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<li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lazarillo_de_Tormes_and_its_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lazarillo_de_Tormes_and_its_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span><i>Lazarillo de Tormes</i> and its sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lazarillo_de_Tormes_and_its_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_initial_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_initial_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Other initial works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_initial_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_with_some_picaresque_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_with_some_picaresque_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Works with some picaresque elements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_with_some_picaresque_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th_and_19th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_and_19th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>18th and 19th centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_and_19th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_influenced_by_the_picaresque" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_influenced_by_the_picaresque"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Works influenced by the picaresque</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_influenced_by_the_picaresque-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_and_21st_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_and_21st_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>20th and 21st centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_and_21st_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_influenced_by_the_picaresque_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_influenced_by_the_picaresque_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Works influenced by the picaresque</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_influenced_by_the_picaresque_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>In cinema</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>In television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Picaresque novel</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B4%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="رواية شطارية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رواية شطارية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пикаресков роман – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пикаресков роман" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novel%C2%B7la_picaresca" title="Novel·la picaresca – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Novel·la picaresca" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nofel_bicar%C3%A9sg" title="Nofel bicarésg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Nofel bicarésg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schelmenroman" title="Schelmenroman – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schelmenroman" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AD%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%BF" title="Πικαρέσκο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πικαρέσκο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novela_picaresca" title="Novela picaresca – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Novela picaresca" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikareska_romano" title="Pikareska romano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pikareska romano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleberri_pikaresko" title="Eleberri pikaresko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eleberri pikaresko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87" title="رندنامه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رندنامه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_picaresque" title="Roman picaresque – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Roman picaresque" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skelmeroman" title="Skelmeroman – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Skelmeroman" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobhail_Ph%C3%ACocarach" title="Nobhail Phìocarach – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Nobhail Phìocarach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%BC%EC%B9%B4%EB%A0%88%EC%8A%A4%ED%81%AC_%EC%86%8C%EC%84%A4" title="피카레스크 소설 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="피카레스크 소설" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Խաբեբայապատում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Խաբեբայապատում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikarski_roman" title="Pikarski roman – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pikarski roman" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ADkareska_sk%C3%A1ldsagan" title="Píkareska skáldsagan – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Píkareska skáldsagan" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanzo_picaresco" title="Romanzo picaresco – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Romanzo picaresco" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%9F_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99" title="רומן פיקרסקי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רומן פיקרסקי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="პიკარესკული რომანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პიკარესკული რომანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikareszk_reg%C3%A9ny" title="Pikareszk regény – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pikareszk regény" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schelmenroman" title="Schelmenroman – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Schelmenroman" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schelmenroman" title="Schelmenroman – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Schelmenroman" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%94%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AF%E5%B0%8F%E8%AA%AC" title="ピカレスク小説 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ピカレスク小説" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikaresk_roman" title="Pikaresk roman – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pikaresk roman" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powie%C5%9B%C4%87_%C5%82otrzykowska" title="Powieść łotrzykowska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Powieść łotrzykowska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_picaresco" title="Romance picaresco – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Romance picaresco" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_picaresc" title="Roman picaresc – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Roman picaresc" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Плутовской роман – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Плутовской роман" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikareskn%C3%BD_rom%C3%A1n" title="Pikareskný román – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pikareskný román" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikareskni_roman" title="Pikareskni roman – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pikareskni roman" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikarski_roman" title="Pikarski roman – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Pikarski roman" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veijariromaani" title="Veijariromaani – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Veijariromaani" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikaresk" title="Pikaresk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pikaresk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikaresk_roman" title="Pikaresk roman – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pikaresk roman" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" 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.mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Picaresque" redirects here. For the album by the Decemberists, see <a href="/wiki/Picaresque_(album)" title="Picaresque (album)">Picaresque (album)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Picaresque_novel" title="Special:EditPage/Picaresque novel">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Picaresque+novel%22">"Picaresque novel"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Picaresque+novel%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Picaresque+novel%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Picaresque+novel%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Picaresque+novel%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Picaresque+novel%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lazarillo_de_Tormes.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Lazarillo_de_Tormes.png/170px-Lazarillo_de_Tormes.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Lazarillo_de_Tormes.png/255px-Lazarillo_de_Tormes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Lazarillo_de_Tormes.png/340px-Lazarillo_de_Tormes.png 2x" data-file-width="1406" data-file-height="2222" /></a><figcaption>The picaresque genre began with the Spanish novel <i><a href="/wiki/Lazarillo_de_Tormes" title="Lazarillo de Tormes">Lazarillo de Tormes</a></i> (1554) (Pictured: Its title page)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>picaresque novel</b> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i>picaresca</i>, from <i>pícaro</i>, for '<a href="/wiki/Rogue_(vagrant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rogue (vagrant)">rogue</a>' or 'rascal') is a genre of <a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">prose fiction</a>. It depicts the <a href="/wiki/Adventure" title="Adventure">adventures</a> of a roguish but "appealing hero", usually of low <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">social class</a>, who lives by his wits in a corrupt society.