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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> 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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Totem</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 54 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">54 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totem" title="Totem – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Totem" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%85" title="طوطم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طوطم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE" title="টোটেম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="টোটেম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Тотем – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тотем" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totem" title="Totem – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Totem" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B2tem" title="Tòtem – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tòtem" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totem" title="Totem – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Totem" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutupo" title="Mutupo – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mutupo" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totem" title="Totem – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Totem" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totem" title="Totem – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Totem" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tootem" title="Tootem – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tootem" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%AD%CE%BC" title="Τοτέμ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τοτέμ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3tem" title="Tótem – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tótem" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totemo" title="Totemo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Totemo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totem" title="Totem – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Totem" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%85" title="توتم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="توتم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totem_(objet_rituel)" title="Totem (objet rituel) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Totem (objet rituel)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3tam" title="Tótam – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tótam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3tem" title="Tótem – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tótem" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%A0%ED%85%9C" title="토템 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="토템" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totemo" title="Totemo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Totemo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totem" title="Totem – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Totem" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totem" title="Totem – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Totem" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%95%D7%98%D7%9D" title="טוטם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טוטם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Тотем – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тотем" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totem" title="Totem – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Totem" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totemum" title="Totemum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Totemum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totemas" title="Totemas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Totemas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totem" title="Totem – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Totem" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Тотем – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тотем" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%82" title="ടോട്ടം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ടോട്ടം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%85" title="طوطم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="طوطم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totem" title="Totem – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Totem" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%86%E3%83%A0" title="トーテム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トーテム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totem" title="Totem – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Totem" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%AE" title="ਟੋਟਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਟੋਟਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D9%88%D9%B9%D9%85" title="ٹوٹم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ٹوٹم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totem_(religia)" title="Totem (religia) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Totem (religia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totem" title="Totem – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Totem" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totem" title="Totem – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Totem" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Тотем – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тотем" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totemi" title="Totemi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Totemi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totem" title="Totem – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Totem" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Тотем – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тотем" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toteemi" title="Toteemi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Toteemi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totem" title="Totem – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Totem" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="குலக்குறிச் சின்னம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குலக்குறிச் சின்னம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ongun" title="Ongun – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ongun" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Тотем – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тотем" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%90%D9%85" title="توتېم – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="توتېم" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BA%ADt_t%E1%BB%95" title="Vật tổ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vật tổ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E8%85%BE" title="图腾 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="图腾" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E9%A8%B0" title="圖騰 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="圖騰" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E9%A8%B0" title="圖騰 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="圖騰" data-language-autonym="中文" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Emblem of a group of people</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Totem_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Totem (disambiguation)">Totem (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kwakiutl1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Kwakiutl1.jpg/220px-Kwakiutl1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" 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.sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.2em;">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:lavender; padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">Anthropology of religion</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Some_results_of_recent_anthropological_exploration_in_Peru_BHL23999360.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two ancient anthropomorphic figures from Peru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Some_results_of_recent_anthropological_exploration_in_Peru_BHL23999360.jpg/220px-Some_results_of_recent_anthropological_exploration_in_Peru_BHL23999360.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Some_results_of_recent_anthropological_exploration_in_Peru_BHL23999360.jpg/330px-Some_results_of_recent_anthropological_exploration_in_Peru_BHL23999360.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Some_results_of_recent_anthropological_exploration_in_Peru_BHL23999360.jpg/440px-Some_results_of_recent_anthropological_exploration_in_Peru_BHL23999360.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2864" data-file-height="2148" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">Two ancient anthropomorphic figures from Peru</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Basic concepts</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowraplinks hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augury" title="Augury">Augury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitas" title="Communitas">Communitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">Comparative religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_language" title="Divine language">Divine language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetishism" title="Fetishism">Fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Spirit" title="Great Spirit">Great Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiation" title="Initiation">Initiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laying_on_of_hands" title="Laying on of hands">Laying on of hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liminality" title="Liminality">Liminality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mana_(Oceanian_cultures)" title="Mana (Oceanian cultures)">Mana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nympholepsy" title="Nympholepsy">Nympholepsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle" title="Oracle">Oracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_passage" title="Rite of passage">Rite of passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Sacred language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred%E2%80%93profane_dichotomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred–profane dichotomy">Sacred–profane dichotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_site" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred site">Sacred site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_dualism" title="Soul dualism">Soul dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">Superstition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religion" title="Theories about religion">Theories about religion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Totem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheism" title="Transtheism">Transtheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Veneration of the dead</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Case studies</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowraplinks hlist"> <dl><dt>Magic</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Gardens_and_Their_Magic" title="Coral Gardens and Their Magic">Coral Gardens and Their Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_sur_les_apparitions_des_esprits_et_sur_les_vampires_ou_les_revenans_de_Hongrie,_de_Moravie,_%26c." title="Traité sur les apparitions des esprits et sur les vampires ou les revenans de Hongrie, de Moravie, &c.">Treatise on the Apparitions of<br />Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enchanted_Feminism" title="Enchanted Feminism">Neo-Paganism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Ritual</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angakkuq" title="Angakkuq">Angakkuq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babaylan" class="mw-redirect" title="Babaylan">Babaylan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobohizan" title="Bobohizan">Bobohizan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomoh" title="Bomoh">Bomoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bora_(Australian)" title="Bora (Australian)">Bora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukun" title="Dukun">Dukun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miko" title="Miko">Miko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jh%C4%81kri" title="Jhākri">Jhākri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawang" title="Pawang">Pawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slametan" title="Slametan">Slametan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_(shaman)" title="Wu (shaman)">Wu</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Revitalization movements</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_cult" title="Cargo cult">Cargo cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance" title="Ghost Dance">Ghost Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handsome_Lake" title="Handsome Lake">Handsome Lake</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related articles</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowraplinks hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Elementary_Forms_of_the_Religious_Life" title="The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life">The Elementary Forms<br />of the Religious Life</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purity_and_Danger" title="Purity and Danger">Purity and Danger</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth_and_ritual" title="Myth and ritual">Myth and ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_religion_and_ritual" title="Archaeology of religion and ritual">Archaeology of religion and ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_pole" title="Ceremonial pole">Poles in mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lived_religion" title="Lived religion">Lived religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_religion" title="Elite religion">Elite religion</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Major theorists</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowraplinks hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Calmet" title="Antoine Augustin Calmet">Augustin Calmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbar_Ahmed" title="Akbar Ahmed">Akbar S. Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talal_Asad" title="Talal Asad">Talal Asad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Campbell" title="Joseph Campbell">Joseph Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Douglas" title="Mary Douglas">Mary Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Émile Durkheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_van_Gennep" title="Arnold van Gennep">Arnold van Gennep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard" title="René Girard">René Girard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._E._Evans-Pritchard" title="E. E. Evans-Pritchard">E. E. Evans-Pritchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_George_Frazer" title="James George Frazer">James Frazer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numa_Denis_Fustel_de_Coulanges" title="Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges">Fustel de Coulanges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_Geertz" title="Clifford Geertz">Clifford Geertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_W._G._Horton" title="Robin W. G. Horton">Robin Horton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Claude Lévi-Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ranulph_Marett" title="Robert Ranulph Marett">Robert Marett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Ozment" title="Steven Ozment">Steven Ozment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Rappaport" title="Roy Rappaport">Roy Rappaport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saba_Mahmood" title="Saba Mahmood">Saba Mahmood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Sahlins" title="Marshall Sahlins">Marshall Sahlins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melford_Spiro" title="Melford Spiro">Melford Spiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Jeyaraja_Tambiah" title="Stanley Jeyaraja Tambiah">Stanley Tambiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Turner" title="Victor Turner">Victor Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Burnett_Tylor" title="Edward Burnett Tylor">Edward Burnett Tylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Martin_Varisco" title="Daniel Martin Varisco">Daniel Martin Varisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_F._C._Wallace" title="Anthony F. C. Wallace">Anthony F. C. Wallace</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Journals</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowraplinks hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anthropological_Perspectives_on_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropological Perspectives on Religion">Anthropological Perspectives on Religion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Folklore_Society" title="The Folklore Society">Folklore</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hibbert_Journal" title="The Hibbert Journal">The Hibbert Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Religion" title="The Journal of Religion">The Journal of Religion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oceania_(journal)" title="Oceania (journal)">Oceania</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religions</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowraplinks hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">folk religions</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-American_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-American religion">Afro-American religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_religion" title="Alaska Native religion">Alaska Native religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anito" title="Anito">Anito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atua" title="Atua">Atua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Böö mörgöl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanitu" title="Hanitu">Hanitu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_animism" title="Hausa animism">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kejaw%C3%A8n" title="Kejawèn">Kejawèn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American religion">Native American religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noaidi" title="Noaidi">Noaidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Shindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism_in_Siberia" title="Shamanism