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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scombrini,_the_true_mackerels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scombrini,_the_true_mackerels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.1 Scombrini, the true mackerels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scombrini,_the_true_mackerels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scomberomorini,_the_Spanish_mackerels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scomberomorini,_the_Spanish_mackerels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.2 Scomberomorini, the Spanish mackerels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scomberomorini,_the_Spanish_mackerels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_mackerel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_mackerel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Other mackerel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_mackerel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Characteristics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Distribution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lifecycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lifecycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Lifecycle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lifecycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fisheries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fisheries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Fisheries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fisheries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Management </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 As food </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item 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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" > 19 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%82%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="إسقمري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إسقمري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2" title="ম্যাকরেল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ম্যাকরেল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdel" title="Verdel – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Verdel" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%E2%80%8C%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="ماهی خال‌خالی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماهی خال‌خالی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maquereau" title="Maquereau – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Maquereau" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makerel" title="Makerel – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Makerel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%9C" title="מקרל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מקרל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D" title="ಮ್ಯಾಕರಲ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮ್ಯಾಕರಲ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%90" title="サバ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サバ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalinha_(peixe)" title="Cavalinha (peixe) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cavalinha (peixe)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrumbie" title="Scrumbie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Scrumbie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A" title="මැකරල් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මැකරල්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackerel" title="Mackerel – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mackerel" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alumahan_(paglilinaw)" title="Alumahan (paglilinaw) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Alumahan (paglilinaw)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF" title="கானாங்கெளுத்தி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கானாங்கெளுத்தி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A5" title="ปลาแมกเคอเรล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปลาแมกเคอเรล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%86" title="ಬಂಗುಡೆ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಬಂಗುಡೆ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1_thu" title="Cá thu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cá thu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B2%AD%E9%B1%BC" title="鲭鱼 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="鲭鱼" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Pelagic fish</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the species of fish. For its use as food, see <a href="/wiki/Mackerel_as_food" title="Mackerel as food">Mackerel as food</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mackerel_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mackerel (disambiguation)">Mackerel (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:304px;max-width:304px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="text-align:">Mackerel</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Trachurus_declivis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Trachurus_declivis.jpg/300px-Trachurus_declivis.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Trachurus_declivis.jpg/450px-Trachurus_declivis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Trachurus_declivis.jpg/600px-Trachurus_declivis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="736" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Some species of mackerel <a href="/wiki/Fish_migration" title="Fish migration">migrate</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shoaling_and_schooling" title="Shoaling and schooling">schools</a> for long distances along the coast and other species cross oceans</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Global_capture_of_all_mackerel_1950%E2%80%932009.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Global_capture_of_all_mackerel_1950%E2%80%932009.png/300px-Global_capture_of_all_mackerel_1950%E2%80%932009.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Global_capture_of_all_mackerel_1950%E2%80%932009.png/450px-Global_capture_of_all_mackerel_1950%E2%80%932009.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Global_capture_of_all_mackerel_1950%E2%80%932009.png/600px-Global_capture_of_all_mackerel_1950%E2%80%932009.png 2x" data-file-width="1247" data-file-height="799" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Global commercial capture of mackerel in millions of tonnes reported by the <a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a> 1950–2009<a href="#cite_note-FAOdata-1">[1]</a></div></div></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:14em"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:lavender; font-size:125%;">Commercial fish</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_walleye.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Blue_walleye.jpg/75px-Blue_walleye.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Blue_walleye.jpg/113px-Blue_walleye.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Blue_walleye.jpg/150px-Blue_walleye.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:gainsboro"> <a href="/wiki/Predatory_fish" title="Predatory fish">Large predatory</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billfish#Species" title="Billfish">billfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonito#Species" title="Bonito">bonito</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Species">mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon#Species" title="Salmon">salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">shark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuna#Etymology" title="Tuna">tuna</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:gainsboro"> <a href="/wiki/Forage_fish" title="Forage fish">Forage</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchovy#Commercial_species" title="Anchovy">anchovy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herring#Species" title="Herring">herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhaden#Taxonomy" title="Menhaden">menhaden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardine#Species" title="Sardine">sardine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alosidae" title="Alosidae">shad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprat#Species" title="Sprat">sprat</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:gainsboro"> <a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">Demersal</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cod#Species" title="Cod">cod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eel#Commercial_species" title="Eel">eel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatfish#Species_and_species_groups" title="Flatfish">flatfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollock#Species" title="Pollock">pollock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Batoidea">ray</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:gainsboro"> Mixed</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carp#Species" title="Carp">carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilapia#Species" title="Tilapia">tilapia</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Common_fish" title="Template:Common fish"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Common_fish" title="Template talk:Common fish"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Common_fish" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Common fish"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Mackerel is a common name applied to a number of different species of <a href="/wiki/Pelagic_fish" title="Pelagic fish">pelagic fish</a>, mostly from the family <a href="/wiki/Scombridae" title="Scombridae">Scombridae</a>. They are found in both temperate and tropical seas, mostly living along the coast or offshore in the oceanic environment. Mackerel species typically have deeply forked tails and vertical "<a href="/wiki/Tiger" title="Tiger">tiger</a>-like" stripes on their backs with an <a href="/wiki/Iridescence" title="Iridescence">iridescent</a> green-blue quality.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Many are restricted in their distribution ranges and live in separate populations or <a href="/wiki/Fish_stocks" title="Fish stocks">fish stocks</a> based on geography. Some stocks <a href="/wiki/Fish_migration" title="Fish migration">migrate</a> in large <a href="/wiki/Shoaling_and_schooling" title="Shoaling and schooling">schools</a> along the coast to suitable spawning grounds, where they spawn in fairly shallow waters. After spawning they return the way they came in smaller schools to suitable feeding grounds, often near an area of <a href="/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">upwelling</a>. From there they may move offshore into deeper waters and spend the winter in relative inactivity. Other stocks migrate across oceans. Smaller mackerel are <a href="/wiki/Forage_fish" title="Forage fish">forage fish</a> for larger predators, including larger mackerel and <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_cod" title="Atlantic cod">Atlantic cod</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Flocks of seabirds, whales, dolphins, sharks, and schools of larger fish such as <a href="/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">tuna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marlin" title="Marlin">marlin</a> follow mackerel schools and attack them in sophisticated and cooperative ways. Mackerel flesh is high in <a href="/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid" title="Omega-3 fatty acid">omega-3 oils</a> and is intensively harvested by humans. In 2009, over 5 million tons were landed by commercial fishermen.<a href="#cite_note-FAOdata-1">[1]</a> Sport fishermen value the fighting abilities of the <a href="/wiki/King_mackerel" title="King mackerel">king mackerel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Species">Species</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mackerel&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Species">edit</a>]</div> Over 30 different species, principally belonging to the family <a href="/wiki/Scombridae" title="Scombridae">Scombridae</a>, are commonly referred to as mackerel. The term "mackerel" is derived from <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> and may have originally meant either "marked, spotted" or "pimp, procurer". The latter connection is not altogether clear, but mackerel <a href="/wiki/Spawn_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spawn (biology)">spawn</a> enthusiastically in shoals near the coast, and medieval ideas on animal procreation were creative.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scombroid_mackerels">Scombroid mackerels</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mackerel&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Scombroid mackerels">edit</a>]</div> About 21 species in the family Scombridae are commonly called mackerel. The <a href="/wiki/Type_species" title="Type species">type species</a> for the scombroid mackerel is the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_mackerel" title="Atlantic mackerel">Atlantic mackerel</a>, Scomber scombrus. Until recently, <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_chub_mackerel" title="Atlantic chub mackerel">Atlantic chub mackerel</a> and Indo-Pacific <a href="/wiki/Chub_mackerel" title="Chub mackerel">chub mackerel</a> were thought to be subspecies of the same species. In 1999, Collette established, on molecular and morphological considerations, that these are separate species.<a href="#cite_note-IUCNscombrus-7">[7]</a> Mackerel are smaller with shorter lifecycles than their close relatives, the <a href="/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">tuna</a>, which are also members of the same family.<a href="#cite_note-Juan-Jorda2011-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scombrini,_the_true_mackerels">Scombrini, the true mackerels</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mackerel&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Scombrini, the true mackerels">edit</a>]</div> The true mackerels belong to the <a href="/wiki/Tribe_(biology)" title="Tribe (biology)">tribe</a> <a href="/wiki/Scombrini" title="Scombrini">Scombrini</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ITIS_Scombrini-10">[10]</a> The tribe consists of seven species, each belonging to one of two <a href="/wiki/Genera" class="mw-redirect" title="Genera">genera</a>: <a href="/wiki/Scomber" title="Scomber">Scomber</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rastrelliger" title="Rastrelliger">Rastrelliger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ITIS_Scomber-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-ITIS_Rastrelliger-12">[12]</a> <table class="wikitable collapsible"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10">True Mackerels (tribe <a href="/wiki/Scombrini" title="Scombrini">Scombrini</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <th>Common name </th> <th>Scientific name </th> <th>Maximum length </th> <th>Common length </th> <th>Maximum weight </th> <th>Maximum age </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Trophic_level" title="Trophic level">Trophic level</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/IUCN" class="mw-redirect" title="IUCN">IUCN status</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Short_mackerel" title="Short mackerel">Short mackerel</a> </td> <td>Rastrelliger brachysoma (Bleeker, 1851) </td> <td align="right">34.5 cm (13.6 in) </td> <td align="right">20 cm (7.9 in) </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="center">2.72 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:DD_IUCN_3_1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="DD IUCN 3 1.svg"><img alt="DD IUCN 3 1.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/DD_IUCN_3_1.svg/32px-DD_IUCN_3_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/DD_IUCN_3_1.svg/48px-DD_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/DD_IUCN_3_1.svg/64px-DD_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a> Data deficient<a href="#cite_note-IUCNbrachysoma-15">[15]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Island_mackerel" title="Island mackerel">Island mackerel</a> </td> <td>R. faughni (Matsui, 1967) </td> <td align="right">20 cm (7.9 in) </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right">0.75 kg (1.7 lb) </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="center">3.4 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:DD_IUCN_3_1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="DD IUCN 3 1.svg"><img alt="DD IUCN 3 1.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/DD_IUCN_3_1.svg/32px-DD_IUCN_3_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/DD_IUCN_3_1.svg/48px-DD_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/DD_IUCN_3_1.svg/64px-DD_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a> Data deficient<a href="#cite_note-IUCNfaughni-17">[17]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_mackerel" title="Indian mackerel">Indian mackerel</a> </td> <td>R. kanagurta (Cuvier, 1816) </td> <td align="right">35 cm (14 in) </td> <td align="right">25 cm (9.8 in) </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right">4 years </td> <td align="center">3.19 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:DD_IUCN_3_1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="DD IUCN 3 1.svg"><img alt="DD IUCN 3 1.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/DD_IUCN_3_1.svg/32px-DD_IUCN_3_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/DD_IUCN_3_1.svg/48px-DD_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/DD_IUCN_3_1.svg/64px-DD_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a> Data deficient<a href="#cite_note-IUCNkanagurta-20">[20]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Blue_mackerel" title="Blue mackerel">Blue mackerel</a> </td> <td>Scomber australasicus (Cuvier, 1832) </td> <td align="right">44 cm (17 in) </td> <td align="right">30 cm (12 in) </td> <td align="right">1.36 kg (3.0 lb) </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="center">4.2 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:LC_IUCN_3_1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="LC IUCN 3 1.svg"><img alt="LC IUCN 3 1.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/32px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/48px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/64px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a> Least concern<a href="#cite_note-IUCNaustralasicus-22">[22]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_chub_mackerel" title="Atlantic chub mackerel">Atlantic chub mackerel</a> </td> <td>S. colias (Gmelin, 1789) </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="center">3.91 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:LC_IUCN_3_1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="LC IUCN 3 1.svg"><img alt="LC IUCN 3 1.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/32px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/48px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/64px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a> Least concern<a href="#cite_note-IUCNcolias-24">[24]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chub_mackerel" title="Chub mackerel">Chub mackerel</a> </td> <td>S. japonicus (Houttuyn, 1782) </td> <td align="right">64 cm (25 in) </td> <td align="right">30 cm (12 in) </td> <td align="right">2.9 kg (6.4 lb) </td> <td align="right">18 years </td> <td align="center">3.09 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-FishBasejaponicus-25">[25]</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-FAOjaponicus-26">[26]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:LC_IUCN_3_1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="LC IUCN 3 1.svg"><img alt="LC IUCN 3 1.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/32px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/48px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/64px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a> Least concern<a href="#cite_note-IUCNSjaponicus-27">[27]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_mackerel" title="Atlantic mackerel">Atlantic mackerel</a> </td> <td>S. scombrus (Linnaeus, 1758) </td> <td align="right">66 cm (26 in) </td> <td align="right">30 cm (12 in) </td> <td align="right">3.4 kg (7.5 lb) </td> <td align="right">12 years west 18 years east </td> <td align="center">3.65 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-FishBasescombrus-28">[28]</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-FAOscombrus-29">[29]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:LC_IUCN_3_1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="LC IUCN 3 1.svg"><img alt="LC IUCN 3 1.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/32px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/48px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/64px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a> Least concern<a href="#cite_note-IUCNscombrus-7">[7]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scomberomorini,_the_Spanish_mackerels">Scomberomorini, the Spanish mackerels</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mackerel&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Scomberomorini, the Spanish mackerels">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_mackerel" title="Spanish mackerel">Spanish mackerels</a> belong to the tribe <a href="/wiki/Scomberomorini" class="mw-redirect" title="Scomberomorini">Scomberomorini</a>, which is the "cousin tribe" of the true mackerels.