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<span>Taxonomy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Taxonomy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phylogeny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phylogeny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Phylogeny</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phylogeny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Physical characteristics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Physical_characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Physical characteristics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Physical_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Size" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Size"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Size</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Size-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Morphology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_and_habitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Distribution and habitat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behavior_and_ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behavior_and_ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Behavior and ecology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Behavior_and_ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Behavior and ecology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Behavior_and_ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Feeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Feeding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Communication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproduction_and_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction_and_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Reproduction and development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproduction_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hibernation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hibernation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Hibernation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hibernation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mortality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mortality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Mortality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mortality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Relationship with humans</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relationship_with_humans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Relationship with humans subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Conservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Attacks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Entertainment,_hunting,_food_and_folk_medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entertainment,_hunting,_food_and_folk_medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Entertainment, hunting, food and folk medicine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entertainment,_hunting,_food_and_folk_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_depictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_depictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Cultural depictions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_depictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>General and cited references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bear</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 196 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-196" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">196 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8B%D1%89%D1%8D" title="Мыщэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Мыщэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8A%D1%8D" title="Мышъэ – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Мышъэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer" title="Beer – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Beer" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A4ren" title="Bären – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Bären" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%B5%E1%89%A5" title="ድብ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ድብ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82" title="भालू – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="भालू" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bera" title="Bera – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Bera" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A8" title="دب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursidae" title="Ursidae – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ursidae" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%95%DC%92%DC%90" title="ܕܒܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܕܒܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%BB" title="Արջ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Արջ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urs%C3%A2" title="Ursâ – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Ursâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94rs" title="Ôrs – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Ôrs" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95" title="ভালুক – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ভালুক" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursidae" title="Ursidae – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ursidae" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masko" title="Masko – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Masko" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8" title="Ци – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Ци" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jukumari" title="Jukumari – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Jukumari" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ay%C4%B1kimil%C9%99r" title="Ayıkimilər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ayıkimilər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DB%8C%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B1" title="آیی‌کیمیلر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آیی‌کیمیلر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beruang" title="Beruang – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Beruang" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95" title="ভাল্লুক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভাল্লুক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%AEm" title="Hîm – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hîm" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D1%8B%D1%83_%D2%BB%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B0%D2%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Айыу һымаҡтар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Айыу һымаҡтар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Мядзведзевыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мядзведзевыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Мядзьведзевыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мядзьведзевыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oso" title="Oso – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Oso" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear" title="Bear – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Bear" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Мечкови – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мечкови" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="དོམ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="དོམ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medvjed" title="Medvjed – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Medvjed" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arzheged" title="Arzheged – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Arzheged" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Баабгай – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Баабгай" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93ssos" title="Óssos – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Óssos" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Упа йышшисем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Упа йышшисем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uso" title="Uso – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Uso" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medv%C4%9Bdovit%C3%AD" title="Medvědovití – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Medvědovití" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bheya" title="Bheya – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Bheya" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orsu" title="Orsu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Orsu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arth" title="Arth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Arth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C9%9B%C9%9B" title="Bɛɛ – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Bɛɛ" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rne" title="Bjørne – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bjørne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A4ren" title="Bären – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bären" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shash" title="Shash – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Shash" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mjadwje%C5%BAe" title="Mjadwjeźe – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Mjadwjeźe" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karulased" title="Karulased – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Karulased" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%B4%CE%B1" title="Αρκούδα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αρκούδα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Овтот – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Овтот" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursidae" title="Ursidae – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ursidae" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urso" title="Urso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Urso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartz" title="Hartz – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hartz" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="خرس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خرس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjarnir" title="Bjarnir – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Bjarnir" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursidae" title="Ursidae – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ursidae" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bearen" title="Bearen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Bearen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9ar" title="Béar – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Béar" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathan" title="Mathan – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Mathan" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oso" title="Oso – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Oso" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Чарча – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Чарча" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%86%8A" title="熊 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="熊" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%9B" title="રીંછ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="રીંછ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%B9ng" title="Yùng – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Yùng" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%8E" title="Аю – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Аю" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%B0" title="곰 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="곰" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabbar_beya" title="Dabbar beya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Dabbar beya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%BB%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Արջեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արջեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82" title="भालू – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भालू" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mjedwjed%C5%BAe" title="Mjedwjedźe – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Mjedwjedźe" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medvjedi" title="Medvjedi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Medvjedi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urso" title="Urso – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Urso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beruang" title="Beruang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Beruang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursidae" title="Ursidae – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Ursidae" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%8A%E1%91%8E%E1%96%85%E1%90%B3%E1%96%85" title="ᐊᑎᖅᐳᖅ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐊᑎᖅᐳᖅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%81" title="Арс – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Арс" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjarnd%C3%BDr" title="Bjarndýr – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bjarndýr" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursidae" title="Ursidae – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ursidae" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="דוביים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דוביים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruwang" title="Bruwang – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bruwang" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%CA%8A%CA%8A_ha%C9%A3" title="Pʊʊ haɣ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Pʊʊ haɣ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursidae" title="Ursidae – Kalaallisut" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Ursidae" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="Kalaallisut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kalaallisut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF" title="ಕರಡಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕರಡಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="დათვისებრნი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დათვისებრნი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%8F%D8%AA%DA%BE" title="ہاپُتھ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ہاپُتھ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%8E%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Аюлар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Аюлар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arth" title="Arth – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Arth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubu" title="Dubu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Dubu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%88" title="Ош – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Ош" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupol_(Ursidae)" title="Rupol (Ursidae) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Rupol (Ursidae)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lous" title="Lous – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lous" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hir%C3%A7" title="Hirç – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hirç" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%8E%D1%83" title="Аюу – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Аюу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%A7%D1%81%D0%BA%D3%93" title="Мӧскӓ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Мӧскӓ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lores" title="Lores – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Lores" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonso" title="Lonso – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Lonso" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Цуша – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Цуша" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%9D%E0%BA%B5" title="ໝີ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ໝີ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursidae" title="Ursidae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ursidae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%81%C4%8Du_dzimta" title="Lāču dzimta – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lāču dzimta" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bieren" title="Bieren – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Bieren" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2" title="Сев – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Сев" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokiniai" title="Lokiniai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lokiniai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bere" title="Bere – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Bere" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urso" title="Urso – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Urso" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/cribe" title="cribe – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="cribe" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medvef%C3%A9l%C3%A9k" title="Medvefélék – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Medvefélék" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81" title="भालु – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="भालु" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мечка – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мечка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bera" title="Bera – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Bera" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF" title="കരടി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കരടി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pea" title="Pea – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Pea" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2" title="अस्वल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अस्वल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A8" title="دبدوب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="دبدوب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B4" title="اش – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اش" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beruang" title="Beruang – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Beruang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%8B%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9D" title="ꯁꯋꯣꯝ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯁꯋꯣꯝ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baribeh" title="Baribeh – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Baribeh" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%B9%B3%CC%80ng" title="Hṳ̀ng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Hṳ̀ng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Офта – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Офта" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Баавгай – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Баавгай" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9D%E1%80%B6" title="ဝက်ဝံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဝက်ဝံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beren" title="Beren – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Beren" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer" title="Beer – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Beer" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81" title="भालु – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="भालु" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%83%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%81" title="माकःधुँ – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="माकःधुँ" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%9E" title="クマ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クマ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urzo" title="Urzo – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Urzo" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0" title="Ча – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ча" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beeren" title="Beeren – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Beeren" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rnefamilien" title="Bjørnefamilien – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bjørnefamilien" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rn" title="Bjørn – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bjørn" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ors_(mamif%C3%A8r)" title="Ors (mamifèr) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ors (mamifèr)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Маска – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Маска" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qarambullee(Baaguda/Bear)" title="Qarambullee(Baaguda/Bear) – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Qarambullee(Baaguda/Bear)" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayiqlar" title="Ayiqlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ayiqlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9B" title="ਰਿੱਛ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰਿੱਛ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomay" title="Tomay – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Tomay" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DA%86%DA%BE" title="رچھ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="رچھ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%DA%96" title="يږ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="يږ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%88_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Ош котыр – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Ош котыр" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ors" title="Ors – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Ors" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bea" title="Bea – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Bea" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nied%C5%BAwiedziowate" title="Niedźwiedziowate – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Niedźwiedziowate" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursidae" title="Ursidae – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ursidae" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ay%C4%B1wlar" title="Ayıwlar – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Ayıwlar" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayuv" title="Ayuv – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Ayuv" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urs" title="Urs – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Urs" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukumari" title="Ukumari – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ukumari" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B6%D1%8C%D0%B8" title="Медвежьи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Медвежьи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D2%BB%D1%8D" title="Эһэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Эһэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱵᱟᱱᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱵᱟᱱᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beir" title="Beir – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Beir" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boaren" title="Boaren – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Boaren" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariu" title="Ariu – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ariu" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursidae" title="Ursidae – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ursidae" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear" title="Bear – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bear" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursida" title="Ursida – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ursida" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medvedi" title="Medvedi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Medvedi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madaxkuti" title="Madaxkuti – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Madaxkuti" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%86" title="ورچ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ورچ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8_(%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0)" title="Медведи (породица) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Медведи (породица)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medvjed" title="Medvjed – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Medvjed" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biruang" title="Biruang – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Biruang" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karhut" title="Karhut – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Karhut" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rnar" title="Björnar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Björnar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oso" title="Oso – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Oso" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF" title="கரடி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கரடி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursu" title="Ursu – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ursu" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Аюсыманнар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Аюсыманнар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/ngarux" title="ngarux – Atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="ngarux" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF" title="ఎలుగుబంటి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఎలుగుబంటి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5" title="หมี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หมี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81" title="Хирс – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Хирс" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%B2%E1%8E%BE" title="ᏲᎾ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏲᎾ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1hkohe" title="Náhkohe – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Náhkohe" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF" title="ಕರಡಿ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಕರಡಿ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ay%C4%B1" title="Ayı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ayı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B3" title="Адыг – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Адыг" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Гондыр – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Гондыр" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96" title="Ведмедеві – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ведмедеві" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%86%DA%BE" title="ریچھ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ریچھ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%90%D9%8A%D9%89%D9%82" title="ئېيىق – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئېيىق" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mui" title="Mui – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Mui" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursidae" title="Ursidae – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Ursidae" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%8D_G%E1%BA%A5u" title="Họ Gấu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Họ Gấu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jees%C3%BC" title="Jeesü – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Jeesü" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%86%8A" title="熊 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="熊" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirn" title="Beirn – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Beirn" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oso" title="Oso – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Oso" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%86%8A%E7%A7%91" title="熊科 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="熊科" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="בער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%86%8A" title="熊 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="熊" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/He%C5%9F" title="Heş – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Heş" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%86%8A%E7%A7%91" title="熊科 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="熊科" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gompul" title="Gompul – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Gompul" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruang" title="Baruang – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Baruang" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugam" title="Jugam – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Jugam" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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For the 2004 film, see <a href="/wiki/Bear_Cub" title="Bear Cub">Bear Cub</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Bear_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bear (disambiguation)">Bear (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Bears<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">38–0 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:17.583076923077px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.22px; width:14.807692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:70.027692307692px; width:7.9470769230769px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:77.974769230769px; width:20.564923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.539692307692px; width:20.294153846154px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.732307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:171.56615384615px; width:26.095384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.540307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20184615385px; width:6.9249230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:207.13846153846px; width:12.861538461538px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:207.13846153846px; width:12.861538461538px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:208.13846153846px; width:10.861538461538px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span>Late <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a> – Recent</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ours_brun_parcanimalierpyrenees_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Ours_brun_parcanimalierpyrenees_1.jpg/220px-Ours_brun_parcanimalierpyrenees_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Ours_brun_parcanimalierpyrenees_1.jpg/330px-Ours_brun_parcanimalierpyrenees_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Ours_brun_parcanimalierpyrenees_1.jpg/440px-Ours_brun_parcanimalierpyrenees_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">Brown bear</a> (<i>Ursus arctos</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Ursidae" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">Carnivora</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Superfamily: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ursoidea" title="Ursoidea">Ursoidea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ursidae</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Gotthelf_Fischer_von_Waldheim" title="Gotthelf Fischer von Waldheim">G. Fischer de Waldheim</a>, 1817</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Type_genus" title="Type genus">Type genus</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><i><a href="/wiki/Ursus_(mammal)" title="Ursus (mammal)">Ursus</a></i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, 1758</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Subfamilies </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Hemicyoninae" title="Hemicyoninae">Hemicyoninae</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Ursavini" title="Ursavini">Ursavinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ailuropodinae" title="Ailuropodinae">Ailuropodinae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Giant_Panda" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant Panda">pandas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tremarctinae" title="Tremarctinae">Tremarctinae</a> (short-faced bears)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursinae" title="Ursinae">Ursinae</a> (all other bear species)</li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Bears</b> are <a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">carnivoran</a> <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> <b>Ursidae</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɜːr/: 'ur' in 'fur'">ɜːr</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span>). They are classified as <a href="/wiki/Caniforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Caniforms">caniforms</a>, or doglike carnivorans. Although only eight <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> of bears are extant, they are widespread, appearing in a wide variety of <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitats</a> throughout most of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a> and partially in the Southern Hemisphere. Bears are found on the continents of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>. Common characteristics of modern bears include large bodies with stocky legs, long snouts, small rounded ears, shaggy hair, <a href="/wiki/Plantigrade" title="Plantigrade">plantigrade</a> paws with five nonretractile claws, and short tails. </p><p>While the <a href="/wiki/Polar_bear" title="Polar bear">polar bear</a> is mostly <a href="/wiki/Carnivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnivorous">carnivorous</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Giant_panda" title="Giant panda">giant panda</a> is mostly <a href="/wiki/Herbivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbivorous">herbivorous</a>, the remaining six species are <a href="/wiki/Omnivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Omnivorous">omnivorous</a> with varying diets. With the exception of <a href="/wiki/Courtship_display" title="Courtship display">courting</a> individuals and mothers with their young, bears are typically <a href="/wiki/Solitary_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Solitary animals">solitary animals</a>. They may be <a href="/wiki/Diurnality" title="Diurnality">diurnal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nocturnal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nocturnal">nocturnal</a> and have an excellent <a href="/wiki/Sense_of_smell" title="Sense of smell">sense of smell</a>. Despite their heavy build and awkward gait, they are adept runners, climbers, and swimmers. Bears use shelters, such as caves and logs, as their dens; most species occupy their dens during the winter for a long period of <a href="/wiki/Hibernation" title="Hibernation">hibernation</a>, up to 100 days. </p><p>Bears have been hunted since <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric">prehistoric</a> times for <a href="/wiki/Bear_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Bear meat">their meat</a> and fur; they have also been used for <a href="/wiki/Bear-baiting" title="Bear-baiting">bear-baiting</a> and other forms of entertainment, such as being <a href="/wiki/Tame_bear" title="Tame bear">made to dance</a>. With their powerful physical presence, they play a prominent role in <a href="/wiki/The_arts" title="The arts">the arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythology</a>, and other cultural aspects of various human societies. In modern times, bears have come under pressure through encroachment on their habitats and illegal trade in bear parts, including the Asian <a href="/wiki/Bile_bear" title="Bile bear">bile bear</a> market. The <a href="/wiki/IUCN" class="mw-redirect" title="IUCN">IUCN</a> lists six bear species as <a href="/wiki/Vulnerable_species" title="Vulnerable species">vulnerable</a> or <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered</a>, and even <a href="/wiki/Least_concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Least concern">least concern</a> species, such as the <a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">brown bear</a>, are at risk of <a href="/wiki/Extirpation" class="mw-redirect" title="Extirpation">extirpation</a> in certain countries. The <a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">poaching</a> and international trade of these most threatened populations are prohibited, but still ongoing. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>The English word "bear" comes from <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <i><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">bera</i></span></i> and belongs to a family of names for the bear in <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a>, such as Swedish <i><span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv"><a href="/wiki/Bjorn" title="Bjorn">björn</a></i></span></i>, also used as a first name. This form is conventionally said to be related to a <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a> word for "brown", so that "bear" would mean "the brown one".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Ringe" title="Donald Ringe">Ringe</a> notes that while this etymology is semantically plausible, a word meaning "brown" of this form cannot be found in Proto-Indo-European. He suggests instead that "bear" is from the Proto-Indo-European word <i>*ǵʰwḗr- ~ *ǵʰwér</i> "wild animal".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This terminology for the animal originated as a <a href="/wiki/Avoidance_speech" title="Avoidance speech">taboo avoidance</a> term: proto-Germanic tribes replaced their original word for bear—<i>arkto</i>—with this euphemistic expression out of fear that speaking the animal's true name might cause it to appear.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to author <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Keyes_(author)" title="Ralph Keyes (author)">Ralph Keyes</a>, this is the oldest known <a href="/wiki/Euphemism" title="Euphemism">euphemism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bear taxon names such as <a href="/wiki/Arctoidea" title="Arctoidea">Arctoidea</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Helarctos" class="mw-redirect" title="Helarctos">Helarctos</a></i> come from the ancient Greek ἄρκτος (<i>arktos</i>), meaning bear,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as do the names "<a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">arctic</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">antarctic</a>", via the name of the <a href="/wiki/Constellation" title="Constellation">constellation</a> <a href="/wiki/Ursa_Major" title="Ursa Major">Ursa Major</a>, the "Great Bear", prominent in the northern sky.<sup id="cite_ref-UrsaMajor_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UrsaMajor-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bear taxon names such as Ursidae and <i>Ursus</i> come from Latin <i>Ursus/Ursa</i>, he-bear/she-bear.<sup id="cite_ref-UrsaMajor_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UrsaMajor-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The female first name "<a href="/wiki/Ursula_(given_name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ursula (given name)">Ursula</a>", originally derived from a Christian <a href="/wiki/St._Ursula" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Ursula">saint</a>'s name, means "little she-bear" (diminutive of Latin <i>ursa</i>). In Switzerland, the male first name "Urs" is especially popular, while the name of the canton and city of <a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a> is by legend derived from <i>Bär</i>, German for bear. The Germanic name <a href="/wiki/Bernard" title="Bernard">Bernard</a> (including Bernhardt and similar forms) means "bear-brave", "bear-hardy", or "bold bear".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Old English name <a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Kenning" title="Kenning">kenning</a>, "bee-wolf", for bear, in turn meaning a brave warrior.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_ursids" title="List of ursids">List of ursids</a></div> <p>The family Ursidae is one of nine families in the suborder <a href="/wiki/Caniformia" title="Caniformia">Caniformia</a>, or "doglike" carnivorans, within the <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">order</a> <a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">Carnivora</a>. Bears' closest living relatives are the <a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">pinnipeds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canidae" title="Canidae">canids</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Musteloidea" title="Musteloidea">musteloids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hunt2005_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunt2005-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Some scholars formerly argued that bears are directly derived from canids and should not be classified as a separate family.)<sup id="cite_ref-mcLellanreiner1992_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcLellanreiner1992-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern bears comprise eight species in three subfamilies: <a href="/wiki/Ailuropodinae" title="Ailuropodinae">Ailuropodinae</a> (monotypic with the <a href="/wiki/Giant_panda" title="Giant panda">giant panda</a>), <a href="/wiki/Tremarctinae" title="Tremarctinae">Tremarctinae</a> (monotypic with the <a href="/wiki/Spectacled_bear" title="Spectacled bear">spectacled bear</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Ursinae" title="Ursinae">Ursinae</a> (containing six species divided into one to three genera, depending on the authority). Nuclear chromosome analysis show that the <a href="/wiki/Karyotype" title="Karyotype">karyotype</a> of the six ursine bears is nearly identical, each having 74 <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosomes</a> (<i>see</i> <a href="/wiki/Ursid_hybrid" title="Ursid hybrid">Ursid hybrid</a>), whereas the giant panda has 42 chromosomes and the spectacled bear 52. These smaller numbers can be explained by the fusing of some chromosomes, and the banding patterns on these match those of the ursine species, but differ from those of procyonids, which supports the inclusion of these two species in Ursidae rather than in <a href="/wiki/Procyonidae" title="Procyonidae">Procyonidae</a>, where they had been placed by some earlier authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-Servheen1999_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Servheen1999-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution">Evolution</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plithocyon_armagnacensis.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Plithocyon_armagnacensis.JPG/220px-Plithocyon_armagnacensis.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Plithocyon_armagnacensis.JPG/330px-Plithocyon_armagnacensis.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Plithocyon_armagnacensis.JPG/440px-Plithocyon_armagnacensis.JPG 2x" data-file-width="823" data-file-height="627" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Plithocyon" title="Plithocyon">Plithocyon armagnacensis</a></i> skull, a member of the extinct subfamily Hemicyoninae from the <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest members of Ursidae belong to the extinct subfamily Amphicynodontinae, including <i><a href="/wiki/Parictis" title="Parictis">Parictis</a></i> (late <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a> to early middle <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a>, 38–18 <a href="/wiki/Mya_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mya (unit)">Mya</a>) and the slightly younger <i>Allocyon</i> (early <a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene</a>, 34–30 Mya), both from North America. These animals looked very different from today's bears, being small and <a href="/wiki/Raccoon" title="Raccoon">raccoon</a>-like in overall appearance, with diets perhaps more similar to that of a <a href="/wiki/Badger" title="Badger">badger</a>. <i>Parictis</i> does not appear in Eurasia and Africa until the Miocene.<sup id="cite_ref-Kemp_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kemp-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is unclear whether late-Eocene ursids were also present in Eurasia, although faunal exchange across the <a href="/wiki/Bering_land_bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Bering land bridge">Bering land bridge</a> may have been possible during a major sea level low stand as early as the late Eocene (about 37 Mya) and continuing into the early Oligocene.<sup id="cite_ref-Wang2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> European genera morphologically very similar to <i>Allocyon</i>, and to the much younger American <i><a href="/wiki/Kolponomos" title="Kolponomos">Kolponomos</a></i> (about 18 Mya),<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are known from the Oligocene, including <i><a href="/wiki/Amphicticeps" title="Amphicticeps">Amphicticeps</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Amphicynodon" title="Amphicynodon">Amphicynodon</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wang2_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There has been various morphological evidence linking amphicynodontines with <a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">pinnipeds</a>, as both groups were semi-aquatic, otter-like mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-Tedfordetal_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tedfordetal-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rybczynski07_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rybczynski07-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Berta2018_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berta2018-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the support of the pinniped–amphicynodontine clade, other morphological and some molecular evidence supports bears being the closest living relatives to pinnipeds.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wangetal2005_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wangetal2005-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rybczynski07_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rybczynski07-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Higdon_2007_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higdon_2007-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Berta2018_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berta2018-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arctotherium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Arctotherium.jpg/220px-Arctotherium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Arctotherium.jpg/330px-Arctotherium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Arctotherium.jpg/440px-Arctotherium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1635" data-file-height="1361" /></a><figcaption>Life restoration of <i>Arctotherium bonariense</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The raccoon-sized, dog-like <i><a href="/wiki/Cephalogale" title="Cephalogale">Cephalogale</a></i> is the oldest-known member of the subfamily <a href="/wiki/Hemicyoninae" title="Hemicyoninae">Hemicyoninae</a>, which first appeared during the middle Oligocene in Eurasia about 30 Mya.<sup id="cite_ref-Wang2_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subfamily includes the younger genera <i><a href="/wiki/Phoberocyon" title="Phoberocyon">Phoberocyon</a></i> (20–15 Mya), and <i><a href="/wiki/Plithocyon" title="Plithocyon">Plithocyon</a></i> (15–7 Mya). A <i>Cephalogale</i>-like species gave rise to the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Ursavus" title="Ursavus">Ursavus</a></i> during the early Oligocene (30–28 Mya); this genus proliferated into many species in Asia and is ancestral to all living bears. Species of <i>Ursavus</i> subsequently entered North America, together with <i>Amphicynodon</i> and <i>Cephalogale</i>, during the early Miocene (21–18 Mya). Members of the living lineages of bears diverged from <i>Ursavus</i> between 15 and 20 Mya,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> likely via the species <i>Ursavus elmensis</i>. Based on genetic and morphological data, the Ailuropodinae (pandas) were the first to diverge from other living bears about 19 Mya, although no fossils of this group have been found before about 11 Mya.<sup id="cite_ref-krause2008_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-krause2008-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The New World short-faced bears (Tremarctinae) differentiated from Ursinae following a dispersal event into North America during the mid-Miocene (about 13 Mya).<sup id="cite_ref-krause2008_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-krause2008-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They <a href="/wiki/Great_American_Interchange" title="Great American Interchange">invaded South America</a> (≈2.5 or 1.2 Ma) following formation of the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Panama" title="Isthmus of Panama">Isthmus of Panama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their earliest fossil representative is <i><a href="/wiki/Plionarctos" title="Plionarctos">Plionarctos</a></i> in North America (c. 10–2 Ma). This genus is probably the direct ancestor to the <a href="/wiki/Arctodus" title="Arctodus">North American short-faced bears</a> (genus <i>Arctodus</i>), the <a href="/wiki/Arctotherium" title="Arctotherium">South American short-faced bears</a> (<i>Arctotherium</i>), and the spectacled bears, <i>Tremarctos</i>, represented by both an extinct North American species (<i><a href="/wiki/Tremarctos_floridanus" title="Tremarctos floridanus">T. floridanus</a></i>), and the lone surviving representative of the Tremarctinae, the South American <a href="/wiki/Spectacled_bear" title="Spectacled bear">spectacled bear</a> (<i>T. ornatus</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Wang2_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Teufelsh%C3%B6hle-H%C3%B6hlenb%C3%A4r-Dreiviertelprofil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Teufelsh%C3%B6hle-H%C3%B6hlenb%C3%A4r-Dreiviertelprofil.jpg/220px-Teufelsh%C3%B6hle-H%C3%B6hlenb%C3%A4r-Dreiviertelprofil.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Teufelsh%C3%B6hle-H%C3%B6hlenb%C3%A4r-Dreiviertelprofil.jpg/330px-Teufelsh%C3%B6hle-H%C3%B6hlenb%C3%A4r-Dreiviertelprofil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Teufelsh%C3%B6hle-H%C3%B6hlenb%C3%A4r-Dreiviertelprofil.jpg/440px-Teufelsh%C3%B6hle-H%C3%B6hlenb%C3%A4r-Dreiviertelprofil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2385" data-file-height="1950" /></a><figcaption>Fossil of the <a href="/wiki/Cave_bear" title="Cave bear">cave bear</a> (<i>Ursus spelaeus</i>), a relative of the brown bear and polar bear from the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> <a href="/wiki/Epoch_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch (geology)">epoch</a> in Europe</figcaption></figure> <p>The subfamily Ursinae experienced a dramatic proliferation of taxa about 5.3–4.5 Mya, coincident with major environmental changes; the first members of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Ursus_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ursus (genus)">Ursus</a></i> appeared around this time. The <a href="/wiki/Sloth_bear" title="Sloth bear">sloth bear</a> is a modern survivor of one of the earliest lineages to diverge during this radiation event (5.3 Mya); it took on its peculiar morphology, related to its diet of termites and ants, no later than by the early Pleistocene. By 3–4 Mya, the species <i>Ursus minimus</i> appears in the fossil record of Europe; apart from its size, it was nearly identical to today's <a href="/wiki/Asian_black_bear" title="Asian black bear">Asian black bear</a>. It is likely ancestral to all bears within Ursinae, perhaps aside from the sloth bear. Two lineages evolved from <i>U. minimus</i>: the black bears (including the <a href="/wiki/Sun_bear" title="Sun bear">sun bear</a>, the Asian black bear, and the <a href="/wiki/American_black_bear" title="American black bear">American black bear</a>); and the brown bears (which includes the <a href="/wiki/Polar_bear" title="Polar bear">polar bear</a>). Modern <a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">brown bears</a> evolved from <i>U. minimus</i> via <i><a href="/wiki/Ursus_etruscus" title="Ursus etruscus">Ursus etruscus</a></i>, which itself is ancestral to the extinct <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> <a href="/wiki/Cave_bear" title="Cave bear">cave bear</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-krause2008_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-krause2008-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Species of Ursinae have migrated repeatedly into North America from Eurasia as early as 4 Mya during the early Pliocene.<sup id="cite_ref-Qiu_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Qiu-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The polar bear is the most recently evolved species and descended from a population of brown bears that became isolated in northern latitudes by glaciation 400,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Liu_et_al_2014_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liu_et_al_2014-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phylogeny">Phylogeny</h3></div> <p>The relationship of the bear family with other carnivorans is shown in the following <a href="/wiki/Cladogram" title="Cladogram">phylogenetic tree</a>, which is based on the <a href="/wiki/Molecular_phylogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular phylogeny">molecular phylogenetic analysis</a> of six genes in Flynn (2005)<sup id="cite_ref-Flynn2005_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flynn2005-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the musteloids updated following the multigene analysis of Law et al. (2018).<sup id="cite_ref-Law-2018_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Law-2018-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261294616">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto;display:table}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf p{padding-right:5px;padding-left:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">Carnivora</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Feliformia" title="Feliformia">Feliformia</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lydekker_-_Ocelot_(white_background).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Ocelot"><img alt="Ocelot" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Lydekker_-_Ocelot_%28white_background%29.JPG/60px-Lydekker_-_Ocelot_%28white_background%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="60" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Lydekker_-_Ocelot_%28white_background%29.JPG/90px-Lydekker_-_Ocelot_%28white_background%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Lydekker_-_Ocelot_%28white_background%29.JPG/120px-Lydekker_-_Ocelot_%28white_background%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="598" data-file-height="313" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Caniformia" title="Caniformia">Caniformia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Canidae" title="Canidae">Canidae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_XI).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="African golden wolf"><img alt="African golden wolf" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XI%29.jpg/60px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XI%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XI%29.jpg/90px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XI%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XI%29.jpg/120px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XI%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="308" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Arctoidea" title="Arctoidea">Arctoidea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b>Ursidae</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ursus_arctos_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brown bear"><img alt="Brown bear" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ursus_arctos_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/70px-Ursus_arctos_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ursus_arctos_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/105px-Ursus_arctos_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ursus_arctos_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/140px-Ursus_arctos_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="692" data-file-height="426" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Pinnipedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinnipedia">Pinnipedia</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Faroe_stamp_227_grey_seal_(Phoca_vitulina)_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Common seal"><img alt="Common seal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Faroe_stamp_227_grey_seal_%28Phoca_vitulina%29_white_background.jpg/60px-Faroe_stamp_227_grey_seal_%28Phoca_vitulina%29_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Faroe_stamp_227_grey_seal_%28Phoca_vitulina%29_white_background.jpg/90px-Faroe_stamp_227_grey_seal_%28Phoca_vitulina%29_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Faroe_stamp_227_grey_seal_%28Phoca_vitulina%29_white_background.jpg/120px-Faroe_stamp_227_grey_seal_%28Phoca_vitulina%29_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="337" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Musteloidea" title="Musteloidea">Musteloidea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Mephitidae" title="Mephitidae">Mephitidae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Die_S%C3%A4ugthiere_in_Abbildungen_nach_der_Natur,_mit_Beschreibungen_(Plate_CXXI-)_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Striped skunk"><img alt="Striped skunk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Die_S%C3%A4ugthiere_in_Abbildungen_nach_der_Natur%2C_mit_Beschreibungen_%28Plate_CXXI-%29_%28white_background%29.jpg/50px-Die_S%C3%A4ugthiere_in_Abbildungen_nach_der_Natur%2C_mit_Beschreibungen_%28Plate_CXXI-%29_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Die_S%C3%A4ugthiere_in_Abbildungen_nach_der_Natur%2C_mit_Beschreibungen_%28Plate_CXXI-%29_%28white_background%29.jpg/75px-Die_S%C3%A4ugthiere_in_Abbildungen_nach_der_Natur%2C_mit_Beschreibungen_%28Plate_CXXI-%29_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Die_S%C3%A4ugthiere_in_Abbildungen_nach_der_Natur%2C_mit_Beschreibungen_%28Plate_CXXI-%29_%28white_background%29.jpg/100px-Die_S%C3%A4ugthiere_in_Abbildungen_nach_der_Natur%2C_mit_Beschreibungen_%28Plate_CXXI-%29_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="448" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Ailuridae" title="Ailuridae">Ailuridae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ailurus_fulgens_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Red panda"><img alt="Red panda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Ailurus_fulgens_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-%28white_background%29.jpg/60px-Ailurus_fulgens_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Ailurus_fulgens_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-%28white_background%29.jpg/90px-Ailurus_fulgens_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Ailurus_fulgens_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-%28white_background%29.jpg/120px-Ailurus_fulgens_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1010" data-file-height="384" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Procyonidae" title="Procyonidae">Procyonidae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wild_animals_of_North_America,_intimate_studies_of_big_and_little_creatures_of_the_mammal_kingdom_(Page_410)_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Common raccoon"><img alt="Common raccoon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Wild_animals_of_North_America%2C_intimate_studies_of_big_and_little_creatures_of_the_mammal_kingdom_%28Page_410%29_%28white_background%29.jpg/60px-Wild_animals_of_North_America%2C_intimate_studies_of_big_and_little_creatures_of_the_mammal_kingdom_%28Page_410%29_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Wild_animals_of_North_America%2C_intimate_studies_of_big_and_little_creatures_of_the_mammal_kingdom_%28Page_410%29_%28white_background%29.jpg/90px-Wild_animals_of_North_America%2C_intimate_studies_of_big_and_little_creatures_of_the_mammal_kingdom_%28Page_410%29_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Wild_animals_of_North_America%2C_intimate_studies_of_big_and_little_creatures_of_the_mammal_kingdom_%28Page_410%29_%28white_background%29.jpg/120px-Wild_animals_of_North_America%2C_intimate_studies_of_big_and_little_creatures_of_the_mammal_kingdom_%28Page_410%29_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="583" data-file-height="304" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Mustelidae" title="Mustelidae">Mustelidae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mustela_eversmanii_(white_background).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Steppe polecat"><img alt="Steppe polecat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Mustela_eversmanii_%28white_background%29.png/60px-Mustela_eversmanii_%28white_background%29.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Mustela_eversmanii_%28white_background%29.png/90px-Mustela_eversmanii_%28white_background%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Mustela_eversmanii_%28white_background%29.png/120px-Mustela_eversmanii_%28white_background%29.png 2x" data-file-width="566" data-file-height="232" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>Note that although they are called "bears" in some languages, <a href="/wiki/Red_panda" title="Red panda">red pandas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Procyonidae" title="Procyonidae">raccoons and their close relatives</a> are not bears, but rather <a href="/wiki/Musteloidea" title="Musteloidea">musteloids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Flynn2005_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flynn2005-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are two phylogenetic hypotheses on the relationships among extant and fossil bear species. One is all species of bears are classified in seven subfamilies as adopted here and related articles: <a href="/wiki/Amphicynodontinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphicynodontinae">Amphicynodontinae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hemicyoninae" title="Hemicyoninae">Hemicyoninae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ursavinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ursavinae">Ursavinae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agriotheriinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriotheriinae">Agriotheriinae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ailuropodinae" title="Ailuropodinae">Ailuropodinae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tremarctinae" title="Tremarctinae">Tremarctinae</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ursinae" title="Ursinae">Ursinae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mcLellanreiner1992_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcLellanreiner1992-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aginsburgi_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aginsburgi-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cyonarctos_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cyonarctos-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-qiuetal2014_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qiuetal2014-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Below is a cladogram of the subfamilies of bears after McLellan and Reiner (1992)<sup id="cite_ref-mcLellanreiner1992_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcLellanreiner1992-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Qiu <i>et al.</i>. (2014):<sup id="cite_ref-qiuetal2014_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qiuetal2014-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Neither of these citations show this cladogram. McLellan and Reiner (1992) recognise five subfamilies and two "base genera" and Qiu et al (2014) only have two subfamilies with other genera treated as stem taxa. (April 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade" style="font-size:105%; line-height:105%;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><b>Ursidae</b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<a href="/wiki/Amphicynodontinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphicynodontinae">Amphicynodontinae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kolponomos_NT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Kolponomos_NT.jpg/75px-Kolponomos_NT.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Kolponomos_NT.jpg/113px-Kolponomos_NT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Kolponomos_NT.jpg/150px-Kolponomos_NT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="329" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<a href="/wiki/Hemicyoninae" title="Hemicyoninae">Hemicyoninae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<a href="/wiki/Ursavinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ursavinae">Ursavinae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<a href="/wiki/Agriotheriinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriotheriinae">Agriotheriinae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Ailuropodinae" title="Ailuropodinae">Ailuropodinae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_(Pl._50)_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_%28Pl._50%29_%28white_background%29.jpg/75px-Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_%28Pl._50%29_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_%28Pl._50%29_%28white_background%29.jpg/113px-Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_%28Pl._50%29_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_%28Pl._50%29_%28white_background%29.jpg/150px-Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_%28Pl._50%29_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1021" data-file-height="560" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Tremarctinae" title="Tremarctinae">Tremarctinae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spectacled_bear_(1829).