in Siberia">Shamanism in Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional African religions</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Hindu denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartism" class="mw-redirect" title="Smartism">Smartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi">Ibadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdavia">Mahdavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd%C3%A2nism" title="Yazdânism">Yazdânism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <a href="/wiki/Social_anthropology" title="Social anthropology">Social</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">cultural anthropology</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anthropology_of_religion" title="Template:Anthropology of religion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anthropology_of_religion" title="Template talk:Anthropology of religion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anthropology_of_religion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anthropology of religion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>totem</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwe</a>: <span lang="oj">ᑑᑌᒼ</span> or <span title="Ojibwe-language text"><span lang="oj">ᑑᑌᒻ</span></span> <i><a href="/wiki/Doodem" class="mw-redirect" title="Doodem">doodem</a></i>) is a spirit being, sacred object, or symbol that serves as an emblem of a group of <a href="/wiki/People" title="People">people</a>, such as a <a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">family</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">clan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lineage_(anthropology)" title="Lineage (anthropology)">lineage</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Tribe" title="Tribe">tribe</a>, such as in the <a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe_clan_system" title="Anishinaabe clan system">Anishinaabe clan system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the word <i>totem</i> itself is an <a href="/wiki/Anglicisation" title="Anglicisation">anglicisation</a> of the Ojibwe term (and both the word and beliefs associated with it are part of the <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwe language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">culture</a>), belief in <a href="/wiki/Tutelary_deity" title="Tutelary deity">tutelary spirits and deities</a> is not limited to the Ojibwe people. Similar concepts, under differing names and with variations in beliefs and practices, may be found in a number of cultures worldwide. The term has also been adopted, and at times redefined, by anthropologists and philosophers of different cultures. </p><p>Contemporary <a href="/wiki/Neoshamanism" title="Neoshamanism">neoshamanic</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mythopoetic_men%27s_movement" title="Mythopoetic men's movement">mythopoetic men's movements</a> not otherwise involved in the practice of a traditional, tribal religion have been known to use "totem" terminology for the personal identification with a tutelary spirit or <a href="/wiki/Spirit_guide" title="Spirit guide">spirit guide</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ojibwe_doodemen">Ojibwe <i>doodemen</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Totem&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ojibwe doodemen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe_clan_system" title="Anishinaabe clan system">Anishinaabe clan system</a></div> <p>The Anishinaabe peoples are divided into a number of <span title="Ojibwe-language text"><i lang="oj">doodeman</i></span> (in <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_writing_systems#Ojibwe_syllabics" title="Ojibwe writing systems">syllabics</a>: <span title="Ojibwe-language text"><span lang="oj">ᑑᑌᒪᐣ</span></span> or <span title="Ojibwe-language text"><span lang="oj">ᑑᑌᒪᓐ</span></span>), or clans, (singular: <span title="Ojibwe-language text"><i lang="oj">doodem</i></span>) named mainly for animal totems (or <span title="Ojibwe-language text"><i lang="oj">doodem</i></span>, as an <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a> person would say this word).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Anishinaabemowin</a>, <span title="Ojibwe-language text"><span lang="oj">ᐅᑌᐦ</span></span> <span title="Ojibwe-language text"><i lang="oj">ode'</i></span> means heart. <span title="Ojibwe-language text"><i lang="oj">Doodem</i></span> or clan literally would translate as 'the expression of, or having to do with one's heart', with <span title="Ojibwe-language text"><i lang="oj">doodem</i></span> referring to the extended family. In the Anishinaabe oral tradition, in prehistory the Anishinaabe were living along the coast of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> when the great <span title="Ojibwe-language text"><i lang="oj">Miigis</i></span> beings appeared from the sea. These beings taught the <a href="/wiki/Midewiwin" title="Midewiwin">Mide way of life</a> to the <i><a href="/wiki/Wabanaki_Confederacy" title="Wabanaki Confederacy">Waabanakiing</a></i> peoples. Six of the seven great <span title="Ojibwe-language text"><i lang="oj">Miigis</i></span> beings that remained to teach established the <span title="Ojibwe-language text"><i lang="oj">odoodeman</i></span> for the peoples in the east. The five original Anishinaabe totems were <span title="Ojibwe-language text"><i lang="oj">Wawaazisii</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Brown_bullhead" title="Brown bullhead">bullhead</a>), <span title="Ojibwe-language text"><i lang="oj">Baswenaazhi</i></span> (echo-maker, i.e., <a href="/wiki/Crane_(bird)" title="Crane (bird)">crane</a>), <span title="Ojibwe-language text"><i lang="oj">Aan'aawenh</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Northern_pintail" title="Northern pintail">pintail</a> duck), <span title="Ojibwe-language text"><i lang="oj">Nooke</i></span> (tender, i.e., <a href="/wiki/Bear" title="Bear">bear</a>) and <span title="Ojibwe-language text"><i lang="oj">Moozwaanowe</i></span> ("little" <a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">moose</a>-tail).