusatia.pl%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D159%3Adziaalno-wojciecha-wojcecha-kocki-w-serbouyckim-ruchu-narodowym-w-latach-1945-1950%26catid%3D2%3Awszelkie-artykuy%26Itemid%3D14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASorbs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdministrator" class="citation web cs1">Administrator. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prolusatia.pl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=154:akcja-qnarodny-partyzan-uicaq-1946-1947-i-jej-reperkusje-w-serbouyckim-ruchu-narodowym&catid=2:wszelkie-artykuy&Itemid=14">"Akcja "Narodny Partyzan Łužica" (1946 - 1947) i jej reperkusje w serbołużyckim ruchu narodowym"</a>. <i>prolusatia.pl</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=prolusatia.pl&rft.atitle=Akcja+%22Narodny+Partyzan+%C5%81u%C5%BEica%22+%281946+-+1947%29+i+jej+reperkusje+w+serbo%C5%82u%C5%BCyckim+ruchu+narodowym&rft.au=Administrator&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prolusatia.pl%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D154%3Aakcja-qnarodny-partyzan-uicaq-1946-1947-i-jej-reperkusje-w-serbouyckim-ruchu-narodowym%26catid%3D2%3Awszelkie-artykuy%26Itemid%3D14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASorbs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wexler_(linguist)" title="Paul Wexler (linguist)">Paul Wexler</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slavica.indiana.edu/bookListings/linguistics/The_Ashkenazic_Jews">The Ashkenazic Jews</a></i>, Slavica Publishers, 1993</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wexler2-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wexler2_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wexler_(linguist)" title="Paul Wexler (linguist)">Paul Wexler</a> (1992), "From Serb Lands to Sorb Lands," in <i>The Balkan Substratum of Yiddish: A Reassessment of the Unique Romance and Greek Components</i>, <a href="/wiki/Harrassowitz_Verlag" title="Harrassowitz Verlag">Harrassowitz Verlag</a>, 1992, p. 111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelocal.de/society/20100312-25845.html">Germany's Sorbs celebrate Zapust festival</a>. The local Germany's News in English. March 12, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethiopianreview.com/news/34039">German Slavic minority cultivates a colorful Easter tradition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111001213809/http://www.ethiopianreview.com/news/34039">Archived</a> 2011-10-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Ethiopian Review. March 31, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to the 1900 Census. See Ernst Tschernik: <i>Die Entwicklung der Sorbischen Bevölkerung</i>. Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1954, P. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFАндреева,_Г._Н.2005" class="citation journal cs1">Андреева, Г. Н. (2005). "Сорбы в ФРГ: ценный опыт правового регулирования статуса национального меньшинства в немецкой и российской литературе" (журнал) (1) (Социальные и гуманитарные науки ed.): 40–42.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%8B+%D0%B2+%D0%A4%D0%A0%D0%93%3A+%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8B%D1%82+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%B2+%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B8+%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=40-42&rft.date=2005&rft.au=%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%2C+%D0%93.+%D0%9D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASorbs" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFГугнин,_А._А.1997" class="citation book cs1">Гугнин, А. А. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inslav.ru/images/stories/pdf/1997_Gugnin.pdf"><i>Введение в историю серболужицкой словесности и литературы от истоков до наших дней</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. М. p. 90.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B2+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8E+%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%B8+%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B+%D0%BE%D1%82+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B4%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9&rft.place=%D0%9C.&rft.pages=90&rft.date=1997&rft.au=%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%2C+%D0%90.+%D0%90.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inslav.ru%2Fimages%2Fstories%2Fpdf%2F1997_Gugnin.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASorbs" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kramerius.lib.cas.cz/view/uuid:6e2b2552-5d2b-4c41-af11-1b130df31cf1?page=uuid:a0494897-64c5-4d61-bc65-36f1396a81e1&fulltext=Zejler">"Slovanský přehled"</a> (26). 1934: 152.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Slovansk%C3%BD+p%C5%99ehled&rft.issue=26&rft.pages=152&rft.date=1934&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkramerius.lib.cas.cz%2Fview%2Fuuid%3A6e2b2552-5d2b-4c41-af11-1b130df31cf1%3Fpage%3Duuid%3Aa0494897-64c5-4d61-bc65-36f1396a81e1%26fulltext%3DZejler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASorbs" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŠołta,_Jan1984" class="citation book cs1">Šołta, Jan (1984). <i>Nowy biografiski slownik k stawiznam a kulture Serbow</i>. p. 115.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nowy+biografiski+slownik+k+stawiznam+a+kulture+Serbow&rft.pages=115&rft.date=1984&rft.au=%C5%A0o%C5%82ta%2C+Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASorbs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWojciechowski1948" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wojciechowski, Zygmunt (1948). "Bolesław Chrobry i rok 1000". <i>Przegląd Zachodni</i> (in Polish) (3): 248.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Przegl%C4%85d+Zachodni&rft.atitle=Boles%C5%82aw+Chrobry+i+rok+1000&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=248&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Wojciechowski&rft.aufirst=Zygmunt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASorbs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jasienica, Pawel (2007) (in Polish). Polska Piastow. Proszynski Media. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-7648-284-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-7648-284-2">978-83-7648-284-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bernhardt, John W (1993). Itinerant Kingship and Royal Monasteries in Early Medieval Germany, c. 936–1075. Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-52183-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-52183-1">0-521-52183-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rastko.rs/rastko-lu/uvod/ndjordjevic-luzicani.html">"Лужички Срби, њихова историја и култура"</a>. // rastko.rs<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Centrala prasowa Związku Polaków w Niemczech (1923–1939)". <i>Kwartalnik Historii Prasy Polskiej</i> (in Polish). <b>XVII</b> (2): 52, 59.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kwartalnik+Historii+Prasy+Polskiej&rft.atitle=Centrala+prasowa+Zwi%C4%85zku+Polak%C3%B3w+w+Niemczech+%281923%E2%80%931939%29&rft.volume=XVII&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=52%2C+59&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Smo%C5%82ka&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASorbs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewaszkiewicz201593-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewaszkiewicz201593_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewaszkiewicz2015">Lewaszkiewicz 2015</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewaszkiewicz201594-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewaszkiewicz201594_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewaszkiewicz2015">Lewaszkiewicz 2015</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewaszkiewicz201592-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewaszkiewicz201592_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewaszkiewicz2015">Lewaszkiewicz 2015</a>, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Orzechowski, pp. 380–381</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoanna_Banik" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Joanna Banik. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zabytek.pl/pl/obiekty/g-254345">"Grób Jana Skali"</a>. <i>Zabytek.pl</i> (in Polish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Zabytek.pl&rft.atitle=Gr%C3%B3b+Jana+Skali&rft.au=Joanna+Banik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzabytek.pl%2Fpl%2Fobiekty%2Fg-254345&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASorbs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Prołuż Akademicki Związek Przyjaciół Łużyc" Jakub Brodacki. Polska Grupa Marketingowa 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-60151-00-8" title="Special:BookSources/83-60151-00-8">83-60151-00-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bpb.de/apuz/304341/verwaistes-erbe-die-lausitz-und-die-sorbische-kultur-in-polen">"Verwaistes Erbe"</a>. 31 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Verwaistes+Erbe&rft.date=2020-01-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bpb.de%2Fapuz%2F304341%2Fverwaistes-erbe-die-lausitz-und-die-sorbische-kultur-in-polen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASorbs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPałys2002" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pałys, Piotr (2002). 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Zielona Góra. