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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post–Cold_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Post–Cold War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post–Cold_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuts_and_expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuts_and_expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Cuts and expansion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuts_and_expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Russia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_directors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_directors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 List of directors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_directors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agencies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agencies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Agencies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agencies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-52_Documentary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#52_Documentary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 52 Documentary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-52_Documentary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Smith–Mundt_Act" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Smith–Mundt_Act"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Smith–Mundt Act </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Smith–Mundt_Act-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Policies </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Policies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Policies subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-VOA_charter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#VOA_charter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 VOA charter </div> </a> <ul id="toc-VOA_charter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Firewall"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Firewall""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 "Firewall" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Firewall"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Two-source_rule"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Two-source_rule""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 "Two-source rule" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Two-source_rule"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-VOA_Radiogram" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#VOA_Radiogram"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 VOA Radiogram </div> </a> <ul id="toc-VOA_Radiogram-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transmission_facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transmission_facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Transmission facilities </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transmission_facilities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Transmission facilities subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Transmission_facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-List_of_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 List of languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Controversies </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Controversies subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mismanagement_and_Abuse_of_Power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mismanagement_and_Abuse_of_Power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Mismanagement and Abuse of Power </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mismanagement_and_Abuse_of_Power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abdul_Malik_Rigi_interview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abdul_Malik_Rigi_interview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Abdul Malik Rigi interview </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abdul_Malik_Rigi_interview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tibetan_alleged_protester" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tibetan_alleged_protester"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Tibetan alleged protester </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tibetan_alleged_protester-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trump_presidency_politicization_efforts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trump_presidency_politicization_efforts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Trump presidency politicization efforts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trump_presidency_politicization_efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_Administration_(2017-2021)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Administration_(2017-2021)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4.1 First Administration (2017-2021) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Administration_(2017-2021)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Administration_(2025-2029)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Administration_(2025-2029)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4.2 Second Administration (2025-2029) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Administration_(2025-2029)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guo_Wengui_interview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guo_Wengui_interview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5 Guo Wengui interview </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guo_Wengui_interview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relay_station_used_as_a_CIA_black_site" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relay_station_used_as_a_CIA_black_site"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.6 Relay station used as a CIA black site </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relay_station_used_as_a_CIA_black_site-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Horn_of_Africa_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horn_of_Africa_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.7 Horn of Africa service </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horn_of_Africa_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twitter_label_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twitter_label_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.8 Twitter label controversy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twitter_label_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hamas_coverage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hamas_coverage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.9 Hamas coverage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hamas_coverage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_different_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_different_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 In different regions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_different_regions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In different regions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_different_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kurdistan_and_Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kurdistan_and_Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Kurdistan and Iran </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kurdistan_and_Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Pakistan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.4 Russia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.5 Turkey </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Reception </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.3 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Voice of America</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 72 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-72" aria-hidden="true" > 72 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AA_%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7" title="صوت أمريكا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صوت أمريكا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikan%C4%B1n_S%C9%99si" title="Amerikanın Səsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Amerikanın Səsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AB_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="ভয়েস অফ আমেরিকা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভয়েস অফ আমেরিকা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Голас Амерыкі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Голас Амерыкі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Голас Амэрыкі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Голас Амэрыкі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8A%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Гласът на Америка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гласът на Америка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Voice of America" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlas_Ameriky" title="Hlas Ameriky – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hlas Ameriky" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Voice of America" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Voice of America" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Voice of America" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameerika_H%C3%A4%C3%A4l" title="Ameerika Hääl – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ameerika Hääl" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%AE_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82" title="Φωνή της Αμερικής – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φωνή της Αμερικής" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voz_de_Am%C3%A9rica" title="Voz de América – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Voz de América" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vo%C4%89o_de_Usono" title="Voĉo de Usono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Voĉo de Usono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Voice of America" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="صدای آمریکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="صدای آمریکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Voice of America" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98_%EC%86%8C%EB%A6%AC" title="미국의 소리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미국의 소리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muryan_Amurka" title="Muryan Amurka – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Muryan Amurka" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%B1%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B6" title="Ամերիկայի ձայն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ամերիկայի ձայն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="वॉयस ऑफ़ अमेरिका – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वॉयस ऑफ़ अमेरिका" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Voice of America" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Voice of America" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="קול אמריקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קול אמריקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="ამერიკის ხმა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ამერიკის ხმა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Америка дауысы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Америка дауысы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Voice of America" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8,_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE_%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D1%83" title="Голос Америки, радио уктуруу – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Голос Америки, радио уктуруу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%BD%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2" title="ວິທະຍຸສຽງອາເມຣິກາ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ວິທະຍຸສຽງອາເມຣິກາ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikas_Balss" title="Amerikas Balss – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Amerikas Balss" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikos_balsas" title="Amerikos balsas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Amerikos balsas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Voice of America" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Hangja" title="Amerika Hangja – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Amerika Hangja" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95" title="വോയ്‌സ് ഓഫ് അമേരിക്ക – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വോയ്‌സ് ഓഫ് അമേരിക്ക" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%AB_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%93)" title="व्हॉइस ऑफ अमेरिका (रेडिओ) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="व्हॉइस ऑफ अमेरिका (रेडिओ)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Voice of America" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%83_%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Америкийн дуу хоолой – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Америкийн дуу хоолой" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%99%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%80%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B6" title="အမေရိကန်အသံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အမေရိကန်အသံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Voice of America" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9C%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AA%E3%83%96%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB" title="ボイス・オブ・アメリカ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ボイス・オブ・アメリカ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Voice of America" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_ovozi" title="Amerika ovozi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Amerika ovozi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B3_%D8%A2%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="وائس آف امریکا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="وائس آف امریکا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%BA%DA%96" title="امريکا غږ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="امريکا غږ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%8A%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8B%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%80" title="វិទ្យុសម្លេងសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="វិទ្យុសម្លេងសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C5%82os_Ameryki" title="Głos Ameryki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Głos Ameryki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voz_da_Am%C3%A9rica" title="Voz da América – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Voz da América" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocea_Americii" title="Vocea Americii – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vocea Americii" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Голос Америки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Голос Америки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B0%D2%A5%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Америка саҥата – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Америка саҥата" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Voice of America" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Voice of America" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlas_Ameriky" title="Hlas Ameriky – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hlas Ameriky" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="دەنگی ئەمریکا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دەنگی ئەمریکا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Глас Америке – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Глас Америке" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glas_Amerike" title="Glas Amerike – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Glas Amerike" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Voice of America" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Voice of America" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Voice of America" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%83%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE" title="வாய்ஸ் ஆஃப் அமெரிக்கா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வாய்ஸ் ஆஃப் அமெரிக்கா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2" title="วิทยุเสียงอเมริกา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิทยุเสียงอเมริกา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Садои Амрико – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Садои