<a href="#cite_note-ITIS_Scomberomorini-30">[30]</a> This tribe consists of 21 species in all—18 of those are classified into the genus <a href="/wiki/Scomberomorus" title="Scomberomorus">Scomberomorus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ITIS_Scomberomorus-31">[31]</a> two into <a href="/wiki/Grammatorcynus" title="Grammatorcynus">Grammatorcynus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ITIS_Grammatorcynus-32">[32]</a> and a single species into the <a href="/wiki/Monotypic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotypic">monotypic</a> genus <a href="/wiki/Acanthocybium" class="mw-redirect" title="Acanthocybium">Acanthocybium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ITIS_Acanthocybium-33">[33]</a> <table class="wikitable collapsible"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10">Spanish Mackerels (tribe <a href="/wiki/Scomberomorini" class="mw-redirect" title="Scomberomorini">Scomberomorini</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <th>Common name </th> <th>Scientific name </th> <th>Maximum length </th> <th>Common length </th> <th>Maximum weight </th> <th>Maximum age </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Trophic_level" title="Trophic level">Trophic level</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/IUCN" class="mw-redirect" title="IUCN">IUCN status</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wahoo" title="Wahoo">Wahoo</a> </td> <td>Acanthocybium solandri (<a href="/wiki/Georges_Cuvier" title="Georges Cuvier">Cuvier</a> in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1832) </td> <td align="right">250 cm (98 in) </td> <td align="right">170 cm (67 in) </td> <td align="right">83 kg (183 lb) </td> <td align="right">years </td> <td align="center">4.4 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:LC_IUCN_3_1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="LC IUCN 3 1.svg"><img alt="LC IUCN 3 1.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/32px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/48px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/64px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a> Least concern<a href="#cite_note-IUCNwahoo-35">[35]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shark_mackerel" title="Shark mackerel">Shark mackerel</a> </td> <td>Grammatorcynus bicarinatus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) </td> <td align="right">112 cm (44 in) </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right">13.5 kg (30 lb) </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="center">4.5 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:LC_IUCN_3_1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="LC IUCN 3 1.svg"><img alt="LC IUCN 3 1.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/32px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/48px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/64px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a> Least concern<a href="#cite_note-IUCNbicarinatus-37">[37]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Double-lined_mackerel" title="Double-lined mackerel">Double-lined mackerel</a> </td> <td>G. bilineatus (Rüppell, 1836) </td> <td align="right">100 cm (39 in) </td> <td align="right">50 cm (20 in) </td> <td align="right">3.5 kg (7.7 lb) </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="center">4.18 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:LC_IUCN_3_1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="LC IUCN 3 1.svg"><img alt="LC IUCN 3 1.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/32px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/48px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/64px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a> Least concern<a href="#cite_note-IUCNbilineatus-39">[39]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Serra_Spanish_mackerel" title="Serra Spanish mackerel">Serra Spanish mackerel</a> </td> <td>Scomberomorus brasiliensis (Collette, Russo & Zavala-Camin, 1978) </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="center">3.31 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:LC_IUCN_3_1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="LC IUCN 3 1.svg"><img alt="LC IUCN 3 1.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/32px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/48px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/64px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a> Least concern<a href="#cite_note-IUCNbrasiliensis-41">[41]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/King_mackerel" title="King mackerel">King mackerel</a> </td> <td>S. cavalla (Cuvier, 1829) </td> <td align="right">184 cm (72 in) </td> <td align="right">70 cm (28 in) </td> <td align="right">45 kg (99 lb) </td> <td align="right">14 years </td> <td align="center">4.5 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-FAOcavalla-43">[43]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:LC_IUCN_3_1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="LC IUCN 3 1.svg"><img alt="LC IUCN 3 1.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/32px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/48px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/64px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a> Least concern<a href="#cite_note-IUCNcavalla-44">[44]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Narrow-barred_Spanish_mackerel" title="Narrow-barred Spanish mackerel">Narrow-barred Spanish mackerel</a> </td> <td>S. commerson (Lacepède, 1800) </td> <td align="right">240 cm (94 in) </td> <td align="right">120 cm (47 in) </td> <td align="right">70 kg (150 lb) </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="center">4.5 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:NT_IUCN_3_1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="NT IUCN 3 1.svg"><img alt="NT IUCN 3 1.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/NT_IUCN_3_1.svg/32px-NT_IUCN_3_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/NT_IUCN_3_1.svg/48px-NT_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/NT_IUCN_3_1.svg/64px-NT_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a> Near threatened<a href="#cite_note-IUCNcommerson-47">[47]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Monterey_Spanish_mackerel" class="mw-redirect" title="Monterey Spanish mackerel">Monterey Spanish mackerel</a> </td> <td>S. concolor (Lockington, 1879) </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="center">4.24 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:VU_IUCN_3_1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="VU IUCN 3 1.svg"><img alt="VU IUCN 3 1.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/VU_IUCN_3_1.svg/32px-VU_IUCN_3_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/VU_IUCN_3_1.svg/48px-VU_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/VU_IUCN_3_1.svg/64px-VU_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a> Vulnerable<a href="#cite_note-IUCNconcolor-49">[49]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific_king_mackerel" title="Indo-Pacific king mackerel">Indo-Pacific king mackerel</a> </td> <td>S. guttatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) </td> <td align="right">76 cm (30 in) </td> <td align="right">55 cm (22 in) </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="center">4.28 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:DD_IUCN_3_1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="DD IUCN 3 1.svg"><img alt="DD IUCN 3 1.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/DD_IUCN_3_1.svg/32px-DD_IUCN_3_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/DD_IUCN_3_1.svg/48px-DD_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/DD_IUCN_3_1.svg/64px-DD_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a> Data deficient<a href="#cite_note-IUCNguttatus-52">[52]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Korean_mackerel" title="Korean mackerel">Korean mackerel</a> </td> <td>S. koreanus (Kishinouye, 1915) </td> <td align="right">150 cm (59 in) </td> <td align="right">60 cm (24 in) </td> <td align="right">15 kg (33 lb) </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="center">4.2 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:LC_IUCN_3_1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="LC IUCN 3 1.svg"><img alt="LC IUCN 3 1.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/32px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/48px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/64px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a> Least concern<a href="#cite_note-IUCNkoreanus-54">[54]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Streaked_Spanish_mackerel" title="Streaked Spanish mackerel">Streaked Spanish mackerel</a> </td> <td>S. lineolatus (Cuvier, 1829) </td> <td align="right">80 cm (31 in) </td> <td align="right">70 cm (28 in) </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="center">4.5 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:LC_IUCN_3_1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="LC IUCN 3 1.svg"><img alt="LC IUCN 3 1.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/32px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/48px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/64px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a> Least concern<a href="#cite_note-IUCNlineolatus-56">[56]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Spanish_mackerel" title="Atlantic Spanish mackerel">Atlantic Spanish mackerel</a> </td> <td>S. maculatus (Mitchill, 1815) </td> <td align="right">91 cm (36 in) </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right">5.89 kg (13.0 lb) </td> <td align="right">5 years </td> <td align="center">4.5 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-FishBasemaculatus-57">[57]</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-FAOmaculatus-58">[58]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:LC_IUCN_3_1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="LC IUCN 3 1.svg"><img alt="LC IUCN 3 1.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/32px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/48px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/64px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a> Least concern<a href="#cite_note-IUCNmaculatus-59">[59]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Papuan_seerfish" title="Papuan seerfish">Papuan Spanish mackerel</a> </td> <td>S. multiradiatus Munro, 1964 </td> <td align="right">35 cm (14 in) </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right">0.5 kg (1.1 lb) </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="center">4.0 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:LC_IUCN_3_1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="LC IUCN 3 1.svg"><img alt="LC IUCN 3 1.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/32px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/48px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/64px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a> Least concern<a href="#cite_note-IUCNmultiradiatus-61">[61]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Australian_spotted_mackerel" title="Australian spotted mackerel">Australian spotted mackerel</a> </td> <td>S. munroi (Collette & Russo, 1980) </td> <td align="right">104 cm (41 in) </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right">10.2 kg (22 lb) </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="center">4.3 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:NT_IUCN_3_1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="NT IUCN 3 1.svg"><img alt="NT IUCN 3 1.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/NT_IUCN_3_1.svg/32px-NT_IUCN_3_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/NT_IUCN_3_1.svg/48px-NT_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/NT_IUCN_3_1.svg/64px-NT_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a> Near threatened<a href="#cite_note-IUCNmunroi-63">[63]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Spanish_mackerel" title="Japanese Spanish mackerel">Japanese Spanish mackerel</a> </td> <td>S. niphonius (Cuvier, 1832) </td> <td align="right">100 cm (39 in) </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right">7.1 kg (16 lb) </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="center">4.5 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:DD_IUCN_3_1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="DD IUCN 3 1.svg"><img alt="DD IUCN 3 1.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/DD_IUCN_3_1.svg/32px-DD_IUCN_3_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/DD_IUCN_3_1.svg/48px-DD_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/DD_IUCN_3_1.svg/64px-DD_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a> Data deficient<a href="#cite_note-IUCNniphonius-66">[66]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Queen_mackerel" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen mackerel">Queen mackerel</a> </td> <td>S. plurilineatus Fourmanoir, 1966 </td> <td align="right">120 cm (47 in) </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right">12.5 kg (28 lb) </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="center">4.2 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:DD_IUCN_3_1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="DD IUCN 3 1.svg"><img alt="DD IUCN 3 1.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/DD_IUCN_3_1.svg/32px-DD_IUCN_3_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/DD_IUCN_3_1.svg/48px-DD_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/DD_IUCN_3_1.svg/64px-DD_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a> Data deficient<a href="#cite_note-IUCNplurilineatus-68">[68]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Queensland_school_mackerel" title="Queensland school mackerel">Queensland school mackerel</a> </td> <td>S. queenslandicus (Munro, 1943) </td> <td align="right">100 cm (39 in) </td> <td align="right">80 cm (31 in) </td> <td align="right">12.2 kg (27 lb) </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="center">4.5 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:LC_IUCN_3_1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="LC IUCN 3 1.svg"><img alt="LC IUCN 3 1.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/32px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/48px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/64px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a> Least concern<a href="#cite_note-IUCNqueenslandicus-70">[70]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cero_(fish)" title="Cero (fish)">Cero mackerel</a> </td> <td>S. regalis (Bloch, 1793) </td> <td align="right">183 cm (72 in) </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right">7.8 kg (17 lb) </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="center">4.5 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:LC_IUCN_3_1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="LC IUCN 3 1.svg"><img alt="LC IUCN 3 1.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/32px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/48px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/64px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a> Least concern<a href="#cite_note-IUCNregalis-72">[72]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Broadbarred_king_mackerel" title="Broadbarred king mackerel">Broadbarred king mackerel</a> </td> <td>S. semifasciatus (Macleay, 1883) </td> <td align="right">120 cm (47 in) </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right">10 years </td> <td align="center">4.5 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:LC_IUCN_3_1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="LC IUCN 3 1.svg"><img alt="LC IUCN 3 1.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/32px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/48px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/64px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a> Least concern<a href="#cite_note-IUCNsemifasciatus-74">[74]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pacific_sierra" title="Pacific sierra">Pacific sierra</a> </td> <td>S. sierra (Cuvier, 1832) </td> <td align="right">99 cm (39 in) </td> <td align="right">60 cm (24 in) </td> <td align="right">8.2 kg (18 lb) </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="center">4.5 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:LC_IUCN_3_1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="LC IUCN 3 1.svg"><img alt="LC IUCN 3 1.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/32px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/48px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/64px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a> Least concern<a href="#cite_note-IUCNsierra-76">[76]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chinese_mackerel" title="Chinese mackerel">Chinese mackerel</a> </td> <td>S. sinensis (Cuvier, 1832) </td> <td align="right">247 cm (97 in) </td> <td align="right">100 cm (39 in) </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="center">4.5 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:DD_IUCN_3_1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="DD IUCN 3 1.svg"><img alt="DD IUCN 3 1.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/DD_IUCN_3_1.svg/32px-DD_IUCN_3_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/DD_IUCN_3_1.svg/48px-DD_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/DD_IUCN_3_1.svg/64px-DD_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a> Data deficient<a href="#cite_note-IUCNsierra-76">[76]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/West_African_Spanish_mackerel" title="West African Spanish mackerel">West African Spanish mackerel</a> </td> <td>S. tritor (Cuvier, 1832) </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="center">4.26 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:LC_IUCN_3_1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="LC IUCN 3 1.svg"><img alt="LC IUCN 3 1.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/32px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/48px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/64px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a> Least concern<a href="#cite_note-IUCNsierra-76">[76]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_mackerel">Other mackerel</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mackerel&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other mackerel">edit</a>]</div> In addition, a number of species with mackerel-like characteristics in the families <a href="/wiki/Carangidae" title="Carangidae">Carangidae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hexagrammidae" title="Hexagrammidae">Hexagrammidae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gempylidae" title="Gempylidae">Gempylidae</a> are commonly referred to as mackerel. Some confusion had occurred between the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_jack_mackerel" title="Pacific jack mackerel">Pacific jack mackerel</a> (Trachurus symmetricus) and the heavily harvested <a href="/wiki/Chilean_jack_mackerel" title="Chilean jack mackerel">Chilean jack mackerel</a> (T. murphyi). These have been thought at times to be the same species, but are now recognised as separate species.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <table class="wikitable collapsible"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="11">Other mackerel species </th></tr> <tr> <th>Family </th> <th>Common name </th> <th>Scientific name </th> <th>Maximum length </th> <th>Common length </th> <th>Maximum weight </th> <th>Maximum age </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Trophic_level" title="Trophic level">Trophic level</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/IUCN" class="mw-redirect" title="IUCN">IUCN status</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Scombridae" title="Scombridae">Scombridae</a> <a href="/wiki/Gasterochisma" class="mw-redirect" title="Gasterochisma">Gasterochisma</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_mackerel" class="mw-redirect" title="Butterfly mackerel">Butterfly mackerel</a> </td> <td>Gasterochisma melampus <a href="/wiki/John_Richardson_(naturalist)" title="John Richardson (naturalist)">Richardson</a>, 1845 </td> <td align="right">175 cm (69 in) </td> <td align="right">153 cm (60 in) </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="center">4.4 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/File:LC_IUCN_3_1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="LC IUCN 3 1.svg"><img alt="LC IUCN 3 1.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/32px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/48px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/64px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a> Least concern<a href="#cite_note-IUCNgasterochisma-81">[81]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" rowspan="10"><a href="/wiki/Carangidae" title="Carangidae">Carangidae</a> Jack mackerel </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_horse_mackerel" title="Atlantic horse mackerel">Atlantic horse mackerel</a> </td> <td>Trachurus trachurus (Linnaeus, 1758) </td> <td align="right">70 cm (28 in) </td> <td align="right">22 cm (8.7 in) </td> <td align="right">2.0 kg (4.4 lb) </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="center">3.64 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> </td> <td align="center">Not assessed </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Blue_jack_mackerel" title="Blue jack mackerel">Blue jack mackerel</a> </td> <td>T. picturatus (Bowdich, 1825) </td> <td align="right">60 cm (24 in) </td> <td align="right">25 cm (9.8 in) </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="center">3.32 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:DD_IUCN_3_1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="DD IUCN 3 1.svg"><img alt="DD IUCN 3 1.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/DD_IUCN_3_1.svg/32px-DD_IUCN_3_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/DD_IUCN_3_1.svg/48px-DD_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/DD_IUCN_3_1.svg/64px-DD_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a> Data deficient<a href="#cite_note-IUCNmurphyi-85">[85]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cape_horse_mackerel" title="Cape horse mackerel">Cape horse mackerel</a> </td> <td>T. capensis (Castelnau, 1861) </td> <td align="right">60 cm (24 in) </td> <td align="right">30 cm (12 in) </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="center">3.47 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> </td> <td align="center">Not assessed<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chilean_jack_mackerel" title="Chilean jack mackerel">Chilean jack mackerel</a> </td> <td>T. murphyi (Nichols, 1920) </td> <td align="right">70 cm (28 in) </td> <td align="right">45 cm (18 in) </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right">16 years </td> <td align="center">3.49 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-FishBasemurphyi-89">[89]</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-FAOmurphyi-90">[90]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:DD_IUCN_3_1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="DD IUCN 3 1.svg"><img alt="DD IUCN 3 1.