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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanz_im_Mittelalter" title="Tanz im Mittelalter – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tanz im Mittelalter" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danza_medieval" title="Danza medieval – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Danza medieval" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danse_m%C3%A9di%C3%A9vale" title="Danse médiévale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Danse médiévale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danza_medievale" title="Danza medievale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Danza medievale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taniec_w_%C5%9Bredniowieczu" title="Taniec w średniowieczu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Taniec w średniowieczu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medeltidens_dans" title="Medeltidens dans – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Medeltidens dans" data-language-autonym="Svenska" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Types of dance in Medieval Europe</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:40-svaghi,suono_e_ballo,Taccuino_Sanitatis,_Casanatense_4182.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/40-svaghi%2Csuono_e_ballo%2CTaccuino_Sanitatis%2C_Casanatense_4182.jpg/295px-40-svaghi%2Csuono_e_ballo%2CTaccuino_Sanitatis%2C_Casanatense_4182.jpg" decoding="async" width="295" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/40-svaghi%2Csuono_e_ballo%2CTaccuino_Sanitatis%2C_Casanatense_4182.jpg/443px-40-svaghi%2Csuono_e_ballo%2CTaccuino_Sanitatis%2C_Casanatense_4182.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/40-svaghi%2Csuono_e_ballo%2CTaccuino_Sanitatis%2C_Casanatense_4182.jpg/590px-40-svaghi%2Csuono_e_ballo%2CTaccuino_Sanitatis%2C_Casanatense_4182.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1079" /></a><figcaption>Dance with musicians, <a href="/wiki/Tacuinum_sanitatis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tacuinum sanitatis">Tacuinum sanitatis</a> casanatense (Lombardy, Italy, late 14th century)</figcaption></figure> <p>Sources for an understanding of <a href="/wiki/Dance" title="Dance">dance</a> in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> are limited and fragmentary, being composed of some interesting depictions in <a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">paintings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Illumination_(manuscript)" class="mw-redirect" title="Illumination (manuscript)">illuminations</a>, a few musical examples of what may be dances, and scattered allusions in literary texts. The first detailed descriptions of dancing only date from 1451 in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, which is after the start of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> in Western Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Carole">Carole</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_dance&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Carole"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the carol as a musical form, see <a href="/wiki/Carol_(music)" title="Carol (music)">Carol (music)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christmas_carol" title="Christmas carol">Christmas carol</a>.</div> <p>The most documented form of secular dance during the Middle Ages is the carol also called the "carole" or "carola" and known from the 12th and 13th centuries in Western Europe in rural and court settings.<sup id="cite_ref-harvard_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harvard-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It consisted of a group of dancers holding hands usually in a <a href="/wiki/Circle_dance" title="Circle dance">circle</a>, with the dancers singing in a leader and refrain style while dancing.<sup id="cite_ref-hoppin_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoppin-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No surviving lyrics or music for the carol have been identified.<sup id="cite_ref-harvard_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harvard-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In northern France, other terms for this type of dance included "ronde" and its diminutives "rondet", "rondel", and "rondelet" from which the more modern music term "rondeau" derives.<sup id="cite_ref-hoppin_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoppin-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the German-speaking areas, this same type of choral dance was known as "reigen".<sup id="cite_ref-sachs271_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sachs271-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mullally in his book on the carole makes the case that the dance, at least in France, was done in a <a href="/wiki/Circle_dance" title="Circle dance">closed circle</a> with the dancers, usually men and women interspersed, holding hands. He adduces evidence that the general progression of the dance was to the left (clockwise) and that the steps probably were very simple consisting of a step to the left with the left foot followed by a step on the right foot closing to the left foot.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_dance&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chretien_de_Troyes">Chretien de Troyes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_dance&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Chretien de Troyes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meister_des_Rosenromans_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Meister_des_Rosenromans_001.jpg/220px-Meister_des_Rosenromans_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Meister_des_Rosenromans_001.jpg/330px-Meister_des_Rosenromans_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Meister_des_Rosenromans_001.jpg/440px-Meister_des_Rosenromans_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2036" /></a><figcaption>From a manuscript of the <i><a href="/wiki/Roman_de_la_rose" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman de la rose">Roman de la rose</a></i>, c. 1430.</figcaption></figure> <p>Some of the earliest mentions of the carol occur in the works of the French poet <a href="/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Chrétien de Troyes">Chrétien de Troyes</a> in his series of <a href="/wiki/Arthurian_romance" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthurian romance">Arthurian romances</a>. In the wedding scene in <a href="/wiki/Erec_and_Enide" title="Erec and Enide">Erec and Enide</a> (about 1170) </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd>Puceles carolent et dancent,</dd> <dd>Trestuit de joie feire tancent <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>(lines 2047–2048)</i><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd>"Maidens performed rounds and other dances, each trying to outdo the other in showing their joy"<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>In <a href="/wiki/The_Knight_of_the_Cart" class="mw-redirect" title="The Knight of the Cart">The Knight of the Cart</a>, (probably late 1170s) at a meadow where there are knights and ladies, various games are played while: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">Li autre, qui iluec estoient,</i></span></dd> <dd><span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">Redemenoient lor anfances,</i></span></dd> <dd><span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">Baules et queroles et dance;</i></span></dd> <dd><span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">Et chantent et tunbent et saillent</i></span> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>(lines 1656–1659)</i><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd>"[S]ome others were playing at childhood games – rounds, dances and reels, singing, tumbling, and leaping"<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>In what is probably Chretien's last work, <a href="/wiki/Perceval,_the_Story_of_the_Grail" title="Perceval, the Story of the Grail">Perceval, the Story of the Grail</a>, probably written 1181–1191, we find: </p> <dl><dd>"Men and women danced rounds through every street and square"<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>and later at a court setting: </p> <dl><dd>"The queen ... had all her maidens join hands together to dance and begin the merry-making. In his honour they began their singing, dances, and rounds"<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_dance&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Italian_folk_dance" title="Italian folk dance">Italian folk dance</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lorenzetti_Good_Govt_Detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Lorenzetti_Good_Govt_Detail.jpg/220px-Lorenzetti_Good_Govt_Detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Lorenzetti_Good_Govt_Detail.jpg/330px-Lorenzetti_Good_Govt_Detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Lorenzetti_Good_Govt_Detail.jpg/440px-Lorenzetti_Good_Govt_Detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="569" /></a><figcaption>Lorenzetti 1338-40</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a> (1265–1321) has a few minor references to dance in his works but a more substantive description of the round dance with song from Bologna comes from Giovanni del Virgilio (floruit 1319–1327).