Амрико" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika%27n%C4%B1n_Sesi" title="Amerika'nın Sesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Amerika'nın Sesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"VOA" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Voice of America (disambiguation)">Voice of America (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/VOA_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="VOA (disambiguation)">VOA (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the television series that was known during development as The Voice of America, see <a href="/wiki/The_Voice_(American_TV_series)" title="The Voice (American TV series)">The Voice (American TV series)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Voice of America</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><a href="/wiki/File:VOA_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/VOA_logo.svg/220px-VOA_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/VOA_logo.svg/330px-VOA_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/VOA_logo.svg/440px-VOA_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="214" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">VOA or VoA</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data note">February 1, 1942; 83 years ago (1942-02-01)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">International state-funded broadcaster</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wilbur_J._Cohen_Federal_Building" title="Wilbur J. Cohen Federal Building">Wilbur J. Cohen Federal Building</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, United States</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Director</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Michael Abramowitz</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Budget</th><td class="infobox-data">US$267.5 million<a href="#cite_note-usagm.gov-1">[1]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fiscal_year" title="Fiscal year">Fiscal year</a> 2023)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Staff</th><td class="infobox-data">961<a href="#cite_note-BuSt-2">[2]</a> (2021)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/">www.voanews.com</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228389#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Voice of America (VOA or VoA) is an <a href="/wiki/International_broadcasting" title="International broadcasting">international broadcasting</a> <a href="/wiki/State_media" title="State media">state media</a> network funded by the federal government of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States of America</a>. It is the largest and oldest of the U.S. international broadcasters.<a href="#cite_note-:0-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> VOA produces digital, TV, and radio content in 48 languages, which it distributes to affiliate stations around the world.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Its targeted and primary audience is non-American outside the US borders. As of November 2022, its reporting reached 326 million adults per week across all platforms.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> It is financed by the U.S. Agency for Global Media after approval by Congress.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> VOA was established in 1942, and the VOA charter was signed into law in 1976 by U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a>.<a href="#cite_note-VOA_Mission-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> It is headquartered in Washington, D.C., and overseen by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Agency_for_Global_Media" title="U.S. Agency for Global Media">U.S. Agency for Global Media</a> (USAGM), an <a href="/wiki/Independent_agency_of_the_U.S._government" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent agency of the U.S. government">independent agency of the U.S. government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-VOA_Charter-11">[11]</a> Funds are appropriated annually under the budget for embassies and consulates. As of 2022, VOA had a weekly worldwide audience of approximately 326 million (up from 237 million in 2016) and employed 961 staff with an annual budget of $267.5 million.<a href="#cite_note-usagm.gov-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-wapo-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-VOANews2016-13">[13]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Languages">Languages</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_of_America&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Languages">edit</a>]</div> The Voice of America website had five English-language broadcasts as of 2014 (worldwide, <a href="/wiki/Learning_English_(version_of_English)" title="Learning English (version of English)">Learning English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>). Additionally, the VOA website has versions in 48 foreign languages.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-usagm.gov-1">[1]</a> Radio programs are marked with an "R"; TV programs with a "T": <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_language" title="Oromo language">Afan Oromo</a> R</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> R, T</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amharic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Amharic language">Amharic</a> R</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> T</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a> T</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bambara_language" title="Bambara language">Bambara</a> R</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bangla</a> R, T</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a> T</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a> R, T</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonese Chinese">Cantonese</a> R, T</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dari_(Eastern_Persian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dari (Eastern Persian)">Dari Persian</a> R, T</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> R, T</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a> R</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole" title="Haitian Creole">Haitian Creole</a> R</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a> R</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> R, T</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a> R, T</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinyarwanda" title="Kinyarwanda">Kinyarwanda</a> R</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirundi" title="Kirundi">Kirundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a> R</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a> R</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao</a> R</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingala" title="Lingala">Lingala</a> R</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a> T</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a> R, T</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndebele_language_(Zimbabwe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ndebele language (Zimbabwe)">Ndebele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashto language">Pashto</a> T</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> R, T</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> R</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_language" title="Rohingya language">Rohingya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> T</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sango_language" title="Sango language">Sango</a> R</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a> T</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shona_language" title="Shona language">Shona</a> R</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a> R</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> R, T</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a> R</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a> R</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan">Tibetan</a> R, T</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrinya</a> R</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> T</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a> T</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a> R, T</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a> R, T</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a> R, T</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolof_language" title="Wolof language">Wolof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> R, T</li></ol> </div> The number of languages varies according to the priorities of the United States government and the world situation.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_of_America&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_private_shortwave_broadcasting_before_World_War_II">American private shortwave broadcasting before World War II</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_of_America&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: American private shortwave broadcasting before World War II">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Voice_of_America_headquarters_and_United_States_Capitol.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Voice_of_America_headquarters_and_United_States_Capitol.jpg/280px-Voice_of_America_headquarters_and_United_States_Capitol.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Voice_of_America_headquarters_and_United_States_Capitol.jpg/420px-Voice_of_America_headquarters_and_United_States_Capitol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Voice_of_America_headquarters_and_United_States_Capitol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>Voice of America headquarters</figcaption></figure> Before World War II, all American <a href="/wiki/Shortwave_radio" title="Shortwave radio">shortwave radio</a> stations were in private hands.<a href="#cite_note-Berg,_Jerome_S._1999,_page_105-17">[17]</a> Privately controlled shortwave networks included the <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">National Broadcasting Company</a>'s International Network (or White Network), which broadcast in six languages, the <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">Columbia Broadcasting System</a>'s Latin American international network, which consisted of 64 stations located in 18 countries, the <a href="/wiki/Crosley_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Crosley Broadcasting Corporation">Crosley Broadcasting Corporation</a> in Cincinnati, Ohio, and <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a> which owned and operated WGEO and WGEA, both based in <a href="/wiki/Schenectady,_New_York" title="Schenectady, New York">Schenectady, New York</a>, and <a href="/wiki/KGEI" title="KGEI">KGEI</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, all of which had <a href="/wiki/Shortwave_transmitter" class="mw-redirect" title="Shortwave transmitter">shortwave transmitters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Experimental programming began in the 1930s, but there were fewer than 12 transmitters in operation.<a href="#cite_note-Dizard_24-20">[20]</a> In 1939, the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> set the following policy, which was intended to enforce the <a href="/wiki/US_State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="US State Department">US State Department</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Good_Neighbor_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Good Neighbor Policy">Good Neighbor Policy</a>, but which some broadcasters felt was an attempt to direct censorship:<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <blockquote>A licensee of an international broadcast station shall render only an international broadcast service which will reflect the culture of this country and which will promote international goodwill, understanding and cooperation. Any program solely intended for, and directed to an audience in the continental United States does not meet the requirements for this service.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></blockquote> Around 1940, shortwave signals to <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> were regarded as vital to counter <a href="/wiki/Nazi_propaganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi propaganda">Nazi propaganda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dizard_24-20">[20]</a> Initially, the US <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Coordinator_of_Information" title="Office of the Coordinator of Information">Office of the Coordinator of Information</a> sent releases to each station, but this was seen as an inefficient means of transmitting news.<a href="#cite_note-Berg,_Jerome_S._1999,_page_105-17">[17]</a> The director of Latin American relations at the Columbia Broadcasting System was <a href="/wiki/Edmund_A._Chester" title="Edmund A. Chester">Edmund A. Chester</a>, and he supervised the development of CBS's extensive "La Cadena de las Américas" radio network to improve broadcasting to <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> during the 1940s.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_of_America&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: World War II">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Shozo_Baba" title="Frank Shozo Baba">Frank Shozo Baba</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width: 175px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External images</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="image icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/16px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/24px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/32px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> "La Cadena de las Américas" – <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Chester" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund Chester">Edmund Chester</a> CBS Radio Director in 1943 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/radio-director-of-shortwave-broadcasts-edmund-a-chester-and-news-photo/537936608?adppopup=true">Here on Getty Images</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="image icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/16px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/24px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/32px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> The"<a href="/wiki/Viva_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Viva America">Viva America</a>" program on CBS Radio including vocalist <a href="/wiki/Nestor_Mesta_Chayres" title="Nestor Mesta Chayres">Nestor Mesta Chayres</a> in 1946 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/viva-america-a-cbs-radio-program-featuring-latin-america-news-photo/905998882?adppopup=true">Here on Getty images</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="image icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/16px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/24px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/32px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> "Viva America" – CBS Radio and <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Antonini" title="Alfredo Antonini">Alfredo Antonini</a>, Conductor in 1946 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/viva-america-a-cbs-radio-program-featuring-latin-america-news-photo/905995866?adppopup=true">Here on Getty Images</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Even before the December 1941 Japanese <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a>, the U.S. government's <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Coordinator_of_Information" title="Office of the Coordinator of Information">Office of the Coordinator of Information</a> (COI) had already begun providing war news and commentary to the commercial American shortwave radio stations for use on a voluntary basis, through its Foreign Information Service (FIS) headed by playwright <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Sherwood" title="Robert E. Sherwood">Robert E. Sherwood</a>, who served as President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt">Franklin Delano Roosevelt</a>'s speech writer and information advisor.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Direct programming began a week after the United States' entry into World War II in December 1941, with the first broadcast from the San Francisco office of the FIS via General Electric's KGEI transmitting to the Philippines in English (other languages followed). The next step was to broadcast to Germany, which was called Stimmen aus Amerika ("Voices from America") and was transmitted on February 1, 1942. It was introduced by the “<a href="/wiki/Battle_Hymn_of_the_Republic" title="Battle Hymn of the Republic">Battle Hymn of the Republic</a>" and included the pledge: "Today, and every day from now on, we will be with you from America to talk about the war... The news may be good or bad for us – We will always tell you the truth."