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Totem_poles">Totem poles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Totem&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Totem poles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Totem_pole" title="Totem pole">Totem pole</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Auk_Village_Totem_458.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Auk_Village_Totem_458.jpg/170px-Auk_Village_Totem_458.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Auk_Village_Totem_458.jpg/255px-Auk_Village_Totem_458.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Auk_Village_Totem_458.jpg/340px-Auk_Village_Totem_458.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2403" data-file-height="3600" /></a><figcaption>Tlingit totem pole in <a href="/wiki/Juneau" class="mw-redirect" title="Juneau">Juneau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The totem poles of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwestern</a> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous peoples of North America">Indigenous peoples of North America</a> are carved, <a href="/wiki/Monument" title="Monument">monumental</a> poles featuring many different designs (bears, birds, frogs, people, and various supernatural beings and aquatic creatures). They serve multiple purposes in the communities that make them. Similar to other forms of <a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">heraldry</a>, they may function as crests of families or chiefs, recount stories owned by those families or chiefs, or commemorate special occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-GarfieldForrest_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GarfieldForrest-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barbeau_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barbeau-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These stories are known to be read from the bottom of the pole to the top. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aboriginal_Australians_and_Torres_Strait_Islanders">Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Totem&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_kinship" title="Australian Aboriginal kinship">Australian Aboriginal kinship</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dreaming_(Australian_Aboriginal_art)" title="Dreaming (Australian Aboriginal art)">Dreaming (Australian Aboriginal art)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chief_Tantaquidgeon_Totem_KevinPepin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0f/Chief_Tantaquidgeon_Totem_KevinPepin.jpg/220px-Chief_Tantaquidgeon_Totem_KevinPepin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0f/Chief_Tantaquidgeon_Totem_KevinPepin.jpg/330px-Chief_Tantaquidgeon_Totem_KevinPepin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0f/Chief_Tantaquidgeon_Totem_KevinPepin.jpg/440px-Chief_Tantaquidgeon_Totem_KevinPepin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2241" data-file-height="1809" /></a><figcaption>Personal totem of <a href="/wiki/Mohegan" title="Mohegan">Mohegan</a> Chief Tantaquidgeon, commemorated on a plaque at <a href="/wiki/Norwich,_Connecticut" title="Norwich, Connecticut">Norwich, Connecticut</a></figcaption></figure><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cleanup-lang plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section should <b>specify the language</b> of its non-English content, using <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Lang" title="Template:Lang">lang</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>, <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Transliteration" title="Template:Transliteration">transliteration</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> for transliterated languages, and <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA" title="Template:IPA">IPA</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_ISO_639_codes" title="Lists of ISO 639 codes">ISO 639 code</a>. Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_multilingual_support_templates" title="Category:Wikipedia multilingual support templates">multilingual support templates</a> may also be used.<span class="hide-when-compact"> <a href="/wiki/Template:Lang#Rationale" title="Template:Lang">See why</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The spiritual, mutual relationships between <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders" title="Torres Strait Islanders">Torres Strait Islanders</a>, and the natural world are often described as totems.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Indigenous groups object to using the imported <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwe</a> term "totem" to describe a pre-existing and independent practice, although others use the term.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "token" has replaced "totem" in some areas.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some cases, such as the <a href="/wiki/Yuin#Totems" title="Yuin">Yuin</a> of coastal New South Wales, a person may have multiple totems of different types (personal, family or clan, gender, tribal and ceremonial).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <span title="Ngarrindjeri-language text"><i lang="nay">lakinyeri</i></span> or clans of the <a href="/wiki/Ngarrindjeri#Ngarrindjeri_lakinyeri" title="Ngarrindjeri">Ngarrindjeri</a> were each associated with one or two plant or animal totems, called <span title="Ngarrindjeri-language text"><i lang="nay">ngaitji</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Totems are sometimes attached to <a href="/wiki/Moiety_(kinship)" title="Moiety (kinship)">moiety</a> relations (such as in the case of Wangarr relationships for the <a href="/wiki/Yolngu" title="Yolngu">Yolngu</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Torres Strait Islanders have <i>auguds,</i> typically translated as totems.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An <i>augud</i> could be a <i>kai augud</i> ("chief totem") or <i>mugina augud</i> ("little totem").