<sup id="cite_ref-padovan_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-padovan-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later in the 14th century <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Boccaccio" title="Giovanni Boccaccio">Giovanni Boccaccio</a> (1313–1375) shows us the "carola" in Florence in the <i><a href="/wiki/Decameron" class="mw-redirect" title="Decameron">Decameron</a></i> (about 1350–1353) which has several passages describing men and women dancing to their own singing or accompanied by musicians.<sup id="cite_ref-padovan_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-padovan-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boccaccio also uses two other terms for contemporary dances, <i>ridda</i> and <i>ballonchio</i>, both of which refer to round dances with singing.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bragaglia_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bragaglia-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Approximately contemporary with the <i>Decameron</i> are a series of frescos in <a href="/wiki/Siena" title="Siena">Siena</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ambrogio_Lorenzetti" title="Ambrogio Lorenzetti">Ambrogio Lorenzetti</a> painted about 1338–40, one of which shows a group of women doing a "bridge" figure while accompanied by another woman playing the <a href="/wiki/Tambourine" title="Tambourine">tambourine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-padovan_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-padovan-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="England">England</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_dance&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a life of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Dunstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Dunstan">Saint Dunstan</a> composed about 1000, the author tells how Dunstan, going into a church, found maidens dancing in a ring and singing a hymn.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (1933) the term "carol" was first used in England for this type of circle dance accompanied by singing in manuscripts dating to as early as 1300. The word was used as both a noun and a verb and the usage of carol for a dance form persisted well into the 16th century. One of the earliest references is in <a href="/wiki/Robert_of_Brunne" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert of Brunne">Robert of Brunne</a>'s early 14th century <i><a href="/wiki/Handlyng_Synne" title="Handlyng Synne">Handlyng Synne</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Handlyng_Synne" title="Handlyng Synne">Handling Sin</a>) where it occurs as a verb.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_chain_dances">Other chain dances</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_dance&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other chain dances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Circle_dance" title="Circle dance">Circle</a> or <a href="/wiki/Line_dance" title="Line dance">line</a> dances also existed in other parts of Europe outside England, France and Italy where the term carol was best known. These dances were of the same type with dancers hand-in-hand and a leader who sang the ballad.<sup id="cite_ref-lorenzen_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lorenzen-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_dance&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Scandinavia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%98rslev_kirke_20090411-22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/%C3%98rslev_kirke_20090411-22.jpg/220px-%C3%98rslev_kirke_20090411-22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/%C3%98rslev_kirke_20090411-22.jpg/330px-%C3%98rslev_kirke_20090411-22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/%C3%98rslev_kirke_20090411-22.jpg/440px-%C3%98rslev_kirke_20090411-22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="2912" /></a><figcaption>Fresco at Ørslev church, Denmark</figcaption></figure> <p>In Denmark, old ballads mention a closed Ring dance which can open into a Chain dance. A <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">fresco</a> in Ørslev church in <a href="/wiki/Zealand" title="Zealand">Zealand</a> from about 1400 shows nine people, men and women, dancing in a line. The leader and some others in the chain carry bouquets of flowers.<sup id="cite_ref-lorenzen_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lorenzen-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dances could be for men and women, or for men alone, or women alone. In the case of women's dances, however, there may have been a man who acted as the leader.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two dances specifically named in the Danish ballads which appear to be line dances of this type are <i>The Beggar Dance</i>, and <i>The Lucky Dance</i> which may have been a dance for women.<sup id="cite_ref-lorenzen_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lorenzen-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A modern version of these medieval chains is seen in the <a href="/wiki/Faroese_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Faroese dance">Faroese chain dance</a>, the earliest account of which goes back only to the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Sweden too, medieval songs often mentioned dancing. A long chain was formed, with the leader singing the verses and setting the time while the other dancers joined in the chorus. These "Long Dances" have lasted into modern times in Sweden.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar type of song dance may have existed in Norway in the Middle Ages as well, but no historical accounts have been found.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_Europe">Central Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_dance&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Central Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The same dance in Germany was called "Reigen" and may have originated from devotional dances at early Christian festivals. Dancing around the church or a fire was frequently denounced by church authorities which only underscores how popular it was. There are records of church and civic officials in various German towns forbidding dancing and singing from the 8th to the 10th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fyfe_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fyfe-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once again, in singing processions, the leader provided the verse and the other dancers supplied the chorus.<sup id="cite_ref-sachs271_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sachs271-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fyfe_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fyfe-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Minnesinger" class="mw-redirect" title="Minnesinger">minnesinger</a> <a href="/wiki/Neidhart_von_Reuental" title="Neidhart von Reuental">Neidhart von Reuental</a>, who lived in the first half of the 13th century wrote several songs for dancing, some of which use the term "reigen".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Runkelstein_3363.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Runkelstein_3363.JPG/220px-Runkelstein_3363.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Runkelstein_3363.JPG/330px-Runkelstein_3363.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Runkelstein_3363.JPG/440px-Runkelstein_3363.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Fresco at Runkelstein Castle, <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">South Tyrol</a>, Italy</figcaption></figure> <p>In southern Tyrol, at <a href="/wiki/Runkelstein_Castle" title="Runkelstein Castle">Runkelstein Castle</a>, a series of frescos was executed in the last years of the 14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the frescos depicts <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Poland,_Queen_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Elisabeth of Poland, Queen of Hungary">Elisabeth of Poland, Queen of Hungary</a> leading a chain dance.