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Picaresque novels typically adopt the form of "an episodic <a href="/wiki/Prose" title="Prose">prose</a> <a href="/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">narrative</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-:32_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a <a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">realistic</a> style. There are often some elements of <a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">comedy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satire</a>. </p><p>Although the term "picaresque novel" was coined in 1810, the picaresque genre began with the Spanish novel <i><a href="/wiki/Lazarillo_de_Tormes" title="Lazarillo de Tormes">Lazarillo de Tormes</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1554), which was published anonymously during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age" title="Spanish Golden Age">Spanish Golden Age</a> because of its <a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">anticlerical</a> content. Literary works from <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Rome">Imperial Rome</a> published during the 1st–2nd century AD, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Satyricon" title="Satyricon">Satyricon</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/Petronius" title="Petronius">Petronius</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Ass" title="The Golden Ass">The Golden Ass</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Apuleius</a> had a relevant influence on the picaresque genre and are considered predecessors. Other notable early Spanish contributors to the genre included <a href="/wiki/Mateo_Alem%C3%A1n" title="Mateo Alemán">Mateo Alemán</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Guzm%C3%A1n_de_Alfarache" title="Guzmán de Alfarache">Guzmán de Alfarache</a></i> (1599–1604) and <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Quevedo" title="Francisco de Quevedo">Francisco de Quevedo</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/El_Busc%C3%B3n" title="El Buscón">El Buscón</a></i> (1626). Some other ancient influences of the picaresque genre include Roman playwrights such as <a href="/wiki/Plautus" title="Plautus">Plautus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terence" title="Terence">Terence</a>. <i>The Golden Ass</i> by Apuleius nevertheless remains, according to different scholars such as F. W. Chandler, A. Marasso, T. Somerville and T. Bodenmüller, the primary antecedent influence for the picaresque genre.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, following the example of Spanish writers, the genre flourished throughout Europe for more than 200 years and it continues to have an influence on modern literature and fiction. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Defined">Defined</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picaresque_novel&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Defined"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the traditional view of Thrall and Hibbard (first published in 1936), seven qualities distinguish the picaresque novel or narrative form, all or some of which an author may employ for effect:<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>A picaresque narrative is usually written in <a href="/wiki/First-person_narrative" title="First-person narrative">first person</a> as an autobiographical account.</li> <li>The main character is often of low character or social class. They get by with wits and rarely deign to hold a job.</li> <li>There is little or no <a href="/wiki/Plot_(narrative)" title="Plot (narrative)">plot</a>. The story is told in a series of loosely connected adventures or episodes.</li> <li>There is little if any <a href="/wiki/Character_arc" title="Character arc">character development</a> in the main character. Once a pícaro, always a pícaro. Their circumstances may change but these rarely result in a change of heart.</li> <li>The pícaro's story is told with a plainness of language or <a href="/wiki/Literary_realism" title="Literary realism">realism</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">Satire</a> is sometimes a prominent element.</li> <li>The behavior of a picaresque protagonist stops just short of <a href="/wiki/Criminality" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminality">criminality</a>. Carefree or immoral rascality positions the picaresque hero as a sympathetic outsider, untouched by the false rules of society.</li></ul> <p>In the English-speaking world, the term "picaresque" is often used loosely to refer to novels that contain some elements of this genre; e.g. an episodic recounting of adventures on the road.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term is also sometimes used to describe works which only contain some of the genre's elements, such as <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes" title="Miguel de Cervantes">Miguel de Cervantes</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote" title="Don Quixote">Don Quixote</a></i> (1605 and 1615), or <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/The_Pickwick_Papers" title="The Pickwick Papers">The Pickwick Papers</a></i> (1836–1837). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picaresque_novel&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/p%C3%ADcaro#Noun_2" class="extiw" title="wikt:pícaro">pícaro</a></i> first starts to appear in Spain with the current meaning in 1545, though at the time it had no association with literature.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word <i>pícaro</i> does not appear in <i><a href="/wiki/Lazarillo_de_Tormes" title="Lazarillo de Tormes">Lazarillo de Tormes</a></i> (1554), the <a href="/wiki/Novella" title="Novella">novella</a> credited by modern scholars with founding the genre. The expression <i>picaresque novel</i> was coined in 1810.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whether it has any validity at all as a generic label in the Spanish sixteenth and seventeenth centuries—Cervantes certainly used "picaresque" with a different meaning than it has today—has been called into question. There is unresolved debate within Hispanic studies about what the term means, or meant, and which works were, or should be, so called. The only work clearly called "picaresque" by its contemporaries was <a href="/wiki/Mateo_Alem%C3%A1n" title="Mateo Alemán">Mateo Alemán</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Guzm%C3%A1n_de_Alfarache" title="Guzmán de Alfarache">Guzmán de Alfarache</a></i> (1599–1604), which they considered "El libro del pícaro" (English: "The Book of the Pícaro").<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picaresque_novel&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lazarillo_de_Tormes_and_its_sources"><i>Lazarillo de Tormes</i> and its sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picaresque_novel&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Lazarillo de Tormes and its sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While elements of literature by <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer" title="Geoffrey Chaucer">Geoffrey Chaucer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Boccaccio" title="Giovanni Boccaccio">Giovanni Boccaccio</a> have a picaresque feel and may have contributed to the style,<sup id="cite_ref-Neachtain2000_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neachtain2000-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the modern picaresque begins with <i><a href="/wiki/Lazarillo_de_Tormes" title="Lazarillo de Tormes">Lazarillo de Tormes</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-TurnerNez2003_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TurnerNez2003-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was published anonymously in 1554 in <a href="/wiki/Burgos" title="Burgos">Burgos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medina_del_Campo" title="Medina del Campo">Medina del Campo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alcal%C3%A1_de_Henares" title="Alcalá de Henares">Alcalá de Henares</a> in Spain, and also in <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>, which at the time was under Spanish rule as a major city in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a>. It is variously considered either the first picaresque novel or at least the antecedent of the genre. </p><p>The protagonist, Lázaro, lives by his wits in an effort to survive and succeed in an impoverished country full of hypocrisy. As a <i>pícaro</i> character, he is an alienated outsider, whose ability to expose and ridicule individuals compromised within society gives him a revolutionary stance.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lázaro states that the motivation for his writing is to communicate his experiences of overcoming deception, hypocrisy, and falsehood (<i>engaño</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The character type draws on elements of <a href="/wiki/Characterization" title="Characterization">characterization</a> already present in <a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Roman literature</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Petronius" title="Petronius">Petronius</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Satyricon" title="Satyricon">Satyricon</a></i>. Lázaro shares some of the traits of the central figure of <a href="/wiki/Satyricon#Principal_characters" title="Satyricon">Encolpius</a>, a former gladiator,<sup id="cite_ref-Chaytor1922pvii_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chaytor1922pvii-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though it is unlikely that the author had access to Petronius' work.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the comedies of <a href="/wiki/Plautus" title="Plautus">Plautus</a>, <i>Lazarillo</i> borrows the figure of the parasite and the supple slave. Other traits are taken from <a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Apuleius</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Ass" title="The Golden Ass">The Golden Ass</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chaytor1922pvii_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chaytor1922pvii-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Golden Ass</i> and <i>Satyricon</i> are rare surviving samples of the "<a href="/wiki/Milesian_tale" title="Milesian tale">Milesian tale</a>", a popular genre in the classical world, and were revived and widely read in Renaissance Europe. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apuleius_Metamorphoses_c._65.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Apuleius_Metamorphoses_c._65.jpg/220px-Apuleius_Metamorphoses_c._65.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Apuleius_Metamorphoses_c._65.jpg/330px-Apuleius_Metamorphoses_c._65.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Apuleius_Metamorphoses_c._65.jpg/440px-Apuleius_Metamorphoses_c._65.jpg 2x" data-file-width="472" data-file-height="454" /></a><figcaption>One of the most influential novels on the picaresque genre was <i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Ass" title="The Golden Ass">The Golden Ass</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Apuleius</a>, which he published sometime in the 2nd century AD. (ms. Vat. Lat. 2194, <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Vatican Library</a>) (1345 illustration).