<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early anthropologists sometimes attributed Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander totemism to ignorance about procreation, with the entrance of an ancestral spirit individual (the "totem") into the woman believed to be the cause of pregnancy (rather than <a href="/wiki/Insemination" title="Insemination">insemination</a>). <a href="/wiki/James_George_Frazer" title="James George Frazer">James George Frazer</a> in <i>Totemism and Exogamy</i> wrote that Aboriginal people "have no idea of procreation as being directly associated with sexual intercourse, and firmly believe that children can be born without this taking place".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frazer's thesis has been criticised by other anthropologists,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Radcliffe-Brown" title="Alfred Radcliffe-Brown">Alfred Radcliffe-Brown</a> in <i>Nature</i> in 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anthropological_perspectives">Anthropological perspectives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Totem&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Anthropological perspectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Totem_Park_pole_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Totem_Park_pole_1.jpg/120px-Totem_Park_pole_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="453" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Totem_Park_pole_1.jpg/180px-Totem_Park_pole_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Totem_Park_pole_1.jpg/240px-Totem_Park_pole_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="1722" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Totem_pole" title="Totem pole">totem pole</a> in Thunderbird Park, <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia" title="Victoria, British Columbia">Victoria, British Columbia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Early anthropologists and ethnologists like James George Frazer, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Cort_Haddon" title="Alfred Cort Haddon">Alfred Cort Haddon</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Ferguson_McLennan" title="John Ferguson McLennan">John Ferguson McLennan</a> and <a href="/wiki/W._H._R._Rivers" title="W. H. R. Rivers">W. H. R. Rivers</a> identified totemism as a shared practice across indigenous groups in unconnected parts of the world, typically reflecting a stage of human development.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scottish <a href="/wiki/Ethnologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnologist">ethnologist</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Ferguson_McLennan" title="John Ferguson McLennan">John Ferguson McLennan</a>, following the vogue of 19th-century research, addressed totemism in a broad perspective in his study <i>The Worship of Animals and Plants</i> (1869, 1870).<sup id="cite_ref-MacLennan1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacLennan1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wolfe1998_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfe1998-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McLennan did not seek to explain the specific origin of the totemistic phenomenon but sought to indicate that all of the human race had, in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_times" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient times">ancient times</a>, gone through a totemistic stage.<sup id="cite_ref-MacLennan1_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacLennan1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another Scottish scholar, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lang" title="Andrew Lang">Andrew Lang</a>, early in the 20th century, advocated a <a href="/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">nominalistic</a> explanation of totemism, namely, that local groups or clans, in selecting a totemistic name from the realm of nature, were reacting to a need to be differentiated.<sup id="cite_ref-Lang_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lang-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the origin of the name was forgotten, Lang argued, there followed a mystical relationship between the object—from which the name was once derived—and the groups that bore these names. Through nature myths, animals and natural objects were considered as the relatives, patrons, or ancestors of the respective social units.<sup id="cite_ref-Lang_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lang-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>British anthropologist Sir James George Frazer published <i>Totemism and Exogamy</i> in 1910, a four-volume work based largely on his research among <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Oceania" title="Indigenous peoples of Oceania">Melanesians</a>, along with a compilation of the work of other writers in the field.<sup id="cite_ref-Frazer1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frazer1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1910, the idea of totemism as having common properties across cultures was being challenged, with Russian American ethnologist <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Goldenweiser_(anthropologist)" title="Alexander Goldenweiser (anthropologist)">Alexander Goldenweiser</a> subjecting totemistic phenomena to sharp criticism. Goldenweiser compared Indigenous Australians and <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_British_Columbia" title="First Nations in British Columbia">First Nations in British Columbia</a> to show that the supposedly shared qualities of totemism—exogamy, naming, descent from the totem, taboo, ceremony, reincarnation, guardian spirits and secret societies and art—were actually expressed very differently between Australia and British Columbia, and between different peoples in Australia and between different peoples in British Columbia. He then expands his analysis to other groups to show that they share some of the customs associated with totemism, without having totems. He concludes by offering two general definitions of totemism, one of which is: "Totemism is the tendency of definite social units to become associated with objects and symbols of emotional value".<sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The founder of a French school of sociology, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Émile Durkheim</a>, examined <a href="/wiki/Totemism_(Durkheim)" class="mw-redirect" title="Totemism (Durkheim)">totemism</a> from a <a href="/wiki/Sociological" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociological">sociological</a> and theological point of view, attempting to discover a pure religion in very ancient forms and claimed to see the <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Origin of religion">origin of religion</a> in totemism.