<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Roosevelt approved this broadcast, which then-Colonel <a href="/wiki/William_J._Donovan" title="William J. Donovan">William J. Donovan</a> (COI) and Sherwood (FIS) had recommended to him. It was Sherwood who actually coined the term "The Voice of America" to describe the shortwave network that began its transmissions on February 1, from 270 <a href="/wiki/Madison_Avenue" title="Madison Avenue">Madison Avenue</a> in New York City. The <a href="/wiki/Office_of_War_Information" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of War Information">Office of War Information</a>, when organized in the middle of 1942, officially took over VOA's operations. VOA reached an agreement with the <a href="/wiki/British_Broadcasting_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="British Broadcasting Corporation">British Broadcasting Corporation</a> to share medium-wave transmitters in Great Britain, and expanded into <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a> in North Africa and <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bari,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Bari, Italy">Bari, Italy</a>, as the Allies captured these territories. The OWI also set up the <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Station_in_Europe" title="American Broadcasting Station in Europe">American Broadcasting Station in Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Asian transmissions started with one transmitter in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> in 1941; services were expanded by adding transmitters in <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> and, after recapture, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dizard_25-27">[27]</a> By the end of the war, VOA had 39 transmitters and provided service in 40 languages.<a href="#cite_note-Dizard_25-27">[27]</a> Programming was broadcast from production centers in New York and San Francisco, with more than 1,000 programs originating from New York. Programming consisted of music, news, commentary, and relays of U.S. domestic programming, in addition to specialized VOA programming.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> About half of VOA's services, including the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> service, were discontinued in 1945.<a href="#cite_note-Rugh_2006,_13-29">[29]</a> In late 1945, VOA was transferred to the US Department of State. Also included among the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_diplomacy" title="Cultural diplomacy">cultural diplomacy</a> programming on the Columbia Broadcasting System was the musical show <a href="/wiki/Viva_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Viva America">Viva America</a> (1942–49) which featured the Pan American Orchestra and the artistry of several noted musicians from both North and South America, including <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Antonini" title="Alfredo Antonini">Alfredo Antonini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Arvizu" title="Juan Arvizu">Juan Arvizu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eva_Garza" title="Eva Garza">Eva Garza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elsa_Miranda" title="Elsa Miranda">Elsa Miranda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nestor_Mesta_Chayres" title="Nestor Mesta Chayres">Nestor Mesta Chaires</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Sandoval_(composer)" title="Miguel Sandoval (composer)">Miguel Sandoval</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Serry_Sr." title="John Serry Sr.">John Serry Sr.</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Terig_Tucci" title="Terig Tucci">Terig Tucci</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> By 1945, broadcasts of the show were carried by 114 stations on CBS's "La Cadena de las Américas" network in 20 Latin American nations. These broadcasts proved to be highly successful in supporting President Roosevelt's policy of <a href="/wiki/Pan-Americanism" title="Pan-Americanism">Pan-Americanism</a> throughout South America during World War II.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cold_War">Cold War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_of_America&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cold War">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iron_Curtain_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Iron_Curtain_map.svg/220px-Iron_Curtain_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Iron_Curtain_map.svg/330px-Iron_Curtain_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Iron_Curtain_map.svg/440px-Iron_Curtain_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="645" data-file-height="690" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a>, in black: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> members<a href="#cite_note-34">[a]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> countries</div></div></figcaption></figure> The VOA ramped up its operations during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/Foy_D._Kohler" title="Foy D. Kohler">Foy Kohler</a>, the director of VOA from 1949 to 1952, strongly believed that the VOA was serving its purpose, which he identified as aiding in the fight against communism.<a href="#cite_note-Kohler-1951-36">[35]</a> He argued that the numbers of listeners they were getting such as 194,000 regular listeners in Sweden, and 2.1 million regular listeners in France, was an indication of a positive impact. As further evidence, he noted that the VOA received 30,000 letters a month from listeners all over the world, and hundreds of thousands of requests for broadcasting schedules.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> There was an analysis done of some of those letters sent in 1952 and 1953 while Kohler was still director. The study found that letter writing could be an indicator of successful, actionable persuasion. It was also found that broadcasts in different countries were having different effects. In one country, regular listeners adopted and practiced American values presented by the broadcast. Age was also a factor: younger and older audiences tended to like different types of programs, no matter the country.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> Kohler used all of this as evidence to claim that the VOA helped to grow and strengthen the free world. It also influenced the UN in their decision to condemn communist actions in Korea, and was a major factor in the decline of communism in the "free world, including key countries such as Italy and France.<a href="#cite_note-Kohler-1951-36">[35]</a> In Italy, the VOA did not just bring an end to communism, but it caused the country to Americanize.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> The VOA also had an impact behind the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a>. Practically all defectors during Kohler's time said that the VOA helped in their decision to defect.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> Another indication of impact, according to Kohler, was the Soviet response. Kohler argued that the Soviets responded because the VOA was having an impact. Based on Soviet responses, it can be presumed that the most effective programs were ones that compared the lives of those behind and outside the Iron Curtain, questions on the practice of slave labor, as well as lies and errors in <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a>'s version of <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kohler-1951-36">[35]</a> In 1947, VOA started broadcasting to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> citizens in Russia under the pretext of countering "more harmful instances of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_propaganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet propaganda">Soviet propaganda</a> directed against American leaders and policies" on the part of the internal Soviet Russian-language media, according to John B. Whitton's treatise, Cold War Propaganda.<a href="#cite_note-whitton-41">[40]</a> The Soviet Union responded by initiating electronic <a href="/wiki/Radio_jamming" title="Radio jamming">jamming</a> of VOA broadcasts on April 24, 1949.<a href="#cite_note-whitton-41">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Thayer" title="Charles W. Thayer">Charles W. Thayer</a> headed VOA in 1948–49.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> Over the next few years, the U.S. government debated the best role of Voice of America. The decision was made to use VOA broadcasts as a part of <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">U.S. foreign policy</a> to fight the propaganda of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and other countries. The Arabic service resumed on January 1, 1950, with a half-hour program. This program grew to 14.5 hours daily during the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a> of 1956, and was six hours a day by 1958.<a href="#cite_note-Rugh_2006,_13-29">[29]</a> Between 1952 and 1960, Voice of America used a converted <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">U.S. Coast Guard</a> cutter <a href="/wiki/USCGC_Courier_(WAGR-410)" class="mw-redirect" title="USCGC Courier (WAGR-410)">Courier</a> as a first mobile <a href="/wiki/Offshore_radio" title="Offshore radio">broadcasting ship</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Willis_Conover_1969.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Willis_Conover_1969.jpg/180px-Willis_Conover_1969.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Willis_Conover_1969.jpg/270px-Willis_Conover_1969.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Willis_Conover_1969.jpg/360px-Willis_Conover_1969.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Willis_Conover" title="Willis Conover">Willis Conover</a> broadcasting with Voice of America in 1969</figcaption></figure> Control of VOA passed from the State Department to the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Information_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Information Agency">U.S. Information Agency</a> when the latter was established in 1953<a href="#cite_note-Rugh_2006,_13-29">[29]</a> to transmit worldwide, including to the countries behind the Iron Curtain and to the People's Republic of China. From 1955 until 2003, VOA broadcast American jazz on the <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America_Jazz_Hour" title="Voice of America Jazz Hour">Voice of America Jazz Hour</a>. Hosted for most of that period by <a href="/wiki/Willis_Conover" title="Willis Conover">Willis Conover</a>, the program had 30 million listeners at its peak. A program aimed at <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a> in 1956 broadcast two hours nightly, and special programs such as The <a href="/wiki/Newport_Jazz_Festival" title="Newport Jazz Festival">Newport Jazz Festival</a> were also transmitted. This was done in association with tours by U.S. musicians, such as <a href="/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Dizzy Gillespie">Dizzy Gillespie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Armstrong" title="Louis Armstrong">Louis Armstrong</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Duke_Ellington" title="Duke Ellington">Duke Ellington</a>, sponsored by the State Department.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> From August 1952 through May 1953, Billy Brown, a high school senior in <a href="/wiki/Westchester_County,_New_York" title="Westchester County, New York">Westchester County, New York</a>, had a Monday night program in which he shared everyday happenings in <a href="/wiki/Yorktown_Heights,_New_York" title="Yorktown Heights, New York">Yorktown Heights, New York</a>. Brown's program ended due to its popularity: his "chatty narratives" attracted so much fan mail, VOA couldn't afford the $500 a month in clerical and postage costs required to respond to listeners' letters.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> During 1953, VOA personnel were subjected to <a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyist</a> policies, where VOA was accused by Senator Joseph McCarthy, <a href="/wiki/Roy_Cohn" title="Roy Cohn">Roy Cohn</a>, and <a href="/wiki/G._David_Schine" title="G. David Schine">Gerard David Schine</a> of intentionally planning to build weak transmitting stations to sabotage VOA broadcasts. However, the charges were dropped after one month of court hearings in February and March 1953.<a href="#cite_note-Central_European_University_Press-2010-46">[45]</a> Sometime around 1954, VOA's headquarters were moved from New York to Washington D.C. The arrival of cheap, low-cost transistors enabled the significant growth of shortwave radio listeners. During the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a>, VOA's broadcasts were deemed controversial, as Hungarian refugees and revolutionaries thought that VOA served as a medium and insinuated the possible arrival of the Western aid.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> Throughout the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, many of the targeted countries' governments sponsored <a href="/wiki/Radio_jamming" title="Radio jamming">jamming</a> of VOA broadcasts, which sometimes led critics to question the broadcasts' actual impact. For example, in 1956, <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Polish People's Republic</a> stopped jamming VOA transmissions,<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> but <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">People's Republic of Bulgaria</a> continued to jam the signal through the 1970s. In 1966 <a href="/wiki/Edward_R._Murrow" title="Edward R. Murrow">Edward R. Murrow</a> said that: "The Russians spend more money jamming the Voice of America than we have to spend for the entire program of the entire Agency. They spend about $125 million ($1,200,000,000 in current dollar terms) a year jamming it."<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese-language</a> VOA broadcasts were jammed beginning in 1956 and extending through 1976.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> However, after the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> and the Soviet Union, interviews with participants in anti-Soviet movements verified the effectiveness of VOA broadcasts in transmitting information to socialist societies.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> The People's Republic of China diligently jams VOA broadcasts.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> has also been reported to interfere with VOA satellite transmissions to <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> from its Russian-built transmission site at <a href="/wiki/Bejucal" title="Bejucal">Bejucal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> David Jackson, former director of Voice of America, noted: "The <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korean</a> government doesn't jam us, but they try to keep people from listening through intimidation or worse. But people figure out ways to listen despite the odds. They're very resourceful."<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_Luther_King_Jr._addresses_a_crowd_from_the_steps_of_the_Lincoln_Memorial_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._addresses_a_crowd_from_the_steps_of_the_Lincoln_Memorial_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Martin_Luther_King_Jr._addresses_a_crowd_from_the_steps_of_the_Lincoln_Memorial_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._addresses_a_crowd_from_the_steps_of_the_Lincoln_Memorial_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Martin_Luther_King_Jr._addresses_a_crowd_from_the_steps_of_the_Lincoln_Memorial_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._addresses_a_crowd_from_the_steps_of_the_Lincoln_Memorial_%28cropped%29.jpg/400px-Martin_Luther_King_Jr._addresses_a_crowd_from_the_steps_of_the_Lincoln_Memorial_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="642" data-file-height="595" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> addresses a crowd from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial where he delivered his famous, “<a href="/wiki/I_Have_a_Dream" title="I Have a Dream">I Have a Dream</a>,” speech</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:VOA_News_(November_22,_1963),_report_on_JFK%27s_assassination.wav" title="File:VOA News (November 22, 1963), report on JFK's assassination.wav">VOA News (November 22, 1963)</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="491" data-mwtitle="VOA_News_(November_22,_1963),_report_on_JFK's_assassination.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/VOA_News_%28November_22%2C_1963%29%2C_report_on_JFK%27s_assassination.wav/VOA_News_%28November_22%2C_1963%29%2C_report_on_JFK%27s_assassination.