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Spectacled_bear_%281829%29.jpg/75px-Spectacled_bear_%281829%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Spectacled_bear_%281829%29.jpg/113px-Spectacled_bear_%281829%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Spectacled_bear_%281829%29.jpg/150px-Spectacled_bear_%281829%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="803" data-file-height="503" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Ursinae" title="Ursinae">Ursinae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ursus_arctos_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ursus_arctos_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/75px-Ursus_arctos_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ursus_arctos_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/113px-Ursus_arctos_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ursus_arctos_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/150px-Ursus_arctos_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="692" data-file-height="426" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The second alternative phylogenetic hypothesis was implemented by McKenna et al. (1997) to classify all the bear species into the superfamily <b>Ursoidea</b>, with Hemicyoninae and Agriotheriinae being classified in the family "Hemicyonidae".<sup id="cite_ref-mckennabell1997_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mckennabell1997-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amphicynodontinae under this classification were classified as stem-<a href="/wiki/Pinnipeds" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinnipeds">pinnipeds</a> in the superfamily <a href="/wiki/Pinnipedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinnipedia">Phocoidea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mckennabell1997_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mckennabell1997-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the McKenna and Bell classification, both bears and pinnipeds are in a parvorder of <a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">carnivoran</a> mammals known as <a href="/wiki/Ursida" class="mw-redirect" title="Ursida">Ursida</a>, along with the extinct bear dogs of the family <a href="/wiki/Amphicyonidae" title="Amphicyonidae">Amphicyonidae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mckennabell1997_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mckennabell1997-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Below is the cladogram based on McKenna and Bell (1997) classification:<sup id="cite_ref-mckennabell1997_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mckennabell1997-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The cladogram doesn't properly represent McKenna and Bell (1997). Family Hemicyonidae contains the genera usually placed in Hemicyoninae and Agriotheriinae, but they are not placed in sister subfamilies. Amphicynodon is one of 11 stem genera in Phocoidea, but is not a family sister to Pinnepedia (which is treated as a synonym of Phocoidea) (April 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade" style="font-size:100%; line-height:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Ursida </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<a href="/wiki/Amphicyonidae" title="Amphicyonidae">Amphicyonidae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Daphoenodon_superbus_by_R._B._Horsfall_(coloured).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Daphoenodon_superbus_by_R._B._Horsfall_%28coloured%29.png/75px-Daphoenodon_superbus_by_R._B._Horsfall_%28coloured%29.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Daphoenodon_superbus_by_R._B._Horsfall_%28coloured%29.png/113px-Daphoenodon_superbus_by_R._B._Horsfall_%28coloured%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Daphoenodon_superbus_by_R._B._Horsfall_%28coloured%29.png/150px-Daphoenodon_superbus_by_R._B._Horsfall_%28coloured%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="661" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Pinnipedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinnipedia">Phocoidea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<a href="/wiki/Amphicynodontinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphicynodontinae">Amphicynodontidae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kolponomos_NT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Kolponomos_NT.jpg/75px-Kolponomos_NT.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Kolponomos_NT.jpg/113px-Kolponomos_NT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Kolponomos_NT.jpg/150px-Kolponomos_NT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="329" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Pinnipedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinnipedia">Pinnipedia</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Faroe_stamp_227_grey_seal_(Phoca_vitulina)_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Common seal"><img alt="Common seal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Faroe_stamp_227_grey_seal_%28Phoca_vitulina%29_white_background.jpg/70px-Faroe_stamp_227_grey_seal_%28Phoca_vitulina%29_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Faroe_stamp_227_grey_seal_%28Phoca_vitulina%29_white_background.jpg/105px-Faroe_stamp_227_grey_seal_%28Phoca_vitulina%29_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Faroe_stamp_227_grey_seal_%28Phoca_vitulina%29_white_background.jpg/140px-Faroe_stamp_227_grey_seal_%28Phoca_vitulina%29_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="337" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><b>Ursoidea</b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap">†Hemicyonidae</span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<a href="/wiki/Hemicyoninae" title="Hemicyoninae">Hemicyoninae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<a href="/wiki/Agriotheriinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriotheriinae">Agriotheriinae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><b>Ursidae</b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<a href="/wiki/Ursavinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ursavinae">Ursavinae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Ailuropodinae" title="Ailuropodinae">Ailuropodinae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_(Pl._50)_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_%28Pl._50%29_%28white_background%29.jpg/75px-Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_%28Pl._50%29_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_%28Pl._50%29_%28white_background%29.jpg/113px-Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_%28Pl._50%29_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_%28Pl._50%29_%28white_background%29.jpg/150px-Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_%28Pl._50%29_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1021" data-file-height="560" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Tremarctinae" title="Tremarctinae">Tremarctinae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spectacled_bear_(1829).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Spectacled_bear_%281829%29.jpg/75px-Spectacled_bear_%281829%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Spectacled_bear_%281829%29.jpg/113px-Spectacled_bear_%281829%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Spectacled_bear_%281829%29.jpg/150px-Spectacled_bear_%281829%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="803" data-file-height="503" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Ursinae" title="Ursinae">Ursinae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ursus_arctos_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ursus_arctos_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/75px-Ursus_arctos_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ursus_arctos_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/113px-Ursus_arctos_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ursus_arctos_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/150px-Ursus_arctos_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="692" data-file-height="426" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><br /> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216315873">.mw-parser-output div.clade-gallery{display:table;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output div.clade-gallery>div{line-height:1.5em;padding:0.2em 0.4em;border:1px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output div.clade-gallery div.main-caption{text-align:center;font-weight:bold;border:none}.mw-parser-output div.clade-gallery div.main-footer{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output div.clade-gallery div.main-content{display:table}.mw-parser-output div.clade-gallery table.gallery-element{float:left!important;border:1px none;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:5px;margin:1px;border-collapse:collapse}.mw-parser-output div.clade-gallery div.gallery-element{float:left;border:1px none;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:5px;margin:1px;border-collapse:collapse}.mw-parser-output div.clade-gallery .no-border{border:none}.mw-parser-output div.clade-gallery table.gallery-element.vertical{float:none}.mw-parser-output div.clade-gallery table.gallery-element caption.caption{text-align:center;font-weight:bold;border:none}.mw-parser-output div.clade-gallery table.gallery-element th.header{text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output div.clade-gallery table.gallery-element td.cladogram{padding:10px;margin:-1px 0}.mw-parser-output div.clade-gallery table.gallery-element td.footer{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0}.mw-parser-output div.clade-gallery div.header.shading{background-color:#eaecf0}.mw-parser-output div.clade-gallery div.cladogram.shading{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output div.clade-gallery div.footer.shading{background-color:#f8f9fa}</style><div class="clade-gallery"><div class="main-content no-border"><table class="wikitable gallery-element" style="width:450px;height:225px;"><tbody><tr class="header"><th>A possible phylogeny based on complete <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mitochondrial DNA</a> sequences from Yu et al. (2007).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr><tr><td class="cladogram" style="height:225px"> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade" style="font-size:80%;line-height:80%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><b>Ursidae</b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Giant_panda" title="Giant panda">Giant panda</a> (<i>Ailuropoda melanoleuca</i>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_(Pl._50)_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_%28Pl._50%29_%28white_background%29.jpg/50px-Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_%28Pl._50%29_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_%28Pl._50%29_%28white_background%29.jpg/75px-Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_%28Pl._50%29_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_%28Pl._50%29_%28white_background%29.jpg/100px-Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_%28Pl._50%29_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1021" data-file-height="560" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Spectacled_bear" title="Spectacled bear">Spectacled bear</a> (<i>Tremarctos ornatus</i>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spectacled_bear_(1829).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Spectacled_bear_%281829%29.jpg/50px-Spectacled_bear_%281829%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Spectacled_bear_%281829%29.jpg/75px-Spectacled_bear_%281829%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Spectacled_bear_%281829%29.jpg/100px-Spectacled_bear_%281829%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="803" data-file-height="503" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Ursinae" title="Ursinae">Ursinae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Sloth_bear" title="Sloth bear">Sloth bear</a> (<i>Melursus ursinus</i>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tremarctos_ornatus_1824_(flipped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Tremarctos_ornatus_1824_%28flipped%29.jpg/50px-Tremarctos_ornatus_1824_%28flipped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Tremarctos_ornatus_1824_%28flipped%29.jpg/75px-Tremarctos_ornatus_1824_%28flipped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Tremarctos_ornatus_1824_%28flipped%29.jpg/100px-Tremarctos_ornatus_1824_%28flipped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1068" data-file-height="658" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Sun_bear" title="Sun bear">Sun bear</a> (<i>Helarctos malayanus</i>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ursus_malayanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Ursus_malayanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/50px-Ursus_malayanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Ursus_malayanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/75px-Ursus_malayanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Ursus_malayanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/100px-Ursus_malayanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="580" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Asian_black_bear" title="Asian black bear">Asian black bear</a> (<i>Ursus thibetanus</i>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ursus_thibetanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Ursus_thibetanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-%28white_background%29.jpg/50px-Ursus_thibetanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Ursus_thibetanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-%28white_background%29.jpg/75px-Ursus_thibetanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Ursus_thibetanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-%28white_background%29.jpg/100px-Ursus_thibetanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="456" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/American_black_bear" title="American black bear">American black bear</a> (<i>Ursus americanus</i>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ursus_americanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ursus_americanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/50px-Ursus_americanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ursus_americanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/75px-Ursus_americanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ursus_americanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/100px-Ursus_americanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="742" data-file-height="395" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Polar_bear" title="Polar bear">Polar bear</a> (<i>Ursus maritimus</i>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lossy-page1-2518px-Ursus_maritimus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Lossy-page1-2518px-Ursus_maritimus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/50px-Lossy-page1-2518px-Ursus_maritimus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Lossy-page1-2518px-Ursus_maritimus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/75px-Lossy-page1-2518px-Ursus_maritimus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Lossy-page1-2518px-Ursus_maritimus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/100px-Lossy-page1-2518px-Ursus_maritimus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="969" data-file-height="560" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">Brown bear</a> (<i>Ursus arctos</i>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ursus_arctos_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ursus_arctos_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/50px-Ursus_arctos_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ursus_arctos_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/75px-Ursus_arctos_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ursus_arctos_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/100px-Ursus_arctos_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="692" data-file-height="426" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="footer wikitable">The polar bear and the brown bear form a close grouping, while the relationships of the other species are not very well resolved.<sup id="cite_ref-Servheen1999_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Servheen1999-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><table class="wikitable gallery-element" style="width:450px;height:225px;"><tbody><tr class="header"><th>A more recent phylogeny based on the genetic study of Kumar et al. (2017).<sup id="cite_ref-Kumar2017_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kumar2017-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr><tr><td class="cladogram" style="height:225px"> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade" style="font-size:80%;line-height:80%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><b>Ursidae</b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Giant_panda" title="Giant panda">Giant panda</a> (<i>Ailuropoda melanoleuca</i>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_(Pl._50)_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_%28Pl._50%29_%28white_background%29.jpg/50px-Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_%28Pl._50%29_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_%28Pl._50%29_%28white_background%29.jpg/75px-Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_%28Pl._50%29_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_%28Pl._50%29_%28white_background%29.jpg/100px-Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_%28Pl._50%29_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1021" data-file-height="560" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Spectacled_bear" title="Spectacled bear">Spectacled bear</a> (<i>Tremarctos ornatus</i>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spectacled_bear_(1829).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Spectacled_bear_%281829%29.jpg/50px-Spectacled_bear_%281829%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Spectacled_bear_%281829%29.jpg/75px-Spectacled_bear_%281829%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Spectacled_bear_%281829%29.jpg/100px-Spectacled_bear_%281829%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="803" data-file-height="503" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Ursinae" title="Ursinae">Ursinae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Sloth_bear" title="Sloth bear">Sloth bear</a> (<i>Melursus ursinus</i>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tremarctos_ornatus_1824_(flipped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Tremarctos_ornatus_1824_%28flipped%29.jpg/50px-Tremarctos_ornatus_1824_%28flipped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Tremarctos_ornatus_1824_%28flipped%29.jpg/75px-Tremarctos_ornatus_1824_%28flipped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Tremarctos_ornatus_1824_%28flipped%29.jpg/100px-Tremarctos_ornatus_1824_%28flipped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1068" data-file-height="658" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Sun_bear" title="Sun bear">Sun bear</a> (<i>Helarctos malayanus</i>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ursus_malayanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Ursus_malayanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/50px-Ursus_malayanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Ursus_malayanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/75px-Ursus_malayanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Ursus_malayanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/100px-Ursus_malayanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="580" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Asian_black_bear" title="Asian black bear">Asian black bear</a> (<i>Ursus thibetanus</i>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ursus_thibetanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Ursus_thibetanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-%28white_background%29.jpg/50px-Ursus_thibetanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Ursus_thibetanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-%28white_background%29.jpg/75px-Ursus_thibetanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Ursus_thibetanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-%28white_background%29.jpg/100px-Ursus_thibetanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="456" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/American_black_bear" title="American black bear">American black bear</a> (<i>Ursus americanus</i>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ursus_americanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ursus_americanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/50px-Ursus_americanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ursus_americanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/75px-Ursus_americanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ursus_americanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/100px-Ursus_americanus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="742" data-file-height="395" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Polar_bear" title="Polar bear">Polar bear</a> (<i>Ursus maritimus</i>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lossy-page1-2518px-Ursus_maritimus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Lossy-page1-2518px-Ursus_maritimus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/50px-Lossy-page1-2518px-Ursus_maritimus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Lossy-page1-2518px-Ursus_maritimus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/75px-Lossy-page1-2518px-Ursus_maritimus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Lossy-page1-2518px-Ursus_maritimus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/100px-Lossy-page1-2518px-Ursus_maritimus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="969" data-file-height="560" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">Brown bear</a> (<i>Ursus arctos</i>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ursus_arctos_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ursus_arctos_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/50px-Ursus_arctos_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ursus_arctos_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/75px-Ursus_arctos_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ursus_arctos_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/100px-Ursus_arctos_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="692" data-file-height="426" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="footer wikitable">The study concludes that Ursine bears originated around five million years ago and show extensive hybridization of species in their lineage.<sup id="cite_ref-Kumar2017_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kumar2017-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_characteristics">Physical characteristics</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Size">Size</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Polar_Bear_AdF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Polar_Bear_AdF.jpg/200px-Polar_Bear_AdF.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Polar_Bear_AdF.jpg/300px-Polar_Bear_AdF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Polar_Bear_AdF.jpg/400px-Polar_Bear_AdF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sepilok_Sabah_BSBCC-photos-by-Wong-Siew-Te-06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Sepilok_Sabah_BSBCC-photos-by-Wong-Siew-Te-06.jpg/200px-Sepilok_Sabah_BSBCC-photos-by-Wong-Siew-Te-06.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Sepilok_Sabah_BSBCC-photos-by-Wong-Siew-Te-06.jpg/300px-Sepilok_Sabah_BSBCC-photos-by-Wong-Siew-Te-06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Sepilok_Sabah_BSBCC-photos-by-Wong-Siew-Te-06.jpg/400px-Sepilok_Sabah_BSBCC-photos-by-Wong-Siew-Te-06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3216" data-file-height="2136" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Polar bear (left) and sun bear, the largest and smallest species respectively, on average</div></div></div></div> <p>The bear family includes the most massive extant terrestrial members of the order Carnivora.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The polar bear is considered to be the largest extant species,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with adult males weighing 350–700 kg (770–1,540 lb) and measuring 2.4–3 m (7 ft 10 in – 9 ft 10 in) in total length.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The smallest species is the sun bear, which ranges 25–65 kg (55–143 lb) in weight and 100–140 cm (39–55 in) in length.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Arctodus" title="Arctodus">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_American_short-faced_bear" class="mw-redirect" title="South American short-faced bear">South American short-faced bears</a> were the largest species known to have lived. The latter estimated to have weighed 1,600 kg (3,500 lb) and stood 3.4 m (11 ft) tall.<sup id="cite_ref-Dell'Amore2011_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dell'Amore2011-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Soibelzon2_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soibelzon2-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Body weight varies throughout the year in bears of temperate and arctic climates, as they build up fat reserves in the summer and autumn and lose weight during the winter.<sup id="cite_ref-Marshall_Cavendish_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marshall_Cavendish-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morphology">Morphology</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bear_foot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Bear_foot.jpg/260px-Bear_foot.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Bear_foot.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="345" data-file-height="207" /></a><figcaption>Unlike most other <a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">carnivorans</a>, bears have <a href="/wiki/Plantigrade" title="Plantigrade">plantigrade</a> feet. Drawing by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Owen" title="Richard Owen">Richard Owen</a>, 1866.</figcaption></figure> <p>Bears are generally bulky and robust animals with short tails. They are <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">sexually dimorphic</a> with regard to size, with males typically being larger.<sup id="cite_ref-Derocheretal86_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Derocheretal86-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hunt98_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunt98-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Larger species tend to show increased levels of sexual dimorphism in comparison to smaller species.<sup id="cite_ref-Hunt98_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunt98-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Relying as they do on strength rather than speed, bears have relatively short limbs with thick bones to support their bulk. The <a href="/wiki/Scapula" title="Scapula">shoulder blades</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pelvis" title="Pelvis">pelvis</a> are correspondingly massive. The limbs are much straighter than those of the <a href="/wiki/Big_cat" title="Big cat">big cats</a> as there is no need for them to flex in the same way due to the differences in their gait. The strong forelimbs are used to catch prey, excavate dens, dig out burrowing animals, turn over rocks and logs to locate prey, and club large creatures.<sup id="cite_ref-Marshall_Cavendish_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marshall_Cavendish-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_bear_large.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Black_bear_large.jpg/170px-Black_bear_large.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Black_bear_large.jpg/255px-Black_bear_large.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Black_bear_large.jpg/340px-Black_bear_large.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1869" data-file-height="2720" /></a><figcaption>Despite being <a href="/wiki/Quadruped" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadruped">quadrupeds</a>, bears can stand and sit as humans do, as demonstrated by this <a href="/wiki/American_black_bear" title="American black bear">American black bear</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Unlike most other land carnivorans, bears are <a href="/wiki/Plantigrade" title="Plantigrade">plantigrade</a>. They distribute their weight toward the hind feet, which makes them look lumbering when they walk. They are capable of bursts of speed but soon tire, and as a result mostly rely on ambush rather than the chase. Bears can stand on their hind feet and sit up straight with remarkable balance. Their front paws are flexible enough to grasp fruit and leaves. Bears' non-retractable claws are used for digging, climbing, tearing, and catching prey. The claws on the front feet are larger than those on the back and may be a hindrance when climbing trees; black bears are the most arboreal of the bears, and have the shortest claws. Pandas are unique in having a bony extension on the wrist of the front feet which acts as a thumb, and is used for gripping <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a> shoots as the animals feed.<sup id="cite_ref-Marshall_Cavendish_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marshall_Cavendish-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most mammals have <a href="/wiki/Agouti_(coloration)" title="Agouti (coloration)">agouti</a> hair, with each individual hair shaft having bands of color corresponding to two different types of <a href="/wiki/Melanin" title="Melanin">melanin</a> pigment. Bears however have a single type of melanin and the hairs have a single color throughout their length, apart from the tip which is sometimes a different shade. The coat consists of long guard hairs, which form a protective shaggy covering, and short dense hairs which form an insulating layer trapping air close to the skin. The shaggy coat helps maintain body heat during winter hibernation and is shed in the spring leaving a shorter summer coat. Polar bears have hollow, translucent guard hairs which gain heat from the sun and conduct it to the dark-colored skin below. They have a thick layer of blubber for extra insulation, and the soles of their feet have a dense pad of fur.<sup id="cite_ref-Marshall_Cavendish_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marshall_Cavendish-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While bears tend to be uniform in color, some species may have markings on the chest or face and the giant panda has a bold black-and-white pelage.<sup id="cite_ref-Ward124_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward124-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bears have small rounded ears so as to minimize heat loss, but neither their hearing or sight are particularly acute. Unlike many other carnivorans they have <a href="/wiki/Color_vision" title="Color vision">color vision</a>, perhaps to help them distinguish ripe nuts and fruits. They are unique among carnivorans in not having touch-sensitive <a href="/wiki/Whiskers" title="Whiskers">whiskers</a> on the muzzle; however, they have an excellent <a href="/wiki/Olfaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Olfaction">sense of smell</a>, better than that of the dog, or possibly any other mammal. They use smell for signalling to each other (either to warn off rivals or detect mates) and for finding food. Smell is the principal sense used by bears to locate most of their food, and they have excellent memories which helps them to relocate places where they have found food before.<sup id="cite_ref-Marshall_Cavendish_48-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marshall_Cavendish-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ursus_arctos_01_MWNH_145_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Ursus_arctos_01_MWNH_145_%28cropped%29.JPG/220px-Ursus_arctos_01_MWNH_145_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Ursus_arctos_01_MWNH_145_%28cropped%29.JPG/330px-Ursus_arctos_01_MWNH_145_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Ursus_arctos_01_MWNH_145_%28cropped%29.JPG/440px-Ursus_arctos_01_MWNH_145_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3407" data-file-height="2503" /></a><figcaption>Brown bear skull</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Skull" title="Skull">skulls</a> of bears are massive, providing anchorage for the powerful <a href="/wiki/Masseter_muscle" title="Masseter muscle">masseter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Temporal_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporal muscle">temporal</a> jaw muscles. The <a href="/wiki/Canine_tooth" title="Canine tooth">canine teeth</a> are large but mostly used for display, and the <a href="/wiki/Molar_(tooth)" title="Molar (tooth)">molar</a> teeth flat and crushing. Unlike most other members of the Carnivora, bears have relatively undeveloped <a href="/wiki/Carnassial" title="Carnassial">carnassial</a> teeth, and their teeth are adapted for a diet that includes a significant amount of vegetable matter.<sup id="cite_ref-Marshall_Cavendish_48-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marshall_Cavendish-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Considerable variation occurs in <a href="/wiki/Dentition" title="Dentition">dental formula</a> even within a given species. This may indicate bears are still in the process of evolving from a mainly meat-eating diet to a predominantly herbivorous one. Polar bears appear to have secondarily re-evolved carnassial-like cheek teeth, as their diets have switched back towards carnivory.