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/DD_IUCN_3_1.svg/32px-DD_IUCN_3_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/DD_IUCN_3_1.svg/48px-DD_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/DD_IUCN_3_1.svg/64px-DD_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a> Data deficient<a href="#cite_note-IUCNmurphyi-85">[85]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cunene_horse_mackerel" title="Cunene horse mackerel">Cunene horse mackerel</a> </td> <td>T. trecae (Cadenat, 1950) </td> <td align="right">35 cm (14 in) </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right">2.0 kg (4.4 lb) </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="center">3.49 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> </td> <td align="center">Not assessed </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Greenback_horse_mackerel" title="Greenback horse mackerel">Greenback horse mackerel</a> </td> <td>T. declivis (Jenyns, 1841) </td> <td align="right">64 cm (25 in) </td> <td align="right">42 cm (17 in) </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right">25 years </td> <td align="center">3.93 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> </td> <td align="center">Not assessed<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Japanese_horse_mackerel" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese horse mackerel">Japanese horse mackerel</a> </td> <td>T. japonicus (Temminck & Schlegel, 1844) </td> <td align="right">50 cm (20 in) </td> <td align="right">35 cm (14 in) </td> <td align="right">0.66 kg (1.5 lb) </td> <td align="right">12 years </td> <td align="center">3.4 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> </td> <td align="center">Not assessed </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_horse_mackerel" title="Mediterranean horse mackerel">Mediterranean horse mackerel</a> </td> <td>T. mediterraneus (Steindachner, 1868) </td> <td align="right">60 cm (24 in) </td> <td align="right">30 cm (12 in) </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="center">3.59 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> </td> <td align="center">Not assessed </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pacific_jack_mackerel" title="Pacific jack mackerel">Pacific jack mackerel</a> </td> <td>T. symmetricus (Ayres, 1855) </td> <td align="right">81 cm (32 in) </td> <td align="right">55 cm (22 in) </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right">30 years </td> <td align="center">3.56 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:LC_IUCN_3_1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="LC IUCN 3 1.svg"><img alt="LC IUCN 3 1.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/32px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/48px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/64px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a> Least concern<a href="#cite_note-IUCNsymmetricus-101">[101]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yellowtail_horse_mackerel" title="Yellowtail horse mackerel">Yellowtail horse mackerel</a> </td> <td>T. novaezelandiae (Richardson, 1843) </td> <td align="right">50 cm (20 in) </td> <td align="right">35 cm (14 in) </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right">25 years </td> <td align="center">4.5 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center">Not assessed </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Gempylidae" title="Gempylidae">Gempylidae</a> Snake mackerel </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Black_snake_mackerel" title="Black snake mackerel">Black snake mackerel</a> </td> <td>Nealotus tripes (Johnson, 1865) </td> <td align="right">25 cm (9.8 in) </td> <td align="right">15 cm (5.9 in) </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="center">4.2 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center">Not assessed </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Blacksail_snake_mackerel" title="Blacksail snake mackerel">Blacksail snake mackerel</a> </td> <td>Thyrsitoides marleyi (Fowler, 1929) </td> <td align="right">200 cm (79 in) </td> <td align="right">100 cm (39 in) </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="center">4.19 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center">Not assessed </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Snake_mackerel" title="Snake mackerel">Snake mackerel</a> </td> <td>Gempylus serpens (Cuvier, 1829) </td> <td align="right">100 cm (39 in) </td> <td align="right">60 cm (24 in) </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="center">4.35 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center">Not assessed </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Violet_snake_mackerel" class="mw-redirect" title="Violet snake mackerel">Violet snake mackerel</a> </td> <td>Nesiarchus nasutus (Johnson, 1862) </td> <td align="right">130 cm (51 in) </td> <td align="right">80 cm (31 in) </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="center">4.33 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center">Not assessed </td></tr> <tr> <td>* <a href="/wiki/White_snake_mackerel" class="mw-redirect" title="White snake mackerel">White snake mackerel</a> </td> <td>Thyrsitops lepidopoides (Cuvier, 1832) </td> <td align="right">40 cm (16 in) </td> <td align="right">25 cm (9.8 in) </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="center">3.86 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center">Not assessed </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Hexagrammidae" title="Hexagrammidae">Hexagrammidae</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Okhotsk_atka_mackerel" title="Okhotsk atka mackerel">Okhotsk atka mackerel</a> </td> <td>Pleurogrammus azonus (Jordan & Metz, 1913) </td> <td align="right">62 cm (24 in) </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right">1.6 kg (3.5 lb) </td> <td align="right">12 years </td> <td align="center">3.58 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> </td> <td align="center">Not assessed </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Atka_mackerel" title="Atka mackerel">Atka mackerel</a> </td> <td>P. monopterygius (Pallas, 1810) </td> <td align="right">56.5 cm (22.2 in) </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right">2.0 kg (4.4 lb) </td> <td align="right">14 years </td> <td align="center">3.33 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center">Not assessed </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Van_Gogh_-_Stillleben_mit_Makrelen,_Zitronen_und_Tomaten.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Van_Gogh_-_Stillleben_mit_Makrelen%2C_Zitronen_und_Tomaten.jpeg/220px-Van_Gogh_-_Stillleben_mit_Makrelen%2C_Zitronen_und_Tomaten.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Van_Gogh_-_Stillleben_mit_Makrelen%2C_Zitronen_und_Tomaten.jpeg/330px-Van_Gogh_-_Stillleben_mit_Makrelen%2C_Zitronen_und_Tomaten.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Van_Gogh_-_Stillleben_mit_Makrelen%2C_Zitronen_und_Tomaten.jpeg/440px-Van_Gogh_-_Stillleben_mit_Makrelen%2C_Zitronen_und_Tomaten.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="2856" /></a><figcaption>Still life with mackerel, lemon and tomato, <a href="/wiki/Van_Gogh" class="mw-redirect" title="Van Gogh">Van Gogh</a>, 1886</figcaption></figure> The term "mackerel" is also used as a modifier in the common names of other fish, sometimes indicating the fish has vertical stripes similar to a scombroid mackerel: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mackerel_icefish" title="Mackerel icefish">Mackerel icefish</a>—Champsocephalus gunnari</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackerel_pike" class="mw-redirect" title="Mackerel pike">Mackerel pike</a>—Cololabis saira</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackerel_scad" title="Mackerel scad">Mackerel scad</a>—Decapterus macarellus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackerel_shark" class="mw-redirect" title="Mackerel shark">Mackerel shark</a>—several species</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortfin_mako_shark" title="Shortfin mako shark">Shortfin mako shark</a>—Isurus oxyrinchus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackerel_tuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Mackerel tuna">Mackerel tuna</a>—Euthynnus affinis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamasaba" title="Tamasaba">Mackerel tail goldfish</a>—Carassius auratus</li></ul> By extension, the term is applied also to other species such as the <a href="/wiki/Tabby_cat#Mackerel_tabby" title="Tabby cat">mackerel tabby cat</a>,<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> and to inanimate objects such as the <a href="/wiki/Altocumulus_mackerel_sky" class="mw-redirect" title="Altocumulus mackerel sky">altocumulus mackerel sky</a> cloud formation.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mackerel&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Characteristics">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scomber_scombrus_illustration.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Scomber_scombrus_illustration.png/400px-Scomber_scombrus_illustration.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Scomber_scombrus_illustration.png/600px-Scomber_scombrus_illustration.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Scomber_scombrus_illustration.png/800px-Scomber_scombrus_illustration.png 2x" data-file-width="1039" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption>Like other scombroids, mackerel such as this <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_mackerel" title="Atlantic mackerel">Atlantic mackerel</a> are superb swimmers, and can retract their fins into grooves on their bodies for streamlining. They have deeply forked tails and are smaller and slimmer than <a href="/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">tuna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FAOTuna-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a></figcaption></figure> Most mackerel belong to the family Scombridae, which also includes <a href="/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">tuna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bonito" title="Bonito">bonito</a>. Generally, mackerel are much smaller and slimmer than tuna, though in other respects, they share many common characteristics. Their <a href="/wiki/Fish_scale" title="Fish scale">scales</a>, if present at all, are extremely small. Like tuna and bonito, mackerel are voracious feeders, and are swift and manoeuvrable swimmers, able to streamline themselves by retracting their fins into grooves on their bodies. Like other scombroids, their bodies are cylindrical with numerous <a href="/wiki/Fin" title="Fin">finlets</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Dorsum_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsum (biology)">dorsal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ventral" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventral">ventral</a> sides behind the <a href="/wiki/Dorsal_fin" title="Dorsal fin">dorsal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anal_fin" class="mw-redirect" title="Anal fin">anal fins</a>, but unlike the deep-bodied tuna, they are slim.<a href="#cite_note-FAOTuna-114">[114]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Type_species" title="Type species">type species</a> for scombroid mackerels is the Atlantic mackerel, Scomber scombrus. These fish are <a href="/wiki/Iridescence" title="Iridescence">iridescent</a> blue-green above with a silvery underbelly and near-vertical wavy black stripes running along their upper bodies.<a href="#cite_note-FishBasescombrus-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] The prominent stripes on the back of mackerels seemingly are there to provide camouflage against broken backgrounds. That is not the case, though, because mackerel live in midwater pelagic environments which have no background.<a href="#cite_note-Denton1998-117">[117]</a> However, fish have an <a href="/wiki/Optokinetic_reflex" class="mw-redirect" title="Optokinetic reflex">optokinetic reflex</a> in their <a href="/wiki/Vision_in_fish" title="Vision in fish">visual systems</a> that can be sensitive to moving stripes.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> For fish to school efficiently, they need feedback mechanisms that help them align themselves with adjacent fish, and match their speed. The stripes on neighbouring fish provide "schooling marks", which signal changes in relative position.<a href="#cite_note-Denton1998-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bone-119">[119]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pacific_Jack_Mackerel_School,_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Pacific_Jack_Mackerel_School%2C_2007.jpg/360px-Pacific_Jack_Mackerel_School%2C_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="360" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Pacific_Jack_Mackerel_School%2C_2007.jpg/540px-Pacific_Jack_Mackerel_School%2C_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Pacific_Jack_Mackerel_School%2C_2007.jpg/720px-Pacific_Jack_Mackerel_School%2C_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2668" data-file-height="1779" /></a><figcaption>Mackerel, such as these <a href="/wiki/Pacific_jack_mackerel" title="Pacific jack mackerel">Pacific jack mackerel</a>, usually have vertical stripes on their sides which provide "schooling marks", visual clues that help them stay in formation as they <a href="/wiki/Shoaling_and_schooling" title="Shoaling and schooling">school</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Denton1998-117">[117]</a></figcaption></figure> A layer of thin, reflecting platelets is seen on some of the mackerel stripes. In 1998, <a href="/wiki/Eric_James_Denton" title="Eric James Denton">E J Denton</a> and D M Rowe argued that these platelets transmit additional information to other fish about how a given fish moves. As the orientation of the fish changes relative to another fish, the amount of light reflected to the second fish by this layer also changes. This sensitivity to orientation gives the mackerel "considerable advantages in being able to react quickly while schooling and feeding."<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Mackerel range in size from small <a href="/wiki/Forage_fish" title="Forage fish">forage fish</a> to larger <a href="/wiki/Game_fish" title="Game fish">game fish</a>. Coastal mackerel tend to be small.<a href="#cite_note-Lal8-121">[121]</a> The king mackerel is an example of a larger mackerel. Most fish are <a href="/wiki/Ectothermic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ectothermic">cold-blooded</a>, but exceptions exist. Certain species of fish maintain elevated body temperatures. <a href="/wiki/Warm-blooded" title="Warm-blooded">Endothermic</a> <a href="/wiki/Bony_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Bony fish">bony fishes</a> are all in the suborder <a href="/wiki/Scombroidei" title="Scombroidei">Scombroidei</a> and include the <a href="/wiki/Butterfly_mackerel" class="mw-redirect" title="Butterfly mackerel">butterfly mackerel</a>, a species of primitive mackerel.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Mackerel are strong swimmers. Known in the latin family as "punctualis piscis" which translates to "punctual fish." This is due to its punctuality of migration during mating season as it moves from warm to cold waters. Atlantic mackerel can swim at a sustained speed of 0.98 m/sec with a burst speed of 5.5 m/sec,<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> while chub mackerel can swim at a sustained speed of 0.92 m/sec with a burst speed of 2.25 m/sec.<a href="#cite_note-FAOTuna-114">[114]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mackerel&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Distribution">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:238px;max-width:238px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:236px;max-width:236px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Sccav_u0.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Sccav_u0.gif/234px-Sccav_u0.gif" decoding="async" width="234" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Sccav_u0.gif/351px-Sccav_u0.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Sccav_u0.gif/468px-Sccav_u0.gif 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/King_mackerel" title="King mackerel">King mackerels</a> cruise on long migrations at 10 kilometres per hour.<a href="#cite_note-pfa-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mackerel-126">[126]</a></div></div></div></div></div> Most mackerel species have restricted distribution ranges.<a href="#cite_note-FAOTuna-114">[114]</a> Some mackerel species migrate vertically. Adult <a href="/wiki/Snake_mackerel" title="Snake mackerel">snake mackerel</a> conduct a <a href="/wiki/Diel_vertical_migration" title="Diel vertical migration">diel vertical migration</a>, staying in deeper water during the day and rising to the surface at night to feed. The young and juveniles also migrate vertically, but in the opposite direction, staying near the surface during the day and moving deeper at night.<a href="#cite_note-burton-127">[127]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lifecycle">Lifecycle</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mackerel&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Lifecycle">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scramble%5E%5E_A_Gannet_begins_its_take_off_run._-_geograph.org.uk_-_1368991.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Scramble%5E%5E_A_Gannet_begins_its_take_off_run._-_geograph.org.uk_-_1368991.jpg/220px-Scramble%5E%5E_A_Gannet_begins_its_take_off_run._-_geograph.org.uk_-_1368991.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Scramble%5E%5E_A_Gannet_begins_its_take_off_run._-_geograph.org.uk_-_1368991.jpg/330px-Scramble%5E%5E_A_Gannet_begins_its_take_off_run._-_geograph.org.uk_-_1368991.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Scramble%5E%5E_A_Gannet_begins_its_take_off_run._-_geograph.org.uk_-_1368991.jpg/440px-Scramble%5E%5E_A_Gannet_begins_its_take_off_run._-_geograph.org.uk_-_1368991.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="486" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gannet" title="Gannet">Gannets</a> and other seabirds fuel themselves with mackerel</figcaption></figure> Mackerel are prolific <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_spawner" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcast spawner">broadcast spawners</a>, and must breed near the surface of the water because the eggs of the females float. Individual females lay between 300,000 and 1,500,000 eggs.<a href="#cite_note-FAOTuna-114">[114]</a> Their <a href="/wiki/Fish_egg" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish egg">eggs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fish_larvae" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish larvae">larvae</a> are <a href="/wiki/Pelagic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelagic">pelagic</a>, that is, they float free in the open sea. The larvae and juvenile mackerel feed on <a href="/wiki/Zooplankton" title="Zooplankton">zooplankton</a>. As adults, they have sharp teeth, and hunt small crustaceans such as <a href="/wiki/Copepod" title="Copepod">copepods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forage_fish" title="Forage fish">forage fish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shrimp" title="Shrimp">shrimp</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Squid" title="Squid">squid</a>. In turn, they are hunted by larger pelagic animals such as tuna, <a href="/wiki/Billfish" title="Billfish">billfish</a>, sea lions, <a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">sharks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pelican" title="Pelican">pelicans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FAOjaponicus-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FAOcavalla-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Off Madagascar, spinner sharks follow migrating schools of mackerel.<a href="#cite_note-compagno-129">[129]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bryde%27s_whale" title="Bryde's whale">Bryde's whales</a> feed on mackerel when they can find them. They use several feeding methods, including <a href="/wiki/Ram_feeding" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram feeding">skimming the surface</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lunge_feeding" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunge feeding">lunging</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bubble_net" class="mw-redirect" title="Bubble net">bubble nets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NOAA-130">[130]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fisheries">Fisheries</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mackerel&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Fisheries">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:404px;max-width:404px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="text-align:">Global capture of mackerel in tonnes reported by the <a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a> 1950–2009</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:402px;max-width:402px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Global_capture_of_true_mackerel_1950%E2%80%932009.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Global_capture_of_true_mackerel_1950%E2%80%932009.png/400px-Global_capture_of_true_mackerel_1950%E2%80%932009.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Global_capture_of_true_mackerel_1950%E2%80%932009.png/600px-Global_capture_of_true_mackerel_1950%E2%80%932009.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Global_capture_of_true_mackerel_1950%E2%80%932009.png/800px-Global_capture_of_true_mackerel_1950%E2%80%932009.png 2x" data-file-width="1183" data-file-height="522" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">↑  Scombroid mackerels<a href="#cite_note-FAOdata-1">[1]</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:402px;max-width:402px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Global_capture_of_other_mackerel_1950%E2%80%932009.