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/VOA_News_%28November_22%2C_1963%29%2C_report_on_JFK%27s_assassination.wav/VOA_News_%28November_22%2C_1963%29%2C_report_on_JFK%27s_assassination.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/VOA_News_%28November_22%2C_1963%29%2C_report_on_JFK%27s_assassination.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Live radio broadcast announcing JFK's death</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, VOA covered some of the era's most important news, including <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a>'s 1963 "<a href="/wiki/I_Have_a_Dream" title="I Have a Dream">I Have a Dream</a>" speech,<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil Armstrong</a>'s 1969 <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11#Lunar_surface_operations" title="Apollo 11">first walk on the Moon</a>, which drew an audience estimated at between 615 and 750 million people. In 1973, due to the détente policies in the Cold War, Soviet jamming of the VOA ceased; it restarted in 1979.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aldrin_Apollo_11_original.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Aldrin_Apollo_11_original.jpg/200px-Aldrin_Apollo_11_original.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Aldrin_Apollo_11_original.jpg/300px-Aldrin_Apollo_11_original.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Aldrin_Apollo_11_original.jpg/400px-Aldrin_Apollo_11_original.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3912" data-file-height="3936" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin" title="Buzz Aldrin">Buzz Aldrin</a> on the moon, in a photograph taken by <a href="/wiki/Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil Armstrong</a>, who can be seen in the visor reflection along with Earth<a href="#cite_note-Byrne._2019-57">[56]</a></figcaption></figure>In the early 1980s, VOA began a $1.3 billion rebuilding program to improve broadcast with better technical capabilities. During the implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">Martial law in Poland</a> between 1981 and 1983, VOA's Polish broadcasts expanded to seven hours daily. Throughout the 1980s, VOA focused on covering events from the 'American hinterland', such as 150th anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Trail" title="Oregon Trail">Oregon Trail</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Central_European_University_Press-2010-46">[45]</a> Also in the 1980s, VOA also added a television service, as well as special regional programs to Cuba, <a href="/wiki/Radio_Mart%C3%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Martí">Radio Martí</a> and <a href="/wiki/TV_Mart%C3%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="TV Martí">TV Martí</a>. Cuba has consistently attempted to jam such broadcasts and has vociferously protested U.S. broadcasts directed at Cuba. In September 1980, VOA started broadcasting to <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dari_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dari language">Dari</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Pashto_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashto language">Pashto</a> in 1982.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> In 1981, VOA opened a bureau in Beijing, China.<a href="#cite_note-:Li-59">[58]</a> The next year, it began regular exchanges with <a href="/wiki/China_Radio_International" title="China Radio International">Radio Peking</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:Li-59">[58]</a> In 1985, VOA Europe was created as a special service in English that was relayed via satellite to AM, FM, and cable affiliates throughout Europe. With a contemporary format including live disc jockeys, the network presented top musical hits as well as VOA news and features of local interest (such as "EuroFax") 24 hours a day. VOA Europe was closed down without advance public notice in January 1997 as a cost-cutting measure.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> It was followed by VOA Express, which from July 4, 1999, revamped into VOA Music Mix.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> Since November 1, 2014, stations are offered VOA1 (which is a rebranding of VOA Music Mix).<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> In 1989, Voice of America expanded its <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonese Chinese">Cantonese</a> programming to reach the millions of Chinese and inform the country about the pro-democracy movement within the country, including the demonstration in Tiananmen Square.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> Starting in 1990, the U.S. consolidated its international broadcasting efforts, with the establishment of the Bureau of Broadcasting.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post–Cold_War">Post–Cold War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_of_America&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Post–Cold War">edit</a>]</div> With the breakup of the Soviet bloc in Eastern Europe, VOA added many additional language services to reach those areas. This decade was marked by the additions of services in <a href="/wiki/Standard_Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan">Standard Tibetan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a> (to Iran and Iraq), <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a> (Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian), <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rwanda-Rundi" title="Rwanda-Rundi">Rwanda-Rundi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> In 1993, the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">Clinton administration</a> advised cutting funding for <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a>, as it believed post-Cold War information and influence was not needed in Europe. This plan was not well received, and US President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> then proposed the compromise of the <a href="/wiki/International_Broadcasting_Act" title="International Broadcasting Act">International Broadcasting Act</a>, which he signed into law in 1994. This law established the <a href="/wiki/International_Broadcasting_Bureau" title="International Broadcasting Bureau">International Broadcasting Bureau</a> as a part of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Information_Agency" title="United States Information Agency">United States Information Agency</a> (USIA), and established the <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_Board_of_Governors" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcasting Board of Governors">Broadcasting Board of Governors</a> (BBG) with oversight authority, which took control from the Board for International Broadcasters which previously had overseen funding for RFE/RL.<a href="#cite_note-Raghavan-67">[66]</a> In 1998, the Foreign Affairs Reform and Restructuring Act was signed into law, and mandated that the BBG become an <a href="/wiki/Independent_agencies_of_the_United_States_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent agencies of the United States government">independent federal agency</a> as of October 1, 1999. This act also abolished the USIA, and merged most of its functions into those of the State Department.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> In 1994, Voice of America became the first broadcast-news organization to offer continuously updated programs on the Internet.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuts_and_expansion">Cuts and expansion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_of_America&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cuts and expansion">edit</a>]</div> The Arabic Service was abolished in 2002 and replaced by a new radio service, called the Middle East Radio Network or <a href="/wiki/Radio_Sawa" title="Radio Sawa">Radio Sawa</a>, with an initial budget of $22 million. Radio Sawa offered mostly Western and Middle Eastern popular songs with periodic brief news bulletins. The Arabic Service expanded to television with <a href="/wiki/Alhurra" title="Alhurra">Alhurra</a> on February 14, 2004 (and later to various social media and websites).<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> On May 16, 2004, the US government's international English language TV service <a href="/wiki/Worldnet_Television_and_Film_Service" title="Worldnet Television and Film Service">Worldnet</a>, became part of VOA as "VOA TV". Radio programs in Russian ended in July 2008.<a href="#cite_note-post-71">[70]</a> In September 2008, VOA eliminated the Hindi-language service after 53 years.<a href="#cite_note-post-71">[70]</a> Broadcasts in Ukrainian, Serbian, Macedonian, and Bosnian also ended.<a href="#cite_note-publica-72">[71]</a> These reductions were part of American efforts to concentrate more resources to broadcast to the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-post-71">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-publica-72">[71]</a> In September 2010, VOA began radio broadcasts in Sudan. As U.S. interests in <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a> grew, there was a desire to provide people with free information.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> In 2013, VOA ended foreign-language transmissions on shortwave and medium wave to Albania, Georgia, Iran, and Latin America, as well as English-language broadcasts to the Middle East and Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-inside-74">[73]</a> This was done due to budget cuts.<a href="#cite_note-inside-74">[73]</a> On July 1, 2014, VOA cut most of its English-language transmissions to Asia,<a href="#cite_note-arrl-75">[74]</a> as well as shortwave transmissions in Azerbaijani, Bengali, Khmer, Kurdish, Lao, and Uzbek.<a href="#cite_note-arrl-75">[74]</a> The following month, the Greek service ended after 72 years on air.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_of_America&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Russia">edit</a>]</div> RFE/RL launched the Russian language <a href="/wiki/Current_Time_TV" title="Current Time TV">Current Time TV</a>, in October 2014.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> In January 2016, upon his arrival in Moscow, Russian authorities detained and then deported <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Shell" title="Jeff Shell">Jeff Shell</a>, the Chairman of the Broadcasting Board of Governors that oversees the Voice of America, despite his having a valid Russian visa.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-79">[78]</a> Russian authorities did not explain their actions.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-79">[78]</a> Round-the-clock broadcasting of Current Time began on February 7, 2017.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-usagm.gov2-82">[81]</a> In December 2017, under a new directive from Russia's <a href="/wiki/Kremlin" title="Kremlin">Kremlin</a> after a new law was passed by the <a href="/wiki/State_Duma" title="State Duma">State Duma</a> (Russia's lower house of parliament) and the upper house <a href="/wiki/Federation_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Federation Council">Federation Council</a> and signed by Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>, Voice of America was deemed a "foreign agent" under the <a href="/wiki/Russian_foreign_agent_law" title="Russian foreign agent law">Russian foreign agent law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> In June 2021, the Russian news agency <a href="/wiki/TASS" title="TASS">TASS</a> reported that Russia's state communications watchdog <a href="/wiki/Roskomnadzor" title="Roskomnadzor">Roskomnadzor</a> complained that the foreign agent Voice of America radio station challengingly refused to observe Russian law because it had not established a Russian legal entity.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-85">[84]</a> Roskomnadzor also said that VOA was as a foreign agent "obliged to mark their content and provide information about all aspects of their activity, including a detailed description of contacts with the authorities."<a href="#cite_note-auto2-85">[84]</a> In March 2022, VOA and other news broadcasters, including the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a> were blocked in Russia,<a href="#cite_note-Reuters_March_2022-86">[85]</a> as after the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> in February 2022, Russian authorities increased censorship of independent journalism, anti-war protests, and dissenting voices.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT_Mar_7_2022-89">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-90">[89]</a> Nevertheless, many Russians have used <a href="/wiki/VPN" class="mw-redirect" title="VPN">VPNs</a> and other software to get around Russian government blocks.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> As of March 2022, VOA broadcasts were reaching people in Russia and the region through TV, FM and medium wave radio, digital, and direct-to-home satellite.<a href="#cite_note-auto-90">[89]</a> In May 2023, Russia banned then-acting VOA chief Yolanda Lopez from ever entering the country.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_directors">List of directors</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_of_America&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: List of directors">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>  1941–1942 <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Sherwood" title="Robert E. Sherwood">Robert E. Sherwood</a> (Foreign Information Service)</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol><li>1942–1943: <a href="/wiki/John_Houseman" title="John Houseman">John Houseman</a></li> <li>1943–1945: Louis G. Cowan</li> <li>1945–1946: John Ogilvie</li> <li>1948–1949: <a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Thayer" title="Charles W. Thayer">Charles W. Thayer</a></li> <li>1949–1952: <a href="/wiki/Foy_D._Kohler" title="Foy D. Kohler">Foy D. Kohler</a></li> <li>1952–1953: Alfred H. Morton</li> <li>1953–1954: Leonard Erikson</li> <li>1954–1956: John R. Poppele</li> <li>1956–1958: Robert E. Burton</li> <li>1958–1965: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Loomis_(broadcasting_executive)" title="Henry Loomis (broadcasting executive)">Henry Loomis</a></li> <li>1965–1967: <a href="/wiki/John_Chancellor" title="John Chancellor">John Chancellor</a></li> <li>1967–1968: <a href="/wiki/John_Charles_Daly" title="John Charles Daly">John Charles Daly</a></li> <li>1969–1977: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_R._Giddens" title="Kenneth R. Giddens">Kenneth R. Giddens</a></li> <li>1977–1979: R. Peter Straus</li> <li>1980–1981: <a href="/wiki/Mary_G._F._Bitterman" title="Mary G. F. Bitterman">Mary G. F. Bitterman</a></li> <li>1981–1982: James B. Conkling</li> <li>1982: John Hughes</li> <li>1982–1984: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Tomlinson" title="Kenneth Tomlinson">Kenneth Tomlinson</a></li> <li>1985: Gene Pell</li> <li>1986–1991: <a href="/wiki/Dick_Carlson" title="Dick Carlson">Dick Carlson</a></li> <li>1991–1993: <a href="/wiki/Chase_Untermeyer" title="Chase Untermeyer">Chase Untermeyer</a></li> <li>1994–1996: <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Cowan" title="Geoffrey Cowan">Geoffrey Cowan</a></li> <li>1997–1999: <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_S._Lieberman" title="Evelyn S. Lieberman">Evelyn S. Lieberman</a></li> <li>1999–2001: <a href="/wiki/Sanford_J._Ungar" title="Sanford J. Ungar">Sanford J. Ungar</a></li> <li>2001–2002: <a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Reilly" title="Robert R. Reilly">Robert R. Reilly</a></li> <li>2002–2006: David S. Jackson</li> <li>2006–2011: Danforth W. Austin</li> <li>2011–2015: <a href="/wiki/David_Ensor_(journalist)" title="David Ensor (journalist)">David Ensor</a></li> <li>2016–2020: <a href="/wiki/Amanda_Bennett" title="Amanda Bennett">Amanda Bennett</a></li> <li>2020–2021: <a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Reilly" title="Robert R. Reilly">Robert R. Reilly</a></li> <li>2021–2024: vacant</li> <li>2024–present: Michael Abramowitz</li></ol> </div> The current director, Michael Abramowitz, assumed the position in July 2024. He previously served as president of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> and spent nearly 25 years as a reporter and editor for <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> In December 2024, president-elect Trump announced he would name former news anchor <a href="/wiki/Kari_Lake" title="Kari Lake">Kari Lake</a> to be the director of VOA.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> Under the International Broadcasting Act only the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Agency_for_Global_Media#International_Broadcasting_Advisory_Board" title="U.S. Agency for Global Media">International Broadcasting Advisory Board</a> has the authority to approve the appointment or removal of the VOA Director.