</figcaption></figure> <p>The principal episodes of <i>Lazarillo</i> are based on Arabic folktales that were well known to the Moorish inhabitants of Spain. The Arabic influence may account for the negative portrayal of priests and other church officials in <i>Lazarillo</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">Arabic literature</a>, which was read widely in Spain in the time of <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a> and possessed a literary tradition with similar themes, is thus another possible influence on the picaresque style. <a href="/wiki/Al-Hamadhani" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hamadhani">Al-Hamadhani</a> (d.1008) of Hamadhan (Iran) is credited with inventing the literary genre of <a href="/wiki/Maqama" title="Maqama"><i>maqāmāt</i></a> in which a wandering vagabond makes his living on the gifts his listeners give him following his extemporaneous displays of rhetoric, erudition, or verse, often done with a <a href="/wiki/Trickster" title="Trickster">trickster</a>'s touch.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn al-Astarkuwi or al-Ashtarkuni (d.1134) also wrote in the genre <i>maqāmāt</i>, comparable to later European picaresque.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The curious presence of Russian <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> in the text of the <i>Lazarillo</i> also suggests the influence of medieval Slavic tales of tricksters, thieves, itinerant prostitutes, and brigands, who were common figures in the impoverished areas bordering on Germany to the west. When diplomatic ties to Germany and Spain were established under the emperor <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a>, these tales began to be read in Italian translations in the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As narrator of his own adventures, Lázaro seeks to portray himself as the victim of both his ancestry and his circumstance. This means of appealing to the compassion of the reader would be directly challenged by later picaresque novels such as <i><a href="/wiki/Guzm%C3%A1n_de_Alfarache" title="Guzmán de Alfarache">Guzmán de Alfarache</a></i> (1599/1604) and <i><a href="/wiki/El_Busc%C3%B3n" title="El Buscón">El Buscón</a></i> (composed in the first decade of the 17th century and first published in 1626) because the idea of <a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">determinism</a> used to cast the <i>pícaro</i> as a victim clashed with the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Revival">Catholic Revival</a> doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_initial_works">Other initial works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picaresque_novel&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other initial works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grabado_Guzm%C3%A1n_Alfarache.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Grabado_Guzm%C3%A1n_Alfarache.jpg/220px-Grabado_Guzm%C3%A1n_Alfarache.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Grabado_Guzm%C3%A1n_Alfarache.jpg/330px-Grabado_Guzm%C3%A1n_Alfarache.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Grabado_Guzm%C3%A1n_Alfarache.jpg/440px-Grabado_Guzm%C3%A1n_Alfarache.jpg 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="1275" /></a><figcaption>Title page of the book <i>Guzmán de Alfarache</i> (1599)</figcaption></figure> <p>An early example is <a href="/wiki/Mateo_Alem%C3%A1n" title="Mateo Alemán">Mateo Alemán</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Guzm%C3%A1n_de_Alfarache" title="Guzmán de Alfarache">Guzmán de Alfarache</a></i> (1599), characterized by religiosity. Guzmán de Alfarache is a fictional character who lived in the city of <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_de_Aznalfarache" title="San Juan de Aznalfarache">San Juan de Aznalfarache</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>, Spain. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Quevedo" title="Francisco de Quevedo">Francisco de Quevedo</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/El_Busc%C3%B3n" title="El Buscón">El Buscón</a></i> (1604 according to Francisco Rico; the exact date is uncertain, yet it was certainly a very early work) is considered the absolute masterpiece of the genre by A. A. Parker, because of his <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">baroque</a> style and the study of delinquent psychology. However, a different school of thought, led by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Rico">Francisco Rico</a>, rejects Parker's view, contending instead that the protagonist is an unrealistic character and that—as the structure of the novel is radically different from previous works in the picaresque genre—Quevedo is using the form as a mere vehicle to show off his abilities with conceit and rhetoric (rather than to actually construct a satirical critique of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age" title="Spanish Golden Age">Spanish Golden Age</a> society).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="is this a notable-enough critique & position to include it here, rather than on the novel's page? where did Rico write this? (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes" title="Miguel de Cervantes">Miguel de Cervantes</a> wrote several works "in the picaresque manner, notably <i><a href="/wiki/Rinconete_y_Cortadillo" title="Rinconete y Cortadillo">Rinconete y Cortadillo</a></i> (1613) and <i><a href="/wiki/El_coloquio_de_los_perros" class="mw-redirect" title="El coloquio de los perros">El coloquio de los perros</a></i> (1613; "Colloquy of the Dogs")". "Cervantes also incorporated elements of the picaresque into his greatest novel, <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote" title="Don Quixote">Don Quixote</a></i> (1605, 1615)",<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_Picaresque_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica_Picaresque-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the "single most important progenitor of the modern novel", that <a href="/wiki/M._H._Abrams" title="M. H. Abrams">M. H. Abrams</a> has described as a "quasi-picaresque narrative".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here the hero is not a rogue but a foolish knight. </p><p>In order to understand the historical context that led to the development of these paradigmatic picaresque novels in Spain during the 16th and 17th centuries, it is essential to take into consideration the circumstances surrounding the lives of <i><a href="/wiki/Converso" title="Converso">conversos</a>,</i> whose ancestors had been Jewish, and whose <a href="/wiki/New_Christian" title="New Christian">New Christian</a> faith was subjected to close scrutiny and mistrust.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Spanish novels were read and imitated in other European countries where their influence can be found. In Germany, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Jakob_Christoffel_von_Grimmelshausen" title="Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen">Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen</a> wrote <i><a href="/wiki/Simplicius_Simplicissimus" title="Simplicius Simplicissimus">Simplicius Simplicissimus</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1669), considered the most important of non-Spanish picaresque novels. It describes the devastation caused by the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>. Grimmelshausen's novel has been called an example of the German <i>abenteuerroman</i> (which literally means "adventure novel"). An <i>abenteuerroman</i> is Germany's version of the picaresque novel; it is an "entertaining story of the adventures of the hero, but there is also often a serious aspect to the story."<sup id="cite_ref-Merriam-Webster_1995._Page_3_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merriam-Webster_1995._Page_3-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alain-Ren%C3%A9_Le_Sage" class="mw-redirect" title="Alain-René Le Sage">Alain-René Le Sage</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Gil_Blas" title="Gil Blas">Gil Blas</a></i> (1715) is a classic example of the genre,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which in France had declined into an aristocratic adventure.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In Britain, the first example is Thomas Nashe's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Unfortunate_Traveller" title="The Unfortunate Traveller">The Unfortunate Traveller</a></i> (1594) in which a court page, Jack Wilson, exposes the underclass life in a string of European cities through lively, often brutal descriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The body of <a href="/wiki/Tobias_Smollett" title="Tobias Smollett">Tobias Smollett</a>'s work, and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe">Daniel Defoe</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Moll_Flanders" title="Moll Flanders">Moll Flanders</a></i> (1722) are considered picaresque, but they lack the sense of religious redemption of delinquency that was very important in Spanish and German novels. The triumph of Moll Flanders is more economic than moral. While the mores of the early 18th century wouldn't permit Moll to be a heroine <i>per se</i>, Defoe hardly disguises his admiration for her resilience and resourcefulness. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Works_with_some_picaresque_elements">Works with some picaresque elements</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picaresque_novel&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Works with some picaresque elements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The autobiography of <a href="/wiki/Benvenuto_Cellini" title="Benvenuto Cellini">Benvenuto Cellini</a>, written in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> beginning in 1558, also has much in common with the picaresque. </p><p>The classic Chinese novel <i><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_the_West" title="Journey to the West">Journey to the West</a></i> is considered to have considerable picaresque elements. Having been published in 1590, it is contemporary with much of the above—but is unlikely to have been directly influenced by the European genre. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_and_19th_centuries">18th and 19th centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picaresque_novel&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 18th and 19th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fielding" title="Henry Fielding">Henry Fielding</a> proved his mastery of the form in <i><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Andrews" title="Joseph Andrews">Joseph Andrews</a></i> (1742), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Life_and_Death_of_Jonathan_Wild,_the_Great" title="The Life and Death of Jonathan Wild, the Great">The Life and Death of Jonathan Wild, the Great</a></i> (1743) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Tom_Jones,_a_Foundling" title="The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling">The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling</a></i> (1749), though Fielding attributed his style to an "imitation of the manner of <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes" title="Miguel de Cervantes">Cervantes</a>, author of <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote" title="Don Quixote">Don Quixote</a></i>".