<sup id="cite_ref-EoM_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoM-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sloth bears lack lower central incisors and use their protrusible lips for sucking up the termites on which they feed.<sup id="cite_ref-Marshall_Cavendish_48-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marshall_Cavendish-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The general dental formula for living bears is: <span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:-0.5em; font-size:85%; text-align:center;"><span style="display:block; line-height:1em; padding:0 0.1em;" title="upper dentition: Incisors.Canines.Premolars.Molars">3.1.2–4.2</span><span style="display:block; line-height:1em; padding:0 0.1em; border-top:1px solid;" title="lower dentition: Incisors.Canines.Premolars.Molars">3.1.2–4.3</span></span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Marshall_Cavendish_48-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marshall_Cavendish-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The structure of the <a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">larynx</a> of bears appears to be the most <a href="/wiki/Basal_(phylogenetics)" title="Basal (phylogenetics)">basal</a> of the caniforms.<sup id="cite_ref-Ward117_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward117-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They possess air pouches connected to the <a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">pharynx</a> which may <a href="/wiki/Vocal_resonance" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocal resonance">amplify</a> their vocalizations.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bears have a fairly simple digestive system typical for carnivorans, with a single stomach, short undifferentiated intestines and no <a href="/wiki/Cecum" title="Cecum">cecum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nps_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nps-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even the herbivorous giant panda still has the digestive system of a carnivore, as well as carnivore-specific genes. Its ability to digest <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a> is ascribed to the microbes in its gut.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bears must spend much of their time feeding in order to gain enough nutrition from foliage. The panda, in particular, spends 12–15 hours a day feeding.<sup id="cite_ref-Ward83_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward83-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spectacled_Bear_161_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Spectacled_Bear_161_%282%29.jpg/220px-Spectacled_Bear_161_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Spectacled_Bear_161_%282%29.jpg/330px-Spectacled_Bear_161_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Spectacled_Bear_161_%282%29.jpg/440px-Spectacled_Bear_161_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1095" data-file-height="845" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Spectacled_bear" title="Spectacled bear">spectacled bear</a> is the only species found in South America.<sup id="cite_ref-ServheenForeword_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ServheenForeword-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_carnivorans_by_population" title="List of carnivorans by population">List of carnivorans by population</a></div> <p>Extant bears are found in sixty countries primarily in the Northern Hemisphere and are concentrated in Asia, North America, and Europe. An exception is the <a href="/wiki/Spectacled_bear" title="Spectacled bear">spectacled bear</a>; native to South America, it inhabits the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andean region</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ServheenForeword_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ServheenForeword-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Sun_bear" title="Sun bear">sun bear</a>'s range extends below the equator in Southeast Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Atlas_bear" title="Atlas bear">Atlas bear</a>, a subspecies of the brown bear was distributed in North Africa from Morocco to Libya, but it became extinct around the 1870s.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most widespread species is the <a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">brown bear</a>, which occurs from Western Europe eastwards through Asia to the western areas of North America. The <a href="/wiki/American_black_bear" title="American black bear">American black bear</a> is restricted to North America, and the <a href="/wiki/Polar_bear" title="Polar bear">polar bear</a> is restricted to the Arctic Ocean. All the remaining species of bear are Asian.<sup id="cite_ref-ServheenForeword_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ServheenForeword-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They occur in a range of habitats which include tropical lowland rainforest, both coniferous and broadleaf forests, prairies, steppes, montane grassland, alpine scree slopes, Arctic tundra and in the case of the polar bear, <a href="/wiki/Drift_ice" title="Drift ice">ice floes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ServheenForeword_59-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ServheenForeword-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Walker_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bears may dig their dens in hillsides or use caves, hollow logs and dense vegetation for shelter.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behavior_and_ecology">Behavior and ecology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bear_tracks_(5062843250).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Bear_tracks_%285062843250%29.jpg/220px-Bear_tracks_%285062843250%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Bear_tracks_%285062843250%29.jpg/330px-Bear_tracks_%285062843250%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Bear_tracks_%285062843250%29.jpg/440px-Bear_tracks_%285062843250%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/American_black_bear" title="American black bear">American black bear</a> tracks at <a href="/wiki/Superior_National_Forest" title="Superior National Forest">Superior National Forest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, U.S.</figcaption></figure> <p>Brown and American black bears are generally <a href="/wiki/Diurnality" title="Diurnality">diurnal</a>, meaning that they are active for the most part during the day, though they may forage substantially by night.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other species may be <a href="/wiki/Nocturnal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nocturnal">nocturnal</a>, active at night, though female sloth bears with cubs may feed more at daytime to avoid competition from conspecifics and nocturnal predators.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bears are overwhelmingly solitary and are considered to be the most asocial of all the Carnivora. The only times bears are encountered in groups are mothers with young or occasional seasonal bounties of rich food (such as salmon runs).<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stonorov_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stonorov-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fights between males can occur and older individuals may have extensive <a href="/wiki/Scar" title="Scar">scarring</a>, which suggests that maintaining <a href="/wiki/Dominance_(ethology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominance (ethology)">dominance</a> can be intense.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With their acute sense of smell, bears can locate carcasses from several kilometres away. They use <a href="/wiki/Olfaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Olfaction">olfaction</a> to locate other foods, encounter mates, avoid rivals and recognize their cubs.<sup id="cite_ref-Marshall_Cavendish_48-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marshall_Cavendish-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feeding">Feeding</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giant_Panda_Tai_Shan.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Giant_Panda_Tai_Shan.JPG/220px-Giant_Panda_Tai_Shan.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Giant_Panda_Tai_Shan.JPG/330px-Giant_Panda_Tai_Shan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Giant_Panda_Tai_Shan.JPG/440px-Giant_Panda_Tai_Shan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Giant_panda" title="Giant panda">Giant panda</a> feeding on <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a> at <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_National_Zoological_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian National Zoological Park">Smithsonian National Zoological Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D._C." class="mw-redirect" title="Washington, D. C.">Washington, D. C.</a> This species is almost entirely <a href="/wiki/Herbivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbivorous">herbivorous</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Most bears are opportunistic <a href="/wiki/Omnivore" title="Omnivore">omnivores</a> and consume more plant than animal matter, and appear to have evolved from an ancestor which was a low-protein macronutrient omnivore.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They eat anything from leaves, roots, and <a href="/wiki/Berries" class="mw-redirect" title="Berries">berries</a> to <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carrion" title="Carrion">carrion</a>, fresh meat, and fish, and have digestive systems and teeth adapted to such a diet.<sup id="cite_ref-ServheenForeword_59-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ServheenForeword-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the extremes are the almost entirely herbivorous giant panda and the mostly carnivorous polar bear. However, all bears feed on any food source that becomes seasonally available.<sup id="cite_ref-Ward83_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward83-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, Asiatic black bears in <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> consume large numbers of <a href="/wiki/Acorn" title="Acorn">acorns</a> when these are most common, and switch to <a href="/wiki/Ungulate" title="Ungulate">ungulates</a> at other times of the year.<sup id="cite_ref-asiablackdiet_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asiablackdiet-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When foraging for plants, bears choose to eat them at the stage when they are at their most nutritious and digestible, typically avoiding older <a href="/wiki/Grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Grass">grasses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sedge" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedge">sedges</a> and leaves.<sup id="cite_ref-nps_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nps-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ward83_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward83-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hence, in more northern temperate areas, browsing and grazing is more common early in spring and later becomes more restricted.<sup id="cite_ref-Mattson_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mattson-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Knowing when plants are ripe for eating is a learned behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-Ward83_58-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward83-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berries may be foraged in bushes or at the tops of trees, and bears try to maximize the number of berries consumed versus foliage.<sup id="cite_ref-Mattson_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mattson-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In autumn, some bear species forage large amounts of naturally <a href="/wiki/Fermentation" title="Fermentation">fermented</a> fruits, which affects their behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-Rue1981_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rue1981-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smaller bears climb trees to obtain <a href="/wiki/Mast_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mast (botany)">mast</a> (edible reproductive parts, such as acorns).<sup id="cite_ref-diet_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diet-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such masts can be very important to the diets of these species, and mast failures may result in long-range movements by bears looking for alternative food sources.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brown bears, with their powerful digging abilities, commonly eat roots.<sup id="cite_ref-Mattson_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mattson-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The panda's diet is over 99% bamboo,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of 30 different species. Its strong jaws are adapted for crushing the tough stems of these plants, though they prefer to eat the more nutritious leaves.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bromeliad" class="mw-redirect" title="Bromeliad">Bromeliads</a> can make up to 50% of the diet of the spectacled bear, which also has strong jaws to bite them open.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polar_bear_(Ursus_maritimus)_with_its_prey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Polar_bear_%28Ursus_maritimus%29_with_its_prey.jpg/220px-Polar_bear_%28Ursus_maritimus%29_with_its_prey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Polar_bear_%28Ursus_maritimus%29_with_its_prey.jpg/330px-Polar_bear_%28Ursus_maritimus%29_with_its_prey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Polar_bear_%28Ursus_maritimus%29_with_its_prey.jpg/440px-Polar_bear_%28Ursus_maritimus%29_with_its_prey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2745" data-file-height="1544" /></a><figcaption>Polar bear feeding on a seal on an ice floe north of <a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a>, Norway. It is the most carnivorous species.</figcaption></figure> <p>The sloth bear is not as specialized as polar bears and the panda, has lost several front teeth usually seen in bears, and developed a long, suctioning tongue to feed on the <a href="/wiki/Ant" title="Ant">ants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Termite" title="Termite">termites</a>, and other burrowing insects. At certain times of the year, these insects can make up 90% of their diets.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some individuals become addicted to sweets in garbage inside towns where tourism-related waste is generated throughout the year.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some species may raid the nests of <a href="/wiki/Wasp" title="Wasp">wasps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bee" title="Bee">bees</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">honey</a> and immature insects, in spite of stinging from the adults.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sun bears use their long tongues to lick up both insects and honey.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fish are an important source of food for some species, and brown bears in particular gather in large numbers at <a href="/wiki/Salmon_run" title="Salmon run">salmon runs</a>. Typically, a bear plunges into the water and seizes a fish with its jaws or front paws. The preferred parts to eat are the brain and eggs. Small burrowing mammals like <a href="/wiki/Rodent" title="Rodent">rodents</a> may be dug out and eaten.<sup id="cite_ref-Ward193_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward193-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mattson_70-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mattson-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The brown bear and both species of black bears sometimes take large ungulates, such as <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">deer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bovid" class="mw-redirect" title="Bovid">bovids</a>, mostly the young and weak.<sup id="cite_ref-asiablackdiet_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asiablackdiet-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ward193_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward193-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These animals may be taken by a short rush and ambush, though hiding young may be sniffed out and pounced on.<sup id="cite_ref-Mattson_70-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mattson-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The polar bear mainly preys on seals, stalking them from the ice or breaking into their dens. They primarily eat the highly digestible blubber.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ward193_82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward193-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large mammalian prey is typically killed with raw strength, including bites and paw swipes, and bears do not display the specialized killing methods of felids and canids.<sup id="cite_ref-Sacco2004_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sacco2004-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Predatory behavior in bears is typically taught to the young by the mother.<sup id="cite_ref-Ward193_82-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward193-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bears are prolific <a href="/wiki/Scavenger" title="Scavenger">scavengers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kleptoparasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Kleptoparasite">kleptoparasites</a>, stealing food <a href="/wiki/Hoarding_(animal_behavior)" title="Hoarding (animal behavior)">caches</a> from rodents, and carcasses from other predators.<sup id="cite_ref-nps_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nps-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For hibernating species, weight gain is important as it provides nourishment during winter dormancy. A brown bear can eat 41 kg (90 lb) of food and gain 2–3 kg (4.4–6.6 lb) of fat a day prior to entering its den.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communication">Communication</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ursus_thibetanus_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Ursus_thibetanus_01.JPG/220px-Ursus_thibetanus_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Ursus_thibetanus_01.JPG/330px-Ursus_thibetanus_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Ursus_thibetanus_01.JPG/440px-Ursus_thibetanus_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2467" data-file-height="1850" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Captive_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Captive animal">Captive</a> <a href="/wiki/Asian_black_bear" title="Asian black bear">Asian black bears</a> during an aggressive encounter</figcaption></figure> <p>Bears produce a number of vocal and non-vocal sounds. Tongue-clicking, grunting or chuffing many be made in cordial situations, such as between mothers and cubs or courting couples, while moaning, huffing, snorting or blowing air is made when an individual is stressed. Barking is produced during times of alarm, excitement or to give away the animal's position. Warning sounds include jaw-clicking and lip-popping, while teeth-chatters, <a href="/wiki/Bellow_(sound)" title="Bellow (sound)">bellows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Growling" title="Growling">growls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roar" title="Roar">roars</a> and pulsing sounds are made in aggressive encounters. Cubs may squeal, bawl, bleat or scream when in distress and make motor-like humming when comfortable or nursing.<sup id="cite_ref-Ward117_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward117-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Petersetal2007_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petersetal2007-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Standing_Sloth_Bear.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Standing_Sloth_Bear.jpg/170px-Standing_Sloth_Bear.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Standing_Sloth_Bear.jpg/255px-Standing_Sloth_Bear.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Standing_Sloth_Bear.jpg/340px-Standing_Sloth_Bear.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="4928" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sloth_bear" title="Sloth bear">Sloth bear</a> rubbing against a tree at <a href="/wiki/Nagarhole_Tiger_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagarhole Tiger Reserve">Nagarhole Tiger Reserve</a>, India</figcaption></figure> <p>Bears sometimes communicate with visual displays such as <a href="/wiki/Bipedalism" title="Bipedalism">standing upright</a>, which exaggerates the individual's size. The chest markings of some species may add to this intimidating display. Staring is an aggressive act and the facial markings of spectacled bears and giant pandas may help draw attention to the eyes during <a href="/wiki/Agonistic_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Agonistic behavior">agonistic</a> encounters.<sup id="cite_ref-Ward124_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward124-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individuals may approach each other by stiff-legged walking with the head lowered. Dominance between bears is asserted by making a frontal orientation, showing the <a href="/wiki/Canine_teeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Canine teeth">canine teeth</a>, muzzle twisting and neck stretching. A subordinate may respond with a lateral orientation, by turning away and dropping the head and by sitting or lying down.<sup id="cite_ref-Stonorov_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stonorov-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bears also communicate with their scent by <a href="/wiki/Urination" title="Urination">urinating</a> on<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Scent_rubbing" title="Scent rubbing">rubbing</a> against trees and other objects.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is usually accompanied by clawing and biting the object. Bark may be spread around to draw attention to the marking post.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pandas establish territories by marking objects with urine and a waxy substance from their anal glands.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polar bears leave behind their scent in their tracks which allow individuals to keep track of one another in the vast Arctic wilderness.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reproduction_and_development">Reproduction and development<span class="anchor" id="Breeding"></span></h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Bears_mating.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Black_Bears_mating.jpg/220px-Black_Bears_mating.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Black_Bears_mating.jpg/330px-Black_Bears_mating.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Black_Bears_mating.jpg/440px-Black_Bears_mating.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="541" /></a><figcaption>American black bears mating at the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Bear_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Bear Center">North American Bear Center</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The mating system of bears has variously been described as a form of <a href="/wiki/Polygyny_in_animals" title="Polygyny in animals">polygyny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Promiscuity#Other_animals" title="Promiscuity">promiscuity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serial_monogamy" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial monogamy">serial monogamy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ward138_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward138-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mammalian_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammalian-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the breeding season, males take notice of females in their vicinity and females become more tolerant of males. A male bear may visit a female continuously over a period of several days or weeks, depending on the species, to test her reproductive state. During this time period, males try to prevent rivals from interacting with their mate. Courtship may be brief, although in some Asian species, courting pairs may engage in wrestling, hugging, mock fighting and vocalizing. <a href="/wiki/Induced_ovulation_(animals)" title="Induced ovulation (animals)">Ovulation is induced by mating</a>, which can last up to 30 minutes depending on the species.<sup id="cite_ref-Ward138_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward138-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Cub_polar_bear_is_nursing_2.ogv/220px--Cub_polar_bear_is_nursing_2.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="167" data-durationhint="38" data-mwtitle="Cub_polar_bear_is_nursing_2.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Cub_polar_bear_is_nursing_2.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7a/Cub_polar_bear_is_nursing_2.ogv/Cub_polar_bear_is_nursing_2.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="400" data-height="304" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Cub_polar_bear_is_nursing_2.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="400" data-height="304" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7a/Cub_polar_bear_is_nursing_2.ogv/Cub_polar_bear_is_nursing_2.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="190" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7a/Cub_polar_bear_is_nursing_2.ogv/Cub_polar_bear_is_nursing_2.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="316" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Polar_bear" title="Polar bear">Polar bear</a> mother nursing her cub</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Gestation" title="Gestation">Gestation</a> typically lasts six to nine months, including <a href="/wiki/Delayed_implantation" class="mw-redirect" title="Delayed implantation">delayed implantation</a>, and litter size numbers up to four cubs.<sup id="cite_ref-Ward144_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward144-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Giant pandas may give birth to twins but they can only suckle one young and the other is left to die.<sup id="cite_ref-Panda_Facts_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Panda_Facts-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In northern living species, birth takes place during winter dormancy. Cubs are born blind and helpless with at most a thin layer of hair, relying on their mother for warmth. The milk of the female bear is rich in fat and antibodies and cubs may suckle for up to a year after they are born. By two to three months, cubs can follow their mother outside the den. They usually follow her on foot, but sloth bear cubs may ride on their mother's back.<sup id="cite_ref-Ward144_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward144-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Walker_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Male bears play no role in raising young. <a href="/wiki/Infanticide_(zoology)" title="Infanticide (zoology)">Infanticide</a>, where an adult male kills the cubs of another, has been recorded in polar bears, brown bears and American black bears but not in other species.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Males kill young to bring the female into <a href="/wiki/Estrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Estrus">estrus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bellemain_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bellemain-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cubs may flee and the mother defends them even at the cost of her life.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mörner_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mörner-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some species, offspring may become independent around the next spring, though some may stay until the female successfully mates again. Bears reach <a href="/wiki/Sexual_maturity" title="Sexual maturity">sexual maturity</a> shortly after they disperse; at around three to six years depending on the species. Male Alaskan brown bears and polar bears may continue to grow until they are 11 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-Ward144_103-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward144-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lifespan may also vary between species. The brown bear can live an average of 25 years.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hibernation">Hibernation<span class="anchor" id="Winter_dormancy"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hibernation" title="Hibernation">Hibernation</a></div> <p>Bears of northern regions, including the <a href="/wiki/American_black_bear#Hibernation" title="American black bear">American black bear</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Grizzly_bear#Hibernation" title="Grizzly bear">grizzly bear</a>, hibernate in the winter.<sup id="cite_ref-Science2011_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Science2011-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shimozuru2013_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shimozuru2013-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During hibernation, the bear's metabolism slows down, its body temperature decreases slightly, and its heart rate slows from a normal value of 55 to just 9 beats per minute.<sup id="cite_ref-Toien2011_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toien2011-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bears normally do not wake during their hibernation, and can go the entire period without eating, drinking, urinating, or defecating.<sup id="cite_ref-Marshall_Cavendish_48-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marshall_Cavendish-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Fecal_plug" title="Fecal plug">fecal plug</a> is formed in the colon, and is expelled when the bear wakes in the spring.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If they have stored enough body fat, their muscles remain in good condition, and their protein maintenance requirements are met from recycling waste <a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">urea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Marshall_Cavendish_48-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marshall_Cavendish-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Female bears give birth during the hibernation period, and are roused when doing so.<sup id="cite_ref-Shimozuru2013_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shimozuru2013-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mortality">Mortality</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bj%C3%B6rnjakt_i_Dalarna_-_Nordiska_Museet_-_NMA.0052736.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Bj%C3%B6rnjakt_i_Dalarna_-_Nordiska_Museet_-_NMA.0052736.jpg/220px-Bj%C3%B6rnjakt_i_Dalarna_-_Nordiska_Museet_-_NMA.0052736.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Bj%C3%B6rnjakt_i_Dalarna_-_Nordiska_Museet_-_NMA.0052736.jpg/330px-Bj%C3%B6rnjakt_i_Dalarna_-_Nordiska_Museet_-_NMA.0052736.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Bj%C3%B6rnjakt_i_Dalarna_-_Nordiska_Museet_-_NMA.0052736.jpg/440px-Bj%C3%B6rnjakt_i_Dalarna_-_Nordiska_Museet_-_NMA.0052736.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="893" /></a><figcaption>Hunters with shot bear, Sweden, early 20th century. This photograph is in the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Museum" title="Nordic Museum">Nordic Museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Bears do not have many predators. The most important are humans, and as they started cultivating crops, they increasingly came in conflict with the bears that raided them. Since the invention of firearms, people have been able to kill bears with greater ease.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Felid" class="mw-redirect" title="Felid">Felids</a> like the <a href="/wiki/Tiger" title="Tiger">tiger</a> may also prey on bears,<sup id="cite_ref-Seryodkin_PhD_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seryodkin_PhD-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Denning_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denning-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> particularly cubs, which may also be threatened by canids.