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Agencies">Agencies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_of_America&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Agencies">edit</a>]</div> Voice of America has been a part of several agencies. From its founding in 1942 to 1945, it was part of the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_War_Information" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of War Information">Office of War Information</a>, and then from 1945 to 1953 as a function of the State Department. VOA was placed under the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Information_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Information Agency">U.S. Information Agency</a> in 1953. When the USIA was abolished in 1999, VOA was placed under the BBG which is an autonomous U.S. government agency, with bipartisan membership. The Secretary of State has a seat on the BBG.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> The BBG was established as a buffer to protect VOA and other U.S.-sponsored, non-military, international broadcasters from political interference. It replaced the Board for International Broadcasting (BIB) that oversaw the funding and operation of <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a>, a branch of VOA.<a href="#cite_note-Raghavan-67">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="52_Documentary">52 Documentary</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_of_America&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 52 Documentary">edit</a>]</div> In 2021, Voice of America launched 52 Documentary, a series that publishes weekly films about human experiences.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> The series is presented on the streaming app, VOA+, and <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. Films average 10–15 minutes and are translated with captions in several languages, including Russian, Persian, Mandarin, Urdu, and English. <a href="/wiki/Euna_Lee" title="Euna Lee">Euna Lee</a> directs the program.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Smith–Mundt_Act">Smith–Mundt Act</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_of_America&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Smith–Mundt Act">edit</a>]</div> From 1948 until its amendment in 2013, Voice of America was forbidden to broadcast directly to American citizens, pursuant to § 501 of the <a href="/wiki/Smith%E2%80%93Mundt_Act" title="Smith–Mundt Act">Smith–Mundt Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-chuck_nbc_2013-101">[100]</a> The intent of the 1948 legislation was to protect the American public from propaganda by its own government and to avoid any competition with private American companies.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> The act was amended via the passage of the Smith-Mundt Modernization Act provision of the <a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Authorization_Act_for_Fiscal_Year_2013" title="National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2013">National Defense Authorization Act for 2013</a>.<a href="#cite_note-smma-103">[102]</a> The amendment was intended to adapt the law to the Internet and to allow American citizens access to VOA content.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Policies">Policies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_of_America&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Policies">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="VOA_charter">VOA charter</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_of_America&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: VOA charter">edit</a>]</div> Under the Eisenhower administration in 1959, VOA Director <a href="/wiki/Henry_Loomis_(broadcasting_executive)" title="Henry Loomis (broadcasting executive)">Henry Loomis</a> commissioned a formal statement of principles to protect the integrity of VOA programming and define the organization's mission, and was issued by Director <a href="/wiki/George_V._Allen" title="George V. Allen">George V. Allen</a> as a directive in 1960 and was endorsed in 1962 by USIA director <a href="/wiki/Edward_R._Murrow" title="Edward R. Murrow">Edward R. Murrow</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> VOA's charter was signed into law by President <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-3">[3]</a>: 218  VOA's charter requires it to "present the policies of the United States clearly and effectively."<a href="#cite_note-:1-106">[105]</a>: 218  Academics including Téwodros W. Workneh have described this as a <a href="/wiki/Public_diplomacy" title="Public diplomacy">public diplomacy</a> function.<a href="#cite_note-:1-106">[105]</a>: 218  VOA's charter also requires it to be "a reliable and authoritative source of news" which "shall be accurate, objective, and comprehensive".<a href="#cite_note-:1-106">[105]</a>: 218  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Firewall"">"Firewall"</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_of_America&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: "Firewall"">edit</a>]</div> The Voice of America Firewall was put in place with the 1976 VOA Charter and laws passed in 1994 and 2016 as a way of ensuring the integrity of VOA's journalism. This policy fights against propaganda and promotes unbiased and objective journalistic standards in the agency. The charter is one part of this firewall and the other laws assist in ensuring high standards of journalism.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-Beitsch_4-6-2021-108">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Two-source_rule"">"Two-source rule"</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_of_America&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: "Two-source rule"">edit</a>]</div> According to former VOA correspondent Alan Heil, the internal policy of VOA News is that any story broadcast must have two independently corroborating sources or have a staff correspondent witness an event.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="VOA_Radiogram">VOA Radiogram</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_of_America&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: VOA Radiogram">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Shortwave Radiogram" redirects here. For the general topic of radiograms on shortwave, see <a href="/wiki/Radiogram_(message)" title="Radiogram (message)">radiogram (message)</a>.</div> VOA Radiogram was an experimental Voice of America program that started in March 2013 and ended in June 2017, which transmitted <a href="/wiki/Digital_data" title="Digital data">digital</a> text and images via <a href="/wiki/Shortwave_radio" title="Shortwave radio">shortwave</a> <a href="/wiki/Radiogram_(message)" title="Radiogram (message)">radiograms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> There were 220 editions of the program, transmitted each weekend from the Edward R. Murrow transmitting station. The audio tones that comprised the bulk of each 30-minute program were transmitted via an <a href="/wiki/Analog_signal" title="Analog signal">analog</a> <a href="/wiki/Transmitter" title="Transmitter">transmitter</a>, and could be <a href="/wiki/Digital-to-analog_converter" title="Digital-to-analog converter">decoded</a> using a basic <a href="/wiki/Amplitude_modulation" title="Amplitude modulation">AM</a> <a href="/wiki/Shortwave_receiver" class="mw-redirect" title="Shortwave receiver">shortwave receiver</a> with freely downloadable software of the <a href="/wiki/Fldigi" title="Fldigi">Fldigi</a> family. This software was available for <a href="/wiki/Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows">Windows</a>, <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, and <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a> systems. Broadcasts could also be decoded using the free TIVAR app from the <a href="/wiki/Google_Play" title="Google Play">Google Play</a> store using any <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> device. The mode used most often on VOA Radiogram, for both text and images, was <a href="/wiki/Multiple_frequency-shift_keying" title="Multiple frequency-shift keying">MFSK32</a>, but other modes were also occasionally transmitted. The final edition of VOA Radiogram was transmitted during the weekend of June 17–18, 2017, a week before the retirement of the program producer from VOA. An offer to continue the broadcasts on a contract basis was declined, so a follow-on show called Shortwave Radiogram began transmission on June 25, 2017, from the <a href="/wiki/WRMI" title="WRMI">WRMI</a> transmitting site in Okeechobee, Florida.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> <dl><dt>Shortwave Radiogram program schedule<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a></dt></dl> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Day</th> <th>Time (<a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC</a>)</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Shortwave_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Shortwave Radio">Shortwave</a> <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequency</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">MHz</a>)</th> <th>Origin </th></tr> <tr> <td>Saturday</td> <td>1600–1630</td> <td>9.4</td> <td>Space Line, Bulgaria </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sunday</td> <td>0600–0630</td> <td>7.73</td> <td><a href="/wiki/WRMI" title="WRMI">WRMI</a>, Florida </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sunday</td> <td>2030–2100</td> <td>11.58</td> <td><a href="/wiki/WRMI" title="WRMI">WRMI</a>, Florida </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sunday</td> <td>2330–2400</td> <td>11.58</td> <td><a href="/wiki/WRMI" title="WRMI">WRMI</a>, Florida </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transmission_facilities">Transmission facilities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_of_America&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Transmission facilities">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VOA_SiteB_building.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/VOA_SiteB_building.JPG/180px-VOA_SiteB_building.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/VOA_SiteB_building.JPG/270px-VOA_SiteB_building.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/VOA_SiteB_building.JPG/360px-VOA_SiteB_building.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/International_Broadcasting_Bureau_Greenville_Transmitting_Station" title="International Broadcasting Bureau Greenville Transmitting Station">Edward R. Murrow Greenville Transmitting Station</a>, the VOA broadcasting station in North Carolina's <a href="/wiki/Inner_Banks" title="Inner Banks">Inner Banks</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2009-0725-CA-Delano-VOArelay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/2009-0725-CA-Delano-VOArelay.jpg/180px-2009-0725-CA-Delano-VOArelay.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/2009-0725-CA-Delano-VOArelay.jpg/270px-2009-0725-CA-Delano-VOArelay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/2009-0725-CA-Delano-VOArelay.jpg/360px-2009-0725-CA-Delano-VOArelay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2101" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Delano,_California" title="Delano, California">Delano</a> Transmitting Station was closed in 2007.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America_Bethany_Relay_Station" title="Voice of America Bethany Relay Station">Bethany Relay Station</a>, operational from 1944 to 1994, was based on a 625-acre (2.53 km2) site in <a href="/wiki/West_Chester_Township,_Butler_County,_Ohio" title="West Chester Township, Butler County, Ohio">Union Township</a> (now West Chester Township) in <a href="/wiki/Butler_County,_Ohio" title="Butler County, Ohio">Butler County, Ohio</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> Major transmitter upgrades first were undertaken around 1963, when shortwave and medium-wave transmitters were built, upgraded, or rebuilt.<a href="#cite_note-Central_European_University_Press-2010-46">[45]</a> The site is now a recreational park with a Voice of America museum. Other former sites include California (<a href="/wiki/Dixon,_California" title="Dixon, California">Dixon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Delano,_California" title="Delano, California">Delano</a>), Hawaii, <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture" title="Okinawa Prefecture">Okinawa</a>, Liberia (Monrovia), Costa Rica, Belize, and at least two in Greece (<a href="/wiki/Kavala_(regional_unit)" title="Kavala (regional unit)">Kavala</a> and Rhodos). Between 1983 and 1990, VOA made significant upgrades to transmission facilities in Botswana (<a href="/wiki/Selebi-Phikwe" title="Selebi-Phikwe">Selebi-Phikwe</a>), Morocco, Thailand (<a href="/wiki/Udon_Thani_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Udon Thani Province">Udon Thani</a>), Kuwait, and <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9" title="São Tomé">São Tomé</a> (<a href="/wiki/Almas,_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Almas, São Tomé and Príncipe">Almas</a>).<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> Some of them are shared with <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Liberty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Asia" title="Radio Free Asia">Radio Free Asia</a>. VOA and USAGM continue to operate shortwave radio transmitters and <a href="/wiki/Antenna_farm" title="Antenna farm">antenna farms</a> at <a href="/wiki/International_Broadcasting_Bureau_Greenville_Transmitting_Station" title="International Broadcasting Bureau Greenville Transmitting Station">International Broadcasting Bureau Greenville Transmitting Station</a> (known as "Site B") in the United States, close to <a href="/wiki/Greenville,_North_Carolina" title="Greenville, North Carolina">Greenville, North Carolina</a>. They do not use <a href="/wiki/FCC" class="mw-redirect" title="FCC">FCC</a>-issued <a href="/wiki/Call_sign" title="Call sign">call signs</a>, since the FCC does not regulate communications by other federal government agencies. The <a href="/wiki/International_Broadcasting_Bureau" title="International Broadcasting Bureau">International Broadcasting Bureau</a> also operates transmission facilities on São Tomé and Tinang, <a href="/wiki/Concepcion,_Tarlac" title="Concepcion, Tarlac">Concepcion, Tarlac</a>, Philippines for VOA.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_languages">List of languages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_of_America&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: List of languages">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size: 87%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Language<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a></th> <th>Target audience</th> <th>from</th> <th>to</th> <th>Website</th> <th>Remarks </th></tr> <tr> <td>English</td> <td>Worldwide</td> <td>1942</td> <td>present</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/">www.voanews.com</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> (1941–1949) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> (1949–present)</td> <td>1941</td> <td>present</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voachinese.com/">美国之音</a></td> <td>see also <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Asia" title="Radio Free Asia">Radio Free Asia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> (1997–present) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Macau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Macau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg/45px-Flag_of_Macau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a> (1999–present)</td> <td>1941 1949 1987</td> <td data-sort-value="present">1945 1963 present</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voacantonese.com/">美國之音</a></td> <td>see also <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Asia" title="Radio Free Asia">Radio Free Asia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguese" title="Brazilian Portuguese">Brazilian Portuguese</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></td> <td>1941 1946 1961</td> <td>1945 1948 2001</td> <td>–</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amoy_dialect" title="Amoy dialect">Amoy</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a> (1941–1945, 1951–1963) <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Japan_(1870%E2%80%931999).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/48px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Taiwan">Japanese Taiwan</a> (1941–1945) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> (1951–1963)</td> <td>1941 1951</td> <td data-sort-value="1963">1945 1963</td> <td>–</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>/<a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">Commonwealth of the Philippines</a> (1941–1942, 1945–1946) <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Japan_(1870%E2%80%931999).