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0485-3083">0485-3083</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rocznik+Lubuski&rft.atitle=Pr%C3%B3by+utworzenia+w+Zgorzelcu+w+latach+1946%E2%80%931948+gimnazjum+%C5%82u%C5%BCyckiego&rft.volume=XXVIII&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=90&rft.date=2002&rft.issn=0485-3083&rft.aulast=Pa%C5%82ys&rft.aufirst=Piotr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASorbs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pałys, p. 92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pałys, pp. 94–95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoanna_Banik2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Joanna Banik (11 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.serbski-institut.de/offener-brief-zum-beschluss-des-hauptausschusses-des-bautzener-stadtrats-vom-6-oktober-2021-zur-wiedererrichtung-eines-bismarck-denkmals/">"Offener Brief zum Beschluss des Hauptausschusses des Bautzener Stadtrats vom 6. 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Berlin: Akademie Verlag GmbH. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-05-003343-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-05-003343-3"><bdi>978-3-05-003343-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationale+Minderheiten+und+staatliche+Minderheitenpolitik+in+Deutschland+im+19.+Jahrhundert&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Akademie+Verlag+GmbH&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-3-05-003343-3&rft.aulast=Henning+Hahn&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft.au=Kunze%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVzpbDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASorbs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaleta2006" class="citation book cs1">Kaleta, Petr (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kosmas.cz/knihy/133435/cesi-o-luzickych-srbech"><i>Češi o Lužických Srbech</i></a>. Prague: Masarykův ústav AV ČR. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788086495415" title="Special:BookSources/9788086495415"><bdi>9788086495415</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C4%8Ce%C5%A1i+o+Lu%C5%BEick%C3%BDch+Srbech&rft.place=Prague&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Masaryk%C5%AFv+%C3%BAstav+AV+%C4%8CR&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9788086495415&rft.aulast=Kaleta&rft.aufirst=Petr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kosmas.cz%2Fknihy%2F133435%2Fcesi-o-luzickych-srbech&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASorbs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelzyt1998" class="citation book cs1">Belzyt, Leszek (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opacplus.bsb-muenchen.de/search?isbn"><i>Sprachliche Minderheiten im preussischen Staat: 1815 - 1914 ; die preußische Sprachenstatistik in Bearbeitung und Kommentar</i></a>. Marburg: Herder-Inst. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-87969-267-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-87969-267-5"><bdi>978-3-87969-267-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sprachliche+Minderheiten+im+preussischen+Staat%3A+1815+-+1914+%3B+die+preu%C3%9Fische+Sprachenstatistik+in+Bearbeitung+und+Kommentar&rft.place=Marburg&rft.pub=Herder-Inst.&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-3-87969-267-5&rft.aulast=Belzyt&rft.aufirst=Leszek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopacplus.bsb-muenchen.de%2Fsearch%3Fisbn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASorbs" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Petr Kaleta: <i>Češi o Lužických Srbech</i>. Prague,2006. Page 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sorben.sachsen.de/">"Sorben"</a>. <i>sachsen.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sachsen.de&rft.atitle=Sorben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sorben.sachsen.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASorbs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nielsen. Georg, R. In Search of a Home,(1977); Birmingham Slavonic Monographs. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0%2B70440236%2BX" title="Special:BookSources/0+70440236+X">0 70440236 X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150223021350/http://www.texaswendish.org/Pages/default.aspx">"Texas Wendish Heritage"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.texaswendish.org/Pages/default.aspx">the original</a> on 23 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Texas+Wendish+Heritage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.texaswendish.org%2FPages%2Fdefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASorbs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sorbs&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlaser2007" class="citation book cs1">Glaser, Konstanze (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dTaq3n6qyvgC"><i>Minority Languages and Cultural Diversity in Europe: Gaelic and Sorbian Perspectives</i></a>. Multilingual Matters. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781853599323" title="Special:BookSources/9781853599323"><bdi>9781853599323</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minority+Languages+and+Cultural+Diversity+in+Europe%3A+Gaelic+and+Sorbian+Perspectives&rft.pub=Multilingual+Matters&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781853599323&rft.aulast=Glaser&rft.aufirst=Konstanze&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdTaq3n6qyvgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASorbs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolecka2003" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Golecka, Aneta (2003). "Serbołużyczanie w Niemczech". <i>Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska. Sectio K, Politologia</i> (in Polish). <b>X</b>. Wydawnictwo <a href="/wiki/Maria_Curie-Sk%C5%82odowska_University" title="Maria Curie-Skłodowska University">Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej w Lublinie</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annales+Universitatis+Mariae+Curie-Sk%C5%82odowska.+Sectio+K%2C+Politologia&rft.atitle=Serbo%C5%82u%C5%BCyczanie+w+Niemczech&rft.volume=X&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Golecka&rft.aufirst=Aneta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASorbs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewaszkiewicz2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lewaszkiewicz, Tadeusz (2015). "Zarys dziejów sorabistyki i zainteresowań Łużycami w Wielkopolsce". In Kurowska, Hanna (ed.). <i>Kapitał społeczno-polityczny Serbołużyczan</i> (in Polish). Zielona Góra: <a href="/wiki/Uniwersytet_Zielonog%C3%B3rski" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniwersytet Zielonogórski">Uniwersytet Zielonogórski</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zarys+dziej%C3%B3w+sorabistyki+i+zainteresowa%C5%84+%C5%81u%C5%BCycami+w+Wielkopolsce&rft.btitle=Kapita%C5%82+spo%C5%82eczno-polityczny+Serbo%C5%82u%C5%BCyczan&rft.place=Zielona+G%C3%B3ra&rft.pub=Uniwersytet+Zielonog%C3%B3rski&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Lewaszkiewicz&rft.aufirst=Tadeusz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASorbs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatyniak1968" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Matyniak, Alojzy S. (1968). "Kontakty kulturalne polsko-serbołużyckie w XVIII w.". <i>Śląski Kwartalnik Historyczny Sobótka</i> (in Polish). <b>XXIII</b> (2). Wrocław: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C5%9Al%C4%85ski+Kwartalnik+Historyczny+Sob%C3%B3tka&rft.atitle=Kontakty+kulturalne+polsko-serbo%C5%82u%C5%BCyckie+w+XVIII+w.&rft.volume=XXIII&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Matyniak&rft.aufirst=Alojzy+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASorbs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPynsent2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Pynsent" class="extiw" title="cs:Robert Pynsent">Pynsent, Robert</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Czech]</span> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P5pnAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Phoney Peace: Power and Culture in Central Europe, 1945-49</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/School_of_Slavonic_and_East_European_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="School of Slavonic and East European Studies">School of Slavonic and East European Studies</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780903425018" title="Special:BookSources/9780903425018"><bdi>9780903425018</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Phoney+Peace%3A+Power+and+Culture+in+Central+Europe%2C+1945-49&rft.pub=School+of+Slavonic+and+East+European+Studies&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780903425018&rft.aulast=Pynsent&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP5pnAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASorbs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamet2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sabrina_P._Ramet" title="Sabrina P. Ramet">Ramet, Sabrina P.</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvPADwAAQBAJ"><i>Alternatives to Democracy in Twentieth-Century: Collectivist Visions of Alternative Modernity</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_European_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Central European University Press">Central European University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789633863107" title="Special:BookSources/9789633863107"><bdi>9789633863107</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alternatives+to+Democracy+in+Twentieth-Century%3A+Collectivist+Visions+of+Alternative+Modernity&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9789633863107&rft.aulast=Ramet&rft.aufirst=Sabrina+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZvPADwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASorbs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRemus2014" class="citation book cs1">Remus, Thérèse (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kY_uAwAAQBAJ"><i>Endangered minority languages. A comparison of the Upper Sorbian and North Frisian cases</i></a>. <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRIN_Verlag" class="extiw" title="de:GRIN Verlag">GRIN Verlag</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783656685258" title="Special:BookSources/9783656685258"><bdi>9783656685258</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Endangered+minority+languages.