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/William_Makepeace_Thackeray" title="William Makepeace Thackeray">William Makepeace Thackeray</a> is the master of the 19th-century English picaresque. His best-known work, <i><a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(novel)" title="Vanity Fair (novel)">Vanity Fair: A Novel Without a Hero</a></i> (1847–1848) — a title ironically derived from <a href="/wiki/John_Bunyan" title="John Bunyan">John Bunyan</a>'s Puritan allegory of redemption <i><a href="/wiki/The_Pilgrim%27s_Progress" title="The Pilgrim's Progress">The Pilgrim's Progress</a></i> (1678) — follows the career of fortune-hunting adventuress <a href="/wiki/Becky_Sharp" title="Becky Sharp">Becky Sharp</a>, her progress echoing the earlier <i>Moll Flanders</i>. His earlier novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Luck_of_Barry_Lyndon" title="The Luck of Barry Lyndon">The Luck of Barry Lyndon</a></i> (1844) recounts the rise and fall of an Irish arriviste conniving his way into the 18th-century English aristocracy. </p><p>The 1880 Romanian novella <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Turbinc%C4%83" title="Ivan Turbincă">Ivan Turbincă</a> tells the story of a kind, but hedonistic and scheming ex soldier who ends up tricking God, the Devil, and the Grim Reaper so that he can sneak into Heaven to party forever. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Aleko_Konstantinov" title="Aleko Konstantinov">Aleko Konstantinov</a> wrote the 1895 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Bay_Ganyo" title="Bay Ganyo">Bay Ganyo</a></i> about the <a href="/wiki/Bay_Ganyo" title="Bay Ganyo">eponymous Bulgarian rogue</a>. The character conducts business of uneven honesty around Europe before returning home to get into politics and newspaper publishing. Bay Ganyo is a well-known stereotype in Bulgaria. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Works_influenced_by_the_picaresque">Works influenced by the picaresque</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picaresque_novel&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Works influenced by the picaresque"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the English-speaking world, the term "picaresque" has referred more to a <a href="/wiki/Literary_technique" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary technique">literary technique</a> or model than to the precise genre that the Spanish call <i>picaresco</i>. The English-language term can simply refer to an episodic recounting of the adventures of an <a href="/wiki/Anti-hero" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-hero">anti-hero</a> on the road.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Sterne" title="Laurence Sterne">Laurence Sterne</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Life_and_Opinions_of_Tristram_Shandy,_Gentleman" title="The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman">The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman</a></i> (1761–1767) and <i><a href="/wiki/A_Sentimental_Journey_Through_France_and_Italy" title="A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy">A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy</a></i> (1768) each have strong picaresque elements. <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Satirical" class="mw-redirect" title="Satirical">satirical</a> novel <i><a href="/wiki/Candide" title="Candide">Candide</a></i> (1759) contains elements of the picaresque. An interesting variation on the tradition of the picaresque is <i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Hajji_Baba_of_Ispahan" title="The Adventures of Hajji Baba of Ispahan">The Adventures of Hajji Baba of Ispahan</a></i> (1824), a satirical view on early 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>, written by <a href="/wiki/James_Morier" class="mw-redirect" title="James Morier">James Morier</a>. Another novel on the same theme is <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Rogue%27s_Life&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A Rogue's Life (page does not exist)">A Rogue's Life</a></i> (1857) by <a href="/wiki/Wilkie_Collins" title="Wilkie Collins">Wilkie Collins</a>. </p><p>Elements<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2018)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> of the picaresque novel are found in <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/The_Pickwick_Papers" title="The Pickwick Papers">The Pickwick Papers</a></i> (1836–37).<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_Picaresque_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica_Picaresque-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol" title="Nikolai Gogol">Nikolai Gogol</a> occasionally used the technique, as in <i><a href="/wiki/Dead_Souls" title="Dead Souls">Dead Souls</a></i> (1842–52).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Adventures_of_Huckleberry_Finn" title="Adventures of Huckleberry Finn">Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</a></i> (1884) also has some elements of the picaresque novel.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_Picaresque_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica_Picaresque-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_and_21st_centuries">20th and 21st centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picaresque_novel&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 20th and 21st centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Picaresque_novel" title="Special:EditPage/Picaresque novel">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Osstapp1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Osstapp1.jpg/220px-Osstapp1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Osstapp1.jpg/330px-Osstapp1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Osstapp1.jpg/440px-Osstapp1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Statue of <a href="/wiki/Ostap_Bender" title="Ostap Bender">Ostap Bender</a> in <a href="/wiki/Elista" title="Elista">Elista</a></figcaption></figure> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Kvachi_Kvachantiradze" title="Kvachi Kvachantiradze">Kvachi Kvachantiradze</a></i> is a novel by <a href="/wiki/Mikheil_Javakhishvili" title="Mikheil Javakhishvili">Mikheil Javakhishvili</a> published in 1924. This is, in brief, the story of a swindler, a Georgian <a href="/wiki/Confessions_of_Felix_Krull" title="Confessions of Felix Krull">Felix Krull</a>, or perhaps a cynical <a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote" title="Don Quixote">Don Quixote</a>, named Kvachi Kvachantiradze: womanizer, cheat, perpetrator of insurance fraud, bank-robber, associate of Rasputin, filmmaker, revolutionary, and pimp. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Twelve_Chairs" title="The Twelve Chairs">The Twelve Chairs</a></i> (1928) and its sequel, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Little_Golden_Calf" title="The Little Golden Calf">The Little Golden Calf</a></i> (1931), by <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Ilf" title="Ilya Ilf">Ilya Ilf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yevgeni_Petrov_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yevgeni Petrov (writer)">Yevgeni Petrov</a> (together known as <a href="/wiki/Ilf_and_Petrov" title="Ilf and Petrov">Ilf and Petrov</a>) became classics of 20th-century <a href="/wiki/Russian_literature" title="Russian literature">Russian</a> satire and the basis for <a href="/wiki/The_Twelve_Chairs_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="The Twelve Chairs (disambiguation)">numerous film adaptations</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Camilo_Jos%C3%A9_Cela" title="Camilo José Cela">Camilo José Cela</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Family_of_Pascual_Duarte" title="The Family of Pascual Duarte">The Family of Pascual Duarte</a></i> (1942),<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Ellison" title="Ralph Ellison">Ralph Ellison</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Invisible_Man" title="Invisible Man">Invisible Man</a></i> (1952) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Augie_March" title="The Adventures of Augie March">The Adventures of Augie March</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Saul Bellow</a> (1953) were also among mid-twentieth-century picaresque literature.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_A._Lee" title="John A. Lee">John A. Lee</a>'s <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shining_with_the_Shiner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shining with the Shiner (page does not exist)">Shining with the Shiner</a></i> (1944) tells amusing tales about New Zealand folk hero <a href="/wiki/Edmond_Slattery" title="Edmond Slattery">Ned Slattery</a> (1840–1927) surviving by his wits and beating the '<a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a>'. So too is <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Confessions_of_Felix_Krull" title="Confessions of Felix Krull">Confessions of Felix Krull</a></i> (1954), which like many novels emphasizes the theme of a charmingly roguish ascent in the social order. <i><a href="/wiki/Under_the_Net" title="Under the Net">Under the Net</a></i> (1954) by <a href="/wiki/Iris_Murdoch" title="Iris Murdoch">Iris Murdoch</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Grass" title="Günter Grass">Günter Grass</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tin_Drum" title="The Tin Drum">The Tin Drum</a></i> (1959) is a German picaresque novel. <a href="/wiki/John_Barth" title="John Barth">John Barth</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sot-Weed_Factor_(1960_novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sot-Weed Factor (1960 novel)">The Sot-Weed Factor</a></i> (1960) is a picaresque novel that parodies the <a href="/wiki/Historical_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical novel">historical novel</a> and uses <a href="/wiki/Black_humor" class="mw-redirect" title="Black humor">black humor</a> by intentionally incorrectly using <a href="/wiki/Literary_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary device">literary devices</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Merriam-Webster_1995._Page_3_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merriam-Webster_1995._Page_3-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other