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mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferroceri" title="Ferroceri – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ferroceri" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auermetall" title="Auermetall – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Auermetall" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrocerio" title="Ferrocerio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ferrocerio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Pyrophoric alloy whose primary components are cerium and iron</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lighter_flint_spark_trails.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Lighter_flint_spark_trails.png/220px-Lighter_flint_spark_trails.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Lighter_flint_spark_trails.png/330px-Lighter_flint_spark_trails.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Lighter_flint_spark_trails.png/440px-Lighter_flint_spark_trails.png 2x" data-file-width="1186" data-file-height="1186" /></a><figcaption>Spark trails from a cigarette lighter</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Ferrocerium</b> (also known in Europe as <b>Auermetall</b>) is a synthetic <a href="/wiki/Pyrophoricity" title="Pyrophoricity">pyrophoric</a> <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mischmetal" title="Mischmetal">mischmetal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">cerium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">lanthanum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">neodymium</a>, other trace <a href="/wiki/Lanthanides" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanthanides">lanthanides</a> and some iron – about 95% lanthanides and 5% iron) hardened by blending in oxides of <a href="/wiki/Iron_oxide" title="Iron oxide">iron</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_oxide" title="Magnesium oxide">magnesium</a>. When struck with a harder material, <a href="/wiki/Friction" title="Friction">friction</a> produces hot fragments that oxidize rapidly when exposed to the oxygen in the air, producing <a href="/wiki/Spark_(fire)" title="Spark (fire)">sparks</a> that can reach temperatures of 3,315 °C (6,000 °F). The effect is due to the low ignition temperature of cerium, between 150 and 180 °C (302 and 356 °F). </p><p>Ferrocerium has many commercial applications, such as the ignition source for <a href="/wiki/Lighters" class="mw-redirect" title="Lighters">lighters</a>, strikers for <a href="/wiki/Oxy-fuel_welding_and_cutting" title="Oxy-fuel welding and cutting">gas welding and cutting torches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deoxidization" title="Deoxidization">deoxidization</a> in <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">metallurgy</a>, and ferrocerium rods. Because of ferrocerium's ability to ignite in adverse conditions, rods of ferrocerium (also called <b>ferro rods</b>, <b>spark rods</b>, and <b>flint-spark-lighters</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) are commonly used as an emergency <a href="/wiki/Firelighting" class="mw-redirect" title="Firelighting">firelighting</a> device in <a href="/wiki/Survival_kit" title="Survival kit">survival kits</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ferrocerium is referred to as a "flint" in this case, as both are used in fire lighting. However, ferrocerium and <a href="/wiki/Natural_flint" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural flint">natural flint</a> have opposite mechanical operation. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discovery">Discovery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferrocerium&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Discovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mischmetal" title="Mischmetal">Mischmetal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Auer_von_Welsbach" title="Carl Auer von Welsbach">Carl Auer von Welsbach</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flint_spark_lighter_striking.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flint_spark_lighter_striking.jpg/220px-Flint_spark_lighter_striking.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flint_spark_lighter_striking.jpg/330px-Flint_spark_lighter_striking.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flint_spark_lighter_striking.jpg/440px-Flint_spark_lighter_striking.jpg 2x" data-file-width="826" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A spark lighter in action</figcaption></figure> <p>Ferrocerium alloy was invented in 1903 by the Austrian chemist <a href="/wiki/Carl_Auer_von_Welsbach" title="Carl Auer von Welsbach">Carl Auer von Welsbach</a>. It takes its name from its two primary components: <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">ferrum</i>), and the <a href="/wiki/Rare-earth_element" title="Rare-earth element">rare-earth element</a> <a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">cerium</a>, which is the most prevalent of the <a href="/wiki/Lanthanides" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanthanides">lanthanides</a> in the mixture. Except for the extra iron and <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_oxide" title="Magnesium oxide">magnesium oxides</a> added to harden it, the mixture is approximately the combination found naturally in <a href="/wiki/Mine_tailings" class="mw-redirect" title="Mine tailings">tailings</a> from <a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">thorium</a> mining, which Auer von Welsbach was investigating.