+A+comparison+of+the+Upper+Sorbian+and+North+Frisian+cases&rft.pub=GRIN+Verlag&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9783656685258&rft.aulast=Remus&rft.aufirst=Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkY_uAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASorbs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Group1993" class="citation book cs1">The Group (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TPQcAQAAMAAJ"><i>Minority Rights Group International Report</i></a>. Minority Rights. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781897693001" title="Special:BookSources/9781897693001"><bdi>9781897693001</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minority+Rights+Group+International+Report&rft.pub=Minority+Rights&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9781897693001&rft.au=The+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTPQcAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASorbs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZank1998" class="citation book cs1">Zank, W. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z0mEDAAAQBAJ"><i>The German Melting Pot: Multiculturality in Historical Perspective</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230375208" title="Special:BookSources/9780230375208"><bdi>9780230375208</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Melting+Pot%3A+Multiculturality+in+Historical+Perspective&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780230375208&rft.aulast=Zank&rft.aufirst=W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz0mEDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASorbs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2015" class="citation book cs1">Stone, Gerald (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sH5qCgAAQBAJ"><i>The Smallest Slavonic Nation: The Sorbs of Lusatia</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4742-4154-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4742-4154-0"><bdi>978-1-4742-4154-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Smallest+Slavonic+Nation%3A+The+Sorbs+of+Lusatia&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4742-4154-0&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsH5qCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASorbs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeeramah2011" class="citation journal cs1">Veeramah; et al. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3179365">"Genetic variation in the Sorbs of eastern Germany in the context of broader European genetic diversity"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/European_Journal_of_Human_Genetics" title="European Journal of Human Genetics">European Journal of Human Genetics</a></i>. <b>19</b> (9): 995–1001. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fejhg.2011.65">10.1038/ejhg.2011.65</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3179365">3179365</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21559053">21559053</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Genetic+variation+in+the+Sorbs+of+eastern+Germany+in+the+context+of+broader+European+genetic+diversity&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=995-1001&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3179365%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21559053&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fejhg.2011.65&rft.au=Veeramah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3179365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASorbs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŽura2011" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Žura, Slavica Vrkić (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hrcak.srce.hr/107619">"Lužički Srbi – Najmanji slavenski narod"</a>. <i>Ethnologica Dalmatica</i> (in Croatian). <b>18</b> (1): 93–130.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnologica+Dalmatica&rft.atitle=Lu%C5%BEi%C4%8Dki+Srbi+%E2%80%93+Najmanji+slavenski+narod&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=93-130&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=%C5%BDura&rft.aufirst=Slavica+Vrki%C4%87&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2F107619&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASorbs" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sorbs&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Slavic_studies_journals" title="List of Slavic studies journals">List of Slavic studies journals</a></div> <ul><li>Filip Gańczak <i>Mniejszość w czasach popkultury</i>, Newsweek, nr 22/2007, 03.06.2007.</li> <li><i>W kręgu Krabata. Szkice o Juriju Brězanie, literaturze, kulturze i językach łużyckich</i>, pod red. J.Zarka, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego, Katowice, 2002.</li> <li>Mirosław Cygański, Rafał Leszczyński <i>Zarys dziejów narodowościowych Łużyczan</i> PIN, Instytut Śląski, Opole 1997.</li> <li><i>Die Sorben in Deutschland</i>, pod red. M.Schiemann, Stiftung für das sorbische Volk, Görlitz 1997.</li> <li><i>Mały informator o Serbołużyczanach w Niemczech</i>, pod red. J.Pětrowej, Załožba za serbski lud, 1997.</li> <li><i>Dolnoserbske nałogi/Obyczaje Dolnych Łużyc</i>, pod red. M.Stock, Załožba za serbski lud, 1997.</li> <li>"Rys dziejów serbołużyckich" Wilhelm Bogusławski Piotrogród 1861</li> <li>"Prołuż Akademicki Związek Przyjaciół Łużyc" Jakub Brodacki. Polska Grupa Marketingowa 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-60151-00-8" title="Special:BookSources/83-60151-00-8">83-60151-00-8</a>.</li> <li>"Polska wobec Łużyc w drugiej połowie XX wieku. Wybrane problemy", Mieczkowska Małgorzata, Szczecin 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-7241-487-4" title="Special:BookSources/83-7241-487-4">83-7241-487-4</a>.</li> <li>Wukasch, C. (2004) <i>A Rock Against Alien Waves: A History of the Wends</i>. Concordia University Press: Austin, TX <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-881848-07-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-881848-07-3">978-1-881848-07-3</a>.</li> <li>"Sorbs," David Zersen, in <i>Germans and the Americas: Culture, Politics and History</i>, 3 vols., edited by Thomas Adam. ABC-CLIO, 2005.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sorbs&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sorbs" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sorbs">Sorbs</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="hsb:"> Upper Sorbian edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sorbs"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Sorbs">"Sorbs" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sorbs&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASorbs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050831095937/http://www.domowina.sorben.com/index.htm">The Domowina Institution</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.serbske-nowiny.de/"><i>SERBSKE NOWINY</i></a>—Sorbian newspaper</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.serbski-institut.de/">SERBSKI INSTITUT</a>—Sorbian history and culture</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.runjewonline.info/">Independent Sorbian internet magazine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070826134332/http://www.runjewonline.info/">Archived</a> 2007-08-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wendishheritage.org.au/">Sorbian emigration into Australia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006234521/http://www.rastko.org.rs/rastko-lu/o/index_l.html">Project Rastko - Lusatia</a>, Electronic Library of Sorbian-Serbian Ties</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090810024410/http://texaswendish.org/default.aspx">Texas Wendish Heritage Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wendishheritage.org.au/">Wendish Heritage Society of Australia</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Slavic_ethnic_groups" title="Template:Slavic ethnic groups"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Slavic_ethnic_groups" title="Template talk:Slavic ethnic groups"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Slavic_ethnic_groups" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Slavic ethnic groups"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Slavic_ethnic_groups" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic ethnic groups</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaskan_Creole_people" title="Alaskan Creole people">Alaskan Creoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusians_in_Latvia" title="Belarusians in Latvia">Belarusian Latvians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusians_in_Lithuania" title="Belarusians in Lithuania">Belarusian Lithuanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_minority_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarusian minority in Poland">Belarusian Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusians_in_Russia" title="Belarusians in Russia">Belarusian Russians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boykos" title="Boykos">Boykos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albazinians" title="Albazinians">Albazinians</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baikal_Cossacks" title="Baikal Cossacks">Baikal Cossacks</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Cossacks" title="Don Cossacks">Don Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuban_Cossacks" title="Kuban Cossacks">Kuban Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekrasov_Cossacks" title="Nekrasov Cossacks">Nekrasov Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Cossacks" title="Siberian Cossacks">Siberian Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terek_Cossacks" title="Terek Cossacks">Terek Cossacks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greben_Cossacks" title="Greben Cossacks">Greben Cossacks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaporozhian_Cossacks" title="Zaporozhian Cossacks">Zaporozhian Cossacks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuban_Cossacks" title="Kuban