<sup id="cite_ref-Servheen1999_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Servheen1999-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mammalian_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammalian-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bears are parasitized by eighty species of parasites, including single-celled protozoans and gastro-intestinal worms, and nematodes and flukes in their heart, liver, lungs and bloodstream. Externally, they have ticks, fleas and lice. A study of American black bears found seventeen species of endoparasite including the protozoan <i><a href="/wiki/Sarcocystis" title="Sarcocystis">Sarcocystis</a></i>, the parasitic worm <i><a href="/wiki/Diphyllobothrium_mansonoides" title="Diphyllobothrium mansonoides">Diphyllobothrium mansonoides</a></i>, and the nematodes <i><a href="/wiki/Dirofilaria_immitis" title="Dirofilaria immitis">Dirofilaria immitis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Capillaria_aerophila" title="Capillaria aerophila">Capillaria aerophila</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Physaloptera" title="Physaloptera">Physaloptera</a></i> sp., <i><a href="/wiki/Strongyloides" title="Strongyloides">Strongyloides</a></i> sp. and others. Of these, <i>D. mansonoides</i> and adult <i>C. aerophila</i> were causing pathological symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-Crum_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crum-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By contrast, polar bears have few parasites; many parasitic species need a secondary, usually terrestrial, host, and the polar bear's life style is such that few alternative hosts exist in their environment. The protozoan <i><a href="/wiki/Toxoplasma_gondii" title="Toxoplasma gondii">Toxoplasma gondii</a></i> has been found in polar bears, and the nematode <i><a href="/wiki/Trichinella_nativa" title="Trichinella nativa">Trichinella nativa</a></i> can cause a serious infection and decline in older polar bears.<sup id="cite_ref-Derocher_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Derocher-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bears in North America are sometimes infected by a <i><a href="/wiki/Morbillivirus" title="Morbillivirus">Morbillivirus</a></i> similar to the <a href="/wiki/Canine_distemper" title="Canine distemper">canine distemper virus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are susceptible to <a href="/wiki/Infectious_canine_hepatitis" title="Infectious canine hepatitis">infectious canine hepatitis</a> (CAV-1), with free-living black bears dying rapidly of encephalitis and hepatitis.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_humans">Relationship with humans</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conservation">Conservation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bear_conservation" title="Bear conservation">Bear conservation</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chengdu-pandas-d10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Chengdu-pandas-d10.jpg/200px-Chengdu-pandas-d10.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Chengdu-pandas-d10.jpg/300px-Chengdu-pandas-d10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Chengdu-pandas-d10.jpg/400px-Chengdu-pandas-d10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Giant pandas at the <a href="/wiki/Sichuan_Giant_Panda_Sanctuaries" title="Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries">Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bear_trap_GTNP1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Bear_trap_GTNP1.jpg/200px-Bear_trap_GTNP1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Bear_trap_GTNP1.jpg/300px-Bear_trap_GTNP1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Bear_trap_GTNP1.jpg/400px-Bear_trap_GTNP1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A barrel trap in <a href="/wiki/Grand_Teton_National_Park" title="Grand Teton National Park">Grand Teton National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a>, used to relocate bears away from where they might <a href="/wiki/Bear_attack" title="Bear attack">attack humans</a>.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>In modern times, bears have come under pressure through encroachment on their habitats<sup id="cite_ref-WWFbrownbear_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWFbrownbear-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and illegal trade in bear parts, including the Asian <a href="/wiki/Bile_bear" title="Bile bear">bile bear</a> market, though hunting is now banned, largely replaced by farming.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/World_Conservation_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="World Conservation Union">IUCN</a> lists six bear species as <a href="/wiki/Vulnerable_species" title="Vulnerable species">vulnerable</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-:0_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even the two <a href="/wiki/Least_concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Least concern">least concern</a> species, the brown bear and the American black bear,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_124-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are at risk of <a href="/wiki/Local_extinction" title="Local extinction">extirpation</a> in certain areas. In general, these two species inhabit remote areas with little interaction with humans, and the main non-natural causes of mortality are hunting, trapping, road-kill and depredation.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Laws have been passed in many areas of the world to protect bears from <a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">habitat destruction</a>. Public perception of bears is often positive, as people identify with bears due to their omnivorous diets, their ability to stand on two legs, and their symbolic importance.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Support for bear protection is widespread, at least in more affluent societies.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The giant panda has become a worldwide symbol of conservation. The <a href="/wiki/Sichuan_Giant_Panda_Sanctuaries" title="Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries">Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries</a>, which are home to around 30% of the wild panda population, gained a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a> designation in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where bears raid crops or attack livestock, they may come into conflict with humans.<sup id="cite_ref-livestock_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-livestock-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-crops_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crops-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In poorer rural regions, attitudes may be more shaped by the dangers posed by bears, and the economic costs they cause to farmers and ranchers.<sup id="cite_ref-livestock_129-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-livestock-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attacks">Attacks</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bear_attack" title="Bear attack">Bear attack</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bear_warning_Alberta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Bear_warning_Alberta.jpg/170px-Bear_warning_Alberta.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Bear_warning_Alberta.jpg/255px-Bear_warning_Alberta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Bear_warning_Alberta.jpg/340px-Bear_warning_Alberta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1416" data-file-height="1134" /></a><figcaption>Bear warning sign in <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Several bear species are <a href="/wiki/Bear_danger" title="Bear danger">dangerous to humans</a>, especially in areas where they have become used to people; elsewhere, they generally avoid humans. <a href="/wiki/Bear_attack" title="Bear attack">Injuries caused by bears</a> are rare, but are widely reported.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bears may attack humans in response to being startled, in defense of young or food, or even for predatory reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entertainment,_hunting,_food_and_folk_medicine"><span id="Entertainment.2C_hunting.2C_food_and_folk_medicine"></span>Entertainment, hunting, food and folk medicine</h3></div> <p>Bears in captivity have for centuries been used for entertainment. They have been trained to <a href="/wiki/Dancing_bear" class="mw-redirect" title="Dancing bear">dance</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and were kept for <a href="/wiki/Bear-baiting" title="Bear-baiting">baiting</a> in Europe from at least the 16th century. There were five bear-baiting gardens in <a href="/wiki/Southwark" title="Southwark">Southwark</a>, London, at that time; archaeological remains of three of these have survived.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Across Europe, <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomadic</a> <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a> bear handlers called <a href="/wiki/Ursari" title="Ursari">Ursari</a> lived by busking with their bears from the 12th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Fraser_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fraser-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bear_hunting" title="Bear hunting">Bears have been hunted</a> for sport, food, and <a href="/wiki/Folk_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk medicine">folk medicine</a>. Their meat is dark and stringy, like a tough cut of beef. In <a href="/wiki/Cantonese_cuisine" title="Cantonese cuisine">Cantonese cuisine</a>, bear paws are considered a delicacy. Bear meat should be cooked thoroughly, as it can be infected with the parasite <i><a href="/wiki/Trichinella_spiralis" title="Trichinella spiralis">Trichinella spiralis</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The peoples of eastern Asia use bears' body parts and secretions (notably their gallbladders and bile) as part of <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">traditional Chinese medicine</a>. More than 12,000 bears are thought to be kept on farms in China, Vietnam, and South Korea for the production of bile. Trade in bear products is prohibited under <a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">CITES</a>, but bear bile has been detected in shampoos, wine and herbal medicines sold in Canada, the United States and Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_dancing_bear_by_William_Frederick_Witherington.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Dancing Bear by William Frederick Witherington, 1822"><img alt="The Dancing Bear by William Frederick Witherington, 1822" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/The_dancing_bear_by_William_Frederick_Witherington.jpg/200px-The_dancing_bear_by_William_Frederick_Witherington.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/The_dancing_bear_by_William_Frederick_Witherington.jpg/300px-The_dancing_bear_by_William_Frederick_Witherington.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/The_dancing_bear_by_William_Frederick_Witherington.jpg/400px-The_dancing_bear_by_William_Frederick_Witherington.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="471" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Dancing Bear</i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Frederick_Witherington" title="William Frederick Witherington">William Frederick Witherington</a>, 1822</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Theodor_Aman_-_Ursarul.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A nomadic ursar, a Romani bear-busker. Drawing by Theodor Aman, 1888"><img alt="A nomadic ursar, a Romani bear-busker. Drawing by Theodor Aman, 1888" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Theodor_Aman_-_Ursarul.jpg/200px-Theodor_Aman_-_Ursarul.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Theodor_Aman_-_Ursarul.jpg/300px-Theodor_Aman_-_Ursarul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Theodor_Aman_-_Ursarul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="239" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A nomadic <i><a href="/wiki/Ursar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ursar">ursar</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a> bear-busker. Drawing by <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Aman" title="Theodor Aman">Theodor Aman</a>, 1888</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_depictions">Cultural depictions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_bears" title="Cultural depictions of bears">Cultural depictions of bears</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bear_in_heraldry" title="Bear in heraldry">Bear in heraldry</a></div> <p>Bears have been popular subjects in art, literature, folklore and mythology. The image of the mother bear was prevalent throughout societies in North America and Eurasia, based on the female's devotion and protection of her cubs.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native American</a> cultures, the bear is a symbol of rebirth because of its hibernation and re-emergence.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A widespread belief among cultures of North America and northern Asia associated bears with <a href="/wiki/Shaman" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaman">shaman</a>; this may be based on the solitary nature of both. Bears have thus been thought to predict the future and shaman were believed to have been capable of transforming into bears.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is evidence of prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Bear_worship" title="Bear worship">bear worship</a>, though this is disputed by archaeologists.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is possible that bear worship existed in early Chinese and <a href="/wiki/Ainu_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ainu religion">Ainu cultures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Finns" title="Finns">Finns</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Siberian_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Siberian peoples">Siberian peoples</a><sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and more recently <a href="/wiki/Korean_mythology" title="Korean mythology">Koreans</a> considered the bear as the spirit of their forefathers.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Artio" title="Artio">Artio</a> (<i>Dea Artio</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religion" title="Gallo-Roman religion">Gallo-Roman religion</a>) was a <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> bear goddess. Evidence of her worship has notably been found at <a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a>, itself named for the bear. Her name is derived from the Celtic word for "bear", <i>artos</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a>, the archaic cult of <a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a> in bear form survived into Classical times at <a href="/wiki/Brauron" title="Brauron">Brauron</a>, where young Athenian girls passed an initiation rite as <i>arktoi</i> "she bears".<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The constellations of Ursa Major and <a href="/wiki/Ursa_Minor" title="Ursa Minor">Ursa Minor</a>, the great and little bears, are named for their supposed resemblance to bears, from the time of <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UrsaMajor_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UrsaMajor-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nearby star <a href="/wiki/Arcturus" title="Arcturus">Arcturus</a> means "guardian of the bear", as if it were watching the two constellations.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ursa Major has been associated with a bear for as much as 13,000 years since <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> times, in the widespread <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Hunt" title="Cosmic Hunt">Cosmic Hunt</a> myths. These are found on both sides of the <a href="/wiki/Beringia" title="Beringia">Bering land bridge</a>, which was lost to the sea some 11,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bears are popular in children's stories, including <a href="/wiki/Winnie_the_Pooh" class="mw-redirect" title="Winnie the Pooh">Winnie the Pooh</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Paddington_Bear" title="Paddington Bear">Paddington Bear</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gentle_Ben" title="Gentle Ben">Gentle Ben</a><sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "<a href="/wiki/The_Brown_Bear_of_Norway" title="The Brown Bear of Norway">The Brown Bear of Norway</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An early version of "<a href="/wiki/Goldilocks_and_the_Three_Bears" title="Goldilocks and the Three Bears">Goldilocks and the Three Bears</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was published as "The Three Bears" in 1837 by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Southey" title="Robert Southey">Robert Southey</a>, many times retold, and illustrated in 1918 by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rackham" title="Arthur Rackham">Arthur Rackham</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Hanna-Barbera" title="Hanna-Barbera">Hanna-Barbera</a> character <a href="/wiki/Yogi_Bear" title="Yogi Bear">Yogi Bear</a> has appeared in numerous comic books, <a href="/wiki/Cartoon_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartoon series">animated television shows</a> and films.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Care_Bears" title="Care Bears">Care Bears</a> began as greeting cards in 1982, and were featured as toys, on clothing and in film.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around the world, many children—and some adults—have <a href="/wiki/Teddy_bear" title="Teddy bear">teddy bears</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stuffed_toy" title="Stuffed toy">stuffed toys</a> in the form of bears, named after the American statesman <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> when in 1902 he had refused to shoot an American black bear tied to a tree.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bears, like other animals, may symbolize nations. The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Bear" title="Russian Bear">Russian Bear</a> has been a common <a href="/wiki/National_personification" title="National personification">national personification</a> for Russia from the 16th century onward.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Smokey_Bear" title="Smokey Bear">Smokey Bear</a> has become a part of American culture since his introduction in 1944, with his message "Only you can prevent forest fires".<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Three_Bears_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_17034.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""The Three Bears", Arthur Rackham's illustration to English Fairy Tales, by Flora Annie Steel, 1918"><img alt=""The Three Bears", Arthur Rackham's illustration to English Fairy Tales, by Flora Annie Steel, 1918" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/The_Three_Bears_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_17034.jpg/162px-The_Three_Bears_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_17034.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/The_Three_Bears_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_17034.jpg/242px-The_Three_Bears_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_17034.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/The_Three_Bears_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_17034.jpg/323px-The_Three_Bears_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_17034.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"The Three Bears", <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rackham" title="Arthur Rackham">Arthur Rackham</a>'s illustration to <i>English Fairy Tales</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Flora_Annie_Steel" title="Flora Annie Steel">Flora Annie Steel</a>, 1918</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sidney_Hall_-_Urania%27s_Mirror_-_Ursa_Major.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The constellation of Ursa Major as depicted in Urania's Mirror, c. 1825"><img alt="The constellation of Ursa Major as depicted in Urania's Mirror, c. 1825" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Sidney_Hall_-_Urania%27s_Mirror_-_Ursa_Major.jpg/200px-Sidney_Hall_-_Urania%27s_Mirror_-_Ursa_Major.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Sidney_Hall_-_Urania%27s_Mirror_-_Ursa_Major.jpg/300px-Sidney_Hall_-_Urania%27s_Mirror_-_Ursa_Major.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Sidney_Hall_-_Urania%27s_Mirror_-_Ursa_Major.jpg/400px-Sidney_Hall_-_Urania%27s_Mirror_-_Ursa_Major.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3591" data-file-height="2523" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Constellation" title="Constellation">constellation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ursa_Major" title="Ursa Major">Ursa Major</a> as depicted in <a href="/wiki/Urania%27s_Mirror" title="Urania's Mirror">Urania's Mirror</a>, c. 1825</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organizations">Organizations</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baby_Pandas.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Baby_Pandas.JPG/220px-Baby_Pandas.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Baby_Pandas.JPG/330px-Baby_Pandas.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Baby_Pandas.JPG/440px-Baby_Pandas.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Juvenile pandas at the <a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a> Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding</figcaption></figure> <p>The International Association for Bear Research & Management, also known as the <a href="/wiki/International_Bear_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="International Bear Association">International Bear Association</a>, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bear_Specialist_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bear Specialist Group (page does not exist)">Bear Specialist Group</a> of the Species Survival Commission, a part of the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">International Union for Conservation of Nature</a> focus on the natural history, management, and conservation of bears. Bear Trust International works for wild bears and other wildlife through four core program initiatives, namely Conservation Education, Wild Bear Research, Wild Bear Management, and Habitat Conservation.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Specialty organizations for each of the eight species of bears worldwide include: </p> <ul><li>Vital Ground, for the brown bear<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Moon Bears, for the Asiatic black bear<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Black Bear Conservation Coalition, for the North American black bear<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Polar Bears International, for the polar bear<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Bornean Sun Bear Conservation Centre, for the sun bear<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Wildlife SOS, for the sloth bear<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Andean Bear Conservation Project, for the Andean bear<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, for the giant panda<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/32px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/48px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/64px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2064" data-file-height="1413" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Animals" title="Portal:Animals">Animals portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_bears" title="List of fictional bears">List of fictional bears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individual_bears" title="List of individual bears">List of individual bears</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Treating <a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">pinnipeds</a><sup id="cite_ref-Illiger1811_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Illiger1811-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as <a href="/wiki/Marine_mammal" title="Marine mammal">marine mammals</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ptolemy named the constellations in Greek: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἄρκτος μεγάλη</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Arktos Megale</i></span>) and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἄρκτος μικρά</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Arktos Mikra</i></span>), the great and little bears.<sup id="cite_ref-Ridpath_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ridpath-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMalloryAdams2006" class="citation book cs1">Mallory, J. P.; Adams, Douglas Q. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iNUSDAAAQBAJ&q=indo%20european&pg=PA333"><i>The Oxford Iintroduction to Proto Indo European and the Proto Indo European World</i></a>. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 333. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4294-7104-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4294-7104-6"><bdi>978-1-4294-7104-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/139999117">139999117</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Iintroduction+to+Proto+Indo+European+and+the+Proto+Indo+European+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=333&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F139999117&rft.isbn=978-1-4294-7104-6&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft.au=Adams%2C+Douglas+Q.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiNUSDAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dindo%2520european%26pg%3DPA333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortson2011" class="citation book cs1">Fortson, Benjamin W. 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Johns Hopkins University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/walkerscarnivore0000nowa/page/114">114</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8032-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8032-2"><bdi>978-0-8018-8032-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walker%27s+Carnivores+of+the+World&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-8032-2&rft.au=Nowak%2C+R.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwalkerscarnivore0000nowa%2Fpage%2F114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlinkaReimchen2002" class="citation journal cs1">Klinka, D. 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(2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.uvic.ca/~reimlab/noctdibrbear.pdf">"Nocturnal and diurnal foraging behaviour of brown bears ( Ursus arctos ) on a salmon stream in coastal British Columbia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Canadian Journal of Zoology</i>. <b>80</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">1317–</span>1322. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002CaJZ...80.1317K">2002CaJZ...80.1317K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1139%2FZ02-123">10.1139/Z02-123</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170812163506/http://web.uvic.ca/~reimlab/noctdibrbear.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2017-08-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-12-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ursus&rft.atitle=Diets+of+Asiatic+black+bears+in+Taiwan%2C+with+Methodological+and+Geographical+Comparisons&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E111-%3C%2Fspan%3E125&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Hwang&rft.aufirst=Mei-Hsiu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bearbiology.com%2Ffileadmin%2Ftpl%2FDownloads%2FURSUS%2FVol_13%2FHwang_13.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mattson-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mattson_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mattson_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mattson_70-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mattson_70-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mattson_70-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMattson,_David" class="citation web cs1">Mattson, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070711074612/http://sbsc.wr.usgs.gov/cprs/research/projects/grizzly/pdf/FORAGINGBEHAVIOROFNORTHAMERICANBEARS.pdf">"Foraging Behavior of North American Bears"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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(1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7589%2F0090-3558-14.2.178">"Studies on endoparasites of the black bear (<i>Ursus americanus</i>) in the southeastern United States"</a>. <i>Journal of Wildlife Diseases</i>. <b>14</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">178–</span>186. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7589%2F0090-3558-14.2.178">10.7589/0090-3558-14.2.178</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/418189">418189</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Wildlife+Diseases&rft.atitle=Studies+on+endoparasites+of+the+black+bear+%28Ursus+americanus%29+in+the+southeastern+United+States&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E178-%3C%2Fspan%3E186&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7589%2F0090-3558-14.2.178&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F418189&rft.au=Crum%2C+James+M.&rft.au=Nettles%2C+Victor+F.&rft.au=Davidson%2C+William+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.7589%252F0090-3558-14.2.178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Derocher-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Derocher_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerocher,_Andrew_E.2012" class="citation book cs1">Derocher, Andrew E. 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L. Ashliman">Ashliman, D. L.</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s_WyX-DD43YC&pg=PA114"><i>Folk and Fairy Tales: A Handbook</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-03-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moon+Bears&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moonbears.org%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbcc.org/">"Black Bear Conservation Coalition"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140103020114/http://www.bbcc.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-01-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-03-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Black+Bear+Conservation+Coalition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbcc.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polarbearsinternational.org/">"Polar Bears International"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140308234451/http://www.polarbearsinternational.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-03-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sunbears.wildlifedirect.org/">the original</a> on 2014-02-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bornean+Sun+Bear+Conservation+Centre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsunbears.wildlifedirect.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wildlifesos.org/">"Wildlife SOS - Saving India's Wildlife"</a>. <i>Wildlife SOS</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wildlife+SOS&rft.atitle=Wildlife+SOS+-+Saving+India%27s+Wildlife&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wildlifesos.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.andeanbear.org/">"Andean Bear Conservation Project"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140218004303/http://www.andeanbear.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-02-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-03-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Andean+Bear+Conservation+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.andeanbear.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panda.org.cn/english/">"Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140315221701/http://www.panda.org.cn/english/">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-03-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-03-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chengdu+Research+Base+of+Giant+Panda+Breeding&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.panda.org.cn%2Fenglish%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWardKynaston1995" class="citation book cs1">Ward, Paul; Kynaston, Suzanne (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3dJ9QgAACAAJ"><i>Wild Bears of the World</i></a></span>. New York: Facts on File. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-3245-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-3245-7"><bdi>978-0-8160-3245-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/443610490">443610490</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wild+Bears+of+the+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F443610490&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-3245-7&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Kynaston%2C+Suzanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3dJ9QgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABear" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrunner2007" class="citation book cs1">Brunner, Bernd (2007). <i>Bears: A Brief History</i>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12299-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12299-2"><bdi>978-0-300-12299-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bears%3A+A+Brief+History&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-300-12299-2&rft.aulast=Brunner&rft.aufirst=Bernd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABear" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDomicoNewman1988" class="citation book cs1">Domico, Terry; Newman, Mark (1988). <i>Bears of the World</i>. Facts on File. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-1536-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-1536-8"><bdi>978-0-8160-1536-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bears+of+the+World&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-1536-8&rft.aulast=Domico&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft.au=Newman%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABear" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaulkner1942" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">Faulkner, William</a> (1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZGVmYXVsdGRvbWFpbnx0aGV2aXJ0dWFsZW5nbGlzaG5vdGVib29rfGd4OjFiYjYyNDA4NTQwZDkyMjc"><i>The Bear</i></a>. Curley Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7927-0537-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7927-0537-6"><bdi>978-0-7927-0537-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bear&rft.pub=Curley+Publishing&rft.date=1942&rft.isbn=978-0-7927-0537-6&rft.aulast=Faulkner&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.google.com%2Fviewer%3Fa%3Dv%26pid%3Dsites%26srcid%3DZGVmYXVsdGRvbWFpbnx0aGV2aXJ0dWFsZW5nbGlzaG5vdGVib29rfGd4OjFiYjYyNDA4NTQwZDkyMjc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABear" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140308192159/http://beartrust.org/the-bear-book-and-curriculum-guide-to-the-bear-book">The Bear Book and Curriculum Guide – a compilation of stories about all eight species of bears worldwide, including STEM lessons rooted in bear research, ecology, and conservation</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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civet">African palm civet (<i>Nandinia binotata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Feloidea107" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Feliformia" title="Feliformia">Feloidea</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Prionodon_(Asiatic_linsangs)126" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Asiatic_linsang" title="Asiatic linsang">Prionodon <small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(Asiatic linsangs)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banded_linsang" title="Banded linsang">Banded linsang (<i>P. linsang</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotted_linsang" title="Spotted linsang">Spotted linsang (<i>P. pardicolor</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Felidae_(cats)184" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Felidae" title="Felidae">Felidae <small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(cats)</span></small></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pantherinae15" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pantherinae" title="Pantherinae">Pantherinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Neofelis" title="Neofelis">Neofelis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_clouded_leopard" title="Sunda clouded leopard">Sunda clouded leopard (<i>N. diardi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clouded_leopard" title="Clouded leopard">Clouded leopard (<i>N. nebulosa</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Panthera" title="Panthera">Panthera</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Snow_leopard" title="Snow leopard">Snow leopard (<i>P. uncia</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger" title="Tiger">Tiger (<i>P. tigris</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaguar" title="Jaguar">Jaguar (<i>P. onca</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">Lion (<i>P. leo</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard">Leopard (<i>P. pardus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Felinae" title="Felinae">Felinae</a> <span style="font-weight:normal"><i>sensu stricto</i></span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;">Bay cat<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">lineage</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Pardofelis" title="Pardofelis">Pardofelis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marbled_cat" title="Marbled cat">Marbled cat (<i>P. marmorata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Catopuma" title="Catopuma">Catopuma</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_cat" title="Bay cat">Bay cat (<i>C. badia</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_golden_cat" title="Asian golden cat">Asian golden cat (<i>C. temminckii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;">Caracal<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">lineage</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serval" title="Serval">Serval (<i>Leptailurus serval</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Caracal_(genus)" title="Caracal (genus)">Caracal</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_golden_cat" title="African golden cat">African golden cat (<i>C. aurata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracal" title="Caracal">Caracal (<i>C. caracal</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Leopardus" title="Leopardus">Leopardus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pampas_cat" title="Pampas cat">Pampas cat (<i>L. colocola</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffroy%27s_cat" title="Geoffroy's cat">Geoffroy's cat (<i>L. geoffroyi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodkod" title="Kodkod">Kodkod (<i>L. guigna</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopardus_guttulus" title="Leopardus guttulus">Southern tiger cat (<i>L. guttulus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_mountain_cat" title="Andean mountain cat">Andean mountain cat (<i>L. jacobita</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocelot" title="Ocelot">Ocelot (<i>L. pardalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncilla" title="Oncilla">Oncilla (<i>L. tigrinus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margay" title="Margay">Margay (<i>L. wiedii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Lynx" title="Lynx">Lynx</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada_lynx" title="Canada lynx">Canada lynx (<i>L. canadensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_lynx" title="Eurasian lynx">Eurasian lynx (<i>L. lynx</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_lynx" title="Iberian lynx">Iberian lynx (<i>L. pardinus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobcat" title="Bobcat">Bobcat (<i>L. rufus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;">Puma<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">lineage</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Acinonyx41" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Acinonyx" title="Acinonyx">Acinonyx</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheetah" title="Cheetah">Cheetah (<i>A. jubatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jaguarundi" title="Jaguarundi">Jaguarundi (<i>Herpailurus yagouaroundi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Puma_(genus)" title="Puma (genus)">Puma</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cougar" title="Cougar">Cougar (<i>P. concolor</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;">Leopard cat<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">lineage</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallas%27s_cat" title="Pallas's cat">Pallas's cat (<i>Otocolobus manul</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Prionailurus" title="Prionailurus">Prionailurus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leopard_cat" title="Leopard cat">Leopard cat (<i>P. bengalensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_leopard_cat" title="Sunda leopard cat">Sunda leopard cat (<i>P. javanensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat-headed_cat" title="Flat-headed cat">Flat-headed cat (<i>P. planiceps</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusty-spotted_cat" title="Rusty-spotted cat">Rusty-spotted cat (<i>P. rubiginosus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_cat" title="Fishing cat">Fishing cat (<i>P. viverrinus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Felis" title="Felis">Felis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_mountain_cat" title="Chinese mountain cat">Chinese mountain cat (<i>F. bieti</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">Domestic cat (<i>F. catus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_cat" title="Jungle cat">Jungle cat (<i>F. chaus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_wildcat" title="African wildcat">African wildcat (<i>F. lybica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_cat" title="Sand cat">Sand cat (<i>F. margarita</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-footed_cat" title="Black-footed cat">Black-footed cat (<i>F. nigripes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wildcat" title="European wildcat">European wildcat (<i>F. silvestris</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viverroidea" title="Viverroidea">Viverroidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Viverroidea578" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Viverroidea" title="Viverroidea">Viverroidea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Viverridae98" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Viverridae" title="Viverridae">Viverridae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Palm_civets173" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><a href="/wiki/Palm_civet" title="Palm civet">Palm civets</a></span></small></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hemigalinae" title="Hemigalinae">Hemigalinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Owston%27s_palm_civet" title="Owston's palm civet">Owston's palm civet (<i>Chrotogale owstoni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otter_civet" title="Otter civet">Otter civet (<i>Cynogale bennettii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hose%27s_palm_civet" title="Hose's palm civet">Hose's palm civet (<i>Diplogale hosei</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banded_palm_civet" title="Banded palm civet">Banded palm civet (<i>Hemigalus derbyanus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paradoxurinae" title="Paradoxurinae">Paradoxurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binturong" title="Binturong">Binturong (<i>Arctictis binturong</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-toothed_palm_civet" title="Small-toothed palm civet">Small-toothed palm civet (<i>Arctogalidia trivirgata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulawesi_palm_civet" title="Sulawesi palm civet">Sulawesi palm civet (<i>Macrogalidia musschenbroekii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masked_palm_civet" title="Masked palm civet">Masked palm civet (<i>Paguma larvata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Paradoxurus" title="Paradoxurus">Paradoxurus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_palm_civet" title="Asian palm civet">Asian palm civet (<i>P. hermaphroditus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_palm_civet" title="Brown palm civet">Brown palm civet (<i>P. jerdoni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_palm_civet" title="Golden palm civet">Golden palm civet (<i>P. zeylonensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Viverrinae_sensu_lato153" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Viverrinae" title="Viverrinae">Viverrinae</a> <span style="font-weight:normal"><i>sensu lato</i></span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Viverrinae" title="Viverrinae">Viverrinae</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal"><i>sensu stricto</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_Indian_civet" title="Small Indian civet">Small Indian civet (<i>Viverricula indica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_civet" title="African civet">African civet (<i>Civettictis civetta</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Viverra" title="Viverra">Viverra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_large-spotted_civet" title="Malabar large-spotted civet">Malabar large-spotted civet (<i>V. civettina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large-spotted_civet" title="Large-spotted civet">Large-spotted civet (<i>V. megaspila</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_civet" title="Malayan civet">Malayan civet (<i>V. tangalunga</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_Indian_civet" title="Large Indian civet">Large Indian civet (<i>V. zibetha</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Genettinae" title="Genettinae">Genettinae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Poiana(African_linsangs)127" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Poiana_(genus)" title="Poiana (genus)">Poiana<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(African linsangs)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_oyan" title="Central African oyan">Central African oyan (<i>P. richardsonii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_African_oyan" title="West African oyan">West African oyan (<i>P. leightoni</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><i><a href="/wiki/Genet_(animal)" title="Genet (animal)">Genetta <small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(genets)</span></small></a></i></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">subgenus</span></small> <i>Genetta</i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><i>(paraphyletic)</i></span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyssinian_genet" title="Abyssinian genet">Abyssinian genet (<i>G. abyssinica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_genet" title="Common genet">Common genet (<i>G. genetta</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_small-spotted_genet" title="South African small-spotted genet">South African small-spotted genet (<i>G. felina</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">subgenus</span></small> <i>Eugenetta</i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><i>(paraphyletic)</i></span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_genet" title="Angolan genet">Angolan genet (<i>G. angolensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_genet" title="Cape genet">Cape genet (<i>G. tigrina</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">subgenus</span></small> <i>Herpailuropoda</i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><i>(paraphyletic)</i></span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourlon%27s_genet" title="Bourlon's genet">Bourlon's genet (<i>G. bourloni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnston%27s_genet" title="Johnston's genet">Johnston's genet (<i>G. johnstoni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_genet" title="Hausa genet">Hausa genet (<i>G. thierryi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_forest_genet" title="Giant forest genet">Giant forest genet (<i>G. victoriae</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">subgenus</span></small> <i>Pardogale</i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><i>(paraphyletic)</i></span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pardine_genet" title="Pardine genet">Pardine genet (<i>G. pardina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_genet" title="King genet">King genet (<i>G. poensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">subgenus</span></small> <i>Prionailuropoda</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letaba_genet" title="Letaba genet">Letaba genet (<i>G. letabae</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusty-spotted_genet" title="Rusty-spotted genet">Rusty-spotted genet (<i>G. maculata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schouteden%27s_genet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schouteden's genet (page does not exist)">Schouteden's genet (<i>G. schoutedeni</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">subgenus</span></small> <i>Leptailuropoda</i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><i>(paraphyletic)</i></span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crested_servaline_genet" title="Crested servaline genet">Crested servaline genet (<i>G. cristata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servaline_genet" title="Servaline genet">Servaline genet (<i>G. servalina</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">subgenus</span></small> <i>Osbornictis</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_genet" title="Aquatic genet">Aquatic genet (<i>G. piscivora</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Herpestoidea" title="Herpestoidea">Herpestoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Herpestoidea578" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Herpestoidea" title="Herpestoidea">Herpestoidea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hyaenidae(hyenas)106" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Hyena" title="Hyena">Hyaenidae<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(hyenas)</span></small></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Proteles" title="Proteles">Proteles</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aardwolf" title="Aardwolf">Aardwolf (<i>P. cristata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Hyaeninae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyaeninae">Hyaeninae<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(bone-crushing hyenas)</span></small></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Striped_hyena" title="Striped hyena">Striped hyena (<i>Hyaena hyaena</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_hyena" title="Brown hyena">Brown hyena (<i>Parahyaena brunnea</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Crocuta" title="Crocuta">Crocuta</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spotted_hyena" title="Spotted hyena">Spotted hyena (<i>C. crocuta</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Mongoose" title="Mongoose">Herpestidae</a> <span style="font-weight:normal"><i>sensu lato</i></span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Eupleridae" title="Eupleridae">Eupleridae<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(Malagasy<br />carnivorans)</span></small></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Euplerinae" title="Euplerinae">Euplerinae<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(Malagasy civets)</span></small></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossa_(animal)" title="Fossa (animal)">Fossa (<i>Cryptoprocta ferox</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_civet" title="Malagasy civet">Malagasy civet (<i>Fossa fossana</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Eupleres" title="Eupleres">Eupleres <small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(falanoucs)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_falanouc" title="Eastern falanouc">Eastern falanouc (<i>E. goudotii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_falanouc" title="Western falanouc">Western falanouc (<i>E. major</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Galidiinae" title="Galidiinae">Galidiinae<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(vontsira)</span></small></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ring-tailed_vontsira" title="Ring-tailed vontsira">Ring-tailed vontsira (<i>Galidia elegans</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Galidictis" title="Galidictis">Galidictis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broad-striped_Malagasy_mongoose" title="Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose">Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose (<i>G. fasciata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandidier%27s_mongoose" title="Grandidier's mongoose">Grandidier's mongoose (<i>G. grandidieri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narrow-striped_mongoose" title="Narrow-striped mongoose">Narrow-striped mongoose (<i>Mungotictis decemlineata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Salanoia" title="Salanoia">Salanoia</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown-tailed_mongoose" title="Brown-tailed mongoose">Brown-tailed mongoose (<i>S. concolor</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrell%27s_vontsira" title="Durrell's vontsira">Durrell's vontsira (<i>S. durrelli</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Mongoose" title="Mongoose">Herpestidae</a> <span style="font-weight:normal"> <i>sensu stricto</i></span> <small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><a href="/wiki/Mongoose" title="Mongoose">(mongooses)</a></span></small></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Mongoose#Taxonomy" title="Mongoose">Mungotinae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Suricata168" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Suricata" title="Suricata">Suricata</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meerkat" title="Meerkat">Meerkat (<i>S. suricatta</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_mongoose" title="Liberian mongoose">Liberian mongoose (<i>Liberiictus kuhni</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Mungos" title="Mungos">Mungos</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_mongoose" title="Gambian mongoose">Gambian mongoose (<i>M. gambianus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banded_mongoose" title="Banded mongoose">Banded mongoose (<i>M. mungo</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pousargues%27s_mongoose" title="Pousargues's mongoose">Pousargues's mongoose (<i>Dologale dybowskii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Helogale" title="Helogale">Helogale</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_dwarf_mongoose" title="Ethiopian dwarf mongoose">Ethiopian dwarf mongoose (<i>H. hirtula</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_dwarf_mongoose" title="Common dwarf mongoose">Common dwarf mongoose (<i>H. parvula</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Crossarchus" title="Crossarchus">Crossarchus<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(kusimanses)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander%27s_kusimanse" title="Alexander's kusimanse">Alexander's kusimanse (<i>C. alexandri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_kusimanse" title="Angolan kusimanse">Angolan kusimanse (<i>C. ansorgei</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_kusimanse" title="Common kusimanse">Common kusimanse (<i>C. obscurus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat-headed_kusimanse" title="Flat-headed kusimanse">Flat-headed kusimanse (<i>C. platycephalus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Mongoose#Taxonomy" title="Mongoose">Herpestinae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_mongoose" title="Marsh mongoose">Marsh mongoose (<i>Atilax paludinosus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-nosed_mongoose" title="Long-nosed mongoose">Long-nosed mongoose (<i>Xenogale naso</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Urva_(genus)" title="Urva (genus)">Urva<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(Asian mongooses)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_Indian_mongoose" title="Small Indian mongoose">Small Indian mongoose (<i>U. auropunctata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short-tailed_mongoose" title="Short-tailed mongoose">Short-tailed mongoose (<i>U. brachyura</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_grey_mongoose" title="Indian grey mongoose">Indian grey mongoose (<i>U. edwardsii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_brown_mongoose" title="Indian brown mongoose">Indian brown mongoose (<i>U. fusca</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javan_mongoose" title="Javan mongoose">Javan mongoose (<i>U. javanica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collared_mongoose" title="Collared mongoose">Collared mongoose (<i>U. semitorquata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruddy_mongoose" title="Ruddy mongoose">Ruddy mongoose (<i>U. smithii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab-eating_mongoose" title="Crab-eating mongoose">Crab-eating mongoose (<i>U. urva</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stripe-necked_mongoose" title="Stripe-necked mongoose">Stripe-necked mongoose (<i>U. vitticolla</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White-tailed_mongoose" title="White-tailed mongoose">White-tailed mongoose (<i>Ichneumia albicauda</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_mongoose" title="Yellow mongoose">Yellow mongoose (<i>Cynictis penicillata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selous%27s_mongoose" title="Selous's mongoose">Selous's mongoose (<i>Paracynictis selousi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meller%27s_mongoose" title="Meller's mongoose">Meller's mongoose (<i>Rhynchogale melleri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Bdeogale" title="Bdeogale">Bdeogale</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bushy-tailed_mongoose" title="Bushy-tailed mongoose">Bushy-tailed mongoose (<i>B. crassicauda</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson%27s_mongoose" title="Jackson's mongoose">Jackson's mongoose (<i>B. jacksoni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-footed_mongoose" title="Black-footed mongoose">Black-footed mongoose (<i>B. nigripes</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Herpestes" title="Herpestes">Herpestes<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(slender mongooses)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_slender_mongoose" title="Angolan slender mongoose">Angolan slender mongoose (<i>H. flavescens</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_mongoose" title="Egyptian mongoose">Egyptian mongoose (<i>H. ichneumon</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalian_slender_mongoose" title="Somalian slender mongoose">Somalian slender mongoose (<i>H. ochracea</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_gray_mongoose" title="Cape gray mongoose">Cape gray mongoose (<i>H. pulverulenta</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_slender_mongoose" title="Common slender mongoose">Common slender mongoose (<i>H. sanguinea</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Caniformia_(&quot;dog-like&quot;_carnivorans)578" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Caniformia" title="Caniformia">Caniformia <small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">("dog-like" carnivorans)</span></small></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Canidae_(dogs)281" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Canidae" title="Canidae">Canidae <small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(dogs)</span></small></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Urocyon15" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Urocyon" title="Urocyon">Urocyon</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gray_fox" title="Gray fox">Gray fox (<i>U. cinereoargenteus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_fox" title="Island fox">Island fox (<i>U. littoralis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1em"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Vulpini" title="Vulpini">Vulpini</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bat-eared_fox" title="Bat-eared fox">Bat-eared fox (<i>Otocyon megalotis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1em"><i><a href="/wiki/Nyctereutes" title="Nyctereutes">Nyctereutes<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(raccoon dogs)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_raccoon_dog" title="Common raccoon dog">Common raccoon dog (<i>N. procyonoides</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_raccoon_dog" title="Japanese raccoon dog">Japanese raccoon dog (<i>N. viverrinus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1em"><i><a href="/wiki/Vulpes" title="Vulpes">Vulpes</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(true <a href="/wiki/Fox" title="Fox">foxes</a>)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_fox" title="Bengal fox">Bengal fox (<i>V. bengalensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanford%27s_fox" title="Blanford's fox">Blanford's fox (<i>V. cana</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_fox" title="Cape fox">Cape fox (<i>V. chama</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsac_fox" title="Corsac fox">Corsac fox (<i>V. corsac</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_fox" title="Tibetan fox">Tibetan fox (<i>V. ferrilata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_fox" title="Arctic fox">Arctic fox (<i>V. lagopus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kit_fox" title="Kit fox">Kit fox (<i>V. macrotis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pale_fox" title="Pale fox">Pale fox (<i>V. pallida</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCppell%27s_fox" title="Rüppell's fox">Rüppell's fox (<i>V. rueppelli</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swift_fox" title="Swift fox">Swift fox (<i>V. velox</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_fox" title="Red fox">Red fox (<i>V. vulpes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fennec_fox" title="Fennec fox">Fennec fox (<i>V. zerda</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1em"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Canini_(tribe)" title="Canini (tribe)">Canini <small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(true dogs)</span></small></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;line-height:1em"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><br /><a href="/wiki/Cerdocyonina" title="Cerdocyonina">Cerdocyonina<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(zorro)</span></small></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maned_wolf" title="Maned wolf">Maned wolf (<i>Chrysocyon brachyurus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Speothos" title="Speothos">Speothos</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bush_dog" title="Bush dog">Bush dog (<i>S. venaticus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Short-eared_dog" title="Short-eared dog">Short-eared dog (<i>Atelocynus microtis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab-eating_fox" title="Crab-eating fox">Crab-eating fox (<i>Cerdocyon thous</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1em"><i><a href="/wiki/South_American_fox" title="South American fox">Lycalopex<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(South American foxes)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culpeo" title="Culpeo">Culpeo (<i>L. culpaeus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin%27s_fox" title="Darwin's fox">Darwin's fox (<i>L. fulvipes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_gray_fox" title="South American gray fox">South American gray fox (<i>L. griseus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampas_fox" title="Pampas fox">Pampas fox (<i>L. gymnocercus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sechuran_fox" title="Sechuran fox">Sechuran fox (<i>L. sechurae</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoary_fox" title="Hoary fox">Hoary fox (<i>L. vetulus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;line-height:1em"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><br /><a href="/wiki/Canina_(subtribe)" title="Canina (subtribe)">Canina<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(wolf-like canids)</span></small></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Lupulella" title="Lupulella">Lupulella</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Side-striped_jackal" title="Side-striped jackal">Side-striped jackal (<i>L. adustus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-backed_jackal" title="Black-backed jackal">Black-backed jackal (<i>L. mesomelas</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Lycaon_(genus)" title="Lycaon (genus)">Lycaon</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_wild_dog" title="African wild dog">African wild dog (<i>Lycaon pictus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhole" title="Dhole">Dhole (<i>Cuon alpinus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Canis" title="Canis">Canis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_jackal" title="Golden jackal">Golden jackal (<i>C. aureus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">Domestic dog (<i>C. familiaris</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coyote" title="Coyote">Coyote (<i>C. latrans</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_wolf" title="African wolf">African wolf (<i>C. lupaster</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">Wolf (<i>C. lupus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_wolf" title="Eastern wolf">Eastern wolf (<i>C. lycaon</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_wolf" title="Red wolf">Red wolf (<i>C. rufus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_wolf" title="Ethiopian wolf">Ethiopian wolf (<i>C. simensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Arctoidea" title="Arctoidea">Arctoidea</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ursidae_(bears)183" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1em"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ursidae <small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(bears)</span></small></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ailuropoda" title="Ailuropoda">Ailuropoda</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giant_panda" title="Giant panda">Giant panda (<i>A. melanoleuca</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Tremarctos" title="Tremarctos">Tremarctos</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spectacled_bear" title="Spectacled bear">Spectacled bear (<i>T. ornatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ursinae" title="Ursinae">Ursinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sloth_bear" title="Sloth bear">Sloth bear (<i>Melursus ursinus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_bear" title="Sun bear">Sun bear (<i>Helarctos malayanus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ursus_(mammal)" title="Ursus (mammal)">Ursus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_black_bear" title="American black bear">American black bear (<i>U. americanus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_black_bear" title="Asian black bear">Asian black bear (<i>U. thibetanus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">Brown bear (<i>U. arctos</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_bear" title="Polar bear">Polar bear (<i>U. maritimus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arctoidea" title="Arctoidea">Mustelida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">Pinnipedia <small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(seals)</span></small></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Musteloidea" title="Musteloidea">Musteloidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Pinnipedia_(seals)578" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">Pinnipedia <small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(seals)</span></small></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Odobenidae14" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Odobenidae" title="Odobenidae">Odobenidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walrus" title="Walrus">Walrus (<i>Odobenus rosmarus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Eared_seal" title="Eared seal">Otariidae <small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(eared seals)</span></small></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Callorhinus" title="Callorhinus">Callorhinus</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(northern <a href="/wiki/Fur_seal" title="Fur seal">fur seals</a>)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_fur_seal" title="Northern fur seal">Northern fur seal (<i>C. ursinus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Otariinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Otariinae">Otariinae</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Sea_lion" title="Sea lion">sea lions</a>)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steller_sea_lion" title="Steller sea lion">Steller sea lion (<i>Eumetopias jubatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Zalophus" title="Zalophus">Zalophus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_sea_lion" title="California sea lion">California sea lion (<i>Z. californianus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_sea_lion" title="Galápagos sea lion">Galápagos sea lion (<i>Z. wollebaeki</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_American_sea_lion" title="South American sea lion">South American sea lion (<i>Otaria flavescens</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Neophoca" title="Neophoca">Neophoca</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_sea_lion" title="Australian sea lion">Australian sea lion (<i>N. cinerea</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_sea_lion" title="New Zealand sea lion">New Zealand sea lion (<i>Phocarctos hookeri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Arctocephalus" title="Arctocephalus">Arctocephalus</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(southern <a href="/wiki/Fur_seal" title="Fur seal">fur seals</a>)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_American_fur_seal" title="South American fur seal">South American fur seal (<i>A. australis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctocephalus_forsteri" title="Arctocephalus forsteri">Australasian fur seal (<i>A. forsteri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_fur_seal" title="Galápagos fur seal">Galápagos fur seal (<i>A. galapagoensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_fur_seal" title="Antarctic fur seal">Antarctic fur seal (<i>A. gazella</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_fur_seal" title="Juan Fernández fur seal">Juan Fernández fur seal (<i>A. philippii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_fur_seal" title="Brown fur seal">Brown fur seal (<i>A. pusillus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_fur_seal" title="Guadalupe fur seal">Guadalupe fur seal (<i>A. townsendi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subantarctic_fur_seal" title="Subantarctic fur seal">Subantarctic fur seal (<i>A. tropicalis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"> <a href="/wiki/Earless_seal" title="Earless seal">Phocidae <small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(earless seals or true seals)</span></small></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><br /> <a href="/wiki/Phocinae" title="Phocinae">Phocinae<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">("northern seals")</span></small></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bearded_seal" title="Bearded seal">Bearded seal (<i>Erignathus barbatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooded_seal" title="Hooded seal">Hooded seal (<i>Cystophora cristata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Phocini" class="mw-redirect" title="Phocini">Phocini</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harp_seal" title="Harp seal">Harp seal (<i>Pagophilus groenlandicus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribbon_seal" title="Ribbon seal">Ribbon seal (<i>Histriophoca fasciata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_seal" title="Grey seal">Grey seal (<i>Halichoerus grypus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Phoca" title="Phoca">Phoca</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spotted_seal" title="Spotted seal">Spotted seal (<i>P. largha</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbor_seal" title="Harbor seal">Harbor seal (<i>P. vitulina</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Pusa" title="Pusa">Pusa</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_seal" title="Caspian seal">Caspian seal (<i>P. caspica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringed_seal" title="Ringed seal">Ringed seal (<i>P. hispida</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baikal_seal" title="Baikal seal">Baikal seal (<i>P. sibirica</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><br /><a href="/wiki/Monachinae" title="Monachinae">Monachinae<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">("southern seals")</span></small></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Monachini(monk_seals)362" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Monk_seal" title="Monk seal">Monachini<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(monk seals)</span></small></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_monk_seal" title="Mediterranean monk seal">Mediterranean monk seal (<i>Monachus monachus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Neomonachus" title="Neomonachus">Neomonachus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_monk_seal" title="Hawaiian monk seal">Hawaiian monk seal (<i>N. schauinslandi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Elephant_seal" title="Elephant seal">Mirounga<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(elephant seals)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_elephant_seal" title="Northern elephant seal">Northern elephant seal (<i>M. angustirostris</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_elephant_seal" title="Southern elephant seal">Southern elephant seal (<i>M. leonina</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Lobodontini" title="Lobodontini">Lobodontini<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(Antarctic seals)</span></small></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leopard_seal" title="Leopard seal">Leopard seal (<i>Hydrurga leptonyx</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weddell_seal" title="Weddell seal">Weddell seal (<i>Leptonychotes weddellii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crabeater_seal" title="Crabeater seal">Crabeater seal (<i>Lobodon carcinophagus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_seal" title="Ross seal">Ross seal (<i>Ommatophoca rossi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Musteloidea578" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Musteloidea" title="Musteloidea">Musteloidea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ailuridae13" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ailuridae" title="Ailuridae">Ailuridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_panda" title="Red panda">Red panda (<i>Ailurus fulgens</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Mephitidae" title="Mephitidae">Mephitidae</a> <small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Skunk" title="Skunk">skunks</a>)</span></small></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Hog-nosed_skunk" title="Hog-nosed skunk">Conepatus<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(hog-nosed skunks)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molina%27s_hog-nosed_skunk" title="Molina's hog-nosed skunk">Molina's hog-nosed skunk (<i>C. chinga</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt%27s_hog-nosed_skunk" title="Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk">Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk (<i>C. humboldtii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_hog-nosed_skunk" title="American hog-nosed skunk">American hog-nosed skunk (<i>C. leuconotus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striped_hog-nosed_skunk" title="Striped hog-nosed skunk">Striped hog-nosed skunk (<i>C. semistriatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Mephitis_(genus)" title="Mephitis (genus)">Mephitis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hooded_skunk" title="Hooded skunk">Hooded skunk (<i>M. macroura</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striped_skunk" title="Striped skunk">Striped skunk (<i>M. mephitis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Stink_badger" title="Stink badger">Mydaus<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(stink badgers)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_stink_badger" title="Sunda stink badger">Sunda stink badger (<i>M. javanensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palawan_stink_badger" title="Palawan stink badger">Palawan stink badger (<i>M. marchei</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Spotted_skunk" title="Spotted skunk">Spilogale<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(spotted skunks)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_spotted_skunk" title="Southern spotted skunk">Southern spotted skunk (<i>S. angustifrons</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_spotted_skunk" title="Western spotted skunk">Western spotted skunk (<i>S. gracilis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_spotted_skunk" title="Eastern spotted skunk">Eastern spotted skunk (<i>S. putorius</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_spotted_skunk" title="Pygmy spotted skunk">Pygmy spotted skunk (<i>S. pygmaea</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Procyonidae" title="Procyonidae">Procyonidae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinkajou" title="Kinkajou">Kinkajou (<i>Potos flavus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Bassariscus" title="Bassariscus">Bassariscus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ringtail" title="Ringtail">Ringtail (<i>B. astutus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cacomistle" title="Cacomistle">Cacomistle (<i>B. sumichrasti</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Procyon_(genus)" title="Procyon (genus)">Procyon<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(raccoons)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crab-eating_raccoon" title="Crab-eating raccoon">Crab-eating raccoon (<i>P. cancrivorus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raccoon" title="Raccoon">Raccoon (<i>P. lotor</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cozumel_raccoon" title="Cozumel raccoon">Cozumel raccoon (<i>P. pygmaeus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Bassaricyon" title="Bassaricyon">Bassaricyon<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(olingos)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_lowland_olingo" title="Eastern lowland olingo">Eastern lowland olingo (<i>B. alleni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_olingo" title="Northern olingo">Northern olingo (<i>B. gabbii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_lowland_olingo" title="Western lowland olingo">Western lowland olingo (<i>B. medius</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olinguito" title="Olinguito">Olinguito (<i>B. neblina</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Coati" title="Coati">Nasuina<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(coatis)</span></small></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Nasua" title="Nasua">Nasua</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_American_coati" title="South American coati">South American coati (<i>N. nasua</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-nosed_coati" title="White-nosed coati">White-nosed coati (<i>N. narica</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Nasuella" title="Nasuella">Nasuella<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(mountain coatis)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasuella_meridensis" title="Nasuella meridensis">Eastern mountain coati (<i>N. meridensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasuella_olivacea" title="Nasuella olivacea">Western mountain coati (<i>N. olivacea</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mustelidae" title="Mustelidae">Mustelidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mustelidae578" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mustelidae" title="Mustelidae">Mustelidae</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Mustelidae130" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Mustelidae" title="Mustelidae">Mustelidae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_badger" title="American badger">American badger (<i>Taxidea taxus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Mellivora" title="Mellivora">Mellivora</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honey_badger" title="Honey badger">Honey badger (<i>M. capensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Badger" title="Badger">Melinae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Hog_badger" title="Hog badger">Arctonyx<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(hog badgers)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_hog_badger" title="Northern hog badger">Northern hog badger (<i>A. albogularis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_hog_badger" title="Greater hog badger">Greater hog badger (<i>A. collaris</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumatran_hog_badger" title="Sumatran hog badger">Sumatran hog badger (<i>A. hoevenii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Meles_(genus)" title="Meles (genus)">Meles<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(Eurasian badgers)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_badger" title="Japanese badger">Japanese badger (<i>M. anakuma</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_badger" title="Caucasian badger">Caucasian badger (<i>M. canescens</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_badger" title="Asian badger">Asian badger (<i>M. leucurus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_badger" title="European badger">European badger (<i>M. meles</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Ferret-badger" title="Ferret-badger">Melogale<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(ferret-badgers)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_ferret-badger" title="Vietnam ferret-badger">Vietnam ferret-badger (<i>M. cucphuongensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bornean_ferret_badger" title="Bornean ferret badger">Bornean ferret badger (<i>M. everetti</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ferret-badger" title="Chinese ferret-badger">Chinese ferret-badger (<i>M. moschata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javan_ferret-badger" title="Javan ferret-badger">Javan ferret-badger (<i>M. orientalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_ferret-badger" title="Burmese ferret-badger">Burmese ferret-badger (<i>M. personata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formosan_ferret-badger" title="Formosan ferret-badger">Formosan ferret-badger (<i>M. subaurantiaca</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Guloninae" title="Guloninae">Guloninae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tayra" title="Tayra">Tayra (<i>Eira barbara</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Pekania" title="Pekania">Pekania</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fisher_(animal)" title="Fisher (animal)">Fisher (<i>P. pennanti</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Gulo" title="Gulo">Gulo</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolverine" title="Wolverine">Wolverine (<i>G. gulo</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Marten" title="Marten">Martes<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(martens)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_marten" title="American marten">American marten (<i>M. americana</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_marten" title="Pacific marten">Pacific marten (<i>M. caurina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-throated_marten" title="Yellow-throated marten">Yellow-throated marten (<i>M. flavigula</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beech_marten" title="Beech marten">Beech marten (<i>M. foina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_marten" title="Nilgiri marten">Nilgiri marten (<i>M. gwatkinsii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_pine_marten" title="European pine marten">European pine marten (<i>M. martes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_marten" title="Japanese marten">Japanese marten (<i>M. melampus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sable" title="Sable">Sable (<i>M. zibellina</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Ictonychinae" title="Ictonychinae">Ictonychinae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyncodontini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lyncodontini (page does not exist)">Lyncodontini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patagonian_weasel" title="Patagonian weasel">Patagonian weasel (<i>Lyncodon patagonicus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Galictis" title="Galictis">Galictis<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(grisons)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_grison" title="Lesser grison">Lesser grison (<i>G. cuja</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_grison" title="Greater grison">Greater grison (<i>G. vittata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ictonychini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ictonychini (page does not exist)">Ictonychini<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(African polecats)</span></small></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Vormela30" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Vormela" title="Vormela">Vormela</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marbled_polecat" title="Marbled polecat">Marbled polecat (<i>V. peregusna</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_striped_weasel" title="African striped weasel">African striped weasel (<i>Poecilogale albinucha</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ictonyx" title="Ictonyx">Ictonyx</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saharan_striped_polecat" title="Saharan striped polecat">Saharan striped polecat (<i>I. libycus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striped_polecat" title="Striped polecat">Striped polecat (<i>I. striatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Otter" title="Otter">Lutrinae <small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(otters)</span></small></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giant_otter" title="Giant otter">Giant otter (<i>Pteronura brasiliensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Lontra" title="Lontra">Lontra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_river_otter" title="North American river otter">North American river otter (<i>L. canadensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_otter" title="Marine otter">Marine otter (<i>L. felina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neotropical_otter" title="Neotropical otter">Neotropical otter (<i>L. longicaudis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_river_otter" title="Southern river otter">Southern river otter (<i>L. provocax</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Enhydra" title="Enhydra">Enhydra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sea_otter" title="Sea otter">Sea otter (<i>E. lutris</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spotted-necked_otter" title="Spotted-necked otter">Spotted-necked otter (<i>Hydrictis maculicollis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Lutra" title="Lutra">Lutra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_otter" title="Eurasian otter">Eurasian otter (<i>L. lutra</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hairy-nosed_otter" title="Hairy-nosed otter">Hairy-nosed otter (<i>L. sumatrana</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Lutrogale" title="Lutrogale">Lutrogale</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smooth-coated_otter" title="Smooth-coated otter">Smooth-coated otter (<i>L. perspicillata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Aonyx" title="Aonyx">Aonyx</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_clawless_otter" title="African clawless otter">African clawless otter (<i>A. capensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_small-clawed_otter" title="Asian small-clawed otter">Asian small-clawed otter (<i>A. cinereus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_clawless_otter" title="Congo clawless otter">Congo clawless otter (<i>A. congicus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Mustelinae" title="Mustelinae">Mustelinae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Neogale(New_World_weasels)121" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Neogale" title="Neogale">Neogale<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(New World weasels)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_weasel" title="Amazon weasel">Amazon weasel (<i>N. africana</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_weasel" title="Colombian weasel">Colombian weasel (<i>N. felipei</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-tailed_weasel" title="Long-tailed weasel">Long-tailed weasel (<i>N. frenata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_mink" title="American mink">American mink (<i>N. vison</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Weasel" title="Weasel">Mustela<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(weasels)</span></small></a></i></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">subgenus</span></small> <i>Mustela</i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><i>(paraphyletic)</i></span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mustela_aistoodonnivalis" title="Mustela aistoodonnivalis">Sichuan weasel (<i>M. aistoodonnivalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_weasel" title="Mountain weasel">Mountain weasel (<i>M. altaica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoat" title="Stoat">Stoat/Beringian ermine (<i>M. erminea</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_ermine" title="Haida ermine">Haida ermine (<i>M. haidarum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-bellied_weasel" title="Yellow-bellied weasel">Yellow-bellied weasel (<i>M. kathiah</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Least_weasel" title="Least weasel">Least weasel (<i>M. nivalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_ermine" title="American ermine">American ermine (<i>M. richardsonii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">subgenus</span></small> <i>Lutreola</i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><i>(paraphyletic)</i></span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_weasel" title="Japanese weasel">Japanese weasel (<i>M. itatsi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_mink" title="European mink">European mink (<i>M. lutreola</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mountain_weasel" title="Indonesian mountain weasel">Indonesian mountain weasel (<i>M. lutreolina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_weasel" title="Malayan weasel">Malayan weasel (<i>M. nudipes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_weasel" title="Siberian weasel">Siberian weasel (<i>M. sibirica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back-striped_weasel" title="Back-striped weasel">Back-striped weasel (<i>M. strigidorsa</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">subgenus</span></small> <i><a href="/wiki/Putorius" title="Putorius">Putorius</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steppe_polecat" title="Steppe polecat">Steppe polecat (<i>M. eversmannii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferret" title="Ferret">Ferret (<i>M. furo</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-footed_ferret" title="Black-footed ferret">Black-footed ferret (<i>M. nigripes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_polecat" title="European polecat">European polecat (<i>M. putorius</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Mink" title="Mink">Mink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polecat" title="Polecat">Polecat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heraldry713" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heraldry" title="Template:Heraldry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heraldry" title="Template talk:Heraldry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heraldry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heraldry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heraldry713" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">Heraldry</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heraldic_authority" title="Heraldic authority">Authorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_of_arms" title="Grant of arms">Grant of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_heraldry" title="History of heraldry">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_heraldic_arms" title="Law of heraldic arms">Law of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Officer_of_arms" title="Officer of arms">Officers of arms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Arms" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Arms">King of Arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herald" title="Herald">herald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pursuivant" title="Pursuivant">pursuivant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_officer_of_arms" title="Private officer of arms">private</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_coat_of_arms" title="National coat of arms">National</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_of_dominion" title="Arms of dominion">dominion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_heraldry" title="Civic heraldry">civic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_heraldry" title="Ecclesiastical heraldry">Ecclesiastical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_armorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal armorial">papal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgher_arms" title="Burgher arms">Burgher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_heraldry" title="Women in heraldry">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attributed_arms" title="Attributed arms">Attributed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armiger" title="Armiger">Armiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augmentation_of_honour" title="Augmentation of honour">Augmentation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abatement_(heraldry)" title="Abatement (heraldry)">abatement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_and_modern_arms" title="Ancient and modern arms">Ancient and modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arms_of_alliance" title="Arms of alliance">Alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heraldic_courtesy" title="Heraldic courtesy">courtesy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blazon" title="Blazon">Blazon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadency" title="Cadency">Cadency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marks_of_distinction" title="Marks of distinction">distinction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canting_arms" title="Canting arms">Canting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debased_heraldry" title="Debased heraldry">Debased</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_(heraldry)" title="Field (heraldry)">Field</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_the_field" title="Division of the field">divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variation_of_the_field" title="Variation of the field">variations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldic_fraud" title="Heraldic fraud">Fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldry#Marshalling" title="Heraldry">Marshalling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quartering_(heraldry)" title="Quartering (heraldry)">quartering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impalement_(heraldry)" title="Impalement (heraldry)">impalement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Heraldic_traditions_by_country" title="Template:Heraldic traditions by country">National traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldry_societies" title="Heraldry societies">Societies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Achievement_(heraldry)" title="Achievement (heraldry)">Achievement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_(heraldry)" title="Crown (heraldry)">Crowns and coronets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crest_(heraldry)" title="Crest (heraldry)">Crest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compartment_(heraldry)" title="Compartment (heraldry)">Compartment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escutcheon_(heraldry)" title="Escutcheon (heraldry)">Escutcheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmet_(heraldry)" title="Helmet (heraldry)">Helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantling" title="Mantling">Mantling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantle_and_pavilion_(heraldry)" title="Mantle and pavilion (heraldry)">pavilion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motto" title="Motto">Motto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slogan_(heraldry)" title="Slogan (heraldry)">slogan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supporter" title="Supporter">Supporter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torse" title="Torse">Torse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Charge_(heraldry)" title="Charge (heraldry)">Charges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attitude_(heraldry)" title="Attitude (heraldry)">Attitudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasure_(heraldry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Erasure (heraldry)">Erasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimbriation" title="Fimbriation">Fimbriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_(heraldry)" title="Line (heraldry)">Lines</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ordinary_(heraldry)" title="Ordinary (heraldry)">Ordinaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annulet_(heraldry)" title="Annulet (heraldry)">Annulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_(heraldry)" title="Bar (heraldry)">Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bend_(heraldry)" title="Bend (heraldry)">Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bordure" title="Bordure">Bordure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_(heraldry)" title="Canton (heraldry)">Canton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevron_(insignia)" title="Chevron (insignia)">Chevron</a> (<a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C4%99kawica_(ordinary)" title="Łękawica (ordinary)">Łękawica</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compon%C3%A9e" title="Componée">Componée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosses_in_heraldry" title="Crosses in heraldry">Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crozier_head" title="Crozier head">Crozier head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_(heraldry)" title="Chief (heraldry)">Chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fess" title="Fess">Fess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaunch" title="Flaunch">Flaunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goutte" title="Goutte">Goutte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyron" title="Gyron">Gyron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamade" title="Hamade">Hamade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inescutcheon" title="Inescutcheon">Inescutcheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Label_(heraldry)" title="Label (heraldry)">Label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozenge_(heraldry)" title="Lozenge (heraldry)">Lozenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orle_(heraldry)" title="Orle (heraldry)">Orle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pale_(heraldry)" title="Pale (heraldry)">Pale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pall_(heraldry)" title="Pall (heraldry)">Pall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pile_(heraldry)" title="Pile (heraldry)">Pile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundel_(heraldry)" title="Roundel (heraldry)">Roundel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bezant" title="Bezant">Bezant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltire" title="Saltire">Saltire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Beasts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bear_in_heraldry" title="Bear in heraldry">Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boars_in_heraldry" title="Boars in heraldry">Boar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle#In_heraldry" title="Cattle">Bull/ox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hound_(heraldry)" title="Hound (heraldry)">Dog/hound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giraffe" title="Giraffe">Camelopard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer#Heraldic" title="Deer">Hind/stag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_emblems_and_popular_culture" title="Kangaroo emblems and popular culture">Kangaroo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopard_(heraldry)" title="Leopard (heraldry)">Leopard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_(heraldry)" title="Lion (heraldry)">Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolves_in_heraldry" title="Wolves in heraldry">Wolf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Birds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alerion" title="Alerion">Alerion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_swan_emblems_and_popular_culture" title="Black swan emblems and popular culture">Black swan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rooster#Emblems" class="mw-redirect" title="Rooster">Cock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_(heraldry)" title="Crow (heraldry)">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doves_as_symbols" title="Doves as symbols">Dove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_(heraldry)" title="Eagle (heraldry)">Eagle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Szaszor" title="Szaszor">Szaszor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Przepaska" class="mw-redirect" title="Przepaska">Przepaska</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martlet" title="Martlet">Martlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelican#Heraldry" title="Pelican">Pelican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bee_(heraldry)" title="Bee (heraldry)">Bee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crapaud#Heraldry" title="Crapaud">Crapaudy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin_(heraldry)" title="Dolphin (heraldry)">Dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmet_(heraldry)" title="Emmet (heraldry)">Emmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ged_(heraldry)" title="Ged (heraldry)">Ged</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esox#Heraldry" title="Esox">Lucy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portcullis#Heraldry" title="Portcullis">Portcullis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat_(heraldry)" title="Bat (heraldry)">Reremouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scallop#Badge" title="Scallop">Scallop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpent_symbolism#Flags_and_heraldry" title="Serpent symbolism">Serpent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfsangel" title="Wolfsangel">Wolfsangel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legendary_creature" title="Legendary creature">Legendary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allocamelus" title="Allocamelus">Allocamelus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphyn" title="Alphyn">Alphyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphiptere" title="Amphiptere">Amphiptere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilisk" title="Basilisk">Basilisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biscione" title="Biscione">Biscione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chollima" class="mw-redirect" title="Chollima">Chollima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockatrice" title="Cockatrice">Cockatrice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon">Dragon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_dragon" title="Chinese dragon">Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enfield_(heraldry)" title="Enfield (heraldry)">Enfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griffin" title="Griffin">Griffin/Keythong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpy" title="Harpy">Harpy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippocampus_(mythology)" title="Hippocampus (mythology)">Hippocampus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippogriff" title="Hippogriff">Hippogriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampago" title="Lampago">Lampago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindworm" title="Lindworm">Lindworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manticore" title="Manticore">Manticore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mermaid" title="Mermaid">Mermaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musimon" title="Musimon">Musimon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouroboros" title="Ouroboros">Ouroboros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheon_(mythical_creature)" title="Pantheon (mythical creature)">Pantheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panther_(legendary_creature)" title="Panther (legendary creature)">Panther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegasus" title="Pegasus">Pegasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(mythology)" title="Phoenix (mythology)">Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salamanders_in_folklore" class="mw-redirect" title="Salamanders in folklore">Salamander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea-griffin" title="Sea-griffin">Sea-griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea-lion" title="Sea-lion">Sea-lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyger_(heraldry)" title="Tyger (heraldry)">Tyger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicorn" title="Unicorn">Unicorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winged_lion" title="Winged lion">Winged lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_man" title="Wild man">Woodwose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyvern" title="Wyvern">Wyvern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_(mythical_creature)" title="Yale (mythical creature)">Yale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fleur-de-lis" title="Fleur-de-lis">Fleur-de-lis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurel_wreath#As_used_in_heraldry" title="Laurel wreath">Laurel wreath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak#Regional_and_state" title="Oak">Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quatrefoil" title="Quatrefoil">Quatrefoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_(heraldry)" title="Rose (heraldry)">Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamrock#Symbol_of_Ireland" title="Shamrock">Shamrock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trefoil" title="Trefoil">Trefoil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thistle#Heraldry" title="Thistle">Thistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnip#Heraldry" title="Turnip">Turnip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seeblatt" title="Seeblatt">Waterlily/Seeblatt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heraldic_knot" title="Heraldic knot">Knots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourchier_knot" title="Bourchier knot">Bourchier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowen_knot" title="Bowen knot">Bowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoy_knot" title="Savoy knot">Cavendish/Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacre_knot" title="Dacre knot">Dacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrington_knot" title="Harrington knot">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungerford_knot" title="Hungerford knot">Hastings/Hungerford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heneage_knot" title="Heneage knot">Heneage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinckaert_knot" title="Hinckaert knot">Hinckaert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungerford_knot" title="Hungerford knot">Hungerford knot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacy_knot" title="Lacy knot">Lacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wake_knot" title="Wake knot">Ormonde/Wake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoy_knot" title="Savoy knot">Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_knot" title="Stafford knot">Stafford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowen_knot" title="Bowen knot">Tristram/Bowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wake_knot" title="Wake knot">Wake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tincture_(heraldry)" title="Tincture (heraldry)">Tinctures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_tincture" title="Rule of tincture">Rule of tincture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricking" title="Tricking">Tricking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatching_(heraldry)" title="Hatching (heraldry)">Hatching</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Metals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; color:black;"> </span><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:background: white; color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Argent" title="Argent">Argent</a> (white)</li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:gold; color:black;"> </span><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:background-color: white; background-image: radial-gradient(black 20%, transparent 0), radial-gradient(black 20%, transparent 0); background-size: 10px 10px; background-position: 0px 0px, 5px 5px;); color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Or_(heraldry)" title="Or (heraldry)">Or</a> (gold)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colours</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:red; color:black;"> </span><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(90deg, white 0, white 4px, black 4px, black 5px); color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Gules" title="Gules">Gules</a> (red)</li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:black; color:white;"> </span><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(0deg, transparent 0, transparent 4px, black 4px, black 5px), repeating-linear-gradient(90deg, transparent 0, transparent 4px, black 4px, black 5px); color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Sable_(heraldry)" title="Sable (heraldry)">Sable</a> (black)</li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:blue; color:white;"> </span><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(0deg, white 0, white 4px, black 4px, black 5px); color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Azure_(heraldry)" title="Azure (heraldry)">Azure</a> (blue)</li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:green; color:white;"> </span><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(45deg, black 0, black 1px, white 1px, white 5px); color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Vert_(heraldry)" title="Vert (heraldry)">Vert</a> (green)</li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:purple; color:white;"> </span><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(-45deg, black 0, black 1px, white 1px, white 5px); color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Purpure" title="Purpure">Purpure</a> (purple)<sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tincture_(heraldry)#Furs" title="Tincture (heraldry)">Furs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Hermine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Hermine.svg/7px-Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Hermine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Hermine.svg/11px-Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Hermine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Hermine.svg/14px-Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Hermine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="110" data-file-height="250" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Ermine_(heraldry)" title="Ermine (heraldry)">Ermine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ermine_(heraldry)#Variations" title="Ermine (heraldry)">Ermines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermine_(heraldry)#Variations" title="Ermine (heraldry)">Erminois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermine_(heraldry)#Variations" title="Ermine (heraldry)">Erminites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermine_(heraldry)#Variations" title="Ermine (heraldry)">Pean</a></li></ul></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Vair.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Vair.svg/15px-Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Vair.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Vair.svg/23px-Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Vair.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Vair.svg/30px-Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Vair.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="188" data-file-height="195" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Vair" title="Vair">Vair</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vair#Potent" title="Vair">Potent</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#8b004b; color:white;"> </span><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(45deg, black 0, black 1px, transparent 1px, transparent 5px), repeating-linear-gradient(135deg, black 0, black 1px, transparent 1px, transparent 5px); color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Murrey" title="Murrey">Murrey</a> (mulberry)</li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:FireBrick; color:white;"> </span><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(45deg, black 0, black 1px, transparent 1px, transparent 5px), repeating-linear-gradient(0deg, transparent 0, transparent 4px, black 4px, black 5px); color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Sanguine_(heraldry)" title="Sanguine (heraldry)">Sanguine</a> (blood red)</li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#c67000; color:black;"> </span><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(45deg, black 0, black 1px, transparent 1px, transparent 5px), repeating-linear-gradient(90deg, transparent 0, transparent 4px, black 4px, black 5px); color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Tenn%C3%A9" title="Tenné">Tenné</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Rare metals<sup><small>1</small></sup></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#CDA8A5; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Copper_(heraldry)" title="Copper (heraldry)">Copper</a></li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E0AB76; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Buff_(color)#U.S._Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Buff (color)">Buff</a> (metal in the United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Rare colours<sup><small>1</small></sup></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:skyblue; color:black;"> </span><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(35deg, transparent 0, transparent 5px, white 5px, white 6px, transparent 5px, transparent 7px, white 7px, white 8px), repeating-linear-gradient(0deg, black 0, black 1px, transparent 1px, transparent 5px); color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Bleu_celeste" title="Bleu celeste">Bleu celeste</a></li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:sienna; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Brun%C3%A2tre" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunâtre">Brunâtre</a> (brown)</li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E0AB76; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Buff_(color)#In_Canadian_heraldry" class="mw-redirect" title="Buff (color)">Buff</a> (color in Canada)</li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:grey; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Cendr%C3%A9e" title="Cendrée">Cendrée</a></li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#CC7722; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Ochre#In_heraldry" title="Ochre">Ochre</a></li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Orange; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Orange_(heraldry)" title="Orange (heraldry)">Orange</a></li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:HotPink; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Rose_(heraldic_tincture)" title="Rose (heraldic tincture)">Rose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Realistic</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tincture_(heraldry)#Proper" title="Tincture (heraldry)">Proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_(heraldry)" title="Carnation (heraldry)">Carnation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bookplate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bookplate">Bookplate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funerary_hatchment" title="Funerary hatchment">Hatchment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldic_flag" title="Heraldic flag">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banner_of_arms" title="Banner of arms">banner of arms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldic_badge" title="Heraldic badge">Badge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roll_of_arms" title="Roll of arms">Roll of arms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_armorials" title="Illyrian armorials">Illyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_(emblem)" title="Seal (emblem)">Seal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_seal" title="Equestrian seal">equestrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabard" title="Tabard">Tabard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophy_of_arms" title="Trophy of arms">Trophy of arms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mon_(emblem)" title="Mon (emblem)">Mon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem" title="Emblem">Emblem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state_emblems" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist state emblems">socialist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logotype" class="mw-redirect" title="Logotype">Logotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaleristics" title="Phaleristics">Phaleristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vexillology" title="Vexillology">Vexillology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigillography" title="Sigillography">Sigillography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> Non-traditional, regional, or rarely used (sometimes considered unheraldic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_heraldry" title="List of oldest heraldry">List of oldest heraldry</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg/14px-Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg/22px-Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg/29px-Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Heraldry" title="Portal:Heraldry">Heraldry portal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Heraldry/Web_resources" title="Portal:Heraldry/Web resources">resources</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers3561" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers3561" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Ursidae</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11788" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q11788">Q11788</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ursidae" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Ursidae">Ursidae</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Ursidae/">Ursidae</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id1808">1808</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bench.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=1408">1408</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/HQQ">HQQ</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/7664">7664</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1URSUF">1URSUF</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:12635">12635</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/9e3b44c5-bbfa-4884-930a-22039b1d7acd">9e3b44c5-bbfa-4884-930a-22039b1d7acd</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/9681">9681</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/41636">41636</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=104793">104793</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=180540">180540</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Mammal_Species_of_the_World" title="Mammal Species of the World">MSW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&id=14000939">14000939</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NHMSYS0000377309">NHMSYS0000377309</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=9632">9632</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=297458">297458</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=41301">41301</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Taxonomicon: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonName.aspx?id=66517">66517</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=136977">136977</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11788#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1133" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11788#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1133" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11788#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4194162-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85012691">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119329144">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119329144">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="medvědovití"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph122739&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007282409405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10636874">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bear&oldid=1274850113">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bear&oldid=1274850113</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bears" title="Category:Bears">Bears</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Extant_Eocene_first_appearances" title="Category:Extant Eocene first appearances">Extant Eocene first appearances</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Predatory_animals" title="Category:Predatory animals">Predatory animals</a></li><li><a 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646.714 41 Template:Clade"," 13.96% 449.402 1 Template:Automatic_taxobox"," 13.70% 440.806 68 Template:Cite_journal"," 10.34% 332.715 9 Template:Navbox"," 9.88% 317.837 38 Template:Cite_book"," 8.65% 278.351 1 Template:Carnivora"," 6.19% 199.350 1 Template:Taxonbar"," 5.17% 166.329 21 Template:Harvnb"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.206","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22513791,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"Breeding\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbellaAlbaRoblesValenciano2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndersoneOzolinš2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnon2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAshliman2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBacon2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBanyue,_WangZhanxiang,_Qiu2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBellemain,_E.Zedrosser,_A.Manel,_S.Waits,_L._P.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBellemainSwensonTaberlet2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerezkin2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBertaMorganBoessenecker2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBielGunther\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlack2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBonser,_Wilfrid1928\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrowneBrowne2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrunner2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBunnell,_Fred1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCOSEWIC._Canadian_Wildlife_Service2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCannadine,_David2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChaussonnet1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClaphamNevinRamseyRossell2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClark2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrum,_James_M.Nettles,_Victor_F.Davidson,_William_R.1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDell\u0026#039;Amore2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDerocher,_Andrew_E.2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDerocherAndersen,_MagnusWiig,_Øystein2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDolberg1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDomicoNewman1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEide,_S.Miller,_S.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElbrochKreskyEvans2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElms,_Alan_C.1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaulkner1942\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFindeizen2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFitzgeraldKrausman2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlynn,_J.J.Finarelli,_J.A.Zehr,_S.Hsu,_J.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFortson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFraser,_Angus_M.1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFredriksson2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGerhard_Heldmeier2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldsteinPaisleyWallaceJorgenson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamdineThévenot,_MichelMichaux,_Jacques1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHigdonBininda-EmondsBeckFerguson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolmes,_Elizabeth2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHunt,_R._M._Jr.1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuntBarnes1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHwang2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIlliger1811\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJordan,_R._H.1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoshiGarshelisSmith1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKellert1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKemp2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedy1866\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKindaichiYoshida1949\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlinkaReimchen2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrauseUnger,_T.Noçon,_A.Malaspinas,_A.2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLariviere,_S.2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaurie,_A.Seidensticker,_J.1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawSlaterMehta2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee,_Jung_Young1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLentoHicksonChambersPenny1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiddell,_Henry_GeorgeScott,_Robert\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLiuLorenzenFumagalliLi2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLouis_De_Bonis2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLumpkinSeidensticker2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMallory,_Michael1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalloryAdams2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasterson,_Linda2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMattson,_David\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMattson1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKennaBell1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcLellanReiner1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcTaggart_Cowan,_I.1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMörner,_T.Eriksson,_H.Bröjer,_C.Nilsson,_K.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaughton,_D.2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNie,_Y.Swaisgood,_R._R.Zhang,_Z.Hu,_Y.2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNowak,_R._M.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOwen,_M._A.Swaisgood,_R._R.Slocomb,_C.Amstrup,_S._C.2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPelton,_Michael_R.Coley,_Alex_B.Eason,_Thomas_H.Doan_Martinez1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeters,_G.Owen,_M.Rogers,_L.2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPostma\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrajapatiKoliSundar2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPàges2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQiu,_Zhan-Xiang2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQiu_Zhanxiang2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRidpath\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRinge2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobbinsChristianVineyardThompson2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoom,_Adrian2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRue,_Leonard_Lee1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuiqiang_LiFanTianZhu2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRyanPackIgoBillings2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRybczynskiDawsonTedford2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaccoVan_Valkenburgh2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSandell,_M.1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchaefer2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwartz,_C._C.Miller,_S._D.Haroldson,_M._A.2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFServheen,_C.Herrero,_S.Peyton,_B.1999\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSeryodkin,_Ivan2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeryodkin2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShimozuru,_M.2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilver2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoibelzonSchubert2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoibelzonTonniBond2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStonorov,_D.Stokes,_A._W.1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwenson,_J._E.Dahle,_B.Sandegren,_F.2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTedfordBarnesRay1994\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFThan,_K.2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTøien,_Ø.2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaits1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWangMcKennaDashzeveg2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWardKynaston1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeissengruber,_G._E.Forstenpointner,_G.Kübber-Heiss,_A.Riedelberger,_K.2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWesley-Hunt,_G.D.Flynn,_J.J.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams,_Elizabeth_S.Barker,_Ian_K.2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWunn2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZagerBeecham2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Bonis,_L.2011\"] = 1,\n [\"Hemstock\"] = 1,\n [\"Winter_dormancy\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Anchor\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Automatic taxobox\"] = 1,\n [\"Carnivora\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 38,\n [\"Cite dictionary\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 66,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 38,\n [\"Clade\"] = 24,\n [\"Clarification needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Commons\"] = 1,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 8,\n [\"Dagger\"] = 12,\n [\"DentalFormula\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Further information\"] = 1,\n [\"GBurl\"] = 1,\n [\"Geological range\"] = 1,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 21,\n [\"Heraldic creatures\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 4,\n [\"Main\"] = 4,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 2,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Phylogeny/Ursidae\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Taxonbar\"] = 1,\n [\"Transl\"] = 2,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","560","23.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","300","12.5"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","160","6.7"],["type","140","5.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","100","4.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntity","100","4.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","100","4.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::expandTemplate","100","4.2"],["(for generator)","80","3.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","80","3.3"],["[others]","680","28.3"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-786d8bd985-r2pn5","timestamp":"20250214040424","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Bear","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bear","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q11788","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q11788","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-10T21:50:27Z","dateModified":"2025-02-09T16:18:09Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/9e\/Ours_brun_parcanimalierpyrenees_1.jpg","headline":"family of mammals"}</script> </body> </html>