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/48px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Executive_Commission" title="Philippine Executive Commission">Philippine Executive Commission</a> (1942–1943) <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Philippines_(1943%E2%80%931945).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281943%E2%80%931945%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281943%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281943%E2%80%931945%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281943%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281943%E2%80%931945%29.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281943%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Republic of the Philippines</a> (1943–1945)</td> <td>1941</td> <td>1946</td> <td>–</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Japan_(1870%E2%80%931999).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/48px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Korea">Japanese Korea</a> (1942–1945) <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Committee_of_Korea.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Committee_of_Korea.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Committee_of_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Committee_of_Korea.svg/36px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Committee_of_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Committee_of_Korea.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Committee_of_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Korea" title="People's Republic of Korea">People's Republic of Korea</a> (1945) <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Provisional_People%27s_Committee_for_North_Korea.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_the_Provisional_People%27s_Committee_for_North_Korea.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Provisional_People%27s_Committee_for_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_the_Provisional_People%27s_Committee_for_North_Korea.svg/36px-Flag_of_the_Provisional_People%27s_Committee_for_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_the_Provisional_People%27s_Committee_for_North_Korea.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Provisional_People%27s_Committee_for_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Civil_Administration" title="Soviet Civil Administration">Soviet Civil Administration in North Korea</a> (1945–1948) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> (1948–present) <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_South_Korea_(1945%E2%80%931948).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281945%E2%80%931948%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281945%E2%80%931948%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281945%E2%80%931948%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281945%E2%80%931948%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281945%E2%80%931948%29.svg/48px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281945%E2%80%931948%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Military_Government_in_Korea" title="United States Army Military Government in Korea">United States Army Military Government in Korea</a> (1945–1948) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> (1948–present)</td> <td>1942</td> <td>present</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voakorea.com/">VOA 한국어</a></td> <td>see also <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Asia" title="Radio Free Asia">Radio Free Asia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Japan_(1870%E2%80%931999).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/48px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Japanese-occupied Dutch East Indies</a> (1942–1945) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> (1945–1949) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Morning_Star_flag.svg/23px-Morning_Star_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Morning_Star_flag.svg/35px-Morning_Star_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Morning_Star_flag.svg/45px-Morning_Star_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Netherlands New Guinea">Netherlands New Guinea</a> (1949–1962) <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/36px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Temporary_Executive_Authority" title="United Nations Temporary Executive Authority">West New Guinea (UN Protectorate)</a> (1962–1963) <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Indonesia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/24px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/36px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution#Formation_of_the_Republican_government" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Republic of Indonesia</a> (1945–1949) <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Indonesia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/24px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/36px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Indonesia" title="United States of Indonesia">United States of Indonesia</a> (1949–1950) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> (1950–present)</td> <td>1942</td> <td>present</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America_Indonesia" title="Voice of America Indonesia">Voice of America Indonesia</a>| </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td> <td>1942 1948</td> <td data-sort-value="present">1945 present</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amerikaninsesi.com/">Amerika'nın Sesi</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voaturkce.com/">VOA Türkçe</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Spanish</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a></td> <td>1942 1946 1953 1961</td> <td data-sort-value="present">1945 1948 1956 present</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanoticias.com/">Voz de América</a></td> <td>see also <a href="/wiki/Radio_y_Televisi%C3%B3n_Mart%C3%AD" title="Radio y Televisión Martí">Radio y Televisión Martí</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:State_flag_of_Iran_(1964%E2%80%931980).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg/24px-State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg/36px-State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg/48px-State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="293" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Imperial_State_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial State of Iran">Imperial State of Iran</a> (1942–1945, 1949–1960, 1964–1966) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Islamic Republic of Iran</a> (1979–present)</td> <td>1942 1949 1964 1979</td> <td data-sort-value="present">1945 1960 1966 present</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ir.voanews.com/">صدای آمریکا</a></td> <td>see also <a href="/wiki/Radio_Farda" title="Radio Farda">Radio Farda</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></td> <td>1942 1962 1988</td> <td data-sort-value="present">1958 1988 present</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voathai.com/">วอยซ์ ออฟ อเมริกา</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Greek</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Greece_(1822-1978).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/48px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_State_(1941%E2%80%931944)" title="Hellenic State (1941–1944)">Hellenic State</a> (1942–1944) <a href="/wiki/Axis_occupation_of_Greece" title="Axis occupation of Greece">Axis-occupied Greece</a> (1942–1944) <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Italy_(1861-1946)_crowned.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/24px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/36px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/48px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Italian_Islands_of_the_Aegean" title="Italian Islands of the Aegean">Italian Islands of the Aegean</a> (1942–1945) <a href="/wiki/File:State_Flag_of_Greece_(1863-1924_and_1935-1973).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/24px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/36px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/48px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Kingdom of Greece</a> (1944–1973) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Hellenic Republic</a> (1973–2014)</td> <td>1942</td> <td>2014</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gr.voanews.com">Φωνή της Αμερικής</a> (no longer active, kept for historical reasons)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Bulgaria_(1908%E2%80%931946)" title="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)">Kingdom of Bulgaria</a> (1942–1946) <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria"><img alt="People's Republic of Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_Bulgaria_%281971%E2%80%931990%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria_%281971%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_Bulgaria_%281971%E2%80%931990%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria_%281971%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_Bulgaria_%281971%E2%80%931990%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria_%281971%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgarian People's Republic</a> (1946–1989) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> (1989–2004)</td> <td>1942</td> <td>2004</td> <td>–</td> <td>see also <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia</a> (1942–1945) <a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czech</a>-inhabited lands of <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/36px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Third_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="Third Czechoslovak Republic">Czechoslovak Republic</a> (1945–1960) <a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czech</a>-inhabited lands of <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/36px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovak Socialist Republic</a> (1960–1969) <a href="/wiki/Czech_Socialist_Republic" title="Czech Socialist Republic"><img alt="Czech Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Bohemia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bohemia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Bohemia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bohemia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Bohemia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Bohemia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Czech_Socialist_Republic" title="Czech Socialist Republic">Czech SR</a> (1969–1990) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> (1990–2004)</td> <td>1942</td> <td>2004</td> <td>–</td> <td>see also <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Hungary_(1915-1918,_1919-1946).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/48px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Kingdom of Hungary</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Hungary_(1946-1949,_1956-1957;_1-2_aspect_ratio).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Hungary_%281946-1949%2C_1956-1957%3B_1-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281946-1949%2C_1956-1957%3B_1-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Hungary_%281946-1949%2C_1956-1957%3B_1-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281946-1949%2C_1956-1957%3B_1-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Hungary_%281946-1949%2C_1956-1957%3B_1-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg/48px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281946-1949%2C_1956-1957%3B_1-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Second_Hungarian_Republic" title="Second Hungarian Republic">Hungarian Republic</a> (1946–1949) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungarian People's Republic</a> (1949–1989) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> (1989–1993)</td> <td>1942</td> <td>2004</td> <td>–</td> <td>see also <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany_(1935%E2%80%931945).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/48px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/General_Government" title="General Government">General Government of Polish Region</a> (1942–1944) <a href="/wiki/Polish_areas_annexed_by_Nazi_Germany" title="Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany">Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Poland_(1928%E2%80%931980).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/48px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland">Republic of Poland</a> (1944–1945) <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Poland_(1928%E2%80%931980).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/48px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_National_Unity" title="Provisional Government of National Unity">Republic of Poland</a> (1945–1947) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Polish People's Republic</a> (1947–1989) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> (1990–2004)</td> <td>1942</td> <td>2004</td> <td>–</td> <td>see also <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Kingdom of Romania</a> (1942–1947) <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Romania_(1952%E2%80%931965).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Romania_%281952%E2%80%931965%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Romania_%281952%E2%80%931965%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Romania_%281952%E2%80%931965%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_Romania_%281952%E2%80%931965%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Romania_%281952%E2%80%931965%29.svg/48px-Flag_of_Romania_%281952%E2%80%931965%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania#Romanian_People's_Republic" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romanian People's Republic</a> (1947–1965) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Socialist Republic of Romania</a> (1965–1989) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> (1989–2004)</td> <td>1942</td> <td>2004</td> <td>–</td> <td>see also <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Slovakia_(1939%E2%80%931945).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_Slovakia_%281939%E2%80%931945%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Slovakia_%281939%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_Slovakia_%281939%E2%80%931945%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_Slovakia_%281939%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_Slovakia_%281939%E2%80%931945%29.svg/48px-Flag_of_Slovakia_%281939%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a> (1942–1945) <a href="/wiki/Slovaks" title="Slovaks">Slovak</a>-inhabited lands of <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/36px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Third_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="Third Czechoslovak Republic">Czechoslovak Republic</a> (1945–1960) <a href="/wiki/Slovaks" title="Slovaks">Slovak</a>-inhabited lands of <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/36px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovak Socialist Republic</a> (1960–1969) <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Slovak Socialist Republic"><img alt="Slovak Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_Slovakia_%281939%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia_%281939%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_Slovakia_%281939%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia_%281939%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_Slovakia_%281939%E2%80%931945%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia_%281939%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Slovak Socialist Republic">Slovak SR</a> (1969–1990) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> (1990–2004)</td> <td>1942</td> <td>2004</td> <td>–</td> <td>see also <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg/36px-Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab World</a></td> <td>1942 1950</td> <td data-sort-value="2002">1945 2002</td> <td>–</td> <td>see also <a href="/wiki/Radio_Sawa" title="Radio Sawa">Radio Sawa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alhurra" title="Alhurra">Alhurra</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Spanish</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Spanish State</a> (1942–1955, 1955–1975) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> (1975–1993)</td> <td>1942 1955</td> <td data-sort-value="1993">1955 1993</td> <td>– (for local radio stations)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Portugal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/24px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/36px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/48px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)">Portugal</a> (1942–1945, 1951–1953) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> (1976–1987, 1987–1993)</td> <td>1942 1951 1976 1987</td> <td data-sort-value="1993">1945 1953 1987 1993</td> <td>–     (for local radio stations)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany_(1935%E2%80%931945).