Cossacks">Kuban Cossacks</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurans_(Transbaikal_people)" title="Gurans (Transbaikal people)">Gurans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutsuls" title="Hutsuls">Hutsuls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karyms" title="Karyms">Karyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemkos" title="Lemkos">Lemkos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molokan" class="mw-redirect" title="Molokan">Molokans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podlashuks" title="Podlashuks">Podlashuks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poleshuks" title="Poleshuks">Poleshuks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doukhobors" title="Doukhobors">Doukhobors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goryuns" title="Goryuns">Goryuns</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harbin_Russians" title="Harbin Russians">Harbin Russians</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamchadals" title="Kamchadals">Kamchadals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamenschik" title="Kamenschik">Kamenschiks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipovans" title="Lipovans">Lipovans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polekhs" title="Polekhs">Polekhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomors" title="Pomors">Pomors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semeiskie" title="Semeiskie">Semeiskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberians" title="Siberians">Siberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_old-settlers" title="Russian old-settlers">Starozhily</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusyns" title="Rusyns">Rusyns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyns" title="Pannonian Rusyns">Pannonian Rusyns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusyns_of_Romania" title="Rusyns of Romania">Rusyn Romanians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Podolyans" title="Podolyans">Podolyans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvin#Ethnic_group_in_Ukraine" title="Litvin">Litvins</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Slavic_europe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Slavic_europe.svg/100px-Slavic_europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Slavic_europe.svg/150px-Slavic_europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Slavic_europe.svg/200px-Slavic_europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Slavs" title="West Slavs">West Slavs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czechs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chods" title="Chods">Chods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorals" title="Gorals">Gorals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Gorals" title="Silesian Gorals">Silesian Gorals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashubians" title="Kashubians">Kashubians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gochy" title="Gochy">Gochans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krubans" title="Krubans">Krubans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovincians" title="Slovincians">Slovincians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lechites" title="Lechites">Lechites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masurians" title="Masurians">Masurians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravians" title="Moravians">Moravians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bambers" title="Bambers">Bambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borderlands_Poles" title="Borderlands Poles">Borderlands Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bug_River_Poles" title="Bug River Poles">Bug River Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_people" title="Greater Poland people">Greater Poland people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaliszans" title="Kaliszans">Kaliszans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuyavians" title="Kuyavians">Kuyavians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%C5%9Btaks" title="Taśtaks">Taśtaks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kociewie#Kociewians" title="Kociewie">Kociewians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurpie" title="Kurpie">Kurpies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasovians" title="Lasovians">Lasovians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C4%99czycans" title="Łęczycans">Łęczycans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Poland_people" title="Lesser Poland people">Lesser Poland people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masovians" title="Masovians">Masovians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81owiczans" title="Łowiczans">Łowiczans</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mi%C4%99dzyrzec_Boyars" title="Międzyrzec Boyars">Międzyrzec Boyars</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poborzans" title="Poborzans">Poborzans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Uplanders" title="Polish Uplanders">Polish Uplanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_minority_in_Russia" title="Polish minority in Russia">Russian Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%85cz_Lachs" title="Sącz Lachs">Sącz Lachs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieradzans" title="Sieradzans">Sieradzans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warmians_(ethnic_group)" title="Warmians (ethnic group)">Warmians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obotrites" title="Obotrites">Obotrites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhrpolen" title="Ruhrpolen">Ruhrpolen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesians" title="Silesians">Silesians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cieszyn_Vlachs" title="Cieszyn Vlachs">Cieszyn Vlachs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovaks" title="Slovaks">Slovaks</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sorbs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Sorbian_language" title="Lower Sorbian language">Lower Sorbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wends" title="Wends">Wends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wends_of_Texas" title="Wends of Texas">Texas Wends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Sorbian_language" title="Upper Sorbian language">Upper Sorbs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">South Slavs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosniaks_in_Albania" title="Bosniaks in Albania">Bosniak Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniaks_of_Croatia" title="Bosniaks of Croatia">Bosniak Croatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniaks_in_Kosovo" title="Bosniaks in Kosovo">Bosniak Kosovars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniaks_of_Montenegro" title="Bosniaks of Montenegro">Bosniak Montenegrins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniaks_of_Serbia" title="Bosniaks of Serbia">Bosniak Serbians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Bulgarians" title="Anatolian Bulgarians">Anatolian Bulgarians</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Bulgarians" title="Banat Bulgarians">Banat Bulgarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessarabian_Bulgarians" title="Bessarabian Bulgarians">Bessarabian Bulgarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians_in_Albania" title="Bulgarians in Albania">Bulgarian Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians_in_Croatia" title="Bulgarians in Croatia">Bulgarian Croatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians_in_Hungary" title="Bulgarians in Hungary">Bulgarian Hungarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians_in_Italy" title="Bulgarians in Italy">Bulgarian Italians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Bulgarians" title="Macedonian Bulgarians">Macedonian Bulgarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomaks" title="Pomaks">Pomaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_Bulgarians" title="Thracian Bulgarians">Thracian Bulgarians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunjevci" title="Bunjevci">Bunjevci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgenland_Croats" title="Burgenland Croats">Burgenland Croats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croat_Muslims" title="Croat Muslims">Croat Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janjevci" title="Janjevci">Janjevci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krashovani" title="Krashovani">Krashovani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molise_Croats" title="Molise Croats">Molise Croats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0okci" title="Šokci">Šokci</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorani_people" title="Gorani people">Gorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonians_(ethnic_group)" title="Macedonians (ethnic group)">Macedonians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonians_in_Albania" title="Macedonians in Albania">Albanian Macedonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Macedonians_in_Bulgaria" title="Ethnic Macedonians in Bulgaria">Bulgarian Macedonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mijaks" title="Mijaks">Mijaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Muslims">Torbeši</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrins" title="Montenegrins">Montenegrins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslims_(ethnic_group)" title="Muslims (ethnic group)">Ethnic Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resia,_Friuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Resia, Friuli">Resians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnian and Herzegovinian Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Serbs" title="Kosovo Serbs">Kosovo Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_of_North_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbs of North Macedonia">Macedonian Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_of_Montenegro" title="Serbs of Montenegro">Montenegrin Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_of_Croatia" title="Serbs of Croatia">Croatian Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_in_Vojvodina" title="Serbs in Vojvodina">Vojvodina Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serb_Muslims" title="Serb Muslims">Serb Muslims</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shopi" title="Shopi">Shopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_speakers_of_Greek_Macedonia" title="Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia">Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenes" title="Slovenes">Slovenes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carinthian_Slovenes" title="Carinthian Slovenes">Carinthian Slovenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenes_of_Croatia" title="Slovenes of Croatia">Croatian Slovenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Slovenes" title="Hungarian Slovenes">Hungarian Slovenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_minority_in_Italy" title="Slovene minority in Italy">Italian Slovenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prekmurje_Slovenes" title="Prekmurje Slovenes">Prekmurje Slovenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavia_Friulana" title="Slavia Friulana">Venetian Slavs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavs" title="Yugoslavs">Yugoslavs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Early_Slavic_ethnic_groups_(7th–12th_centuries)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Slavic_ethnic_groups_(VII-XII_century)" title="Template:Slavic ethnic groups (VII-XII century)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Slavic_ethnic_groups_(VII-XII_century)" title="Template talk:Slavic ethnic groups (VII-XII century)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Slavic_ethnic_groups_(VII-XII_century)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Slavic ethnic groups (VII-XII century)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Early_Slavic_ethnic_groups_(7th–12th_centuries)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Slavic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Slavic peoples">Early Slavic ethnic groups (7th–12th centuries)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Croats" title="White Croats">Carpathian Croats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radimichs" title="Radimichs">Radimichs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severians" title="Severians">Severians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivertsi" title="Tivertsi">Tivertsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulichs" title="Ulichs">Ulichs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyatichi" title="Vyatichi">Vyatichi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Don_Slavs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Don Slavs (page does not exist)">Don Slavs</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Донские славяне">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeriuani" title="Zeriuani">Zeriuani</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolokhovians" title="Bolokhovians">Bolokhovians</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dulebes" title="Dulebes">Dulebes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buzhans" title="Buzhans">Buzhans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volhynians" title="Volhynians">Volhynians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drevlians" title="Drevlians">Drevlians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polans_(eastern)" title="Polans (eastern)">Polans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dregoviches" title="Dregoviches">Dregoviches</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narevyans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Narevyans (page does not exist)">Narevyans</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Наревяне">ru</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_North" title="Russian North">Northern tribes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krivichs" title="Krivichs">Krivichs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polochans" title="Polochans">Polochans</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pskov%27s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pskov's (page does not exist)">Pskov's</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Псковские кривичи">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tver" title="Tver">Tver</a>'s</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smolensk</a>'s</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Slavs" title="Novgorod Slavs">Slovenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merya_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Merya people">Merya</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muromians" class="mw-redirect" title="Muromians">Muroma</a><sup>2</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Slavs" title="West Slavs">West Slavs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polish_tribes" title="Polish tribes">Polish tribes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goplans" title="Goplans">Goplans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lendians" title="Lendians">Lendians</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lubuszans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lubuszans (page does not exist)">Lubuszans</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubuszanie" class="extiw" title="pl:Lubuszanie">pl</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masovians" title="Masovians">Masovians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polans_(western)" title="Polans (western)">Polans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieradzans" title="Sieradzans">Sieradzans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistulans" title="Vistulans">Vistulans</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kujawians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kujawians (page does not exist)">Kujawians</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kujawianie" class="extiw" title="pl:Kujawianie">pl</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wiercans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wiercans (page does not exist)">Wiercans</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiercanie" class="extiw" title="pl:Wiercanie">pl</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thafnezi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thafnezi (page does not exist)">Thafnezi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thafnezi" class="extiw" title="pl:Thafnezi">pl</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pomeranians_(tribe)" title="Pomeranians (tribe)">Pomeranians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashubians" title="Kashubians">Kashubians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prissani" title="Prissani">Prissani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolinians" title="Wolinians">Wolinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovincians" title="Slovincians">Slovincians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Silesian_tribes" title="Silesian tribes">Silesian tribes</a><sup>3</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bezunzans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bezunzans (page does not exist)">Bezunzans</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besunzane" class="extiw" title="de:Besunzane">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobrzanie" class="mw-redirect" title="Bobrzanie">Bobrzans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Croats" title="White Croats">Silesian Croats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadosesani" title="Dadosesani">Dadosesani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golensizi" title="Golensizi">Golensizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opolans" title="Opolans">Opolans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selpoli" title="Selpoli">Selpoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesians_(tribe)" title="Silesians (tribe)">Silesians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polabian_Slavs" title="Polabian Slavs">Polabian tribes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Veleti" title="Veleti">Veleti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lutici" title="Lutici">Lutici</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brizans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brizans (page does not exist)">Brizans</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brze%C5%BCanie" class="extiw" title="pl:Brzeżanie">pl</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circipania" title="Circipania">Circipania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kessinians" title="Kessinians">Kessinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tollensians" title="Tollensians">Tollensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxani" title="Doxani">Doxani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morzyczans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morzyczans (page does not exist)">Morzyczans</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morzyczanie" class="extiw" title="pl:Morzyczanie">pl</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neletyches&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neletyches (page does not exist)">Neletyches</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieletycy" class="extiw" title="pl:Nieletycy">pl</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rani_(tribe)" title="Rani (tribe)">Rujani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Redariers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Redariers (page does not