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Circle dances were also found in the area that is today the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>. Descriptions and illustrations of dancing can be found in church registers, chronicles and the 15th century writings of <a href="/wiki/Bohuslav_Hasi%C5%A1tejnsk%C3%BD_z_Lobkovic" title="Bohuslav Hasištejnský z Lobkovic">Bohuslav Hasištejnský z Lobkovic</a>. Dancing was primarily done around trees on the village green but special houses for dancing appear from the 14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> as well the earliest village dances were in circles or lines accompanied by the singing or clapping of the participants.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Balkans">The Balkans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_dance&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The Balkans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The present-day folk dances in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> consist of dancers linked together in a hand or shoulder hold in an open or closed circle or a line. The basic round dance goes by many names in the various countries of the region: <i><a href="/wiki/Choros_(dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Choros (dance)">choros</a></i>, <i>kolo</i>, <i>oro</i>, <i>horo</i> or <i>hora</i>. The modern couple dance so common in western and northern Europe has only made a few inroads into the Balkan dance repertory.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bosniangraves_bosniska_gravar_februari_2007_stecak_stecci14.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Bosniangraves_bosniska_gravar_februari_2007_stecak_stecci14.jpg/220px-Bosniangraves_bosniska_gravar_februari_2007_stecak_stecci14.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Bosniangraves_bosniska_gravar_februari_2007_stecak_stecci14.jpg/330px-Bosniangraves_bosniska_gravar_februari_2007_stecak_stecci14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Bosniangraves_bosniska_gravar_februari_2007_stecak_stecci14.jpg/440px-Bosniangraves_bosniska_gravar_februari_2007_stecak_stecci14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Stecak from Radimlja, Hercegovina showing linked figures</figcaption></figure> <p>Chain dances of a similar type to these modern dance forms have been documented from the medieval Balkans. Tens of thousands of medieval tombstones called <a href="/wiki/Stecak" class="mw-redirect" title="Stecak">"Stećci"</a> are found in <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Hercegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnia and Hercegovina">Bosnia and Hercegovina</a> and neighboring areas in <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>. They date from the end of the 12th century to the 16th century. Many of the stones bear inscription and figures, several of which have been interpreted as dancers in a ring or line dance. These mostly date to the 14th and 15th centuries. Usually men and women are portrayed dancing together holding hands at shoulder level but occasionally the groups consist of only one sex.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Further south in <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a>, near the town of <a href="/wiki/Zletovo" title="Zletovo">Zletovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesnovo_monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesnovo monastery">Lesnovo monastery</a>, originally built in the 11th century, was renovated in the middle of the 14th century and a series of murals were painted.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of these shows a group of young men linking arms in a round dance. They are accompanied by two musicians, one playing the <a href="/wiki/Kanun_(instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanun (instrument)">kanun</a> while the other beats on a long drum. </p><p>There is also some documentary evidence from the <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatian</a> coast area of what is now <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>. An anonymous chronicle from 1344 exhorts the people of the city of <a href="/wiki/Zadar" title="Zadar">Zadar</a> to sing and dance circle dances for a festival while in the 14th and 15th centuries, authorities in <a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik" title="Dubrovnik">Dubrovnik</a> forbid circle dances and secular songs on the cathedral grounds.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another early reference comes from the area of present-day <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> in a manuscript of a 14th-century sermon which calls chain dances "devilish and damned."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At a later period there are the accounts of two western European travelers to Constantinople, the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. <a href="/wiki/Salomon_Schweigger" title="Salomon Schweigger">Salomon Schweigger</a> (1551–1622) was a German preacher who traveled in the entourage of Jochim von Sinzendorf, Ambassador to Constantinople for <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor">Rudolf II</a> in 1577. He describes the events at a Greek wedding:<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>da schrencken sie die Arm uebereinander / machen ein Ring / gehen also im Ring herumb / mit dem Fuessen hart tredent und stampffend / einer singt vor / welchem die andern alle nachfolgen.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>"then they joined arms one upon the other, made a circle, went round the circle, with their feet stepping hard and stamping; one sang first, with the others all following after."</dd></dl> <p>Another traveler, the German pharmacist Reinhold Lubenau, was in Constantinople in November 1588 and reports on a Greek wedding in these terms:<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>eine Companei, oft von zehen oder mehr Perschonen, Grichen herfuhr auf den Platz, fasten einander bei den Henden, machten einen runden Kreis und traten balde hinder sich, balde fur sich, balde gingen sie herumb, sungen grichisch drein, balde trampelden sie starck mit den Fussen auf die Erde.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>"a company of Greeks, often of ten or more persons, stepped forth to the open place, took each other by the hand, made a round circle, and now stepped backward, now forward, sometimes went around, singing in Greek the while, sometimes stamped strongly on the ground with their feet."</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Estampie">Estampie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_dance&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Estampie"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Estampie" title="Estampie">Estampie</a></div> <p>If the story is true that troubadour <a href="/wiki/Raimbaut_de_Vaqueiras" title="Raimbaut de Vaqueiras">Raimbaut de Vaqueiras</a> (about 1150–1207) wrote the famous <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provençal</a> song <i>Kalenda Maya</i> to fit the tune of an <a href="/wiki/Estampie" title="Estampie">estampie</a> that he heard two <a href="/wiki/Jongleur" class="mw-redirect" title="Jongleur">jongleurs</a> play, then the history of the estampie extends back to the 12th century.<sup id="cite_ref-harvard2_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harvard2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only musical examples actually identified as "estampie" or "istanpita" occur in two 14th-century manuscripts. The same manuscripts also contain other pieces named "danse real" or other dance names. These are similar in musical structure to the estampies but consensus is divided as to whether these should be considered the same.