examples from the 1960s and 1970s include <a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Kosinski" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerzy Kosinski">Jerzy Kosinski</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Painted_Bird" title="The Painted Bird">The Painted Bird</a></i> (1965), <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Voinovich" title="Vladimir Voinovich">Vladimir Voinovich</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Life_and_Extraordinary_Adventures_of_Private_Ivan_Chonkin" title="The Life and Extraordinary Adventures of Private Ivan Chonkin">The Life and Extraordinary Adventures of Private Ivan Chonkin</a></i> (1969), and <a href="/wiki/Arto_Paasilinna" title="Arto Paasilinna">Arto Paasilinna</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Year_of_the_Hare_(novel)" title="The Year of the Hare (novel)">The Year of the Hare</a></i> (1975). </p><p>Examples from the 1980s include <a href="/wiki/John_Kennedy_Toole" title="John Kennedy Toole">John Kennedy Toole</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/A_Confederacy_of_Dunces" title="A Confederacy of Dunces">A Confederacy of Dunces</a></i>, which was published in 1980, eleven years after the author's suicide, and won the 1981 <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Fiction" title="Pulitzer Prize for Fiction">Pulitzer Prize for Fiction</a>. It follows the adventures of Ignatius J. Reilly, a well-educated but lazy and obese slob, as he attempts to find stable employment in New Orleans and meets many colorful characters along the way. </p><p>Later examples include <a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Umberto Eco</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Baudolino" title="Baudolino">Baudolino</a></i> (2000),<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Aravind_Adiga" title="Aravind Adiga">Aravind Adiga</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_White_Tiger_(Adiga_novel)" title="The White Tiger (Adiga novel)">The White Tiger</a></i> (Booker Prize 2008).<sup id="cite_ref-sanderson_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sanderson-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/William_S._Burroughs" title="William S. Burroughs">William S. Burroughs</a> was a devoted fan of picaresque novels, and gave a series of lectures involving the topic in 1979 at <a href="/wiki/Naropa_University" title="Naropa University">Naropa University</a> in Colorado. He says it is impossible to separate the <a href="/wiki/Anti-hero" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-hero">anti-hero</a> from the picaresque novel, that most of these are funny, and they all have protagonists who are outsiders by their nature. His list of picaresque novels includes Petronius' novel <i><a href="/wiki/Satyricon" title="Satyricon">Satyricon</a></i> (54–68 AD), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Unfortunate_Traveller" title="The Unfortunate Traveller">The Unfortunate Traveller</a></i> (1594) by Thomas Nashe, both <i><a href="/wiki/Maiden_Voyage_(novel)" title="Maiden Voyage (novel)">Maiden Voyage</a></i> (1943) and <i><a href="/wiki/A_Voice_Through_a_Cloud" title="A Voice Through a Cloud">A Voice Through a Cloud</a></i> (1950) by <a href="/wiki/Denton_Welch" title="Denton Welch">Denton Welch</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Two_Serious_Ladies" title="Two Serious Ladies">Two Serious Ladies</a></i> (1943) by <a href="/wiki/Jane_Bowles" title="Jane Bowles">Jane Bowles</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Death_on_Credit" title="Death on Credit">Death on Credit</a></i> (1936) by <a href="/wiki/Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line" title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline">Louis-Ferdinand Céline</a>, and even himself.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contemporary Latin American literature, there are <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Rojas_(author)" title="Manuel Rojas (author)">Manuel Rojas</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Hijo_de_ladr%C3%B3n" title="Hijo de ladrón">Hijo de ladrón</a></i> (1951), <a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Edwards_Bello" title="Joaquín Edwards Bello">Joaquín Edwards</a>' <i>El roto</i> (1968), <a href="/wiki/Elena_Poniatowska" title="Elena Poniatowska">Elena Poniatowska</a>'s <i>Hasta no verte Jesús mío</i> (1969), <a href="/wiki/Luis_Zapata_(writer)" title="Luis Zapata (writer)">Luis Zapata</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/El_vampiro_de_la_colonia_Roma" title="El vampiro de la colonia Roma">Las aventuras, desventuras y sueños de Adonis García, el vampiro de la colonia Roma</a></i> (1978) and <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Baroja" title="José Baroja">José Baroja</a>'s <i>Un hijo de perra</i> (2017), among others.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Works_influenced_by_the_picaresque_2">Works influenced by the picaresque</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picaresque_novel&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Works influenced by the picaresque"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Ha%C5%A1ek" title="Jaroslav Hašek">Jaroslav Hašek</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Good_Soldier_%C5%A0vejk" title="The Good Soldier Švejk">The Good Soldier Švejk</a></i> (1923) is an example of a work from Central Europe that has picaresque elements.<sup id="cite_ref-Weitzman_2006_pp._117–148_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weitzman_2006_pp._117–148-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._Priestley" title="J. B. Priestley">J. B. Priestley</a> made use of the form in his <i><a href="/wiki/The_Good_Companions" title="The Good Companions">The Good Companions</a></i> (1929), which won the <a href="/wiki/James_Tait_Black_Memorial_Prize" title="James Tait Black Memorial Prize">James Tait Black Memorial Prize</a> for Fiction.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Leiber" title="Fritz Leiber">Fritz Leiber</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sword_and_sorcery" title="Sword and sorcery">sword and sorcery</a> series of novels, <i><a href="/wiki/Fafhrd_and_the_Gray_Mouser" title="Fafhrd and the Gray Mouser">Fafhrd and the Gray Mouser</a></i>, are considered to have many picaresque elements, and are sometimes described as picaresque on the whole.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Tinti" title="Hannah Tinti">Hannah Tinti</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Good_Thief_(novel)" title="The Good Thief (novel)">The Good Thief</a></i> (2008) features a young, one-handed orphan who craves a family, and finds one in a group of rogues and misfits.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_cinema">In cinema</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picaresque_novel&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In cinema"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1987 an <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy" title="Cinema of Italy">Italian</a> <a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">comedy</a> film written and directed by <a href="/wiki/Mario_Monicelli" title="Mario Monicelli">Mario Monicelli</a> was released under the Italian title <i>I picari</i>. It was co-produced with Spain, where it was released as <i>Los alegres pícaros</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and internationally as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rogues_(film)" title="The Rogues (film)">The Rogues</a></i>. Starring <a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Gassman" title="Vittorio Gassman">Vittorio Gassman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nino_Manfredi" title="Nino Manfredi">Nino Manfredi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Montesano" title="Enrico Montesano">Enrico Montesano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giuliana_De_Sio" title="Giuliana De Sio">Giuliana De Sio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giancarlo_Giannini" title="Giancarlo Giannini">Giancarlo Giannini</a>, the film is freely inspired by the Spanish novels <i><a href="/wiki/Lazarillo_de_Tormes" title="Lazarillo de Tormes">Lazarillo de Tormes</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Guzman_de_Alfarache" class="mw-redirect" title="Guzman de Alfarache">Guzman de Alfarache</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Disney" class="mw-redirect" title="Disney">Disney</a> film <i><a href="/wiki/Aladdin_(1992_Disney_film)" title="Aladdin (1992 Disney film)">Aladdin</a></i> (1992) can be considered a picaresque story.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_television">In television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picaresque_novel&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sixth episode of Season 1 of the Spanish fantasy television series, <i><a href="/wiki/El_ministerio_del_tiempo" title="El ministerio del tiempo">El ministerio del tiempo</a></i> (English title: <i>The Ministry of Time</i>), entitled "Tiempo de pícaros" (Time of rascals) focuses on Lazarillo de Tormes as a young boy prior to his adventures in the genre-creating novel that bears his name. The <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a> series <i><a href="/wiki/Inventing_Anna" title="Inventing Anna">Inventing Anna</a></i> (2022) has been called "somewhat anhedonic post-internet picaresque".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picaresque_novel&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Book_collection.jpg/32px-Book_collection.