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Global_capture_of_other_mackerel_1950%E2%80%932009.png/400px-Global_capture_of_other_mackerel_1950%E2%80%932009.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Global_capture_of_other_mackerel_1950%E2%80%932009.png/600px-Global_capture_of_other_mackerel_1950%E2%80%932009.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Global_capture_of_other_mackerel_1950%E2%80%932009.png/800px-Global_capture_of_other_mackerel_1950%E2%80%932009.png 2x" data-file-width="1180" data-file-height="736" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">↑  Non-scombroid mackerels<a href="#cite_note-FAOdata-1">[1]</a></div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="text-align:center">Main commercial species</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Scjap_u0.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Scjap_u0.gif/220px-Scjap_u0.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Scjap_u0.gif/330px-Scjap_u0.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Scjap_u0.gif/440px-Scjap_u0.gif 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">The <a href="/wiki/Chub_mackerel" title="Chub mackerel">chub mackerel</a> is the most intensively fished mackerel in the scombroid family.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Chilean_purse_seine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Chilean_purse_seine.jpg/220px-Chilean_purse_seine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Chilean_purse_seine.jpg/330px-Chilean_purse_seine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Chilean_purse_seine.jpg/440px-Chilean_purse_seine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1767" data-file-height="1191" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Chilean jack mackerel have been overfished and the population may be in danger of collapsing. Here an entire <a href="/wiki/Shoaling_and_schooling" title="Shoaling and schooling">school</a> of about 400 tons is encircled by a purse seiner.</div></div></div></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_bunch_of_Mackerel_freshly_caught_on_a_African_beach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/A_bunch_of_Mackerel_freshly_caught_on_a_African_beach.jpg/220px-A_bunch_of_Mackerel_freshly_caught_on_a_African_beach.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/A_bunch_of_Mackerel_freshly_caught_on_a_African_beach.jpg/330px-A_bunch_of_Mackerel_freshly_caught_on_a_African_beach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/A_bunch_of_Mackerel_freshly_caught_on_a_African_beach.jpg/440px-A_bunch_of_Mackerel_freshly_caught_on_a_African_beach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2252" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>A fresh catch from an African beach</figcaption></figure> Chub mackerel, Scomber japonicus, are the most intensively fished scombroid mackerel. They account for about half the total capture production of scombroid mackerels.<a href="#cite_note-FAOdata-1">[1]</a> As a species, they are easily confused with Atlantic mackerel. Chub mackerel migrate long distances in oceans and across the Mediterranean. They can be caught with <a href="/wiki/Drift_net" class="mw-redirect" title="Drift net">drift nets</a> and suitable <a href="/wiki/Trawl" class="mw-redirect" title="Trawl">trawls</a>, but are most usually caught with <a href="/wiki/Surround_net" class="mw-redirect" title="Surround net">surround nets</a> at night by attracting them with lampara lamps.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> The remaining catch of scombroid mackerels is divided equally between the Atlantic mackerel and all other scombroid mackerels. Just these two species (Chub mackerel and Atlantic mackerel) account for about 75% of the total catch of scombroid mackerels.<a href="#cite_note-FAOdata-1">[1]</a> Chilean jack mackerel are the most commonly fished nonscombroid mackerel, fished as heavily as chub mackerel.<a href="#cite_note-FAOdata-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FAOmurphyi-90">[90]</a> The species has been <a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">overfished</a>, and its fishery may now be in danger of collapsing.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-iWatch2-133">[133]</a> Smaller mackerel behave like <a href="/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">herrings</a>, and are captured in similar ways.<a href="#cite_note-Clapham1941-134">[134]</a> Fish species like these, which <a href="/wiki/Shoaling_and_schooling" title="Shoaling and schooling">school</a> near the surface, can be caught efficiently by purse seining. Huge purse-seine vessels use spotter planes to locate the schooling fish. Then they close in using sophisticated sonar to track the shape of the school, which is then encircled with fast auxiliary boats that deploy purse seines as they speed around the school.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Suitably designed <a href="/wiki/Trolling_(fishing)" title="Trolling (fishing)">trollers</a> can also catch mackerels effectively when they swim near the surface. Trollers typically have several long booms which they lift and drop with "topping lifts". They haul their lines with electric or hydraulic reels.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fish_aggregating_device" title="Fish aggregating device">Fish aggregating devices</a> are also used to target mackerel.<a href="#cite_note-hi-138">[138]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <tbody><tr> <th>  Images and videos                                 </th></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:417px;max-width:417px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:218px;max-width:218px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Long-lining%22_for_mackerel_off_Hopeman_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1410170.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/%22Long-lining%22_for_mackerel_off_Hopeman_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1410170.jpg/216px-%22Long-lining%22_for_mackerel_off_Hopeman_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1410170.jpg" decoding="async" width="216" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/%22Long-lining%22_for_mackerel_off_Hopeman_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1410170.jpg/324px-%22Long-lining%22_for_mackerel_off_Hopeman_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1410170.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/%22Long-lining%22_for_mackerel_off_Hopeman_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1410170.jpg/432px-%22Long-lining%22_for_mackerel_off_Hopeman_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1410170.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="418" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Longlining" class="mw-redirect" title="Longlining">Longlining</a> for mackerel</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:195px;max-width:195px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Narrow-barred_Spanish_Mackerel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Narrow-barred_Spanish_Mackerel.jpg/193px-Narrow-barred_Spanish_Mackerel.jpg" decoding="async" width="193" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Narrow-barred_Spanish_Mackerel.jpg/290px-Narrow-barred_Spanish_Mackerel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Narrow-barred_Spanish_Mackerel.jpg/386px-Narrow-barred_Spanish_Mackerel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Narrow-barred_Spanish_mackerel" title="Narrow-barred Spanish mackerel">Narrow-barred Spanish mackerel</a>, largest of the scombroid mackerels and a fine <a href="/wiki/Game_fish" title="Game fish">game fish</a> for sport fishermen</div></div></div></div></div> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 300px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r1m6IKiO26c">Bluefin Baitball</a> YouTube</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GAyJSH6AAls">Atlantic Mackerel Purse Seining 2007</a> YouTube</td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Management">Management</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mackerel&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Management">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> has been overfished to the point where the ecological balance has become disrupted and many jobs in the fishing industry have been lost.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> The Southeast US region spans the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a>, and the US Southeast Atlantic. Overfishing of <a href="/wiki/King_mackerel" title="King mackerel">king</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Spanish_mackerel" title="Atlantic Spanish mackerel">Spanish mackerel</a> occurred in the 1980s. Regulations were introduced to restrict the size, fishing locations, and bag limits for recreational fishers and commercial fishers. <a href="/wiki/Gillnet" class="mw-redirect" title="Gillnet">Gillnets</a> were banned in waters off Florida. By 2001, the mackerel stocks had bounced back.<a href="#cite_note-FAO_Profile-140">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_food">As food</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mackerel&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: As food">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maquereaux_etal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Maquereaux_etal.jpg/220px-Maquereaux_etal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Maquereaux_etal.jpg/330px-Maquereaux_etal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Maquereaux_etal.jpg/440px-Maquereaux_etal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Atlantic mackerel on ice at a fish store</div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mackerel_freshly_caught.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Mackerel_freshly_caught.jpg/220px-Mackerel_freshly_caught.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Mackerel_freshly_caught.jpg/330px-Mackerel_freshly_caught.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Mackerel_freshly_caught.jpg/440px-Mackerel_freshly_caught.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Three freshly caught and gutted Mackerel from Mount's Bay in Cornwall</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mackerel_as_food" title="Mackerel as food">Mackerel as food</a></div> Mackerel is an important <a href="/wiki/Fish_as_food" title="Fish as food">food fish</a> that is consumed worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> As an <a href="/wiki/Oily_fish" title="Oily fish">oily fish</a>, it is a rich source of <a href="/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid" title="Omega-3 fatty acid">omega-3 fatty acids</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> The flesh of mackerel spoils quickly, especially in the tropics, and can cause <a href="/wiki/Scombroid_food_poisoning" title="Scombroid food poisoning">scombroid food poisoning</a>. Accordingly, it should be eaten on the day of capture, unless properly refrigerated or <a href="/wiki/Curing_(food_preservation)" title="Curing (food preservation)">cured</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> Mackerel preservation is not simple. Before the 19th-century development of canning and the widespread availability of refrigeration, salting and smoking were the principal preservation methods available.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> Historically in England, this fish was not preserved, but was consumed only in its fresh form. However, spoilage was common, leading the authors of The Cambridge Economic History of Europe to remark: "There are more references to stinking mackerel in English literature than to any other fish!"<a href="#cite_note-Clapham1941-134">[134]</a> In France, mackerel was traditionally pickled with large amounts of salt, which allowed it to be sold widely across the country.<a href="#cite_note-Clapham1941-134">[134]</a> For many years mackerel was regarded as 'unclean' in the UK and other places due to folklore which suggested that the fish fed on the corpses of dead sailors.<a href="#cite_note-BBCandrew-145">[145]</a> A 1976 survey of housewives in Britain undertaken by the <a href="/wiki/Sea_Fish_Industry_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea Fish Industry Authority">White Fish Authority</a> indicated a reluctance to departing from buying the traditional staples of cod, haddock or salmon. Less than 10% of the survey's 1,931 respondents had ever bought mackerel, and only 3% did so regularly. As a result of this trend, many UK <a href="/wiki/Fishmonger" title="Fishmonger">fishmongers</a> during the 1970s did not display or even stock mackerel.<a href="#cite_note-BBCandrew-145">[145]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mackerel&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FAOdata-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FAOdata_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAOdata_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAOdata_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAOdata_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAOdata_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAOdata_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAOdata_1-6">g</a> Based on data sourced from the relevant <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/search/en">FAO Species Fact Sheets</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/marine/fish-sharks-skates-and-rays/mackerel">"Mackerel. Scientific name: Scomber scombrus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wildlife_Trusts" title="The Wildlife Trusts">The Wildlife Trusts</a>. Retrieved 2 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wildlife+Trusts&rft.atitle=Mackerel.+Scientific+name%3A+Scomber+scombrus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wildlifetrusts.org%2Fwildlife-explorer%2Fmarine%2Ffish-sharks-skates-and-rays%2Fmackerel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msc.org/uk/media-centre/blog/news/2019/04/10/mackerel-to-fish-or-not-to-fish">"Mackerel: to fish or not to fish?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Marine_Stewardship_Council" title="Marine Stewardship Council">Marine Stewardship Council</a>. Retrieved 2 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marine+Stewardship+Council&rft.atitle=Mackerel%3A+to+fish+or+not+to+fish%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msc.org%2Fuk%2Fmedia-centre%2Fblog%2Fnews%2F2019%2F04%2F10%2Fmackerel-to-fish-or-not-to-fish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaan1973" class="citation journal cs1">Daan, N. (December 1973). "A quantitative analysis of the food intake of North Sea cod, Gadus Morhua". 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Merriam Webster. 2008. p. 688. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780877798095" title="Special:BookSources/9780877798095"><bdi>9780877798095</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+mackerel&rft.pages=688&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Merriam+Webster&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780877798095&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTAnheeIPcAEC%26pg%3DPA688&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/mackerel">"Mackerel"</a>. 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Retrieved 11 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Rastrelliger+brachysoma&rft.volume=2011&rft.pages=e.T170318A6745895&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170318A6745895.en&rft.au=Collette%2C+B.&rft.au=Di+Natale%2C+A.&rft.au=Fox%2C+W.&rft.au=Juan+Jorda%2C+M.&rft.au=Nelson%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F170318%2F6745895&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Rastrelliger&speciesname=faughni">"Rastrelliger faughni"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a>. March 2012 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Rastrelliger+faughni&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DRastrelliger%26speciesname%3Dfaughni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUCNfaughni-17"><a href="#cite_ref-IUCNfaughni_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollette,_B.Di_Natale,_A.Fox,_W.Juan_Jorda,_M.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Collette, B.; Di Natale, A.; Fox, W.; Juan Jorda, M.; Nelson, R. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/170324/6748697">"Rastrelliger faughni"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a>. 2011: e.T170324A6748697. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170324A6748697.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170324A6748697.en</a>. Retrieved 11 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Rastrelliger+faughni&rft.volume=2011&rft.pages=e.T170324A6748697&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170324A6748697.en&rft.au=Collette%2C+B.&rft.au=Di+Natale%2C+A.&rft.au=Fox%2C+W.&rft.au=Juan+Jorda%2C+M.&rft.au=Nelson%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F170324%2F6748697&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Rastrelliger&speciesname=kanagurta">"Rastrelliger kanagurta"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a>. March 2012 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Rastrelliger+kanagurta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DRastrelliger%26speciesname%3Dkanagurta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2478/en">"Species Fact Sheet: Rastrelliger kanagurta (Cuvier, 1817)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180806051043/http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2478/en">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Species+Fact+Sheet%3A+Rastrelliger+kanagurta+%28Cuvier%2C+1817%29&rft.pub=FAO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Ffishery%2Fspecies%2F2478%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUCNkanagurta-20"><a href="#cite_ref-IUCNkanagurta_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollette,_B.Di_Natale,_A.Fox,_W.Juan_Jorda,_M.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Collette, B.; Di Natale, A.; Fox, W.; Juan Jorda, M.; Nelson, R. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/170328/6750032">"Rastrelliger kanagurta"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a>. 2011: e.T170328A6750032. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170328A6750032.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170328A6750032.en</a>. Retrieved 11 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Rastrelliger+kanagurta&rft.volume=2011&rft.pages=e.T170328A6750032&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170328A6750032.en&rft.au=Collette%2C+B.&rft.au=Di+Natale%2C+A.&rft.au=Fox%2C+W.&rft.au=Juan+Jorda%2C+M.&rft.au=Nelson%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F170328%2F6750032&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Scomber&speciesname=australasicus">"Scomber australasicus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a>. March 2012 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Scomber+australasicus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DScomber%26speciesname%3Daustralasicus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUCNaustralasicus-22"><a href="#cite_ref-IUCNaustralasicus_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollette,_B.Acero,_A.Canales_Ramirez,_C.Cardenas,_G.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Collette, B.; Acero, A.; Canales Ramirez, C.; Cardenas, G.; Carpenter, K.E.; Chang, S.-K.; Chiang, W.; Di Natale, A.; Fox, W.; Guzman-Mora, A.; Juan Jorda, M.; Miyabe, N.; Montano Cruz, R.; Nelson, R.; Salas, E.; Schaefer, K.; Serra, R.; Sun, C.; Uozumi, Y.; Wang, S.; Wu, J.; Yanez, E.; Yeh, S. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/170329/6750490">"Scomber australasicus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a>. 2011: e.T170329A6750490. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170329A6750490.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170329A6750490.en</a>. Retrieved 11 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Scomber+australasicus&rft.volume=2011&rft.pages=e.T170329A6750490&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170329A6750490.en&rft.au=Collette%2C+B.&rft.au=Acero%2C+A.&rft.au=Canales+Ramirez%2C+C.&rft.au=Cardenas%2C+G.&rft.au=Carpenter%2C+K.E.&rft.au=Chang%2C+S.-K.&rft.au=Chiang%2C+W.&rft.au=Di+Natale%2C+A.&rft.au=Fox%2C+W.&rft.au=Guzman-Mora%2C+A.&rft.au=Juan+Jorda%2C+M.&rft.au=Miyabe%2C+N.&rft.au=Montano+Cruz%2C+R.&rft.au=Nelson%2C+R.&rft.au=Salas%2C+E.&rft.au=Schaefer%2C+K.&rft.au=Serra%2C+R.&rft.au=Sun%2C+C.&rft.au=Uozumi%2C+Y.&rft.au=Wang%2C+S.&rft.au=Wu%2C+J.&rft.au=Yanez%2C+E.&rft.au=Yeh%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F170329%2F6750490&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Scomber&speciesname=colias">"Scomber colias"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a>. March 2012 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Scomber+colias&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DScomber%26speciesname%3Dcolias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUCNcolias-24"><a href="#cite_ref-IUCNcolias_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollette,_B.Amorim,_A.F.Boustany,_A.Carpenter,_K.E.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Collette, B.; Amorim, A.F.; Boustany, A.; Carpenter, K.E.; de Oliveira Leite Jr.; N.; Di Natale, A.; Fox, W.; Fredou, F.L.; Graves, J.; Viera Hazin, F.H.; Juan Jorda, M.; Kada, O.; Minte Vera, C.; Miyabe, N.; Nelson, R.; Oxenford, H.; Teixeira Lessa, R.P.; Pires Ferreira Travassos, P.E. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/170357/6767497">"Scomber colias"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a>. 2011: e.T170357A6767497. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170357A6767497.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170357A6767497.en</a>. Retrieved 11 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Scomber+colias&rft.volume=2011&rft.pages=e.T170357A6767497&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170357A6767497.en&rft.au=Collette%2C+B.&rft.au=Amorim%2C+A.F.&rft.au=Boustany%2C+A.&rft.au=Carpenter%2C+K.E.