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pyrophoric effect is dependent on the brittleness of the alloy and its low <a href="/wiki/Autoignition_temperature" title="Autoignition temperature">autoignition temperature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferrocerium&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Auer von Welsbach's first <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloy</a>, 30% iron (ferrum) was added to purified <a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">cerium</a>, hence the name "ferro-cerium". Two subsequent Auermetalls were developed: the second also included <a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">lanthanum</a> to produce brighter sparks, and the third added other <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" title="Heavy metals">heavy metals</a>. </p><p>A modern ferrocerium firesteel product is composed of an <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rare-earth_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Rare-earth metal">rare-earth metals</a> called <a href="/wiki/Mischmetal" title="Mischmetal">mischmetal</a>, containing approximately 20.8% iron, 41.8% cerium, about 4.4% each of <a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">praseodymium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">neodymium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>, plus 24.2% lanthanum.<sup id="cite_ref-one_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-one-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A variety of other components are added to modify the spark and processing characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most contemporary flints are hardened with <a href="/wiki/Iron_oxide" title="Iron oxide">iron oxide</a> and magnesium oxide. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferrocerium&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mora_Knife_with_Ferrorod.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Mora_Knife_with_Ferrorod.jpg/250px-Mora_Knife_with_Ferrorod.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Mora_Knife_with_Ferrorod.jpg/330px-Mora_Knife_with_Ferrorod.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Mora_Knife_with_Ferrorod.jpg/500px-Mora_Knife_with_Ferrorod.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3297" data-file-height="2342" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Mora_knife" title="Mora knife">Mora knife</a> with a ferrocerium rod that can be stored in the handle</figcaption></figure> <p>Ferrocerium is used in <a href="/wiki/Firelighting" class="mw-redirect" title="Firelighting">fire lighting</a> in conjunction with a striker, similarly to natural flint-and-steel, though ferrocerium takes on the opposite role to the traditional system; instead of a <a href="/wiki/Natural_flint" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural flint">natural flint</a> rock striking tiny iron particles from a <a href="/wiki/Firesteel" class="mw-redirect" title="Firesteel">firesteel</a>, a striker (which may be in the form of hardened steel wheel) strikes particles of ferrocerium off of the "flint". This manual rubbing action creates a spark due to cerium's low ignition temperature between 150–180 °C (302–356 °F). Any material that is harder than the rod itself may be used to produce sparks. Though the striker must have a sharp corner, sharp edge, or a knurled surface in order to produce sparks, carbon steel is not required. The idea that carbon steel is needed to produce sparks from a ferrocerium rod is an oft repeated myth, though carbon steel does make the spark more prevalent when striking. <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ferrocerium is most commonly used to start <a href="/wiki/Bunsen_burner" title="Bunsen burner">Bunsen burners</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxy-fuel_welding_and_cutting" title="Oxy-fuel welding and cutting">oxyacetylene welding torches</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>About 700 tons were produced in 2000.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferrocerium&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMacWelch" class="citation web cs1">MacWelch, Tim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.outdoorlife.com/8-best-fire-starting-spark-rods-and-how-to-use-them/">"The Best Spark Rods (And How To Use Them)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 6,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Best+Spark+Rods+%28And+How+To+Use+Them%29&rft.aulast=MacWelch&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.outdoorlife.com%2F8-best-fire-starting-spark-rods-and-how-to-use-them%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerrocerium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ullmann-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReinhardtWinkler2000" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Reinhardt, Klaus; Winkler, Herwig (2000). "Cerium Mischmetal, Cerium Alloys, and Cerium Compounds". <i><a href="/wiki/Ullmann%27s_Encyclopedia_of_Industrial_Chemistry" title="Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry">Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a06_139">10.1002/14356007.a06_139</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3527306730" title="Special:BookSources/3527306730"><bdi>3527306730</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cerium+Mischmetal%2C+Cerium+Alloys%2C+and+Cerium+Compounds&rft.btitle=Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14356007.a06_139&rft.isbn=3527306730&rft.aulast=Reinhardt&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rft.au=Winkler%2C+Herwig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerrocerium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFvan_Weertvan_WeertBromet1995" class="citation book cs1">van Weert, Ad; van Weert, Alice; Bromet, Joop (1995). <i>The Legend of the Lighter</i>. New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/Abbeville_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbeville Press">Abbeville Press</a>. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781558598546" title="Special:BookSources/9781558598546"><bdi>9781558598546</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Legend+of+the+Lighter&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Abbeville+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9781558598546&rft.aulast=van+Weert&rft.aufirst=Ad&rft.au=van+Weert%2C+Alice&rft.au=Bromet%2C+Joop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerrocerium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHirch1920" class="citation journal cs1">Hirch, Alcan (2 September 1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cyZKAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA575">"Ferrocerium, its manufacture and uses"</a>. <i>Iron Age</i>. <b>106</b>. <a href="/wiki/Chilton_Company" title="Chilton Company">Chilton Company</a>: <span class="nowrap">575–</span>576 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iron+Age&rft.atitle=Ferrocerium%2C+its+manufacture+and+uses&rft.volume=106&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E575-%3C%2Fspan%3E576&rft.date=1920-09-02&rft.aulast=Hirch&rft.aufirst=Alcan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcyZKAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA575&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerrocerium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-one-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-one_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081024041655/http://www.alibaba.com/catalog/11770076/Flint_Rods_Lighter_Cerium_Rare_Earth_Metal.html">"Ferrocerium rods"</a>. Jiangxi Metals Co., Ltd. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alibaba.com/catalog/11770076/Flint_Rods_Lighter_Cerium_Rare_Earth_Metal.html">the original</a> on 24 October 2008 – via Alibaba.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ferrocerium+rods&rft.pub=Jiangxi+Metals+Co.%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alibaba.com%2Fcatalog%2F11770076%2FFlint_Rods_Lighter_Cerium_Rare_Earth_Metal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerrocerium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFW." class="citation web cs1">W., Anthony. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.everstrykematch.com/science-behind-ferro-rods/">"The Science Behind Ferro Rods: How They Work to Start Fires"</a>. <i>Everstrikematch.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Everstrikematch.com&rft.atitle=The+Science+Behind+Ferro+Rods%3A+How+They+Work+to+Start+Fires&rft.aulast=W.&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.everstrykematch.com%2Fscience-behind-ferro-rods%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerrocerium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferrocerium&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJorgensonCorathersGambogiKuck2006" class="citation web cs1">Jorgenson, John D.; Corathers, Lisa A.; Gambogi, Joseph; Kuck, Peter H.; Magyar, Michael J.; Papp, John F.; Shedd, Kim B. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/ferroalloys/myb1-2006-feall.pdf">"Minerals Yearbook 2006: Ferroalloys"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minerals+Yearbook+2006%3A+Ferroalloys&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Jorgenson&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rft.au=Corathers%2C+Lisa+A.&rft.au=Gambogi%2C+Joseph&rft.au=Kuck%2C+Peter+H.&rft.au=Magyar%2C+Michael+J.&rft.au=Papp%2C+John+F.&rft.au=Shedd%2C+Kim+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminerals.usgs.gov%2Fminerals%2Fpubs%2Fcommodity%2Fferroalloys%2Fmyb1-2006-feall.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerrocerium" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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match">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_match" title="Electric match">Electric</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piezo_ignition" title="Piezo ignition">Piezo ignition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Char_cloth" title="Char cloth">Char cloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuckmuck" title="Chuckmuck">Chuckmuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feather_stick" title="Feather stick">Feather stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_pan" title="Fire pan">Fire pan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_pit" title="Fire pit">Fire pit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_ring" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire ring">Fire ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matchbook" title="Matchbook">Matchbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matchbox" title="Matchbox">Matchbox</a></li> <li><a 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