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Book_collection.jpg/48px-Book_collection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Book_collection.jpg/64px-Book_collection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="299" data-file-height="238" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Novels" title="Portal:Novels">Novels portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Adventure novel">Adventure novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Becky_Sharp_(character)" class="mw-redirect" title="Becky Sharp (character)">Becky Sharp (character)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fool%27s_literature" title="Fool's literature">Fool's literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqama" title="Maqama">Maqama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milesian_tale" title="Milesian tale">Milesian tale</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picaresque_novel&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For an overview of scholarship on the role of <i>conversos</i> in the development of the picaresque novel in 16th- and 17th-century Spain, see <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHalevi-Wise2011" class="citation book cs1">Halevi-Wise, Yael (2011). "The Life and Times of the Pícaro Converso from Spain to Latin America". In Halevi-Wise, Yael (ed.). <i>Sephardism: Spanish Jewish History in the Modern Literary Imagination</i>. Stanford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">143–</span>167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7746-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7746-9"><bdi>978-0-8047-7746-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Life+and+Times+of+the+P%C3%ADcaro+Converso+from+Spain+to+Latin+America&rft.btitle=Sephardism%3A+Spanish+Jewish+History+in+the+Modern+Literary+Imagination&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E143-%3C%2Fspan%3E167&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-7746-9&rft.aulast=Halevi-Wise&rft.aufirst=Yael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicaresque+novel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The title page of the first edition of <i>Joseph Andrews</i> lists its full title as: <i>The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews, and of His Friend Mr. Abraham Adams. Written in Imitation of the Manner of Cervantes, Author of Don Quixote</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chosen by <i>Time</i> magazine and Modern Library editors as one of the greatest English-language novels of the 20th century. See <a href="/wiki/Under_the_Net" title="Under the Net">Under the Net</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picaresque_novel&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:32_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCantonClearyKramerLaxby2016" class="citation book cs1">Canton, James; Cleary, Helen; Kramer, Ann; Laxby, Robin; Loxley, Diana; Ripley, Esther; Todd, Megan; Shaghar, Hila; Valente, Alex (2016). <i>The Literature Book</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/DK_(publisher)" title="DK (publisher)">DK</a>. p. 342. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4654-2988-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4654-2988-9"><bdi>978-1-4654-2988-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Literature+Book&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=342&rft.pub=DK&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4654-2988-9&rft.aulast=Canton&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Cleary%2C+Helen&rft.au=Kramer%2C+Ann&rft.au=Laxby%2C+Robin&rft.au=Loxley%2C+Diana&rft.au=Ripley%2C+Esther&rft.au=Todd%2C+Megan&rft.au=Shaghar%2C+Hila&rft.au=Valente%2C+Alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicaresque+novel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzmaurice-Kelly1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Fitzmaurice-Kelly, James (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Picaresque Novel, The"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Picaresque_Novel,_The">"Picaresque Novel, The" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">576–</span>579.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Picaresque+Novel%2C+The&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E576-%3C%2Fspan%3E579&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Fitzmaurice-Kelly&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicaresque+novel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicapito1978" class="citation journal cs1">Ricapito, Joseph V. (1978). "The Golden Ass of Apuleius and the Spanish Picaresque Novel". <i>Revista Hispánica Moderna</i>. <b>40</b> (3/4). University of Pennsylvania Press: <span class="nowrap">77–</span>85. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30203173">30203173</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+Hisp%C3%A1nica+Moderna&rft.atitle=The+Golden+Ass+of+Apuleius+and+the+Spanish+Picaresque+Novel&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E77-%3C%2Fspan%3E85&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30203173%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ricapito&rft.aufirst=Joseph+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicaresque+novel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thrall, William and Addison Hibbard. <i>A Handbook to Literature</i>. The Odyssey Press, New York. 1960.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/picaresque">"picaresque"</a>. <i>dictionary.cambridge.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dictionary.cambridge.org&rft.atitle=picaresque&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fpicaresque&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicaresque+novel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Best, O. F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/40297681">"Para la etimología de pícaro".</a> IN: <i>Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica</i>, Vol. 17, No. 3/4 (1963/1964), pp. 352–357.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TAnheeIPcAEC&pg=PA936"><i>Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary</i>, p. 936.</a> Merriam-Webster, Inc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rodríguez González, Félix (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=09NEuGHh2R8C&pg=PA36"><i>Spanish Loanwords in the English Language: a tendency towards hegemony reversal</i>, p. 36. Walter de Gruyter.</a> <i>Google Books</i>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisenberg1979" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Eisenberg" class="extiw" title="es:Daniel Eisenberg">Eisenberg, Daniel</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Spanish]</span> (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190605211231/http://users.ipfw.edu/jehle/deisenbe/Other_Hispanic_Topics/does_the_picaresque.pdf">"Does the Picaresque Novel Exist?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Kentucky Romance Quarterly</i>. Vol. 26. pp. <span class="nowrap">203–</span>219. 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Clo Iar-Chonnacht. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902420-35-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-902420-35-6"><bdi>978-1-902420-35-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WIwLAQAAMAAJ"><i>Approaches to teaching Lazarillo de Tormes and the picaresque tradition</i>, p. 19.</a> ("The <i>pícaro</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s revolutionary stance, as an alienated outsider who nevertheless constructs his own self and his world").</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacAdam, Alfred J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=08wGHT9iug8C&pg=PA138"><i>Textual confrontations: comparative readings in Latin American literature</i>, p. 138.</a> <i>Google Books</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chaytor1922pvii-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chaytor1922pvii_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chaytor1922pvii_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chaytor, Henry John (1922)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eRJKAAAAIAAJ"><i>La vida de Lazarillo de Tormes</i></a> p. vii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E8lAAAAAYAAJ"><i>The life of Lazarillo de Tormes: his fortunes and adversities</i></a> (1962) p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, René (1999) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rY9fAAAAMAAJ"><i>Le Satyricon: Pétrone</i>, p. 105.</a> <i>Google Books</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fouad Al-Mounir, "The Muslim Heritage of <i>Lazarillo de Tormes</i>," <i>The Maghreb Review</i> vol. 8, no. 2 (1983), pp. 16–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/James_T._Monroe" title="James T. 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Marsilio, 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lo+sguardo+eclettico&rft.pub=Marsilio%2C+2001&rft.au=Leonardo+De+Franceschi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicaresque+novel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onthewarside.wordpress.com/2015/10/30/wait-what-aladdin-is-a-picaro/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Wait! What? Aladdin is a Picaro?" by unknown"</a>. <i>onthewarside.wordpress.com</i>. 30 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=artforum&rft.atitle=False+Profit&rft.date=2022-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.artforum.com%2Fcolumns%2Fchloe-wyma-on-shonda-rhimess-inventing-anna-251377%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicaresque+novel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picaresque_novel&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker1967" class="citation book cs1">Parker, Alexander Augustine (1967). <i>Literature and the delinquent: the picaresque novel in Spain and Europe, 1599–1753</i>. Norman Maccoll lecture. Edinburgh: <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press" title="Edinburgh University Press">Edinburgh University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/422136249">422136249</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Literature+and+the+delinquent%3A+the+picaresque+novel+in+Spain+and+Europe%2C+1599%E2%80%931753&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.series=Norman+Maccoll+lecture&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F422136249&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Alexander+Augustine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicaresque+novel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCruz2008" class="citation book cs1">Cruz, Anne J. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WIwLAQAAMAAJ"><i>Approaches to teaching Lazarillo de Tormes and the picaresque tradition</i></a>. Modern Language Association of America. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60329-016-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60329-016-6"><bdi>978-1-60329-016-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Approaches+to+teaching+Lazarillo+de+Tormes+and+the+picaresque+tradition&rft.pub=Modern+Language+Association+of+America&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-60329-016-6&rft.aulast=Cruz&rft.aufirst=Anne+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWIwLAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicaresque+novel" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picaresque_novel&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Alter" title="Robert Alter">Robert Alter</a> (1965), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XIlZAAAAMAAJ"><i>Rogue's progress: studies in the picaresque novel</i></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisenberg1979" class="citation journal cs1">Eisenberg, Daniel (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228690386_Does_the_Picaresque_Novel_Exist">"Does the Picaresque Novel Exist?"