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/48px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Reich</a> (1942–1943) <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany_(1935%E2%80%931945).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/48px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Austria_under_National_Socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Austria under National Socialism">German-occupied Austria</a> (1942–1945) <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany_(1935%E2%80%931945).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/48px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Greater German Reich</a> (1943–1945) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Merchant_flag_of_Germany_%281946%E2%80%931949%29.svg/23px-Merchant_flag_of_Germany_%281946%E2%80%931949%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Merchant_flag_of_Germany_%281946%E2%80%931949%29.svg/35px-Merchant_flag_of_Germany_%281946%E2%80%931949%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Merchant_flag_of_Germany_%281946%E2%80%931949%29.svg/45px-Merchant_flag_of_Germany_%281946%E2%80%931949%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Allied-occupied Germany</a> (1945–1949) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_Saar_%281947%E2%80%931956%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saar_%281947%E2%80%931956%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_Saar_%281947%E2%80%931956%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saar_%281947%E2%80%931956%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_Saar_%281947%E2%80%931956%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saar_%281947%E2%80%931956%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Saar_Protectorate" title="Saar Protectorate">Saar Protectorate</a> (1947–1956) <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/24px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/36px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/48px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">Federal Republic of Germany</a> (1949–1960) <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin"><img alt="Berlin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Berlin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Berlin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Berlin.svg/35px-Flag_of_Berlin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Berlin.svg/46px-Flag_of_Berlin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Berlin#West_and_East_Germany_(1945–1990)" title="History of Berlin">Allied-occupied Berlin</a> (1949–1960) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">German Democratic Republic</a> (1949–1960) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> (1991–1993)</td> <td>1942 1991</td> <td>1960 1993</td> <td>–</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> (1942–1945) <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Allied_Occupied_Japan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_Allied_Occupied_Japan.svg/24px-Flag_of_Allied_Occupied_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_Allied_Occupied_Japan.svg/36px-Flag_of_Allied_Occupied_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_Allied_Occupied_Japan.svg/48px-Flag_of_Allied_Occupied_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="420" /></a><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupied Japan</a> (1951–1952) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> (1952–1962)</td> <td>1942 1951</td> <td data-sort-value="1962">1945 1962</td> <td>–</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_France.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/24px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/36px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/48px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">French State</a> (1942–1944) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /> <a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a> (1942–1944) <a href="/wiki/File:War_Ensign_of_Germany_(1938%E2%80%931945).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg/24px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg/36px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg/48px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/German_military_administration_in_occupied_France_during_World_War_II" title="German military administration in occupied France during World War II">Military Administration in France</a> (1942–1944) <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a>- and <a href="/wiki/Walloons" title="Walloons">Walloon</a>-inhabited lands of <a href="/wiki/File:War_Ensign_of_Germany_(1938%E2%80%931945).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg/24px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg/36px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg/48px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Military_Administration_in_Belgium_and_Northern_France" title="Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France">Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France</a> (1942–1944) <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a>- and <a href="/wiki/Walloons" title="Walloons">Walloon</a>-inhabited lands of <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany_(1935%E2%80%931945).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/48px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_of_Belgium_and_Northern_France" title="Reichskommissariat of Belgium and Northern France">Reichskommissariat of Belgium and Northern France</a> (1944) <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Italy_(1861-1946)_crowned.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/24px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/36px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/48px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Italian_occupation_of_France" title="Italian occupation of France">Italian Military Administration in France</a> (1942–1943) <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Italy_(1861-1946)_crowned.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/24px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/36px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/48px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Italian_occupation_of_Corsica" title="Italian occupation of Corsica">Occupied Corsica</a> (1942–1943) <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_France.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/24px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/36px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/48px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">French Republic</a> (1944–1946) <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_France.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/24px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/36px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/48px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">French Republic</a> (1946–1958) <a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">French Republic</a> (1958–1961)</td> <td>1942</td> <td>1961</td> <td>–</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a> (1942–1945) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian Republic</a> (1951–1957) <a href="/wiki/File:Free_Territory_Trieste_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Free_Territory_Trieste_Flag.svg/24px-Free_Territory_Trieste_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Free_Territory_Trieste_Flag.svg/36px-Free_Territory_Trieste_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Free_Territory_Trieste_Flag.svg/48px-Free_Territory_Trieste_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="424" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Free_Territory_of_Trieste" title="Free Territory of Trieste">Free Territory of Trieste</a> (1951–1954)</td> <td>1942 1951</td> <td data-sort-value="1957">1945 1957</td> <td>–</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></td> <td>1942 1951</td> <td data-sort-value="1953">1945 1953</td> <td>–</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a></td> <td>1942</td> <td>1949</td> <td>–</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></td> <td>1942</td> <td>1945</td> <td>–</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Flemish_dialects" title="Flemish dialects">Flemish</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flemish_people" title="Flemish people">Flemish</a>-inhabited lands of <a href="/wiki/File:War_Ensign_of_Germany_(1938%E2%80%931945).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg/24px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg/36px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg/48px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Military_Administration_in_Belgium_and_Northern_France" title="Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France">Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France</a> (1942–1944) <a href="/wiki/Flemish_people" title="Flemish people">Flemish</a>-inhabited lands of <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany_(1935%E2%80%931945).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/48px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_of_Belgium_and_Northern_France" title="Reichskommissariat of Belgium and Northern France">Reichskommissariat of Belgium and Northern France</a> (1944) <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany_(1935%E2%80%931945).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/48px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Flandern" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichsgau Flandern">Reichsgau Flandern</a> (1944–1945)</td> <td>1942</td> <td>1945</td> <td>–</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany_(1935%E2%80%931945).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/48px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Norwegen" title="Reichskommissariat Norwegen">Reichskommissariat Norwegen</a></td> <td>1942</td> <td>1945</td> <td>–</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:War_Ensign_of_Germany_(1938%E2%80%931945).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg/24px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg/36px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg/48px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Military_Commander_in_Serbia" title="Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia">Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia</a> + <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany_(1935%E2%80%931945).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/48px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/German_occupied_territory_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="German occupied territory of Montenegro">German-occupied Montenegro</a> (1943–1944) <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Montenegro_(1946%E2%80%931993),_Flag_of_Serbia_(1947%E2%80%931992).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg/48px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Serbia" title="Socialist Republic of Serbia">Federated State of Serbia</a> + <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Montenegro_(1946%E2%80%931993),_Flag_of_Serbia_(1947%E2%80%931992).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg/48px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Montenegro" title="Socialist Republic of Montenegro">Federated State of Montenegro</a> (1944–1946) <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Montenegro_(1946%E2%80%931993),_Flag_of_Serbia_(1947%E2%80%931992).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg/48px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Serbia" title="Socialist Republic of Serbia">People's Republic of Serbia</a> + <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Montenegro_(1946%E2%80%931993),_Flag_of_Serbia_(1947%E2%80%931992).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg/48px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Montenegro" title="Socialist Republic of Montenegro">People's Republic of Montenegro</a> (1946–1963) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Serbia" title="Socialist Republic of Serbia">Socialist Republic of Serbia</a> + <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Montenegro_(1946%E2%80%931993),_Flag_of_Serbia_(1947%E2%80%931992).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg/48px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Montenegro" title="Socialist Republic of Montenegro">Socialist Republic of Montenegro</a> (1963–1992) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (1992–2003) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">State Union of Serbia and Montenegro</a> (2003–2006) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> (2006–present) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> (2006–present)</td> <td>1943</td> <td>present</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.glasamerike.net/">Glas Amerike</a></td> <td>see also <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Albania_(1943%E2%80%931944).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flag_of_Albania_%281943%E2%80%931944%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Albania_%281943%E2%80%931944%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flag_of_Albania_%281943%E2%80%931944%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_Albania_%281943%E2%80%931944%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flag_of_Albania_%281943%E2%80%931944%29.svg/48px-Flag_of_Albania_%281943%E2%80%931944%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Albania" title="German occupation of Albania">Albanian Kingdom</a> (1943–1944) <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Albania_(1944%E2%80%931946).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Albania_%281944%E2%80%931946%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Albania_%281944%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Albania_%281944%E2%80%931946%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_Albania_%281944%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Albania_%281944%E2%80%931946%29.svg/48px-Flag_of_Albania_%281944%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="640" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Government_of_Albania" title="Democratic Government of Albania">Democratic Government of Albania</a> (1944–1945) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_Albania_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_Albania_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_Albania_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">People's Republic of Albania</a> (1951–1976) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_Albania_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_Albania_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_Albania_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">People's Socialist Republic of Albania</a> (1976–1998) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Republic of Albania</a> (1998–present) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/21px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/32px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/42px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Kosovo">Republic of Kosovo</a> (2008–present) </td> <td>1943 1951</td> <td data-sort-value="present">1945 present</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zeriamerikes.com/">Zëri i Amerikës</a></td> <td>see also <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Burma_1943.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burma_1943.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Burma_1943.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burma_1943.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Burma_1943.svg/45px-Flag_of_Burma_1943.