&rft.au=de+Oliveira+Leite+Jr.&rft.au=N.&rft.au=Di+Natale%2C+A.&rft.au=Fox%2C+W.&rft.au=Fredou%2C+F.L.&rft.au=Graves%2C+J.&rft.au=Viera+Hazin%2C+F.H.&rft.au=Juan+Jorda%2C+M.&rft.au=Kada%2C+O.&rft.au=Minte+Vera%2C+C.&rft.au=Miyabe%2C+N.&rft.au=Nelson%2C+R.&rft.au=Oxenford%2C+H.&rft.au=Teixeira+Lessa%2C+R.P.&rft.au=Pires+Ferreira+Travassos%2C+P.E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F170357%2F6767497&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FishBasejaponicus-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FishBasejaponicus_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Scomber&speciesname=japonicus">"Scomber japonicus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a>. March 2012 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Scomber+japonicus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DScomber%26speciesname%3Djaponicus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FAOjaponicus-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FAOjaponicus_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAOjaponicus_26-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/3277/en">"Species Fact Sheet: Scomber japonicus (Houttuyn, 1782)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181221172602/http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/3277/en">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Species+Fact+Sheet%3A+Scomber+japonicus+%28Houttuyn%2C+1782%29&rft.pub=FAO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Ffishery%2Fspecies%2F3277%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUCNSjaponicus-27"><a href="#cite_ref-IUCNSjaponicus_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollette,_B.Acero,_A.Canales_Ramirez,_C.Cardenas,_G.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Collette, B.; Acero, A.; Canales Ramirez, C.; Cardenas, G.; Carpenter, K.E.; Chang, S.-K.; Di Natale, A.; Fox, W.; Guzman-Mora, A.; Juan Jorda, M.; Miyabe, N.; Montano Cruz, R.; Nelson, R.; Salas, E.; Schaefer, K.; Serra, R.; Sun, C.; Uozumi, Y.; Wang, S.; Wu, J.; Yeh, S. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/170306/6737373">"Scomber japonicus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a>. 2011: e.T170306A6737373. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170306A6737373.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170306A6737373.en</a>. 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March 2012 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Scomber+scombrus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DScomber%26speciesname%3Dscombrus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FAOscombrus-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FAOscombrus_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2473/en">"Species Fact Sheet: Scomber scombrus (Linnaeus, 1758)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190502001326/http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2473/en">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 2 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Species+Fact+Sheet%3A+Scomber+scombrus+%28Linnaeus%2C+1758%29&rft.pub=FAO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Ffishery%2Fspecies%2F2473%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ITIS_Scomberomorini-30"><a href="#cite_ref-ITIS_Scomberomorini_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=638251">"Scomberomorini"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">Integrated Taxonomic Information System</a>. 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(2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/170331/6750961">"Acanthocybium solandri"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a>. 2011: e.T170331A6750961. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170331A6750961.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170331A6750961.en</a>. Retrieved 11 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Acanthocybium+solandri&rft.volume=2011&rft.pages=e.T170331A6750961&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170331A6750961.en&rft.au=Collette%2C+B.&rft.au=Acero%2C+A.&rft.au=Amorim%2C+A.F.&rft.au=Boustany%2C+A.&rft.au=Canales+Ramirez%2C+C.&rft.au=Cardenas%2C+G.&rft.au=Carpenter%2C+K.E.&rft.au=de+Oliveira+Leite+Jr.&rft.au=N.&rft.au=Di+Natale%2C+A.&rft.au=Die%2C+D.&rft.au=Fox%2C+W.&rft.au=Fredou%2C+F.L.&rft.au=Graves%2C+J.&rft.au=Guzman-Mora%2C+A.&rft.au=Viera+Hazin%2C+F.H.&rft.au=Hinton%2C+M.&rft.au=Juan+Jorda%2C+M.&rft.au=Kada%2C+O.&rft.au=Minte+Vera%2C+C.&rft.au=Miyabe%2C+N.&rft.au=Montano+Cruz%2C+R.&rft.au=Nelson%2C+R.&rft.au=Oxenford%2C+H.&rft.au=Restrepo%2C+V.&rft.au=Salas%2C+E.&rft.au=Schaefer%2C+K.&rft.au=Schratwieser%2C+J.&rft.au=Serra%2C+R.&rft.au=Sun%2C+C.&rft.au=Teixeira+Lessa%2C+R.P.&rft.au=Pires+Ferreira+Travassos%2C+P.E.&rft.au=Uozumi%2C+Y.&rft.au=Yanez%2C+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F170331%2F6750961&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Grammatorcynus&speciesname=bicarinatus">"Grammatorcynus bicarinatus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a>. March 2012 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Grammatorcynus+bicarinatus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DGrammatorcynus%26speciesname%3Dbicarinatus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUCNbicarinatus-37"><a href="#cite_ref-IUCNbicarinatus_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollette,_B.Fox,_W.Nelson,_R.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Collette, B.; Fox, W.; Nelson, R. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/170308/6738658">"Grammatorcynus bicarinatus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a>. 2011: e.T170308A6738658. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170308A6738658.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170308A6738658.en</a>. 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March 2012 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Grammatorcynus+bilineatus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DGrammatorcynus%26speciesname%3Dbilineatus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUCNbilineatus-39"><a href="#cite_ref-IUCNbilineatus_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollette,_B.Chiang,_W.Di_Natale,_A.Fox,_W.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Collette, B.; Chiang, W.; Di Natale, A.; Fox, W.; Juan Jorda, M.; Nelson, R. 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March 2012 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Scomberomorus+brasiliensis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DScomberomorus%26speciesname%3Dbrasiliensis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUCNbrasiliensis-41"><a href="#cite_ref-IUCNbrasiliensis_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollette,_B.Amorim,_A.F.Boustany,_A.Carpenter,_K.E.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Collette, B.; Amorim, A.F.; Boustany, A.; Carpenter, K.E.; de Oliveira Leite Jr.; N.; Di Natale, A.; Fox, W.; Fredou, F.L.; Graves, J.; Viera Hazin, F.H.; Juan Jorda, M.; Minte Vera, C.; Miyabe, N.; Nelson, R.; Oxenford, H.; Teixeira Lessa, R.P.; Pires Ferreira Travassos, P.E. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/170335/6753567">"Scomberomorus brasiliensis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a>. 2011: e.T170335A6753567. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170335A6753567.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170335A6753567.en</a>. Retrieved 11 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Scomberomorus+brasiliensis&rft.volume=2011&rft.pages=e.T170335A6753567&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170335A6753567.en&rft.au=Collette%2C+B.&rft.au=Amorim%2C+A.F.&rft.au=Boustany%2C+A.&rft.au=Carpenter%2C+K.E.&rft.au=de+Oliveira+Leite+Jr.&rft.au=N.&rft.au=Di+Natale%2C+A.&rft.au=Fox%2C+W.&rft.au=Fredou%2C+F.L.&rft.au=Graves%2C+J.&rft.au=Viera+Hazin%2C+F.H.&rft.au=Juan+Jorda%2C+M.&rft.au=Minte+Vera%2C+C.&rft.au=Miyabe%2C+N.&rft.au=Nelson%2C+R.&rft.au=Oxenford%2C+H.&rft.au=Teixeira+Lessa%2C+R.P.&rft.au=Pires+Ferreira+Travassos%2C+P.E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F170335%2F6753567&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Scomberomorus&speciesname=cavalla">"Scomberomorus cavalla"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a>. March 2012 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Scomberomorus+cavalla&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DScomberomorus%26speciesname%3Dcavalla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FAOcavalla-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FAOcavalla_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAOcavalla_43-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2483/en">"Species Fact Sheet: Scomberomorus cavalla (Cuvier, 1829)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181015151018/http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2483/en">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Species+Fact+Sheet%3A+Scomberomorus+cavalla+%28Cuvier%2C+1829%29&rft.pub=FAO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Ffishery%2Fspecies%2F2483%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUCNcavalla-44"><a href="#cite_ref-IUCNcavalla_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollette,_B.Amorim,_A.F.Boustany,_A.Carpenter,_K.E.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Collette, B.; Amorim, A.F.; Boustany, A.; Carpenter, K.E.; de Oliveira Leite Jr.; N.; Di Natale, A.; Fox, W.; Fredou, F.L.; Graves, J.; Viera Hazin, F.H.; Juan Jorda, M.; Minte Vera, C.; Miyabe, N.; Nelson, R.; Oxenford, H.; Teixeira Lessa, R.P.; Pires Ferreira Travassos, P.E. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/170339/6755835">"Scomberomorus cavalla"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a>. 2011: e.T170339A6755835. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170339A6755835.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170339A6755835.en</a>. Retrieved 11 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Scomberomorus+cavalla&rft.volume=2011&rft.pages=e.T170339A6755835&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170339A6755835.en&rft.au=Collette%2C+B.&rft.au=Amorim%2C+A.F.&rft.au=Boustany%2C+A.&rft.au=Carpenter%2C+K.E.&rft.au=de+Oliveira+Leite+Jr.&rft.au=N.&rft.au=Di+Natale%2C+A.&rft.au=Fox%2C+W.&rft.au=Fredou%2C+F.L.&rft.au=Graves%2C+J.&rft.au=Viera+Hazin%2C+F.H.&rft.au=Juan+Jorda%2C+M.&rft.au=Minte+Vera%2C+C.&rft.au=Miyabe%2C+N.&rft.au=Nelson%2C+R.&rft.au=Oxenford%2C+H.&rft.au=Teixeira+Lessa%2C+R.P.&rft.au=Pires+Ferreira+Travassos%2C+P.E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F170339%2F6755835&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Scomberomorus&speciesname=commerson">"Scomberomorus commerson"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a>. March 2012 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Scomberomorus+commerson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DScomberomorus%26speciesname%3Dcommerson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/3280/en">"Species Fact Sheet: Scomberomorus commerson (Lacepède, 1800)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181016014535/http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/3280/en">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Species+Fact+Sheet%3A+Scomberomorus+commerson+%28Lacep%C3%A8de%2C+1800%29&rft.pub=FAO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Ffishery%2Fspecies%2F3280%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUCNcommerson-47"><a href="#cite_ref-IUCNcommerson_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollette,_B.Chang,_S.-K.Di_Natale,_A.Fox,_W.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Collette, B.; Chang, S.-K.; Di Natale, A.; Fox, W.; Juan Jorda, M.; Miyabe, N.; Nelson, R. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/170316/6745396">"Scomberomorus commerson"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a>. 2011: e.T170316A6745396. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170316A6745396.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170316A6745396.en</a>. Retrieved 11 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Scomberomorus+commerson&rft.volume=2011&rft.pages=e.T170316A6745396&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170316A6745396.en&rft.au=Collette%2C+B.&rft.au=Chang%2C+S.-K.&rft.au=Di+Natale%2C+A.&rft.au=Fox%2C+W.&rft.au=Juan+Jorda%2C+M.&rft.au=Miyabe%2C+N.&rft.au=Nelson%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F170316%2F6745396&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Scomberomorus&speciesname=concolor">"Scomberomorus concolor"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a>. March 2012 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Scomberomorus+concolor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DScomberomorus%26speciesname%3Dconcolor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUCNconcolor-49"><a href="#cite_ref-IUCNconcolor_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollette,_B.Acero,_A.Boustany,_A.Canales_Ramirez,_C.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Collette, B.; Acero, A.; Boustany, A.; Canales Ramirez, C.; Cardenas, G.; Carpenter, K.E.; Di Natale, A.; Die, D.; Fox, W.; Graves, J.; Hinton, M.; Juan Jorda, M.; Minte Vera, C.; Miyabe, N.; Montano Cruz, R.; Nelson, R.; Restrepo, V.; Schaefer, K.; Schratwieser, J.; Serra, R.; Yanez, E. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/20047/9138383">"Scomberomorus concolor"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a>. 2011: e.T20047A9138383. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T20047A9138383.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T20047A9138383.en</a>. Retrieved 11 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Scomberomorus+concolor&rft.volume=2011&rft.pages=e.T20047A9138383&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T20047A9138383.en&rft.au=Collette%2C+B.&rft.au=Acero%2C+A.&rft.au=Boustany%2C+A.&rft.au=Canales+Ramirez%2C+C.&rft.au=Cardenas%2C+G.&rft.au=Carpenter%2C+K.E.&rft.au=Di+Natale%2C+A.&rft.au=Die%2C+D.&rft.au=Fox%2C+W.&rft.au=Graves%2C+J.&rft.au=Hinton%2C+M.&rft.au=Juan+Jorda%2C+M.&rft.au=Minte+Vera%2C+C.&rft.au=Miyabe%2C+N.&rft.au=Montano+Cruz%2C+R.&rft.au=Nelson%2C+R.&rft.au=Restrepo%2C+V.&rft.au=Schaefer%2C+K.&rft.au=Schratwieser%2C+J.&rft.au=Serra%2C+R.&rft.au=Yanez%2C+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F20047%2F9138383&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Scomberomorus&speciesname=guttatus">"Scomberomorus guttatus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a>. March 2012 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Scomberomorus+guttatus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DScomberomorus%26speciesname%3Dguttatus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/3281/en">"Species Fact Sheet: Scomberomorus guttatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181009102312/http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/3281/en">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Species+Fact+Sheet%3A+Scomberomorus+guttatus+%28Bloch+%26+Schneider%2C+1801%29&rft.pub=FAO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Ffishery%2Fspecies%2F3281%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUCNguttatus-52"><a href="#cite_ref-IUCNguttatus_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollette,_B.Di_Natale,_A.Fox,_W.Juan_Jorda,_M.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Collette, B.; Di Natale, A.; Fox, W.; Juan Jorda, M.; Nelson, R. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/170311/6742170">"Scomberomorus guttatus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a>. 2011: e.T170311A6742170. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170311A6742170.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170311A6742170.en</a>. Retrieved 11 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Scomberomorus+guttatus&rft.volume=2011&rft.pages=e.T170311A6742170&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170311A6742170.en&rft.au=Collette%2C+B.&rft.au=Di+Natale%2C+A.&rft.au=Fox%2C+W.&rft.au=Juan+Jorda%2C+M.&rft.au=Nelson%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F170311%2F6742170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Scomberomorus&speciesname=koreanus">"Scomberomorus koreanus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a>. December 2012 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Scomberomorus+koreanus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DScomberomorus%26speciesname%3Dkoreanus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUCNkoreanus-54"><a href="#cite_ref-IUCNkoreanus_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollette,_B.Di_Natale,_A.Fox,_W.Juan_Jorda,_M.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Collette, B.; Di Natale, A.; Fox, W.; Juan Jorda, M.; Nelson, R. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/170343/6757043">"Scomberomorus koreanus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a>. 2011: e.T170343A6757043. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170343A6757043.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170343A6757043.en</a>. Retrieved 11 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Scomberomorus+koreanus&rft.volume=2011&rft.pages=e.T170343A6757043&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170343A6757043.en&rft.au=Collette%2C+B.&rft.au=Di+Natale%2C+A.&rft.au=Fox%2C+W.&rft.au=Juan+Jorda%2C+M.&rft.au=Nelson%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F170343%2F6757043&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Scomberomorus&speciesname=lineolatus">"Scomberomorus lineolatus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a>. March 2012 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Scomberomorus+lineolatus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DScomberomorus%26speciesname%3Dlineolatus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUCNlineolatus-56"><a href="#cite_ref-IUCNlineolatus_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollette,_B.Di_Natale,_A.Fox,_W.Juan_Jorda,_M.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Collette, B.; Di Natale, A.; Fox, W.; Juan Jorda, M.; Nelson, R. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/170353/6764121">"Scomberomorus lineolatus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a>. 2011: e.T170353A6764121. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170353A6764121.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170353A6764121.en</a>. Retrieved 11 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Scomberomorus+lineolatus&rft.volume=2011&rft.pages=e.T170353A6764121&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170353A6764121.en&rft.au=Collette%2C+B.&rft.au=Di+Natale%2C+A.&rft.au=Fox%2C+W.&rft.au=Juan+Jorda%2C+M.&rft.au=Nelson%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F170353%2F6764121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FishBasemaculatus-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FishBasemaculatus_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Scomberomorus&speciesname=maculatus">"Scomberomorus maculatus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a>. March 2012 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Scomberomorus+maculatus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DScomberomorus%26speciesname%3Dmaculatus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FAOmaculatus-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FAOmaculatus_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/3282/en">"Species Fact Sheet: Scomberomorus maculatus (Mitchill, 1815)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180724053321/http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/3282/en">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Species+Fact+Sheet%3A+Scomberomorus+maculatus+%28Mitchill%2C+1815%29&rft.pub=FAO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Ffishery%2Fspecies%2F3282%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUCNmaculatus-59"><a href="#cite_ref-IUCNmaculatus_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollette,_B.Boustany,_A.Carpenter,_K.E.Fox,_W.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Collette, B.; Boustany, A.; Carpenter, K.E.; Fox, W.; Graves, J.; Juan Jorda, M.; Nelson, R.; Oxenford, H. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/170323/6748550">"Scomberomorus maculatus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a>. 2011: e.T170323A6748550. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170323A6748550.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170323A6748550.en</a>. Retrieved 11 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Scomberomorus+maculatus&rft.volume=2011&rft.pages=e.T170323A6748550&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170323A6748550.en&rft.au=Collette%2C+B.&rft.au=Boustany%2C+A.&rft.au=Carpenter%2C+K.E.&rft.au=Fox%2C+W.&rft.au=Graves%2C+J.&rft.au=Juan+Jorda%2C+M.&rft.au=Nelson%2C+R.&rft.au=Oxenford%2C+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F170323%2F6748550&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Scomberomorus&speciesname=multiradiatus">"Scomberomorus multiradiatus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a>. March 2012 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Scomberomorus+multiradiatus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DScomberomorus%26speciesname%3Dmultiradiatus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUCNmultiradiatus-61"><a href="#cite_ref-IUCNmultiradiatus_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollette,_B.Carpenter,_K.E.Di_Natale,_A.Fox,_W.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Collette, B.; Carpenter, K.E.; Di Natale, A.; Fox, W.; Juan Jorda, M.; Nelson, R. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/170347/6760831">"Scomberomorus multiradiatus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a>. 2011: e.T170347A6760831. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170347A6760831.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170347A6760831.en</a>. Retrieved 11 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Scomberomorus+multiradiatus&rft.volume=2011&rft.pages=e.T170347A6760831&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170347A6760831.en&rft.au=Collette%2C+B.&rft.au=Carpenter%2C+K.E.&rft.au=Di+Natale%2C+A.&rft.au=Fox%2C+W.&rft.au=Juan+Jorda%2C+M.