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, he argued that totemism also served as a form of collective worship, reinforcing social cohesion and solidarity.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The leading representative of British social anthropology, A. R. Radcliffe-Brown, took a totally different view of totemism. Like <a href="/wiki/Franz_Boas" title="Franz Boas">Franz Boas</a>, he was skeptical that totemism could be described in any unified way. In this he opposed the other pioneer of social anthropology in England, <a href="/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Malinowski" title="Bronisław Malinowski">Bronisław Malinowski</a>, who wanted to confirm the unity of totemism in some way and approached the matter more from a biological and psychological point of view than from an ethnological one. According to Malinowski, totemism was not a cultural phenomenon, but rather the result of trying to satisfy basic human needs within the natural world. As far as Radcliffe-Brown was concerned, totemism was composed of elements that were taken from different areas and institutions, and what they have in common is a general tendency to characterize segments of the community through a connection with a portion of nature. In opposition to Durkheim's theory of sacralization, Radcliffe-Brown took the point of view that nature is introduced into the social order rather than secondary to it. At first, he shared with Malinowski the opinion that an animal becomes totemistic when it is “good to eat.” He later came to oppose the usefulness of this viewpoint, since many totems—such as crocodiles and flies—are dangerous and unpleasant.<sup id="cite_ref-Radcliffe-Brown1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radcliffe-Brown1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1938, the <a href="/wiki/Structural_functionalism" title="Structural functionalism">structural functionalist</a> anthropologist <a href="/wiki/A._P._Elkin" title="A. P. Elkin">A. P. Elkin</a> wrote <i>The Australian Aborigines: How to understand them.</i> His typologies of totemism included eight "forms" and six "functions".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The forms identified were: </p> <ul><li>individual (a personal totem),</li> <li>sex (one totem for each gender),</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moiety_(kinship)" title="Moiety (kinship)">moiety</a> (the "tribe" consists of two groups, each with a totem),</li> <li>section (the "tribe" consists of four groups, each with a totem),</li> <li>subsection (the "tribe" consists of eight groups, each with a totem),</li> <li>clan (a group with common descent share a totem or totems),</li> <li>local (people living or born in a particular area share a totem) and</li> <li>"multiple" (people across groups share a totem).</li></ul> <p>The functions identified were: </p> <ul><li>social (totems regulate marriage, and often a person cannot eat the flesh of their totem),</li> <li>cult (totems associated with a secret organization),</li> <li>conception (multiple meanings),</li> <li>dream (the person appears as this totem in others' dreams),</li> <li>classificatory (the totem sorts people) and</li> <li>assistant (the totem assists a healer or clever person).</li></ul> <p>The terms in Elkin's typologies see some use today, but Aboriginal customs are seen as more diverse than his typologies suggest.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a chief representative of modern <a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">structuralism</a>, French ethnologist <a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Claude Lévi-Strauss</a>, and his <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Le Totémisme aujourd'hui</i></span> ("Totemism Today" [1958])<sup id="cite_ref-L-S1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L-S1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are often cited in the field. </p><p>In the 21st century, Australian anthropologists question the extent to which "totemism" can be generalized even across different Aboriginal Australian peoples, let alone to other cultures like the Ojibwe from whom the term was originally derived. Rose, James and Watson write that: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The term ‘totem’ has proved to be a blunt instrument. Far more subtlety is required, and again, there is regional variation on this issue.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Totem&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Poets, and to a lesser extent fiction writers, often use anthropological concepts, including the anthropological understanding of totemism. For this reason, literary criticism often resorts to psychoanalytic, anthropological analyses.<sup id="cite_ref-Maryniak_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maryniak-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nik2013_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nik2013-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Totem&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/totem" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/totem">totem</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe_clan_system" title="Anishinaabe clan system">Anishinaabe clan system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aumakua" title="Aumakua">Aumakua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_(heraldry)" title="Charge (heraldry)">Charge (heraldry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devak" title="Devak">Devak</a>, a type of family totem in Maratha culture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fylgja" title="Fylgja">Fylgja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huabiao" title="Huabiao">Huabiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangseung" title="Jangseung">Jangseung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Arpad" title="Little Arpad">Little Arpad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moe_anthropomorphism" title="Moe anthropomorphism">Moe anthropomorphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_symbolism_in_U.S._sports_team_names_and_mascots" title="Religious symbolism in U.S. sports team names and mascots">Religious symbolism in U.S. sports team names and mascots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamga" title="Tamga">Tamga</a>, an abstract seal or device used by Eurasian nomadic peoples</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Totem_and_Taboo" title="Totem and Taboo">Totem and Taboo</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shona_people#Culture" title="Shona people">Shona Culture - Mitupo</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Totem&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/totemism-religion">"totemism | religion | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=totemism+%7C+religion+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Ftotemism-religion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">WiLLMoTT, C. (2016). Anishinaabe Doodem Pictographs: narrative inscriptions and identities. <i>Together We Survive: Ethnographic Intuitions, Friendships, and Conversations.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bohaker, H. (2010). Anishinaabe Toodaims: Contexts for politics, kinship, and identity in the Eastern Great Lakes. <i>Gathering places: Aboriginal and fur trade histories.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GarfieldForrest-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GarfieldForrest_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViola_E._Garfield_and_Linn_A._Forrest1961" class="citation book cs1">Viola E. Garfield and Linn A. Forrest (1961). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wolfraven00garf/page/1"><i>The Wolf and the Raven: Totem Poles of Southeastern Alaska</i></a></span>. Seattle: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington_Press" title="University of Washington Press">University of Washington Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wolfraven00garf/page/1">1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-73998-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-73998-4"><bdi>978-0-295-73998-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wolf+and+the+Raven%3A+Totem+Poles+of+Southeastern+Alaska&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=978-0-295-73998-4&rft.au=Viola+E.+Garfield+and+Linn+A.+Forrest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwolfraven00garf%2Fpage%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barbeau-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barbeau_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarius_Barbeau1950" class="citation journal cs1">Marius Barbeau (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historymuseum.ca/cmc/exhibitions/tresors/barbeau/mbp0502e.shtml">"Totem Poles: According to Crests and Topics"</a>. <i>National Museum of Canada Bulletin</i>. <b>119</b> (1). Ottawa: Dept. of Resources and Development, National Museum of Canada: 9<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esc.nsw.gov.au/living-in/about/culture-and-heritage/heritage-studies/heritage-projects-2012/Aboriginal-Totems-in-the-Eurobodalla.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2018-06-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eurobodalla+Shire+Council&rft.atitle=Exploring+ways+of+knowing%2C+protecting%2C+acknowledging+Aboriginal+totems+across+the+Eurobodalla%2C+Far+South+Coast%2C+NSW%3A+Final+report&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Donaldson&rft.aufirst=Susan+Dale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esc.nsw.gov.au%2Fliving-in%2Fabout%2Fculture-and-heritage%2Fheritage-studies%2Fheritage-projects-2012%2FAboriginal-Totems-in-the-Eurobodalla.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrieves2009" class="citation web cs1">Grieves, Vicki (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lowitja.org.au/sites/default/files/docs/DP9-Aboriginal-Spirituality.pdf">"Aboriginal Spirituality: Aboriginal Philosophy The Basis of Aboriginal Social and Emotional Wellbeing"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Lowitja Institute</i>. p. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Lowitja+Institute&rft.atitle=Aboriginal+Spirituality%3A+Aboriginal+Philosophy+The+Basis+of+Aboriginal+Social+and+Emotional+Wellbeing&rft.pages=12&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Grieves&rft.aufirst=Vicki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lowitja.org.au%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocs%2FDP9-Aboriginal-Spirituality.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoseJamesWatson2003" class="citation web cs1">Rose, Deborah; James, Diana; Watson, Christine (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/nswcultureheritage/IndigenousKinshipNaturalWorld.htm">"Indigenous kinship with the natural world in New South Wales"</a>. <i>www.environment.nsw.gov.au</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Cambridge University Press. pp. 155–156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521179898" title="Special:BookSources/9780521179898"><bdi>9780521179898</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reports+of+the+Cambridge+Anthropological+Expedition+to+Torres+Straits%3A+Volume+5%2C+Sociology%2C+Magic+and+Religion+of+the+Western+Islanders&rft.pages=155-156&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011-02-17&rft.isbn=9780521179898&rft.aulast=Haddon&rft.aufirst=A.+C.&rft.au=Rivers%2C+W.+H.+R.&rft.au=Seligmann%2C+C.+G.&rft.au=Wilkin%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz7kHX6fRnSkC%26q%3Dauguds%2Btorres%2Bstrait%2Bislanders%26pg%3DPA154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrazer2011" class="citation book cs1">Frazer, James George (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Th_jlN06nPYC&q=Totemism+and+Exogamy+indigenous+people+procreation&pg=PA191"><i>Totemism and Exogamy - A Treatise on Certain Early Forms of Superstition and Society</i></a>. 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The Male Totem in Klepht Poetry: Parallels with the Iliad, 2014, ISBN 978-1500934729</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nikoletseas Michael M, The Male Totem Dream Fragments, 2020, ISBN 979-8667493426</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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