</a>. <i>Kentucky Romance Quarterly</i>. <b>16</b>: <span class="nowrap">62–</span>69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03648664.1979.9926339">10.1080/03648664.1979.9926339</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kentucky+Romance+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Does+the+Picaresque+Novel+Exist%3F&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E62-%3C%2Fspan%3E69&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03648664.1979.9926339&rft.aulast=Eisenberg&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F228690386_Does_the_Picaresque_Novel_Exist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicaresque+novel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Garrido Ardila, Juan Antonio, <i>El género picaresco en la crítica literaria</i>, Madrid: Biblioteca Nueva, 2008.</li> <li>Garrido Ardila, Juan Antonio, <i>La novela picaresca en Europa</i>, Madrid: Visor libros, 2009.</li> <li>Meyer-Minnemann, Klaus and Sabine Schlickers (eds), <i>La novela picaresca: Concepto genérico y evolución del género (siglos XVI y XVII)</i>, Madrid, Iberoamericana, 2008.</li> <li>Klein, Norman M. and Margo Bistis, <i>The Imaginary 20th Century</i>, Karlsruhe, ZKM: Center for Art and Media, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://imaginary20thcentury.com">[1]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picaresque_novel&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Picaresque_novel" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Picaresque novel">Picaresque novel</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www4.gvsu.edu/wrightd/SPA%20495%20Capstone/Obras.htm">El Género Picaresco: La Novela Picaresca Española y Su Influencia</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzmaurice-Kelly1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Fitzmaurice-Kelly" title="James Fitzmaurice-Kelly">Fitzmaurice-Kelly, James</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Picaresque Novel, The"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Picaresque_Novel,_The">"Picaresque Novel, The" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). pp. <span class="nowrap">576–</span>579.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Picaresque+Novel%2C+The&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E576-%3C%2Fspan%3E579&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Fitzmaurice-Kelly&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicaresque+novel" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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<li><a href="/wiki/Deuteragonist" title="Deuteragonist">Deuteragonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_protagonist" title="False protagonist">False protagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focal_character" title="Focal character">Focal character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foil_(narrative)" title="Foil (narrative)">Foil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_double" title="Gothic double">Gothic double</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hamartia" title="Hamartia">Hamartia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Hero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antihero" title="Antihero">Anti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byronic_hero" title="Byronic hero">Byronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragic_hero" title="Tragic hero">Tragic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narration" title="Narration">Narrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protagonist" title="Protagonist">Protagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_character" title="Stock character">Stock character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_man" title="Straight man">Straight man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supporting_character" title="Supporting character">Supporting character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_character" title="Title character">Title character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tritagonist" title="Tritagonist">Tritagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villain" title="Villain">Villain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plot_(narrative)" title="Plot (narrative)">Plot</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ab_ovo" title="Ab ovo">Ab ovo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_(narrative)" title="Action (narrative)">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstory" title="Backstory">Backstory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_story" title="Origin story">Origin story</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chekhov%27s_gun" title="Chekhov's gun">Chekhov's gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clich%C3%A9" title="Cliché">Cliché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliffhanger" title="Cliffhanger">Cliffhanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_(narrative)" title="Conflict (narrative)">Conflict</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deus_ex_machina" title="Deus ex machina">Deus ex machina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialogue_in_writing" title="Dialogue in writing">Dialogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatic structure">Dramatic structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucatastrophe" title="Eucatastrophe">Eucatastrophe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreshadowing" title="Foreshadowing">Foreshadowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flashback_(narrative)" title="Flashback (narrative)">Flashback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flashforward" title="Flashforward">Flashforward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame_story" title="Frame story">Frame story</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_medias_res" title="In medias res">In medias res</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kish%C5%8Dtenketsu" title="Kishōtenketsu">Kishōtenketsu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacGuffin" title="MacGuffin">MacGuffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pace_(narrative)" title="Pace (narrative)">Pace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plot_device" title="Plot device">Plot device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plot_twist" title="Plot twist">Plot twist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_justice" title="Poetic justice">Poetic justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_herring" title="Red herring">Red herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reveal_(narrative)" title="Reveal (narrative)">Reveal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-insertion" title="Self-insertion">Self-insertion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaggy_dog_story" title="Shaggy dog story">Shaggy dog story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Story_arc" title="Story arc">Story arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Story_within_a_story" title="Story within a story">Story within a story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subplot" title="Subplot">Subplot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspense" title="Suspense">Suspense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trope_(literature)" title="Trope (literature)">Trope</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Setting_(narrative)" title="Setting (narrative)">Setting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">Alternate history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstory" title="Backstory">Backstory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_(fiction)" title="Crossover (fiction)">Crossover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_world_(plot_device)" title="Dream world (plot device)">Dreamworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dystopia" title="Dystopia">Dystopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_location" title="Fictional location">Fictional location</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Fictional city">city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_country" title="Fictional country">country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_universe" title="Fictional universe">universe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction" title="Parallel universes in fiction">parallel</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldbuilding" title="Worldbuilding">Worldbuilding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theme_(narrative)" title="Theme (narrative)">Theme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">Irony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leitmotif" title="Leitmotif">Leitmotif</a></li> <li><a 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title="Allegory">Allegory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathos" title="Bathos">Bathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_relief" title="Comic relief">Comic relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diction" title="Diction">Diction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figure_of_speech" title="Figure of speech">Figure of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagery" title="Imagery">Imagery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_(literature)" title="Mode (literature)">Mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mood_(literature)" title="Mood (literature)">Mood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narration" title="Narration">Narration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_narrative_techniques" title="List of narrative techniques">Narrative techniques</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_hook" title="Narrative hook">Hook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show,_don%27t_tell" title="Show, don't tell">Show, don't tell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylistic_device" title="Stylistic device">Stylistic device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspension_of_disbelief" title="Suspension of disbelief">Suspension of disbelief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_(literature)" title="Tone (literature)">Tone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatic structure">Structure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Act_(drama)" title="Act (drama)">Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatic structure">Act structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-act_structure" title="Three-act structure">Three-act structure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freytag%27s_Pyramid" class="mw-redirect" title="Freytag's Pyramid">Freytag's Pyramid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exposition_(narrative)" title="Exposition (narrative)">Exposition</a>/<a