&rft.au=Nelson%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F170347%2F6760831&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Scomberomorus&speciesname=munroi">"Scomberomorus munroi"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a>. March 2012 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Scomberomorus+munroi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DScomberomorus%26speciesname%3Dmunroi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUCNmunroi-63"><a href="#cite_ref-IUCNmunroi_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollette,_B.Di_Natale,_A.Fox,_W.Juan_Jorda,_M.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Collette, B.; Di Natale, A.; Fox, W.; Juan Jorda, M.; Nelson, R. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/170330/6750789">"Scomberomorus munroi"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a>. 2011: e.T170330A6750789. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170330A6750789.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170330A6750789.en</a>. Retrieved 11 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Scomberomorus+munroi&rft.volume=2011&rft.pages=e.T170330A6750789&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170330A6750789.en&rft.au=Collette%2C+B.&rft.au=Di+Natale%2C+A.&rft.au=Fox%2C+W.&rft.au=Juan+Jorda%2C+M.&rft.au=Nelson%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F170330%2F6750789&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Scomberomorus&speciesname=niphonius">"Scomberomorus niphonius"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a>. March 2012 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Scomberomorus+niphonius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DScomberomorus%26speciesname%3Dniphonius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/3285/en">"Species Fact Sheet: Scomberomorus niphonius (Cuvier, 1831)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112140508/http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/3285/en">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Species+Fact+Sheet%3A+Scomberomorus+niphonius+%28Cuvier%2C+1831%29&rft.pub=FAO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Ffishery%2Fspecies%2F3285%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUCNniphonius-66"><a href="#cite_ref-IUCNniphonius_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollette,_B.Chang,_S.-K.Di_Natale,_A.Fox,_W.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Collette, B.; Chang, S.-K.; Di Natale, A.; Fox, W.; Juan Jorda, M.; Nelson, R.; Uozumi, Y. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/170356/6767322">"Scomberomorus niphonius"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a>. 2011: e.T170356A6767322. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170356A6767322.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170356A6767322.en</a>. Retrieved 11 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Scomberomorus+niphonius&rft.volume=2011&rft.pages=e.T170356A6767322&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170356A6767322.en&rft.au=Collette%2C+B.&rft.au=Chang%2C+S.-K.&rft.au=Di+Natale%2C+A.&rft.au=Fox%2C+W.&rft.au=Juan+Jorda%2C+M.&rft.au=Nelson%2C+R.&rft.au=Uozumi%2C+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F170356%2F6767322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Scomberomorus&speciesname=plurilineatus">"Scomberomorus plurilineatus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a>. December 2012 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Scomberomorus+plurilineatus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DScomberomorus%26speciesname%3Dplurilineatus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUCNplurilineatus-68"><a href="#cite_ref-IUCNplurilineatus_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollette,_B.Di_Natale,_A.Fox,_W.Juan_Jorda,_M.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Collette, B.; Di Natale, A.; Fox, W.; Juan Jorda, M.; Nelson, R. 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March 2012 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Scomberomorus+queenslandicus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DScomberomorus%26speciesname%3Dqueenslandicus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUCNqueenslandicus-70"><a href="#cite_ref-IUCNqueenslandicus_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollette,_B.Di_Natale,_A.Dooley,_J.Fox,_W.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Collette, B.; Di Natale, A.; Dooley, J.; Fox, W.; Fritzsche, R.; Juan Jorda, M.; Matsuura, K.; Nelson, J.; Nelson, R. 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Retrieved 11 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Scomberomorus+queenslandicus&rft.volume=2011&rft.pages=e.T154946A4674361&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T154946A4674361.en&rft.au=Collette%2C+B.&rft.au=Di+Natale%2C+A.&rft.au=Dooley%2C+J.&rft.au=Fox%2C+W.&rft.au=Fritzsche%2C+R.&rft.au=Juan+Jorda%2C+M.&rft.au=Matsuura%2C+K.&rft.au=Nelson%2C+J.&rft.au=Nelson%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F154946%2F4674361&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Scomberomorus&speciesname=regalis">"Scomberomorus regalis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a>. December 2012 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Scomberomorus+regalis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DScomberomorus%26speciesname%3Dregalis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUCNregalis-72"><a href="#cite_ref-IUCNregalis_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollette,_B.Amorim,_A.F.Boustany,_A.Carpenter,_K.E.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Collette, B.; Amorim, A.F.; Boustany, A.; Carpenter, K.E.; de Oliveira Leite Jr.; N.; Di Natale, A.; Fox, W.; Fredou, F.L.; Graves, J.; Viera Hazin, F.H.; Juan Jorda, M.; Minte Vera, C.; Miyabe, N.; Nelson, R.; Oxenford, H.; Teixeira Lessa, R.P.; Pires Ferreira Travassos, P.E. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/170327/6749725">"Scomberomorus regalis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a>. 2011: e.T170327A6749725. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170327A6749725.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170327A6749725.en</a>. Retrieved 11 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Scomberomorus+regalis&rft.volume=2011&rft.pages=e.T170327A6749725&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170327A6749725.en&rft.au=Collette%2C+B.&rft.au=Amorim%2C+A.F.&rft.au=Boustany%2C+A.&rft.au=Carpenter%2C+K.E.&rft.au=de+Oliveira+Leite+Jr.&rft.au=N.&rft.au=Di+Natale%2C+A.&rft.au=Fox%2C+W.&rft.au=Fredou%2C+F.L.&rft.au=Graves%2C+J.&rft.au=Viera+Hazin%2C+F.H.&rft.au=Juan+Jorda%2C+M.&rft.au=Minte+Vera%2C+C.&rft.au=Miyabe%2C+N.&rft.au=Nelson%2C+R.&rft.au=Oxenford%2C+H.&rft.au=Teixeira+Lessa%2C+R.P.&rft.au=Pires+Ferreira+Travassos%2C+P.E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F170327%2F6749725&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Scomberomorus&speciesname=semifasciatus">"Scomberomorus semifasciatus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a>. March 2012 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Scomberomorus+semifasciatus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DScomberomorus%26speciesname%3Dsemifasciatus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUCNsemifasciatus-74"><a href="#cite_ref-IUCNsemifasciatus_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollette,_B.Carpenter,_K.E.Di_Natale,_A.Fox,_W.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Collette, B.; Carpenter, K.E.; Di Natale, A.; Fox, W.; Juan Jorda, M.; Nelson, R. 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(2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/170340/6756181">"Gasterochisma melampus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a>. 2011: e.T170340A6756181. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170340A6756181.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170340A6756181.en</a>. Retrieved 11 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Gasterochisma+melampus&rft.volume=2011&rft.pages=e.T170340A6756181&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170340A6756181.en&rft.au=Collette%2C+B.&rft.au=Boustany%2C+A.&rft.au=Carpenter%2C+K.E.&rft.au=Di+Natale%2C+A.&rft.au=Fox%2C+W.&rft.au=Graves%2C+J.&rft.au=Juan+Jorda%2C+M.&rft.au=Miyabe%2C+N.&rft.au=Nelson%2C+R.&rft.au=Oxenford%2C+H.&rft.au=Uozumi%2C+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F170340%2F6756181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Trachurus&speciesname=trachurus">"Trachurus trachurus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a>. March 2012 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Trachurus+trachurus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DTrachurus%26speciesname%3Dtrachurus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2306/en">"Species Fact Sheet: Trachurus trachurus (Linnaeus, 1758)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180716221543/http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2306/en">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Species+Fact+Sheet%3A+Trachurus+trachurus+%28Linnaeus%2C+1758%29&rft.pub=FAO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Ffishery%2Fspecies%2F2306%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Trachurus&speciesname=picturatus">"Trachurus picturatus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a>. March 2012 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Trachurus+picturatus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DTrachurus%26speciesname%3Dpicturatus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUCNmurphyi-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IUCNmurphyi_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUCNmurphyi_85-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith-Vaniz,_B.Robertson,_R.Dominici-Arosemena,_A.2010" class="citation journal cs1">Smith-Vaniz, B.; Robertson, R.; Dominici-Arosemena, A. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/183965/8207652">"Trachurus murphyi"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a>. 2010: e.T183965A8207652. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T183965A8207652.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T183965A8207652.en</a>. Retrieved 11 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Trachurus+murphyi&rft.volume=2010&rft.pages=e.T183965A8207652&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T183965A8207652.en&rft.au=Smith-Vaniz%2C+B.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+R.&rft.au=Dominici-Arosemena%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F183965%2F8207652&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Trachurus&speciesname=capensis">"Trachurus capensis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a>. March 2012 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Trachurus+capensis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DTrachurus%26speciesname%3Dcapensis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/3105/en">"Species Fact Sheet: Trachurus capensis (Castelnau, 1861)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171126111348/http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/3105/en">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2017. Retrieved 2 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Species+Fact+Sheet%3A+Trachurus+capensis+%28Castelnau%2C+1861%29&rft.pub=FAO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Ffishery%2Fspecies%2F3105%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120712095240/http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/online-resources/fauna/afd/taxa/Phallomedusa_solida">"Species Phallomedusa solida (Martens, 1878)"</a>. Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Australian Biological Resources Study. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/online-resources/fauna/afd/taxa/Phallomedusa_solida">the original</a> on 12 July 2012. Retrieved 2 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Species+Phallomedusa+solida+%28Martens%2C+1878%29&rft.pub=Department+of+the+Environment%2C+Water%2C+Heritage+and+the+Arts%2C+Australian+Biological+Resources+Study&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.environment.gov.au%2Fbiodiversity%2Fabrs%2Fonline-resources%2Ffauna%2Fafd%2Ftaxa%2FPhallomedusa_solida&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FishBasemurphyi-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FishBasemurphyi_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Trachurus&speciesname=murphyi">"Trachurus murphyi"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a>. March 2012 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Trachurus+murphyi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DTrachurus%26speciesname%3Dmurphyi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FAOmurphyi-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FAOmurphyi_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAOmurphyi_90-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2309/en">"Species Fact Sheet: Trachurus murphyi (Nichols, 1920)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181015012246/http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2309/en">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Species+Fact+Sheet%3A+Trachurus+murphyi+%28Nichols%2C+1920%29&rft.pub=FAO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Ffishery%2Fspecies%2F2309%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Trachurus&speciesname=trecae">"Trachurus trecae"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a>. March 2012 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Trachurus+trecae&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DTrachurus%26speciesname%3Dtrecae&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/3106/en">"Species Fact Sheet: Trachurus trecae (Cadenat, 1949)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180724042410/http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/3106/en">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Species+Fact+Sheet%3A+Trachurus+trecae+%28Cadenat%2C+1949%29&rft.pub=FAO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Ffishery%2Fspecies%2F3106%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Trachurus&speciesname=declivis">"Trachurus declivis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a>. March 2012 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Trachurus+declivis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DTrachurus%26speciesname%3Ddeclivis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2313/en">"Species Fact Sheet: Trachurus declivis (Jenyns, 1841)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180330125236/http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2313/en">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Species+Fact+Sheet%3A+Trachurus+declivis+%28Jenyns%2C+1841%29&rft.pub=FAO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Ffishery%2Fspecies%2F2313%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120712095240/http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/online-resources/fauna/afd/taxa/Phallomedusa_solida">"Phallomedusa solida (Martens, 1878)"</a>. Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Australian Biological Resources Study. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/online-resources/fauna/afd/taxa/Phallomedusa_solida">the original</a> on 12 July 2012. Retrieved 2 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Phallomedusa+solida+%28Martens%2C+1878%29&rft.pub=Department+of+the+Environment%2C+Water%2C+Heritage+and+the+Arts%2C+Australian+Biological+Resources+Study&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.environment.gov.au%2Fbiodiversity%2Fabrs%2Fonline-resources%2Ffauna%2Fafd%2Ftaxa%2FPhallomedusa_solida&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Trachurus&speciesname=japonicus">"Trachurus japonicus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a>. March 2012 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Trachurus+japonicus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DTrachurus%26speciesname%3Djaponicus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2308/en">"Species Fact Sheet: Trachurus japonicus (Temminck & Schlegel, 1844)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170730140855/http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2308/en">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 2 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Species+Fact+Sheet%3A+Trachurus+japonicus+%28Temminck+%26+Schlegel%2C+1844%29&rft.pub=FAO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Ffishery%2Fspecies%2F2308%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Trachurus&speciesname=mediterraneus">"Trachurus mediterraneus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a>. March 2012 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Trachurus+mediterraneus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DTrachurus%26speciesname%3Dmediterraneus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2311/en">"Species Fact Sheet: Trachurus mediterraneus (Steindachner, 1868)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190328231000/http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2311/en">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 2 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Species+Fact+Sheet%3A+Trachurus+mediterraneus+%28Steindachner%2C+1868%29&rft.pub=FAO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Ffishery%2Fspecies%2F2311%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Trachurus&speciesname=symmetricus">"Trachurus symmetricus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a>. March 2012 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Trachurus+symmetricus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DTrachurus%26speciesname%3Dsymmetricus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUCNsymmetricus-101"><a href="#cite_ref-IUCNsymmetricus_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith-Vaniz,_B.Robertson,_R.Dominici-Arosemena,_A.2010" class="citation journal cs1">Smith-Vaniz, B.; Robertson, R.; Dominici-Arosemena, A. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/183729/8166054">"Trachurus symmetricus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a>. 2010: e.T183729A8166054. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T183729A8166054.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T183729A8166054.en</a>. Retrieved 11 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Trachurus+symmetricus&rft.volume=2010&rft.pages=e.T183729A8166054&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T183729A8166054.en&rft.au=Smith-Vaniz%2C+B.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+R.&rft.au=Dominici-Arosemena%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F183729%2F8166054&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Trachurus&speciesname=novaezelandiae">"Trachurus novaezelandiae"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a>. March 2012 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Trachurus+novaezelandiae&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DTrachurus%26speciesname%3Dnovaezelandiae&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Nealotus&speciesname=tripes">"Nealotus tripes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a>. March 2012 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Nealotus+tripes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DNealotus%26speciesname%3Dtripes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Thyrsitoides&speciesname=marleyi">"Thyrsitoides marleyi"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a>. March 2012 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Thyrsitoides+marleyi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DThyrsitoides%26speciesname%3Dmarleyi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Gempylus&speciesname=serpens">"Gempylus serpens"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a>. March 2012 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Gempylus+serpens&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DGempylus%26speciesname%3Dserpens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Nesiarchus&speciesname=nasutus">"Nesiarchus nasutus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a>. March 2012 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Nesiarchus+nasutus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DNesiarchus%26speciesname%3Dnasutus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Thyrsitops&speciesname=lepidopoides">"Thyrsitops lepidopoides"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a>. March 2012 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Thyrsitops+lepidopoides&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DThyrsitops%26speciesname%3Dlepidopoides&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Pleurogrammus&speciesname=azonus">"Pleurogrammus azonus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a>. March 2012 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Pleurogrammus+azonus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DPleurogrammus%26speciesname%3Dazonus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2534/en">"Species Fact Sheet: Pleurogrammus azonus (Jordan & Metz, 1913)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180214082907/http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2534/en">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Species+Fact+Sheet%3A+Pleurogrammus+azonus+%28Jordan+%26+Metz%2C+1913%29&rft.pub=FAO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Ffishery%2Fspecies%2F2534%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Pleurogrammus&speciesname=monopterygius">"Pleurogrammus monopterygius"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a>. March 2012 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Pleurogrammus+monopterygius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DPleurogrammus%26speciesname%3Dmonopterygius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.showcatsonline.com/x/glossary.shtml#M">"Glossary of definitions of cat terms for the breeder"</a>. Cats online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190109122235/http://www.showcatsonline.com/x/glossary.shtml#M">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2019. Retrieved 7 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Glossary+of+definitions+of+cat+terms+for+the+breeder&rft.pub=Cats+online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.showcatsonline.com%2Fx%2Fglossary.shtml%23M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowning,_L._L.2013" class="citation book cs1">Downing, L. L. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iazUAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT154">Metereology of Clouds</a>. AuthorHouse. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781491804339" title="Special:BookSources/9781491804339"><bdi>9781491804339</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metereology+of+Clouds&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781491804339&rft.au=Downing%2C+L.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiazUAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhrensHenson2015" class="citation book cs1">Ahrens, C. Donald; Henson, Robert (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5Dx-BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT153">Metereology Today</a>. Cengage Learning. p. 153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781305480629" title="Special:BookSources/9781305480629"><bdi>9781305480629</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metereology+Today&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781305480629&rft.aulast=Ahrens&rft.aufirst=C.+Donald&rft.au=Henson%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5Dx-BAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FAOTuna-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FAOTuna_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAOTuna_114-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAOTuna_114-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAOTuna_114-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAOTuna_114-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/16082/en">"FAO Fact Sheet: Biological characteristics of tuna"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190205223834/http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/16082/en">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2019. Retrieved 6 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FAO+Fact+Sheet%3A+Biological+characteristics+of+tuna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Ffishery%2Ftopic%2F16082%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120314152001/http://www.gov.ns.ca/fish/sportfishing/species/atlmack.shtml">"Species Fact Sheet: Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus)"</a>. Nova Scotia Fisheries and Aquaculture. 1 May 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.ns.ca/fish/sportfishing/species/atlmack.shtml">the original</a> on 14 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Species+Fact+Sheet%3A+Atlantic+mackerel+%28Scomber+scombrus%29&rft.pub=Nova+Scotia+Fisheries+and+Aquaculture&rft.date=2007-05-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.ns.ca%2Ffish%2Fsportfishing%2Fspecies%2Fatlmack.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120320184708/http://www.fishwatch.gov/seafood_profiles/species/mackerel/species_pages/atlantic_mackerel.htm">"Atlantic mackerel"</a>. FishWatch. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishwatch.gov/seafood_profiles/species/mackerel/species_pages/atlantic_mackerel.htm">the original</a> on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 12 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishWatch&rft.atitle=Atlantic+mackerel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishwatch.gov%2Fseafood_profiles%2Fspecies%2Fmackerel%2Fspecies_pages%2Fatlantic_mackerel.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Denton1998-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Denton1998_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Denton1998_117-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Denton1998_117-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDentonRowe1998" class="citation journal cs1">Denton, EJ; Rowe, DM (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1689176">"Bands against stripes on the backs of mackerel, Scomber scombrus L."</a> Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 265 (1401): 1051–1058. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.1998.0398">10.1098/rspb.1998.0398</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1689176">1689176</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc.+R.+Soc.+Lond.+B&rft.atitle=Bands+against+stripes+on+the+backs+of+mackerel%2C+Scomber+scombrus+L.&rft.volume=265&rft.issue=1401&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1051-%3C%2Fspan%3E1058&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1689176%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.1998.0398&rft.aulast=Denton&rft.aufirst=EJ&rft.au=Rowe%2C+DM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1689176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShawTucker1965" class="citation journal cs1">Shaw, E; Tucker, A (1965). 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The New York Times. 25 January 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181221043313/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/25/science/earth/in-mackerels-plunder-hints-of-epic-fish-collapse.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+mackerel%27s+plunder%2C+hints+of+epic+fish+collapse&rft.date=2012-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F01%2F25%2Fscience%2Fearth%2Fin-mackerels-plunder-hints-of-epic-fish-collapse.html%3F_r%3D1%26pagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-iWatch2-133"><a href="#cite_ref-iWatch2_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120320194143/http://www.iwatchnews.org/2012/01/25/7914/lords-fish">"Lords of the fish"</a>. iWatch News. 25 January 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iwatchnews.org/2012/01/25/7914/lords-fish">the original</a> on 20 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=iWatch+News&rft.atitle=Lords+of+the+fish&rft.date=2012-01-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iwatchnews.org%2F2012%2F01%2F25%2F7914%2Flords-fish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clapham1941-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clapham1941_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clapham1941_134-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clapham1941_134-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaphamPostanRich1941" class="citation book cs1">Clapham, JH; Postan, MM; Rich, EE (1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gBw9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA166">The Cambridge economic history of Europe</a>. CUP Archive. pp. 166–168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-08710-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-08710-0"><bdi>978-0-521-08710-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+economic+history+of+Europe&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E166-%3C%2Fspan%3E168&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1941&rft.isbn=978-0-521-08710-0&rft.aulast=Clapham&rft.aufirst=JH&rft.au=Postan%2C+MM&rft.au=Rich%2C+EE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgBw9AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/fishery/vesseltype/140/en">"Fishing vessel types: Purse seiners"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190506095459/http://www.fao.org/fishery/vesseltype/140/en">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2019. Retrieved 6 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fishing+vessel+types%3A+Purse+seiners&rft.pub=FAO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Ffishery%2Fvesseltype%2F140%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabrielvon_BrandtLangeDahm2005" class="citation book cs1">Gabriel, O; von Brandt, A; Lange, K; Dahm, E; Wendt, T (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ziAI8AZsmUoC&pg=PA444">Seining in fresh and sea water</a>. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 431–448. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780852382806" title="Special:BookSources/9780852382806"><bdi>9780852382806</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seining+in+fresh+and+sea+water&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E431-%3C%2Fspan%3E448&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780852382806&rft.aulast=Gabriel&rft.aufirst=O&rft.au=von+Brandt%2C+A&rft.au=Lange%2C+K&rft.au=Dahm%2C+E&rft.au=Wendt%2C+T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DziAI8AZsmUoC%26pg%3DPA444&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/fishery/vesseltype/360/en">"Fishing Vessel type: Trollers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190403212959/http://www.fao.org/fishery/vesseltype/360/en">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fishing+Vessel+type%3A+Trollers&rft.pub=FAO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Ffishery%2Fvesseltype%2F360%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hi-138"><a href="#cite_ref-hi_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.himb.hawaii.edu/FADS/">"The FAD FAQ"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181029004642/http://www.himb.hawaii.edu/FADS/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2018. Retrieved 6 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+FAD+FAQ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.himb.hawaii.edu%2FFADS%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClover2004" class="citation book cs1">Clover, Charles (2004). The End of the Line: How overfishing is changing the world and what we eat. London: Ebury Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-189780-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-09-189780-7"><bdi>0-09-189780-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+End+of+the+Line%3A+How+overfishing+is+changing+the+world+and+what+we+eat&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Ebury+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-09-189780-7&rft.aulast=Clover&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FAO_Profile-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FAO_Profile_140-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170518220246/ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/DOCUMENT/fcp/en/FI_CP_US.pdf">"FISHERY COUNTRY PROFILE: THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/DOCUMENT/fcp/en/FI_CP_US.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 18 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FISHERY+COUNTRY+PROFILE%3A+THE+UNITED+STATES+OF+AMERICA&rft.pub=FAO&rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Fftp.fao.org%2FFI%2FDOCUMENT%2Ffcp%2Fen%2FFI_CP_US.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCroker1933" class="citation book cs1">Croker, Richard Symonds (1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.cdlib.org/view?docId=kt758005bw&query=&brand=calisphere">The California mackerel fishery</a>. Division of Fish and Game of California. pp. 9–10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+California+mackerel+fishery&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E10&rft.pub=Division+of+Fish+and+Game+of+California&rft.date=1933&rft.aulast=Croker&rft.aufirst=Richard+Symonds&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.cdlib.org%2Fview%3FdocId%3Dkt758005bw%26query%3D%26brand%3Dcalisphere&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jerseyseafood.nj.gov/nutrition.html">Jersey Seafood Nutrition and Health</a>, State of New Jersey Department of Agriculture, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170701033752/http://www.jerseyseafood.nj.gov/nutrition.html">archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2017, retrieved 6 April 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jersey+Seafood+Nutrition+and+Health&rft.pub=State+of+New+Jersey+Department+of+Agriculture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jerseyseafood.nj.gov%2Fnutrition.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120713020029/http://www.foodsafetywatch.com/public/484.cfm">"Scombrotoxin (Histamine)"</a>. Food Safety Watch. November 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foodsafetywatch.com/public/484.cfm">the original</a> on 13 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scombrotoxin+%28Histamine%29&rft.pub=Food+Safety+Watch&rft.date=2007-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foodsafetywatch.com%2Fpublic%2F484.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCroker1933">Croker (1933)</a>, pp. 104–105 </li> <li id="cite_note-BBCandrew-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBCandrew_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBCandrew_145-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcFarlane2010" class="citation web cs1">McFarlane, Andrew (24 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-11062674">"Why is Britain braced for a mackerel war?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. Retrieved 2 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Why+is+Britain+braced+for+a+mackerel+war%3F&rft.date=2010-08-24&rft.aulast=McFarlane&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-11062674&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mackerel&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhlstrom1956" class="citation journal cs1">Ahlstrom, EH (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190803033010/http://www.calcofi.org/publications/calcofireports/v05/Vol_05_Eggs___Larvae_Ahlstrom.pdf">"Eggs and larvae of anchovy, jack mackerel, and Pacific mackerel"</a> (PDF). CalCOFI Reports. 5: 33–42. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.calcofi.org/publications/calcofireports/v05/Vol_05_Eggs___Larvae_Ahlstrom.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 3 August 2019. Retrieved 17 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CalCOFI+Reports&rft.atitle=Eggs+and+larvae+of+anchovy%2C+jack+mackerel%2C+and+Pacific+mackerel&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E33-%3C%2Fspan%3E42&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Ahlstrom&rft.aufirst=EH&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.calcofi.org%2Fpublications%2Fcalcofireports%2Fv05%2FVol_05_Eggs___Larvae_Ahlstrom.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBertrandBarbieriGerlottoLeiva2006" class="citation journal cs1">Bertrand, A; Barbieri, MA; Gerlotto, F; Leiva, F; Cordova, J (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.int-res.com/articles/meps2006/311/m311p145.pdf">"Determinism and plasticity of fish schooling behaviour as exemplified by the South Pacific jack mackerel Trachurus murphyi"</a> (PDF). Marine Ecology Progress Series. 311: 145–156. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006MEPS..311..145B">2006MEPS..311..145B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3354%2Fmeps311145">10.3354/meps311145</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427041047/https://www.int-res.com/articles/meps2006/311/m311p145.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 27 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marine+Ecology+Progress+Series&rft.atitle=Determinism+and+plasticity+of+fish+schooling+behaviour+as+exemplified+by+the+South+Pacific+jack+mackerel+Trachurus+murphyi&rft.volume=311&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E145-%3C%2Fspan%3E156&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3354%2Fmeps311145&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006MEPS..311..145B&rft.aulast=Bertrand&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Barbieri%2C+MA&rft.au=Gerlotto%2C+F&rft.au=Leiva%2C+F&rft.au=Cordova%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.int-res.com%2Farticles%2Fmeps2006%2F311%2Fm311p145.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Bigelow HB and Schroeder WC (1953) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gma.org/fogm/Scomber_scombrus.htm">Fishes of the Gulf of Maine: Mackerel</a> Fisheries Bulletin, Volume 53, Number 74, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service">United States Fish and Wildlife Service</a>.</li> <li>Burton M and Burton R (2002) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wWQw11SLvVwC&dq=Mackerel&pg=PA1517">International Wildlife Encyclopedia</a> Marshall Cavendish, pp. 1517–1518. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7266-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7266-7">978-0-7614-7266-7</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHays1996" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Graeme_Hays" title="Graeme Hays">Hays, GC</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201127170319/https://www.swansea.ac.uk/bs/turtle/reprints/hays_dsr1996.pdf">"Large-scale patterns of diel vertical migration in the North Atlantic"</a> (PDF). Deep-Sea Research Part I. 43 (10): 1601–1615. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996DSRI...43.1601H">1996DSRI...43.1601H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0967-0637%2896%2900078-7">10.1016/s0967-0637(96)00078-7</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swansea.ac.uk/bs/turtle/reprints/hays_dsr1996.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deep-Sea+Research+Part+I&rft.atitle=Large-scale+patterns+of+diel+vertical+migration+in+the+North+Atlantic&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1601-%3C%2Fspan%3E1615&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0967-0637%2896%2900078-7&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996DSRI...43.1601H&rft.aulast=Hays&rft.aufirst=GC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swansea.ac.uk%2Fbs%2Fturtle%2Freprints%2Fhays_dsr1996.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Keay JN (2001) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/wairdocs/tan/x5938e/x5938e00.htm#Contents">Handling and processing mackerel</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181211010135/http://www.fao.org/wairdocs/tan/x5938e/x5938e00.htm#Contents">Archived</a> 11 December 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Torry advisory note 66.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasudaShojiNakatama_Sand2003" class="citation journal cs1">Masuda, R; Shoji, J; Nakatama Sand, Tanaka T (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170809033305/http://www.shinnakayama.com/publications/0671.pdf">"Development of schooling behavior in Spanish mackerel Scomberomorus niphonius during early ontogeny"</a> (PDF). Fisheries Science. 69 (4): 772–776. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003FisSc..69..772M">2003FisSc..69..772M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1444-2906.2003.00685.x">10.1046/j.1444-2906.2003.00685.x</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shinnakayama.com/publications/0671.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 9 August 2017. Retrieved 4 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fisheries+Science&rft.atitle=Development+of+schooling+behavior+in+Spanish+mackerel+Scomberomorus+niphonius+during+early+ontogeny&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E772-%3C%2Fspan%3E776&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1444-2906.2003.00685.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003FisSc..69..772M&rft.aulast=Masuda&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Shoji%2C+J&rft.au=Nakatama+Sand%2C+Tanaka+T&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shinnakayama.com%2Fpublications%2F0671.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakayamaMasudaTanaka2007" class="citation journal cs1">Nakayama, S; Masuda, R; Tanaka, M (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170809033307/http://www.shinnakayama.com/publications/0099.pdf">"Onsets of schooling behavior and social transmission in chub mackerel Scomber japonicus"</a> (PDF). Behav Ecol Sociobiol. 61 (9): 1383–1390. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007BEcoS..61.1383N">2007BEcoS..61.1383N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00265-007-0368-4">10.1007/s00265-007-0368-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:56667">56667</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shinnakayama.com/publications/0099.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 9 August 2017. Retrieved 4 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behav+Ecol+Sociobiol&rft.atitle=Onsets+of+schooling+behavior+and+social+transmission+in+chub+mackerel+Scomber+japonicus&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1383-%3C%2Fspan%3E1390&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A56667%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00265-007-0368-4&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007BEcoS..61.1383N&rft.aulast=Nakayama&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Masuda%2C+R&rft.au=Tanaka%2C+M&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shinnakayama.com%2Fpublications%2F0099.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakayamaMasudaShojiTakeuchi2003" class="citation journal cs1">Nakayama, A; Masuda, R; Shoji, J; Takeuchi, T; Tanaka, M (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170809033302/http://www.shinnakayama.com/publications/0365.pdf">"Effect of prey items on the development of schooling behavior in chub mackerel Scomber japonicus in the laboratory"</a> (PDF). Fisheries Science. 69 (4): 670–676. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003FisSc..69..670N">2003FisSc..69..670N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1444-2906.2003.00673.x">10.1046/j.1444-2906.2003.00673.x</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shinnakayama.com/publications/0365.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 9 August 2017. Retrieved 4 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fisheries+Science&rft.atitle=Effect+of+prey+items+on+the+development+of+schooling+behavior+in+chub+mackerel+Scomber+japonicus+in+the+laboratory&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E670-%3C%2Fspan%3E676&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1444-2906.2003.00673.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003FisSc..69..670N&rft.aulast=Nakayama&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Masuda%2C+R&rft.au=Shoji%2C+J&rft.au=Takeuchi%2C+T&rft.au=Tanaka%2C+M&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shinnakayama.com%2Fpublications%2F0365.