exist)">Redariers</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redarowie" class="extiw" title="pl:Redarowie">pl</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rechans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rechans (page does not exist)">Rechans</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rzeczanie" class="extiw" title="pl:Rzeczanie">pl</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprevane" title="Sprevane">Sprevane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hevelli" title="Hevelli">Hevelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrani" title="Ukrani">Ukrani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zamcici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zamcici (page does not exist)">Zamcici</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamczycy" class="extiw" title="pl:Zamczycy">pl</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zemcici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zemcici (page does not exist)">Zemcici</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziemczycy" class="extiw" title="pl:Ziemczycy">pl</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Obotrites" title="Obotrites">Obotrites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bethenici" title="Bethenici">Bethenici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drevani" title="Drevani">Drevani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linons" class="mw-redirect" title="Linons">Linons</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reregs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reregs (page does not exist)">Reregs</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reregowie" class="extiw" title="pl:Reregowie">pl</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smeldingi" title="Smeldingi">Smeldingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagri" title="Wagri">Wagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warnabi" title="Warnabi">Warnabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polabians_(tribe)" title="Polabians (tribe)">Polabians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sorbs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khutices&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khutices (page does not exist)">Khutices</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chutycy" class="extiw" title="pl:Chutycy">pl</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glomatians" title="Glomatians">Glomatians</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koledices&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koledices (page does not exist)">Koledices</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koledzice" class="extiw" title="pl:Koledzice">pl</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lusatians_(tribe)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lusatians (tribe) (page does not exist)">Lusatians</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81u%C5%BCyczanie" class="extiw" title="pl:Łużyczanie">pl</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milceni" title="Milceni">Milceni</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suslowi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suslowi (page does not exist)">Suslowi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sus%C5%82owie" class="extiw" title="pl:Susłowie">pl</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhirmunts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhirmunts (page does not exist)">Zhirmunts</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BByrmunty" class="extiw" title="pl:Żyrmunty">pl</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhitices&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhitices (page does not exist)">Zhitices</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBytyce" class="extiw" title="pl:Żytyce">pl</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neletiches&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neletiches (page does not exist)">Neletiches</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieletycy" class="extiw" title="pl:Nieletycy">pl</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nizhices&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nizhices (page does not exist)">Nizhices</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizice" class="extiw" title="pl:Nizice">pl</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishans" class="mw-redirect" title="Nishans">Nishans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbs_(tribe)" title="Sorbs (tribe)">Sorbs</a> (<a href="/wiki/White_Serbia" title="White Serbia">White Serbs</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bohemians_(tribe)" title="Bohemians (tribe)">Czech tribes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Croats" title="White Croats">Bohemian Croats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czechs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dechans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dechans (page does not exist)">Dechans</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deczanie" class="extiw" title="pl:Deczanie">pl</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulebes" title="Dulebes">Bohemian Dulebes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lemuzi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lemuzi (page does not exist)">Lemuzi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemuzi" class="extiw" title="cs:Lemuzi">cs</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Litomerici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Litomerici (page does not exist)">Litomerici</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litomierzyce_(plemi%C4%99)" class="extiw" title="pl:Litomierzyce (plemię)">pl</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luchans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luchans (page does not exist)">Luchans</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%C4%8Dan%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="cs:Lučané">cs</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravians_(tribe)" title="Moravians (tribe)">Moravians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merehani" title="Merehani">Merehani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pshovans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pshovans (page does not exist)">Pshovans</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%A1ovan%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="cs:Pšované">cs</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedlichans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sedlichans (page does not exist)">Sedlichans</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siedliczanie" class="extiw" title="pl:Siedliczanie">pl</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zlicans" title="Zlicans">Zlicans</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hbans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hbans (page does not exist)">Hbans</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="uk:Гбани">uk</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domazhlici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Domazhlici (page does not exist)">Domazhlici</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Домажличи">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lupiglians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lupiglians (page does not exist)">Lupiglians</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupiglaa" class="extiw" title="pl:Lupiglaa">pl</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Znetalici" title="Znetalici">Znetalici</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slovaks" title="Slovaks">Slovak tribes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitrians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitrians (page does not exist)">Nitrians</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrzanie" class="extiw" title="pl:Nitrzanie">pl</a>]</span><sup>4</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovaks" title="Slovaks">Slovaks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">South Slavs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarian tribes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Union of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Slavic_tribes" title="Seven Slavic tribes">Seven Slavic tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severians" title="Severians">Southern Severians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolyani" title="Smolyani">Smolyani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strymonites" title="Strymonites">Strymonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moratsi" title="Moratsi">Moratsi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milcovci&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Milcovci (page does not exist)">Milcovci</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%86%D1%8B" class="extiw" title="ru:Мильковцы">ru</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">in <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drougoubitai" title="Drougoubitai">Drougoubitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezeritai" title="Ezeritai">Ezeritai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melingoi" title="Melingoi">Melingoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagudates" title="Sagudates">Sagudates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baiounitai" title="Baiounitai">Baiounitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belegezites" title="Belegezites">Belegezites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berziti" title="Berziti">Berziti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhynchinoi" title="Rhynchinoi">Rhynchinoi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian tribes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guduscani" title="Guduscani">Guduscani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narentines" title="Narentines">Narentines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachlumia" title="Zachlumia">Zachlumians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travunija" class="mw-redirect" title="Travunija">Travunians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanalites" title="Kanalites">Kanalites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duklja" title="Duklja">Diokletlians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merehani" title="Merehani">Moravens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timo%C4%8Dani" title="Timočani">Timochans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brani%C4%8Devci" title="Braničevci">Branichevci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praedenecenti" title="Praedenecenti">Praedenecenti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_settlement_of_the_Eastern_Alps" title="Slavic settlement of the Eastern Alps">Alpine Slavs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carantanians" title="Carantanians">Carantanians</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor_Slavs" title="Asia Minor Slavs">Asia Minor Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Slavs" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonian Slavs">Pannonian Slavs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dulebes" title="Dulebes">Pannonian Dulebes</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Notes</b> (ethnicity is undefined): <sup>1</sup> = supposedly Eastern Slavic tribes</li> <li><sup>2</sup> = supposedly <a href="/wiki/Finno-Ugric_languages" title="Finno-Ugric languages">Finno-Ugric</a> tribes</li> <li><sup>3</sup> = some of the Silesian tribes are Germanic, for example <a href="/wiki/Silingi" title="Silingi">Silings</a></li> <li><sup>4</sup> = generally considered synonym for early medieval Slovaks</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Germany" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Germany" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Germany" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Germany" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Germany">Ethnic groups in Germany</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarians" title="Bavarians">Bavarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_minority_of_Southern_Schleswig" title="Danish minority of Southern Schleswig">Danes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franconians" class="mw-redirect" title="Franconians">Franconians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisians" title="Frisians">Frisians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Germany" title="Poles in Germany">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Germany" title="Romani people in Germany">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesians" title="Silesians">Silesians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinti" title="Sinti">Sinti</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sorbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swabians" title="Swabians">Swabians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrants and expatriates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Immigration_to_Germany" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Immigration_to_Germany" title="Template:Immigration to Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Immigration_to_Germany" title="Template talk:Immigration to Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration_to_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration to Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Immigration_to_Germany" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Germany" title="Immigration to Germany">Immigration to Germany</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">From Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Germany" title="Albanians in Germany">Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniaks_in_Germany" title="Bosniaks in Germany">Bosniaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_migration_to_Germany" title="British migration to Germany">Britons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people_in_mainland_Europe#Germany" title="Irish people in mainland Europe">Irish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians_in_Germany" title="Bulgarians in Germany">Bulgarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatians_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatians in Germany">Croatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Germany" title="Greeks in Germany">Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarians_in_Germany" title="Hungarians in Germany">Hungarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians_in_Germany" title="Italians in Germany">Italians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvians_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvians in Germany">Latvians</a></li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litauer_in_Deutschland" class="extiw" title="de:Litauer in Deutschland">Lithuanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Macedonians_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Macedonians in Germany">Macedonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrins_in_Germany" title="Montenegrins in Germany">Montenegrins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Germany" title="Poles in Germany">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_in_Germany" title="Portuguese in Germany">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanians_in_Germany" title="Romanians in Germany">Romanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Germany" title="Russians in Germany">Russians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_in_Germany" title="Serbs in Germany">Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaniards_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Spaniards in Germany">Spaniards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Germany" title="Ukrainians in Germany">Ukrainians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">From the Middle East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Germany" title="Armenians in Germany">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians/Syriacs_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrians/Syriacs in Germany">Assyrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Germany" title="Azerbaijanis in Germany">Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia%E2%80%93Germany_relations#Migration" title="Georgia–Germany relations">Georgians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laz_people_in_Germany" title="Laz people in Germany">Lazs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranians_in_Germany" title="Iranians in Germany">Iranians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqis_in_Germany" title="Iraqis in Germany">Iraqis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Germany" title="Kurds in Germany">Kurds</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yazidis_in_Germany" title="Yazidis in Germany">Yazidis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people_in_Germany" title="Lebanese people in Germany">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrians_in_Germany" title="Syrians in Germany">Syrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Germany" title="Turks in Germany">Turks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">From Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eritreans_in_Germany" title="Eritreans in Germany">Eritreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaians_in_Germany" title="Ghanaians in Germany">Ghanaians </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccans_in_Germany" title="Moroccans in Germany">Moroccans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalis_in_Germany" title="Somalis in Germany">Somalis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">From Asia-Pacific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australians_in_Germany&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Australians in Germany (page does not exist)">Australians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghans_in_Germany" title="Afghans in Germany">Afghans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Germany" title="Chinese people in Germany">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_Germany" title="Filipinos in Germany">Filipinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Germany" title="Indians in Germany">Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_Germany" title="Japanese people in Germany">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_community_of_D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Japanese community of Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Germany" title="Koreans in Germany">Koreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalis_in_Germany" title="Nepalis in Germany">Nepalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_Germany" title="Pakistanis in Germany">Pakistanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Germans" title="Tamil Germans">Tamils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people_in_Germany" title="Vietnamese people in Germany">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_community_of_Berlin" title="Vietnamese community of Berlin">Berlin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">From the Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_in_Germany" title="Americans in Germany">Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilians_in_Germany" title="Brazilians in Germany">Brazilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_immigration_to_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican immigration to Germany">Mexicans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Germans" title="Afro-Germans">Afro-Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabs_in_Germany" title="Arabs in Germany">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Germany" title="Romani people in