href="/wiki/Protasis" title="Protasis">Protasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epitasis" title="Epitasis">Rising action/Epitasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climax_(narrative)" title="Climax (narrative)">Climax</a>/<a href="/wiki/Peripeteia" title="Peripeteia">Peripeteia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catastasis" title="Catastasis">Falling action/Catastasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catastrophe_(drama)" title="Catastrophe (drama)">Denouement/Catastrophe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrative structure">Linear narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonlinear_narrative" title="Nonlinear narrative">Nonlinear narrative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nonlinear_narrative_films" title="List of nonlinear narrative films">films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nonlinear_narrative_television_series" title="List of nonlinear narrative television series">television series</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premise_(narrative)" title="Premise (narrative)">Premise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_fiction_with_multiple_endings" title="Types of fiction with multiple endings">Types of fiction with multiple endings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_narrative_forms" title="List of narrative forms">Form</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">Drama</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fabliau" title="Fabliau">Fabliau</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_fiction" title="Flash fiction">Flash fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">Folklore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">Fable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">Fairy tale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">Legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">Myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tall_tale" title="Tall tale">Tall tale</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamebook" title="Gamebook">Gamebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_art" title="Narrative art">Narrative art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_poetry" title="Narrative poetry">Narrative poetry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">Epic poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novella" title="Novella">Novella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable" title="Parable">Parable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">Short story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vignette_(literature)" title="Vignette (literature)">Vignette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literary_genre" title="Literary genre">Genre</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_genres" title="List of writing genres">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">Fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_fiction" title="Action fiction">Action fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_fiction" title="Adventure fiction">Adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_novel" title="Comic novel">Comic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_fiction" title="Crime fiction">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docufiction" title="Docufiction">Docu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistolary_novel" title="Epistolary novel">Epistolary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergodic_literature" title="Ergodic literature">Ergodic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_literature" title="Erotic literature">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_fiction" title="Western fiction">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_fiction" title="Mystery fiction">Mystery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_fiction" title="Nautical fiction">Nautical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranoid_fiction" title="Paranoid fiction">Paranoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_fiction" title="Philosophical fiction">Philosophical</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Picaresque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_fiction" title="Political fiction">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_culture_fiction" title="Pop culture fiction">Pop culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_fiction" title="Psychological fiction">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspirational_fiction" title="Inspirational fiction">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_literature" title="Rogue literature">Rogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_novel" title="Romance novel">Romance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chivalric_romance" title="Chivalric romance">Chivalric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_(prose_fiction)" title="Romance (prose fiction)">Prose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga" title="Saga">Saga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">Speculative fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Gothic" title="Southern Gothic">Southern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_science_fiction" title="Hard science fiction">Hard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_and_dystopian_fiction" title="Utopian and dystopian fiction">Utopian and dystopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_underwater_science_fiction_works" title="List of underwater science fiction works">Underwater</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_fiction" title="Superhero fiction">Superhero</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_fiction" title="Theological fiction">Theological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(genre)" title="Thriller (genre)">Thriller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_fiction" title="Urban fiction">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonfiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonfiction">Nonfiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autobiography" title="Autobiography">Autobiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biography" title="Biography">Biography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-fiction_novel" title="Non-fiction novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_nonfiction" title="Creative nonfiction">Creative</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Narration" title="Narration">Narration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diegesis" title="Diegesis">Diegesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-person_narrative" title="First-person narrative">First-person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-person_narrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Second-person narrative">Second-person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-person_narrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Third-person narrative">Third-person</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third-person_omniscient_narrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Third-person omniscient narrative">Third-person omniscient narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narration#Subjective_or_objective" title="Narration">Subjectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unreliable_narrator" title="Unreliable narrator">Unreliable narrator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiperspectivity" title="Multiperspectivity">Multiple narrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_of_consciousness" title="Stream of consciousness">Stream of consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_of_unconsciousness" title="Stream of unconsciousness">Stream of unconsciousness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">Tense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Past_tense" title="Past tense">Past</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">Present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_tense" title="Future tense">Future</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominant_narrative" title="Dominant narrative">Dominant narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiction_writing" title="Fiction writing">Fiction writing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continuity_(fiction)" title="Continuity (fiction)">Continuity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canon_(fiction)" title="Canon (fiction)">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reboot_(fiction)" title="Reboot (fiction)">Reboot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retroactive_continuity" title="Retroactive continuity">Retcon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_novel" title="Parallel novel">Parallel novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prequel" title="Prequel">Prequel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sequel" title="Sequel">Sequel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">Genre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_genres" title="List of genres">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">Literary science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_theory" title="Literary theory">Literary theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_identity" title="Narrative identity">Narrative identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_paradigm" title="Narrative paradigm">Narrative paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_therapy" title="Narrative therapy">Narrative therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narratology" title="Narratology">Narratology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metafiction" title="Metafiction">Metafiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_narrative" title="Political narrative">Political narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">Rhetoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_rhetorical_terms" title="Glossary of rhetorical terms">Glossary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenwriting" title="Screenwriting">Screenwriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Works_series" title="Template:Works series">Series of works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storytelling" title="Storytelling">Storytelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tellability" title="Tellability">Tellability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verisimilitude_(fiction)" title="Verisimilitude (fiction)">Verisimilitude</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox945" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a 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