<sup id="cite_ref-harvard2_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harvard2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to these instrumental music compositions, there are also mentions of the estampie in various literary sources from the 13th and 14th centuries. One of these as "stampenie" is found in <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_von_Strassburg" title="Gottfried von Strassburg">Gottfried von Strassburg</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Tristan_and_Iseult" title="Tristan and Iseult">Tristan</a></i> from 1210 in a catalog of Tristan's accomplishments: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><span title="Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)-language text"><i lang="gmh">ouch sang er wol ze prise</i></span></dd> <dd><span title="Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)-language text"><i lang="gmh">schanzune und spaehe wise,</i></span></dd> <dd><span title="Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)-language text"><i lang="gmh">refloit und stampenie</i></span> <dl><dd><i>(lines 2293–2295)</i><sup id="cite_ref-kees_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kees-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd>"he also sang most excellently subtle airs, 'chansons', 'refloits', and 'estampies'"<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Later, in a description of Isolde: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><span title="Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)-language text"><i lang="gmh">Si videlt ir stampenie,</i></span></dd> <dd><span title="Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)-language text"><i lang="gmh">leiche und so vremediu notelin,</i></span></dd> <dd><span title="Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)-language text"><i lang="gmh">diu niemer vremeder kunden sin,</i></span></dd> <dd><span title="Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)-language text"><i lang="gmh">in franzoiser wise</i></span></dd> <dd><span title="Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)-language text"><i lang="gmh">von Sanze und San Dinise.</i></span> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>(lines 8058–8062)</i><sup id="cite_ref-kees_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kees-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd>"She fiddled her 'estampie', her lays, and her strange tunes in the French style, about Sanze and St Denis"<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>A century and a half later in the poem <i>La Prison amoreuse</i> (1372–73)<sup id="cite_ref-kees_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kees-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by French chronicler and poet <a href="/wiki/Jean_Froissart" title="Jean Froissart">Jean Froissart</a> (c. 1337–1405), we find:<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd>La estoient li menestrel</dd> <dd>Qui s'acquittoient bien et bel</dd> <dd>A piper et tout de novel</dd> <dd>Unes danses teles qu'il sorent,</dd> <dd>Et si trestot que cessé orent</dd> <dd>Les estampies qu'il batoient,</dd> <dd>Cil et celes qui s'esbatoient</dd> <dd>Au danser sans gueres atendre</dd> <dd>Commencierent leurs mains a tendre</dd> <dd>Pour caroler.</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd>"Here are all the minstrels rare Who now acquit themselves so fair In playing on their pipes whate'er The dances be that one may do. So soon as they have glided through The estampies of this sort Youths and maidens who disport Themselves in dancing now begin With scarce a wait to join hands in The choral".</dd></dl> <p>Opinion is divided as to whether the Estampie was actually a dance or simply early instrumental music. Sachs<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> believes the strong rhythm of the music, a derivation of the name from a term meaning "to stamp" and the quotation from the Froissart poem above definitely label the estampie as a dance. However, others<sup id="cite_ref-kees_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kees-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> stress the complex music in some examples as being uncharacteristic of dance melodies and interpret Froissart's poem to mean that the dancing begins with the carol. There is also debate on the derivation of the word "estampie".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In any case, no description of dance steps or figures for the estampie are known. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Couple_dances">Couple dances</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_dance&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Couple dances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HeinrichStretelingen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/HeinrichStretelingen.jpg/220px-HeinrichStretelingen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/HeinrichStretelingen.jpg/330px-HeinrichStretelingen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/HeinrichStretelingen.jpg/440px-HeinrichStretelingen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="955" data-file-height="1419" /></a><figcaption>Heinrich von Stretlingen</figcaption></figure> <p>According to German dance historian <a href="/wiki/Aenne_Goldschmidt" title="Aenne Goldschmidt">Aenne Goldschmidt</a>, the oldest notice of a couple dance comes from the southern German Latin romance <a href="/wiki/Ruodlieb" title="Ruodlieb">Ruodlieb</a> probably composed in the early to mid-11th century.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dance is done at a wedding feast and is described in the translation by Edwin Zeydel as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd>the young man arose and the young lady too.</dd> <dd>He turns in the manner of a falcon and she like a swallow.</dd> <dd>But when they came together, they passed one another again quickly,</dd> <dd>he seemed to move (glide) along, she to float.</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Another literary mention comes from a later period in Germany with a description of couple dancing in <a href="/wiki/Wolfram_von_Eschenbach" title="Wolfram von Eschenbach">Wolfram von Eschenbach</a>'s epic poem <i><a href="/wiki/Parzival" title="Parzival">Parzival</a></i>, usually dated to the beginning of the 13th century. The scene occurs on manuscript page 639, the host is <a href="/wiki/Gawain" title="Gawain">Gawain</a>, the tables from the meal have been removed and musicians have been recruited: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meister_der_Manessischen_Liederhandschrift_003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Meister_der_Manessischen_Liederhandschrift_003.jpg/220px-Meister_der_Manessischen_Liederhandschrift_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Meister_der_Manessischen_Liederhandschrift_003.jpg/330px-Meister_der_Manessischen_Liederhandschrift_003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Meister_der_Manessischen_Liederhandschrift_003.jpg/440px-Meister_der_Manessischen_Liederhandschrift_003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1042" data-file-height="1481" /></a><figcaption>Hiltbolt von Schwangau</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd>Now give your thanks to the host that he did not restrain them in their joy. Many a fair lady danced there in his presence.</dd> <dd>The knights mingled freely with the host of ladies, pairing off now with one, now with another, and the dance was a lovely sight.</dd> <dd>Together they advanced to the attack on sorrow. Often a handsome knight was seen dancing with two ladies, one on either hand.</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Eschenbach also remarks that while many of the noblemen present were good fiddlers, they knew only the old style dances, not the many new dances from <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The early 14th century <a href="/wiki/Codex_Manesse" title="Codex Manesse">Codex Manesse</a> from <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a> has miniatures of many <a href="/wiki/Minnesang" title="Minnesang">Minnesang</a> poets of the period. The portrait of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_von_Stretelingen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich von Stretelingen (page does not exist)">Heinrich von Stretelingen</a> shows him engaged in a "courtly pair dance" while the miniature of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiltbolt_von_Schwangau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hiltbolt von Schwangau (page does not exist)">Hiltbolt von Schwangau</a> depicts him in a trio dance with two ladies, one in each hand, with a fiddler providing the music.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_dance&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danse_Macabre" title="Danse Macabre">Danse Macabre</a> (Dance of Death)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dancing_mania" title="Dancing mania">Dancing mania</a>, a 14th to 17th century social phenomenon</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_dance&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBumke2000" class="citation book cs1">Bumke, Joachim (2000). <i>Courtly Culture</i>. Woodstock NY: The Overlook Press. p. 225. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58567-051-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-58567-051-0"><bdi>1-58567-051-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Courtly+Culture&rft.place=Woodstock+NY&rft.pages=225&rft.pub=The+Overlook+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-58567-051-0&rft.aulast=Bumke&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-harvard-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-harvard_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-harvard_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Carole" in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDon_Michael_Randel1986" class="citation book cs1">Don Michael Randel, ed. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newharvarddictio00rand"><i>New Harvard Dictionary of Music</i></a>. Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-61525-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-61525-5"><bdi>0-674-61525-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Harvard+Dictionary+of+Music&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-674-61525-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewharvarddictio00rand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hoppin-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hoppin_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hoppin_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoppin1978" class="citation book cs1">Hoppin, Richard H. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/medievalmusic00hopp/page/296"><i>Medieval Music</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton" class="mw-redirect" title="W. W. Norton">W. W. Norton</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/medievalmusic00hopp/page/296">296</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-09090-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-09090-6"><bdi>0-393-09090-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Music&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=296&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-393-09090-6&rft.aulast=Hoppin&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmedievalmusic00hopp%2Fpage%2F296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sachs271-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sachs271_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sachs271_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSachs1963" class="citation book cs1">Sachs, Curt (1963). <i>World History of the Dance</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton" class="mw-redirect" title="W. W. Norton">W. W. Norton</a>. p. 271. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-00209-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-00209-8"><bdi>0-393-00209-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+History+of+the+Dance&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=271&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=0-393-00209-8&rft.aulast=Sachs&rft.aufirst=Curt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMullally2011" class="citation book cs1">Mullally, Robert (2011). <i>The Carole: A Study of a Medieval Dance</i>. Farnham, Surrey, England: Ashgate. pp. 41–50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-1248-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-1248-9"><bdi>978-1-4094-1248-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Carole%3A+A+Study+of+a+Medieval+Dance&rft.place=Farnham%2C+Surrey%2C+England&rft.pages=41-50&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-1248-9&rft.aulast=Mullally&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080506194033/http://www.uhb.fr/alc/medieval/Erec3.htm">"Erec et Enide, éd. Foerster, v. 1845–2924"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uhb.fr/alc/medieval/">www.uhb.fr/alc/medieval</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uhb.fr/alc/medieval/Erec3.htm">the original</a> on 2008-05-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-02-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Erec+et+Enide%2C+%C3%A9d.+Foerster%2C+v.+1845%E2%80%932924&rft.pub=%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.uhb.fr%2Falc%2Fmedieval%2F+www.uhb.fr%2Falc%2Fmedieval%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uhb.fr%2Falc%2Fmedieval%2FErec3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+dance" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">External link in <code class="cs1-code"><code class="cs1-code">|publisher=</code></code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#param_has_ext_link" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">English translation from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/arthurianromance00chr/page/62"><i>Chrétien de Troyes – Arthurian Romances (translated by Carleton W. Carroll)</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin</a>. 1991. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/arthurianromance00chr/page/62">62</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-044521-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-044521-8"><bdi>0-14-044521-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chr%C3%A9tien+de+Troyes+%E2%80%93+Arthurian+Romances+%28translated+by+Carleton+W.+Carroll%29&rft.place=London&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-14-044521-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farthurianromance00chr%2Fpage%2F62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.princeton.edu/~lancelot/L-3U.html">"Manuscript U"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.princeton.edu/">www.princeton.edu</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-02-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manuscript+U&rft.pub=%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.princeton.edu%2F+www.princeton.edu%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.princeton.edu%2F~lancelot%2FL-3U.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+dance" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">External link in <code class="cs1-code"><code class="cs1-code">|publisher=</code></code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#param_has_ext_link" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">English translation from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/arthurianromance00chr/page/228"><i>Chrétien de Troyes – Arthurian Romances (translated by William W. Kibler)</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin</a>. 1991. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/arthurianromance00chr/page/228">228</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-044521-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-044521-8"><bdi>0-14-044521-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chr%C3%A9tien+de+Troyes+%E2%80%93+Arthurian+Romances+%28translated+by+William+W.+Kibler%29&rft.place=London&rft.pages=228&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-14-044521-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farthurianromance00chr%2Fpage%2F228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">English translation from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/arthurianromance00chr/page/415"><i>Chrétien de Troyes – Arthurian Romances (translated by William W. Kibler)</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin</a>. 1991. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/arthurianromance00chr/page/415">415</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-044521-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-044521-8"><bdi>0-14-044521-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chr%C3%A9tien+de+Troyes+%E2%80%93+Arthurian+Romances+%28translated+by+William+W.+Kibler%29&rft.place=London&rft.pages=415&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-14-044521-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farthurianromance00chr%2Fpage%2F415&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">English translation from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/arthurianromance00chr/page/491"><i>Chrétien de Troyes – Arthurian Romances (translated by William W. Kibler)</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin</a>. 1991. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/arthurianromance00chr/page/491">491</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-044521-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-044521-8"><bdi>0-14-044521-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chr%C3%A9tien+de+Troyes+%E2%80%93+Arthurian+Romances+%28translated+by+William+W.