Germany">Roma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Movements_of_regionalism,_separatism_and_stateless_nationalism_in_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Stateless_nationalism_in_Europe" title="Template:Stateless nationalism in Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Stateless_nationalism_in_Europe" title="Template talk:Stateless nationalism in Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Stateless_nationalism_in_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Stateless nationalism in Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Movements_of_regionalism,_separatism_and_stateless_nationalism_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_separatist_movements_in_Europe" title="List of active separatist movements in Europe">Movements</a> of <a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(politics)" title="Regionalism (politics)">regionalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">separatism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stateless_nation" title="Stateless nation">stateless</a> <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> in Europe</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Albania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Republic_of_Northern_Epirus" title="Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus">Northern Epirus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Azerbaijan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Artsakh" title="Republic of Artsakh">Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Republic_of_Lachin" title="Kurdish Republic of Lachin">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgin_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lezgin nationalism">Lezgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talysh-Mughan_Autonomous_Republic" title="Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic">Talysh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Belgium</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Movement" title="Flemish Movement">Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_Movement" title="Walloon Movement">Walloon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bosnia and<br />Herzegovina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_secession_of_Republika_Srpska" title="Proposed secession of Republika Srpska">Republika Srpska</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Croatia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istrian_identity" title="Istrian identity">Istrian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cyprus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriot_nationalism" title="Turkish Cypriot nationalism">Turkish Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriot_nationalism" title="Greek Cypriot nationalism">Greek Cypriot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Denmark</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_independence" title="Greenlandic independence">Greenlandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_independence_movement" title="Faroese independence movement">Faroese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_%C3%85land" title="Future of Åland">Ålandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1pmi" title="Sápmi">Sámi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsace_independence_movement" title="Alsace independence movement">Alsatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_nationalism" title="Basque nationalism">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_nationalism" title="Breton nationalism">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_nationalism" title="Corsican nationalism">Corsican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_nationalism" title="Occitan nationalism">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_nationalism" title="Catalan nationalism">North Catalan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Georgia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adjaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjaria">Adjarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Javakhk_Democratic_Alliance" title="United Javakhk Democratic Alliance">Javakheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetia" title="Ossetia">Ossetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_nationalism" title="Bavarian nationalism">Bavarian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sorbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swabians" title="Swabians">Swabians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chameria" title="Chameria">Cham Albanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_nationalism" title="Lombard nationalism">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padanian_nationalism" title="Padanian nationalism">Padanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_nationalism" title="Sardinian nationalism">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_nationalism" title="Sicilian nationalism">Sicilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Tyrolean_independence_movement" title="South Tyrolean independence movement">South Tyrolean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_nationalism" title="Venetian nationalism">Venetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kazakhstan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh%E2%80%93Russian_ethnic_conflicts" title="Kazakh–Russian ethnic conflicts">North Kazakhstan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Macedonia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilirida" title="Ilirida">Ilirida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Moldova</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gagauzia" title="Gagauzia">Gagauzia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Netherlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frisian_nationalism" title="Frisian nationalism">Frisian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Norway</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1pmi" title="Sápmi">Sámi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kasz%C3%ABbsk%C3%B4_Jednota" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaszëbskô Jednota">Kashubian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Autonomy_Movement" title="Silesian Autonomy Movement">Silesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig_Government_in_Exile" title="Free City of Danzig Government in Exile">Free City of Danzig</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Romania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kely_autonomy_movement" title="Székely autonomy movement">Székely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvania%E2%80%93Banat_League" title="Transylvania–Banat League">Transylvania–Banat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkar_and_Karachay_nationalism" title="Balkar and Karachay nationalism">Balkar and Karachay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkortostan" title="Bashkortostan">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_nationalism" title="Chuvash nationalism">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_nationalism" title="Circassian nationalism">Circassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_People%27s_Republic" title="Crimean People's Republic">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingush_nationalism" title="Ingush nationalism">Ingush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelia" title="Karelia">Karelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgin_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lezgin nationalism">Lezgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchurian_nationalism" title="Manchurian nationalism">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetia" title="Ossetia">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1pmi" title="Sápmi">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_regionalism" title="Siberian regionalism">Siberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_nationalism" title="Tatar nationalism">Tatar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vojvodina_Autonomist_Movement" title="Vojvodina Autonomist Movement">Vojvodina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_nationalism" title="Andalusian nationalism">Andalusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_nationalism" title="Aragonese nationalism">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_nationalism" title="Asturian nationalism">Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_nationalism" title="Basque nationalism">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_nationalism" title="Canarian nationalism">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_nationalism" title="Castilian nationalism">Castilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_nationalism" title="Catalan nationalism">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_nationalism" title="Galician nationalism">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonese_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonese nationalism">Leonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murcian_nationalism" title="Murcian nationalism">Murcian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarrese_nationalism" title="Navarrese nationalism">Navarrese</a></li> <li><a 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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ukraine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_People%27s_Republic" title="Crimean People's Republic">Crimean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic">Donetsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="Luhansk People's Republic">Luhansk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_nationalism" title="Cornish nationalism">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_nationalism" title="Ulster nationalism">Northern Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_nationalism" title="Scottish nationalism">Scottish</a></li> 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