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakayamaMasudaTanaka2007" class="citation journal cs1">Nakayama, S; Masuda, R; Tanaka, M (2007). "Onsets of schooling behavior and social transmission in chub mackerel Scomber japonicus". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 61 (9): 1383–1390. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007BEcoS..61.1383N">2007BEcoS..61.1383N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00265-007-0368-4">10.1007/s00265-007-0368-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27823518">27823518</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:56667">56667</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behavioral+Ecology+and+Sociobiology&rft.atitle=Onsets+of+schooling+behavior+and+social+transmission+in+chub+mackerel+Scomber+japonicus&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1383-%3C%2Fspan%3E1390&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00265-007-0368-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A56667%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27823518%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007BEcoS..61.1383N&rft.aulast=Nakayama&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Masuda%2C+R&rft.au=Tanaka%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMackerel" class="Z3988"></li> <li>SPRFMO(2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130227074709/http://www.southpacificrfmo.org/assets/7th-Meeting-May-2009-Lima/JM-Subgroup-VII/SP-07-SWG-JM-02-jackmackerel-speciesprofile-20090430.doc">Information describing Chilean jack mackerel (Trachurus murphyi) fisheries relating to the South Pacific Regional Fishery Management Organisation</a> Working draft.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mackerel&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mackerel" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:mackerel">mackerel</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glaucus.org.uk/mackerel.htm">Atlantic Mackerel</a> British Marine Life Study Society. Retrieved 3 March 2012.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.healthaliciousness.com/nutritionfacts/nutrition-comparison.php?o=15047&t=15052&h=15200&s=100&e=100&r=100">Mackerel nutrition facts</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090710033523/http://www.anglingcentre.net/macktext.html">Fishing for mackerel</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Mackerel">"Mackerel" </a>. <a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a>. 1905.</cite><span 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mackerel422" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mackerel" title="Template:Mackerel"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mackerel" title="Template talk:Mackerel"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mackerel" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mackerel"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mackerel422" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mackerel</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Scombrini" title="Scombrini">True mackerels (tribe Scombrini)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Scomber" title="Scomber">Scomber</a> (4 species)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_mackerel" title="Atlantic mackerel">Atlantic mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_chub_mackerel" title="Atlantic chub mackerel">Atlantic chub mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_mackerel" title="Blue mackerel">Blue mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chub_mackerel" title="Chub mackerel">Chub mackerel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Rastrelliger" title="Rastrelliger">Rastrelliger</a> (3 species)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Short_mackerel" title="Short mackerel">Short mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_mackerel" title="Indian mackerel">Indian mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_mackerel" title="Island mackerel">Island mackerel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Scomber_scombrus_illustration.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Atlantic mackerel"><img alt="Atlantic mackerel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Scomber_scombrus_illustration.png/140px-Scomber_scombrus_illustration.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Scomber_scombrus_illustration.png/210px-Scomber_scombrus_illustration.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Scomber_scombrus_illustration.png/280px-Scomber_scombrus_illustration.png 2x" data-file-width="1039" data-file-height="338" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Scomberomorus_commerson.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Narrow-barred Spanish mackerel"><img alt="Narrow-barred Spanish mackerel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Scomberomorus_commerson.png/140px-Scomberomorus_commerson.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Scomberomorus_commerson.png/210px-Scomberomorus_commerson.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Scomberomorus_commerson.png/280px-Scomberomorus_commerson.png 2x" data-file-width="622" data-file-height="376" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Trachurus_declivis_drawing.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Greenback horse mackerel"><img alt="Greenback horse mackerel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Trachurus_declivis_drawing.jpg/140px-Trachurus_declivis_drawing.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Trachurus_declivis_drawing.jpg/210px-Trachurus_declivis_drawing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Trachurus_declivis_drawing.jpg/280px-Trachurus_declivis_drawing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="432" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_mackerel" title="Spanish mackerel">Spanish mackerels (tribe Scomberomorini)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Acanthocybium" class="mw-redirect" title="Acanthocybium">Acanthocybium</a> (1 species)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahoo" title="Wahoo">Wahoo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Grammatorcynus" title="Grammatorcynus">Grammatorcynus</a> (2 species)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double-lined_mackerel" title="Double-lined mackerel">Double-lined mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_mackerel" title="Shark mackerel">Shark mackerel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Scomberomorus" title="Scomberomorus">Scomberomorus</a> (18 species)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Spanish_mackerel" title="Atlantic Spanish mackerel">Atlantic Spanish mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_spotted_mackerel" title="Australian spotted mackerel">Australian spotted mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadbarred_king_mackerel" title="Broadbarred king mackerel">Broadbarred king mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cero_(fish)" title="Cero (fish)">Cero mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_mackerel" title="Chinese mackerel">Chinese mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific_king_mackerel" title="Indo-Pacific king mackerel">Indo-Pacific king mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Spanish_mackerel" title="Japanese Spanish mackerel">Japanese Spanish mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanadi_kingfish" title="Kanadi kingfish">Kanadi kingfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_mackerel" title="King mackerel">King mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_mackerel" title="Korean mackerel">Korean mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monterrey_Spanish_mackerel" title="Monterrey Spanish mackerel">Monterrey Spanish mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrow-barred_Spanish_mackerel" title="Narrow-barred Spanish mackerel">Narrow-barred Spanish mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_sierra" title="Pacific sierra">Pacific sierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_seerfish" title="Papuan seerfish">Papuan seerfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queensland_school_mackerel" title="Queensland school mackerel">Queensland school mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serra_Spanish_mackerel" title="Serra Spanish mackerel">Serra Spanish mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaked_Spanish_mackerel" title="Streaked Spanish mackerel">Streaked Spanish mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_African_Spanish_mackerel" title="West African Spanish mackerel">West African Spanish mackerel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Other_mackerel">Non-Scombrid mackerels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Trachurus" title="Trachurus">Jack mackerels</a> (15 species)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_horse_mackerel" title="Atlantic horse mackerel">Atlantic horse mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_jack_mackerel" title="Blue jack mackerel">Blue jack mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_horse_mackerel" title="Cape horse mackerel">Cape horse mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_jack_mackerel" title="Chilean jack mackerel">Chilean jack mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunene_horse_mackerel" title="Cunene horse mackerel">Cunene horse mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenback_horse_mackerel" title="Greenback horse mackerel">Greenback horse mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_jack_mackerel" title="Japanese jack mackerel">Japanese jack mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_horse_mackerel" title="Mediterranean horse mackerel">Mediterranean horse mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_jack_mackerel" title="Pacific jack mackerel">Pacific jack mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellowtail_horse_mackerel" title="Yellowtail horse mackerel">Yellowtail horse mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_scad" class="mw-redirect" title="African scad">African scad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_scad" title="Arabian scad">Arabian scad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crozet_scad" title="Crozet scad">Crozet scad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rough_scad" class="mw-redirect" title="Rough scad">Rough scad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Gempylidae" title="Gempylidae">Snake mackerels</a> (5 species)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_snake_mackerel" title="Black snake mackerel">Black snake mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blacksail_snake_mackerel" title="Blacksail snake mackerel">Blacksail snake mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake_mackerel" title="Snake mackerel">Snake mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violet_snake_mackerel" class="mw-redirect" title="Violet snake mackerel">Violet snake mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_snake_mackerel" class="mw-redirect" title="White snake mackerel">White snake mackerel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Hexagrammidae" title="Hexagrammidae">Hexagrammidae</a> (2 species)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Okhotsk_atka_mackerel" title="Okhotsk atka mackerel">Okhotsk atka mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atka_mackerel" title="Atka mackerel">Atka mackerel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mackerel_as_food" title="Mackerel as food">Mackerel as food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scombroid_food_poisoning" title="Scombroid food poisoning">Scombroid food poisoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scombridae" title="Scombridae">Family Scombridae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scombrinae" title="Scombrinae">Subfamily Scombrinae</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other Scombrids</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_kingfish" title="Butterfly kingfish">Butterfly kingfish (butterfly mackerel)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thunnini" class="mw-redirect" title="Thunnini">Tunas (tribe Thunnini)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sardini" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardini">Bonitos (tribe Sardini)</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Principal_commercial_fishery_species_groups293" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Commercial_fish_topics" title="Template:Commercial fish topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Commercial_fish_topics" title="Template talk:Commercial fish topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Commercial_fish_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Commercial fish topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Principal_commercial_fishery_species_groups293" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Principal commercial <a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">fishery</a> species groups</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">Wild</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_fish" title="Pelagic fish">Large pelagic fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">Salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">Shark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swordfish" title="Swordfish">Swordfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">Tuna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albacore" title="Albacore">albacore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigeye_tuna" title="Bigeye tuna">bigeye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_bluefin_tuna" title="Atlantic bluefin tuna">Atlantic bluefin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_bluefin_tuna" title="Pacific bluefin tuna">Pacific bluefin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_bluefin_tuna" title="Southern bluefin tuna">southern bluefin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skipjack_tuna" title="Skipjack tuna">skipjack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellowfin_tuna" title="Yellowfin tuna">yellowfin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Forage_fish" title="Forage fish">Forage fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchovy" title="Anchovy">Anchovy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capelin" title="Capelin">Capelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">Herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilish" title="Ilish">Ilish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhaden" title="Menhaden">Menhaden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardine" title="Sardine">Sardines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_saury" title="Pacific saury">Saury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shad" class="mw-redirect" title="Shad">Shad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprat" title="Sprat">Sprat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_sprat" title="European sprat">european</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">Demersal fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">Catfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod" title="Cod">Cod</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_cod" title="Atlantic cod">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_cod" title="Pacific cod">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_pollock" title="Alaska pollock">Alaska pollock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatfish" title="Flatfish">Flatfish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flounder" title="Flounder">flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halibut" title="Halibut">halibut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaice" title="Plaice">plaice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sole_(fish)" title="Sole (fish)">sole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbot" title="Turbot">turbot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haddock" title="Haddock">Haddock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullet_(fish)" title="Mullet (fish)">Mullet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_roughy" title="Orange roughy">Orange roughy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollock" title="Pollock">Pollock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastes" title="Sebastes">Rockfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sillaginidae" title="Sillaginidae">Smelt-whitings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toothfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Toothfish">Toothfish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_fish" title="Freshwater fish">Freshwater fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carp" title="Carp">Carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturgeon" title="Sturgeon">Sturgeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilapia" title="Tilapia">Tilapia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">Trout</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wild_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild fish">Other wild fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eel" title="Eel">Eel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitebait" title="Whitebait">Whitebait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commercial_fish" title="Category:Commercial fish">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">Crustaceans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crab" title="Crab">Crab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krill" title="Krill">Krill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster" title="Lobster">Lobster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp" title="Shrimp">Shrimp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prawn" title="Prawn">Prawns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commercial_crustaceans" title="Category:Commercial crustaceans">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mollusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusc">Molluscs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">Abalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">Mussels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopus" title="Octopus">Octopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">Oysters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scallop" title="Scallop">Scallops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squid" title="Squid">Squid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commercial_molluscs" title="Category:Commercial molluscs">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm">Echinoderms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sea_cucumber" title="Sea cucumber">Sea cucumbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin" title="Sea urchin">Sea urchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commercial_echinoderms" title="Category:Commercial echinoderms">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fisheries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cod_fisheries" title="Cod fisheries">Cod fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_fisheries" title="Crab fisheries">Crab fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krill_fishery" title="Krill fishery">Krill fishery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster_fishing" title="Lobster fishing">Lobster fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_fishery" title="Shrimp fishery">Shrimp fishery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Atlantic_cod.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Atlantic cod"><img alt="Atlantic cod" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Atlantic_cod.jpg/140px-Atlantic_cod.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Atlantic_cod.jpg/210px-Atlantic_cod.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Atlantic_cod.jpg/280px-Atlantic_cod.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="255" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Lobster_(PSF).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Lobster"><img alt="Lobster" 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data-file-height="1282" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Farmed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carp#Aquaculture" title="Carp">Carp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bighead_carp" title="Bighead carp">bighead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_carp" title="Common carp">common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucian_carp" title="Crucian carp">crucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grass_carp" title="Grass carp">grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_carp" title="Silver carp">silver</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_catfish" title="Aquaculture of catfish">Catfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_prawn_farming" title="Freshwater prawn farming">Freshwater prawns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilt-head_bream" title="Gilt-head bream">Gilt-head bream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mussel#Aquaculture" title="Mussel">Mussels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_farming" title="Oyster farming">Oysters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_salmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaculture of salmon">Salmon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_salmon" title="Atlantic salmon">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_trout" title="Rainbow trout">salmon trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coho_salmon" title="Coho salmon">coho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinook_salmon" title="Chinook salmon">chinook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scallop_aquaculture" title="Scallop aquaculture">Scallops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaweed_farming" title="Seaweed farming">Seaweed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_shrimp_farming" title="Marine shrimp farming">Shrimp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_tilapia" title="Aquaculture of tilapia">Tilapia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a 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