+Kibler%29&rft.place=London&rft.pages=491&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-14-044521-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farthurianromance00chr%2Fpage%2F491&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-padovan-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-padovan_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-padovan_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-padovan_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPadovan1985" class="citation journal cs1">Padovan, Maurizio (1985). "Da Dante a Leonardo: la danza italiana attraverso le fonti storiche". <i>Danza Italiana</i>. <b>3</b>: 5–37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Danza+Italiana&rft.atitle=Da+Dante+a+Leonardo%3A+la+danza+italiana+attraverso+le+fonti+storiche&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=5-37&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Padovan&rft.aufirst=Maurizio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNosow1985" class="citation journal cs1">Nosow, Robert (1985). "Dancing the Righoletto". <i>Journal of Musicology</i>. <b>24</b> (3): 407–446. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fjm.2007.24.3.407">10.1525/jm.2007.24.3.407</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Musicology&rft.atitle=Dancing+the+Righoletto&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=407-446&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fjm.2007.24.3.407&rft.aulast=Nosow&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bragaglia-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bragaglia_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBragaglia1952" class="citation book cs1">Bragaglia, Anto Giulio (1952). <i>Danze popolari italiane</i>. Roma: Edizioni Enal.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Danze+popolari+italiane&rft.place=Roma&rft.pub=Edizioni+Enal&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Bragaglia&rft.aufirst=Anto+Giulio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPage1992" class="citation book cs1">Page, Christopher (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecultura0000unse/page/252">"Music"</a>. In Ford, Boris (ed.). <i>Early Britain</i>. Cambridge, UK: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecultura0000unse/page/252">252</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-42881-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-42881-5"><bdi>0-521-42881-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Music&rft.btitle=Early+Britain&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=252&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-521-42881-5&rft.aulast=Page&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgecultura0000unse%2Fpage%2F252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=cme;cc=cme;type=simple;rgn=full%20text;q1=carol;view=reslist;subview=detail;sort=occur;start=1;size=25;didno=AHA2735.0001.001">"Robert of Brunne's "Handlyng synne"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/">quod.lib.umich.edu</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-11-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Robert+of+Brunne%27s+%22Handlyng+synne%22&rft.pub=%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2F+quod.lib.umich.edu%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fcgi%2Ft%2Ftext%2Ftext-idx%3Fc%3Dcme%3Bcc%3Dcme%3Btype%3Dsimple%3Brgn%3Dfull%2520text%3Bq1%3Dcarol%3Bview%3Dreslist%3Bsubview%3Ddetail%3Bsort%3Doccur%3Bstart%3D1%3Bsize%3D25%3Bdidno%3DAHA2735.0001.001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+dance" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">External link in <code class="cs1-code"><code class="cs1-code">|publisher=</code></code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#param_has_ext_link" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lorenzen-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lorenzen_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lorenzen_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lorenzen_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorenzenJeppesen1950" class="citation book cs1">Lorenzen, Poul; Jeppesen, Jeppe (1950). <i>Dances of Denmark</i>. New York: Chanticleer Press. pp. 7–9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dances+of+Denmark&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=7-9&rft.pub=Chanticleer+Press&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Lorenzen&rft.aufirst=Poul&rft.au=Jeppesen%2C+Jeppe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Curt Sachs (1963) <i>World History of the Dance</i>, p.263</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lorenzen & Jeppesen, p.10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalvén1949" class="citation book cs1">Salvén, Erik (1949). <i>Dances of Sweden</i>. London: Max Parrish. p. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dances+of+Sweden&rft.place=London&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Max+Parrish&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Salv%C3%A9n&rft.aufirst=Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeal1988" class="citation book cs1">Beal, Daniel (1988). <i>Dances from Norway</i>. Minneapolis: Sons of Norway. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9620940-0-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-9620940-0-5"><bdi>0-9620940-0-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dances+from+Norway&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Sons+of+Norway&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-9620940-0-5&rft.aulast=Beal&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldschmidt1978" class="citation book cs1">Goldschmidt, Aenne (1978). <i>Handbuch des Deutschen Volktanzes</i>. Wilhelmshaven: Heinrichshofen. p. 27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbuch+des+Deutschen+Volktanzes&rft.place=Wilhelmshaven&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Heinrichshofen&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Goldschmidt&rft.aufirst=Aenne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fyfe-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fyfe_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fyfe_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFyfe1951" class="citation book cs1">Fyfe, Agnes (1951). <i>Dances of Germany</i>. London: Max Parrish. pp. 8–9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dances+of+Germany&rft.place=London&rft.pages=8-9&rft.pub=Max+Parrish&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Fyfe&rft.aufirst=Agnes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deutsche-liebeslyrik.de/minnesang/minnesang_neidhart_von_reuental2.htm">"Minnesang: Neidhart von Reuental"</a> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deutsche-liebeslyrik.de/">www.deutsche-liebeslyrik.de</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-11-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minnesang%3A+Neidhart+von+Reuental&rft.pub=%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.deutsche-liebeslyrik.de%2F+www.deutsche-liebeslyrik.de%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deutsche-liebeslyrik.de%2Fminnesang%2Fminnesang_neidhart_von_reuental2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+dance" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">External link in <code class="cs1-code"><code class="cs1-code">|publisher=</code></code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#param_has_ext_link" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.runkelstein.info/runkelstein_en/history.asp">"Runkelstein Castle – The illustrated castle A short history"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.runkelstein.info/">www.runkelstein.info</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-11-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Runkelstein+Castle+%E2%80%93+The+illustrated+castle+A+short+history&rft.pub=%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.runkelstein.info%2F+www.runkelstein.info%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.runkelstein.info%2Frunkelstein_en%2Fhistory.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+dance" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">External link in <code class="cs1-code"><code class="cs1-code">|publisher=</code></code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#param_has_ext_link" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin1974" class="citation book cs1">Martin, György (1974). <i>Hungarian Folk Dances</i>. Budapest: Corvina Press. p. 17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hungarian+Folk+Dances&rft.place=Budapest&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Corvina+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Gy%C3%B6rgy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLubinová1949" class="citation book cs1">Lubinová, Mila (1949). <i>Dances of Czechoslovakia</i>. New York: Chanticleer Press. p. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dances+of+Czechoslovakia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Chanticleer+Press&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Lubinov%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Mila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDziewanowska1997" class="citation book cs1">Dziewanowska, Ada (1997). <i>Polish Folk Dances and Songs</i>. New York: Hippocrene. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7818-0420-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7818-0420-5"><bdi>0-7818-0420-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polish+Folk+Dances+and+Songs&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Hippocrene&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-7818-0420-5&rft.aulast=Dziewanowska&rft.aufirst=Ada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLidsterTamburini1965" class="citation book cs1">Lidster, Miriam; Tamburini, Dorothy (1965). <i>Folk Dance Progressions</i>. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Folk+Dance+Progressions&rft.place=Belmont%2C+CA&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Wadsworth&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Lidster&rft.aufirst=Miriam&rft.au=Tamburini%2C+Dorothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alojz Benac "Chapter XIII: Medieval Tombstones (Stećci)" in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBihalji-Merin1969" class="citation book cs1">Bihalji-Merin, Otto, ed. (1969). <i>Art Treasures of Yugoslavia</i>. New York: Abrams. pp. 277–96.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+Treasures+of+Yugoslavia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=277-96&rft.pub=Abrams&rft.date=1969&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBihalji-MerinBenac1962" class="citation book cs1">Bihalji-Merin, Otto; Benac, Alojz (1962). <i>The Bogomils</i>. London: Thames.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bogomils&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Bihalji-Merin&rft.aufirst=Otto&rft.au=Benac%2C+Alojz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706142718/http://slovo-aso.cl.bas.bg/lesnovo.html">"Historical view on the Lesnovo monastery"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://slovo-aso.cl.bas.bg/">Slovo</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://slovo-aso.cl.bas.bg/lesnovo.html">the original</a> on 2011-07-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-11-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historical+view+on+the+Lesnovo+monastery&rft.pub=%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fslovo-aso.cl.bas.bg%2F+Slovo%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fslovo-aso.cl.bas.bg%2Flesnovo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+dance" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">External link in <code class="cs1-code"><code class="cs1-code">|publisher=</code></code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#param_has_ext_link" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvančan1988" class="citation journal cs1">Ivančan, Ivan (1988). "Folk Dance Among the Croats". <i>Narodna Umjetnost</i> (Special Issue 2). Zagreb: 74.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Narodna+Umjetnost&rft.atitle=Folk+Dance+Among+the+Croats&rft.issue=Special+Issue+2&rft.pages=74&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Ivan%C4%8Dan&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatzarova-KukudovaDjenev1958" class="citation book cs1">Katzarova-Kukudova, Raina; Djenev, Kiril (1958). <i>Bulgarian Folk Dances</i>. Cambridge MA: Slavica. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bulgarian+Folk+Dances&rft.place=Cambridge+MA&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Slavica&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Katzarova-Kukudova&rft.aufirst=Raina&rft.au=Djenev%2C+Kiril&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchweigger1964" class="citation book cs1">Schweigger, Salomon (1964). <i>Ein newe Reyssbeschreibung auss Teutschland nach Constantinopel und Jerusalem</i>. Graz: Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt. p. 227.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ein+newe+Reyssbeschreibung+auss+Teutschland+nach+Constantinopel+und+Jerusalem&rft.place=Graz&rft.pages=227&rft.pub=Akademische+Druck-+u.+Verlagsanstalt&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Schweigger&rft.aufirst=Salomon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSahm1915" class="citation journal cs1">Sahm, W., ed. (1915). "Beschreibung der Reisen des Reinhold Lubenau". <i>Mitteilungen aus der Stadtbibliothek zu Koenigsberg i. Pr</i>. <b>VI</b>: 23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mitteilungen+aus+der+Stadtbibliothek+zu+Koenigsberg+i.+Pr.&rft.atitle=Beschreibung+der+Reisen+des+Reinhold+Lubenau&rft.volume=VI&rft.pages=23&rft.date=1915&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-harvard2-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-harvard2_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-harvard2_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Estampie" in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDon_Michael_Randel1986" class="citation book cs1">Don Michael Randel, ed. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newharvarddictio00rand"><i>New Harvard Dictionary of Music</i></a>. Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-61525-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-61525-5"><bdi>0-674-61525-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Harvard+Dictionary+of+Music&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-674-61525-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewharvarddictio00rand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoppin1978" class="citation book cs1">Hoppin, Richard H. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/medievalmusic00hopp/page/349"><i>Medieval Music</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton" class="mw-redirect" title="W. W. Norton">W. W. Norton</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/medievalmusic00hopp/page/349">349–352</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-09090-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-09090-6"><bdi>0-393-09090-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Music&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=349-352&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-393-09090-6&rft.aulast=Hoppin&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmedievalmusic00hopp%2Fpage%2F349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kees-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kees_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kees_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kees_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kees_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVellekoop1984" class="citation conference cs1">Vellekoop, Kees (1984). "Die Estampie: Ihre Besetzung und Funktion". <i>Basler Jahrbuch für historische Musikpraxis VIII</i>. pp. 51–66.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Die+Estampie%3A+Ihre+Besetzung+und+Funktion&rft.btitle=Basler+Jahrbuch+f%C3%BCr+historische+Musikpraxis+VIII&rft.pages=51-66&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Vellekoop&rft.aufirst=Kees&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Gottfried von Strassburg – Tristan (translated by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Thomas_Hatto" title="Arthur Thomas Hatto">A. T. Hatto</a>)</i>. Baltimore, Maryland: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin</a>. 1960. p. 71.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gottfried+von+Strassburg+%E2%80%93+Tristan+%28translated+by+A.+T.+Hatto%29&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1960&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Gottfried von Strassburg – Tristan (translated by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Thomas_Hatto" title="Arthur Thomas Hatto">A. T. Hatto</a>)</i>. Baltimore, Maryland: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin</a>. 1960. pp. 147–148.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gottfried+von+Strassburg+%E2%80%93+Tristan+%28translated+by+A.+T.+Hatto%29&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=147-148&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1960&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Quote and translation in </i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSachs1963" class="citation book cs1">Sachs, Curt (1963). <i>World History of the Dance</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton" class="mw-redirect" title="W. W. Norton">W. W. Norton</a>. p. 284. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-00209-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-00209-8"><bdi>0-393-00209-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+History+of+the+Dance&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=284&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=0-393-00209-8&rft.aulast=Sachs&rft.aufirst=Curt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Curt Sachs (1963) <i>World History of the Dance</i>, p.292</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagenaar-Nolthenius1970" class="citation conference cs1">Wagenaar-Nolthenius, Helene (1970). "Estampie / Stantipes / Stampita". <i>L'Ars Nova Italiana Del Trecento II</i>. pp. 399–409.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Estampie+%2F+Stantipes+%2F+Stampita&rft.btitle=L%27Ars+Nova+Italiana+Del+Trecento+II&rft.pages=399-409&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Wagenaar-Nolthenius&rft.aufirst=Helene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goldschmidt (1978), <i>Handbuch des Deutschen Volktanzes</i>, p. 95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeydel1959" class="citation book cs1">Zeydel, Edwin H. (1959). <i>Ruodlieb: The Earliest Courtly Novel (after 1050)</i>. University of North Carolina. pp. 110–111.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ruodlieb%3A+The+Earliest+Courtly+Novel+%28after+1050%29&rft.pages=110-111&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Zeydel&rft.aufirst=Edwin+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Eschenbach1961" class="citation book cs1">von Eschenbach, Wolfram (1961). <i>Parzival</i>. Translated by Mustard, Helen; Passage, Charles. New York: Vintage Books. p. 337.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parzival&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=337&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=von+Eschenbach&rft.aufirst=Wolfram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joachim Bumke (2000). "Courtly Culture", p. 226</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_dance&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Mullally, Robert. <i>The Carole: A Study of a Medieval Dance</i>. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate, 2011.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_dance&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle_Ages" title="Template:Middle Ages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Middle Ages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Middle_Ages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Middle Ages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_Middle_Ages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">European Middle Ages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire">Decline of the Western Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbarian_kingdoms" title="Barbarian kingdoms">Barbarian kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_pagans_in_the_late_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire">Decline of Hellenistic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Christianity in the Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">Rise of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Frankish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia_(925%E2%80%931102)" title="Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)">Kingdom of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Rise of the Venetian Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civitas_Schinesghe" title="Civitas Schinesghe">Civitas Schinesghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Justinian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty">Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Rise of the Republic of Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capet%E2%80%93Plantagenet_feud" class="mw-redirect" title="Capet–Plantagenet feud">Capet–Plantagenet feud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_commune" title="Medieval commune">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">Manorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Warm_Period" title="Medieval Warm Period">Medieval Warm Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Mongol invasion of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Kingdom of Portugal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussite_Wars" title="Hussite Wars">Hussite Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of the Ottoman Empire">Rise of the Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_mercenaries" title="Swiss mercenaries">Swiss mercenaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">Chivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_late_Middle_Ages" title="Crisis of the late Middle Ages">Crisis of the late Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_1315%E2%80%931317" title="Great Famine of 1315–1317">Great Famine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Ice_Age" title="Little Ice Age">Little Ice Age</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Agriculture in the Middle Ages">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_architecture" title="Medieval architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_art" title="Medieval art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_and_state_in_medieval_Europe" title="Church and state in medieval Europe">Church and State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_cuisine" title="Medieval cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_demography" title="Medieval demography">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medieval_Arabic_and_Western_European_domes" title="History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes">Domes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastilude" title="Hastilude">Hastilude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_household" title="Medieval household">Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_hunting" title="Medieval hunting">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages_in_popular_culture" title="Middle Ages in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itinerant_court" title="Itinerant court">Itinerant court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_literature" title="Medieval literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_medicine_of_Western_Europe" title="Medieval medicine of Western Europe">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minstrel" title="Minstrel">Minstrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_music" title="Medieval music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_poetry" title="Medieval poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_science_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="European science in the Middle Ages">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_medieval_Europe" title="Slavery in medieval Europe">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_technology" title="Medieval technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_theatre" title="Medieval theatre">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_warfare" title="Medieval warfare">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Women in the Middle Ages">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Ages_(historiography)" title="Dark Ages (historiography)">Dark Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Disability in the Middle Ages">Disability in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Middle_Ages" title="Outline of the Middle Ages">Basic topics list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_land_terms" title="List of medieval land terms">Land terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medievalism" title="Medievalism">Medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_reenactment" title="Medieval reenactment">Medieval reenactment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_studies" title="Medieval studies">Medieval studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_common_misconceptions_about_the_Middle_Ages" title="List of common misconceptions about the Middle Ages">Misconceptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-medievalism" title="Neo-medievalism">Neo-medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_post-classical_history" title="Timeline of post-classical history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Historiography in the Middle Ages">Historiography in the Middle Ages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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