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Burma" title="State of Burma">State of Burma</a> (1943–1945) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_Burma_%281948%E2%80%931974%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burma_%281948%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_Burma_%281948%E2%80%931974%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burma_%281948%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_Burma_%281948%E2%80%931974%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Burma_%281948%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Post-independence_Burma_(1948%E2%80%931962)" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-independence Burma (1948–1962)">Union of Burma</a> (1951–1974) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Myanmar_%281974%E2%80%932010%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar_%281974%E2%80%932010%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Myanmar_%281974%E2%80%932010%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar_%281974%E2%80%932010%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Myanmar_%281974%E2%80%932010%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Myanmar_%281974%E2%80%932010%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_the_Union_of_Burma" title="Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma">Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma</a> (1974–1988) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Myanmar_%281974%E2%80%932010%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar_%281974%E2%80%932010%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Myanmar_%281974%E2%80%932010%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar_%281974%E2%80%932010%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Myanmar_%281974%E2%80%932010%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Myanmar_%281974%E2%80%932010%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/State_Peace_and_Development_Council" title="State Peace and Development Council">Union of Myanmar</a> (1988–2011) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> (2011–present)</td> <td>1943 1951</td> <td data-sort-value="present">1945 present</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://burmese.voanews.com/">ဗီြအိုေအသတင္းဌာန</a></td> <td>see also <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Asia" title="Radio Free Asia">Radio Free Asia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a> (1943–1945) <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Empire_of_Vietnam_(1945).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Empire_of_Vietnam_%281945%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Empire_of_Vietnam_%281945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Empire_of_Vietnam_%281945%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_the_Empire_of_Vietnam_%281945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Empire_of_Vietnam_%281945%29.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Empire_of_Vietnam_%281945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Empire of Vietnam</a> (1945) <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Colonial_Annam.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Colonial_Annam.svg/24px-Flag_of_Colonial_Annam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Colonial_Annam.svg/36px-Flag_of_Colonial_Annam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Colonial_Annam.svg/48px-Flag_of_Colonial_Annam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tonkin_(French_protectorate)" title="Tonkin (French protectorate)">Protectorate of Tonkin</a> + <a href="/wiki/File:Long_tinh_flag_(variant).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Long_tinh_flag_%28variant%29.svg/24px-Long_tinh_flag_%28variant%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Long_tinh_flag_%28variant%29.svg/36px-Long_tinh_flag_%28variant%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Long_tinh_flag_%28variant%29.svg/48px-Long_tinh_flag_%28variant%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Annam_(French_protectorate)" title="Annam (French protectorate)">Protectorate of Annam</a> + <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Republic_of_Cochinchina.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Republic_of_Cochinchina.svg/24px-Flag_of_Republic_of_Cochinchina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Republic_of_Cochinchina.svg/36px-Flag_of_Republic_of_Cochinchina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Republic_of_Cochinchina.svg/48px-Flag_of_Republic_of_Cochinchina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/French_Cochinchina" title="French Cochinchina">French Cochinchina</a> (1945–1946) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Vietnam" title="State of Vietnam">State of Vietnam</a> (1951–1955) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /> <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a> (1955–1976) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a> (1955–1975) <a href="/wiki/File:FNL_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/FNL_Flag.svg/24px-FNL_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/FNL_Flag.svg/36px-FNL_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/FNL_Flag.svg/48px-FNL_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_South_Vietnam" title="Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam">Occupied South Vietnam</a> (1969–1976) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> (1976–present)</td> <td>1943 1951</td> <td data-sort-value="present">1946 present</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voatiengviet.com/">Ðài Tiếng nói Hoa Kỳ</a></td> <td>see also <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Asia" title="Radio Free Asia">Radio Free Asia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a> (1943–1945) <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Croatia_(1947%E2%80%931990).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Croatia_%281947%E2%80%931990%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Croatia_%281947%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Croatia_%281947%E2%80%931990%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_Croatia_%281947%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Croatia_%281947%E2%80%931990%29.svg/48px-Flag_of_Croatia_%281947%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia" title="Socialist Republic of Croatia">Federated State of Croatia</a> (1945–1946) <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Croatia_(1947%E2%80%931990).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Croatia_%281947%E2%80%931990%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Croatia_%281947%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Croatia_%281947%E2%80%931990%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_Croatia_%281947%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Croatia_%281947%E2%80%931990%29.svg/48px-Flag_of_Croatia_%281947%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Croatia">People's Republic of Croatia</a> (1946–1963) <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Croatia_(1947%E2%80%931990).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Croatia_%281947%E2%80%931990%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Croatia_%281947%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Croatia_%281947%E2%80%931990%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_Croatia_%281947%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Croatia_%281947%E2%80%931990%29.svg/48px-Flag_of_Croatia_%281947%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia" title="Socialist Republic of Croatia">Socialist Republic of Croatia</a> (1963–1990) <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Croatia_(1990).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Croatia_%281990%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Croatia_%281990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Croatia_%281990%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_Croatia_%281990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Croatia_%281990%29.svg/48px-Flag_of_Croatia_%281990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Croatia">Republic of Croatia</a> (1990–1991) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> (1991–2011)</td> <td>1943</td> <td>2011</td> <td>–</td> <td>see also <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></td> <td>1943</td> <td>1945</td> <td>–</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Slovenes" title="Slovenes">Slovenian</a>-inhabited lands of <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany_(1935%E2%80%931945).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/48px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Steiermark" title="Reichsgau Steiermark">Reichsgau Steiermark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_K%C3%A4rnten" title="Reichsgau Kärnten">Reichsgau Kärnten</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operational_Zone_of_the_Adriatic_Littoral" title="Operational Zone of the Adriatic Littoral">Operational Zone of the Adriatic Littoral</a> (1944–1945) <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Slovenia_(1945%E2%80%931991).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Slovenia_%281945%E2%80%931991%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Slovenia_%281945%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Slovenia_%281945%E2%80%931991%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_Slovenia_%281945%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Slovenia_%281945%E2%80%931991%29.svg/48px-Flag_of_Slovenia_%281945%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia" title="Socialist Republic of Slovenia">People's Republic of Slovenia</a> (1949–1963) <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Slovenia_(1945%E2%80%931991).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Slovenia_%281945%E2%80%931991%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Slovenia_%281945%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Slovenia_%281945%E2%80%931991%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_Slovenia_%281945%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Slovenia_%281945%E2%80%931991%29.svg/48px-Flag_of_Slovenia_%281945%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia" title="Socialist Republic of Slovenia">Socialist Republic of Slovenia</a> (1963–1990) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> (1990–2004)</td> <td>1944 1949</td> <td data-sort-value="2004">1945 2004</td> <td style="vertical-align:top;">–</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu Chinese</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a></td> <td>1944</td> <td>1946</td> <td>–</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany_(1935%E2%80%931945).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/48px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Niederlande" title="Reichskommissariat Niederlande">Reichskommissariat Niederlande</a></td> <td>1944</td> <td>1945</td> <td>–</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Iceland_%281918%E2%80%931944%29.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland_%281918%E2%80%931944%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Iceland_%281918%E2%80%931944%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland_%281918%E2%80%931944%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Iceland_%281918%E2%80%931944%29.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iceland_%281918%E2%80%931944%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iceland" title="Kingdom of Iceland">Kingdom of Iceland</a></td> <td>1944</td> <td>1944</td> <td>–</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic"><img alt="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a> (1947–1991) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (1991–present)</td> <td>1947</td> <td>present</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.golosameriki.com/">Голос Америки</a></td> <td>see also <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Liberty</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281949%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281949%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281949%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281949%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281949%E2%80%931991%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281949%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian SSR</a> (1949–1991) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> (1991–present)</td> <td>1949</td> <td>present</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ukrainian.voanews.com/">Голос Америки</a></td> <td>see also <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Liberty</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_the_Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_the_Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_the_Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Armenian SSR</a> (1951–1991) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> (1991–present)</td> <td>1951</td> <td>present (web)</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amerikayidzayn.com/">Ամերիկայի Ձայն</a></td> <td>see also <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Liberty</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931990%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931990%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931990%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgian SSR</a> (1951–1991) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> (1991–present)</td> <td>1951</td> <td>present (web)</td> <td>–</td> <td>see also <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Liberty</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></td> <td>1951 1954</td> <td data-sort-value="present">1953 present</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.urduvoa.com/">وائس آف امریکہ</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic">Azeri SSR</a> (1951–1953, 1982–1991) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> (1991–present)</td> <td>1951 1982</td> <td data-sort-value="?">1953 present (web)</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amerikaninsesi.org/">Amerikanın Səsi</a></td> <td>see also <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Liberty</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></td> <td>Northern <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td>1951 1954</td> <td data-sort-value="2008">1953 2008</td> <td>–</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic">Soviet-occupied Estonia</a> (1951–1990) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /> <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> (1990–2004)</td> <td>1951</td> <td>2004</td> <td>–</td> <td>see also <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Liberty</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic">Soviet-occupied Latvia</a> (1951–1990) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> (1990–2004)</td> <td>1951</td> <td>2004</td> <td>–</td> <td>see also <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Liberty</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931988%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931988%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931988%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931988%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931988%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931988%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic">Soviet-occupied Lithuania</a> (1951–1990) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> (1990–2004)</td> <td>1951</td> <td>2004</td> <td>–</td> <td>see also <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Liberty</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian language">Malayan</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Malaya_(1950%E2%80%931963).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Malaya_%281950%E2%80%931963%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Malaya_%281950%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Malaya_%281950%E2%80%931963%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_Malaya_%281950%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Malaya_%281950%E2%80%931963%29.svg/48px-Flag_of_Malaya_%281950%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="550" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation of Malaya</a></td> <td>1951</td> <td>1955</td> <td>–</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hakka_people" title="Hakka people">Hakka</a>-inhabited lands of Southern <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a></td> <td>1951</td> <td>1954</td> <td>–</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></td> <td>1951</td> <td>1953</td> <td>–</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shantou_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Shantou dialect">Swatow</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shantou" title="Shantou">Shantou</a></td> <td>1951</td> <td>1953</td> <td>–</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Tatar_ASSR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_Tatar_ASSR.svg/24px-Flag_of_Tatar_ASSR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_Tatar_ASSR.svg/36px-Flag_of_Tatar_ASSR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_Tatar_ASSR.svg/48px-Flag_of_Tatar_ASSR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tatar_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Tatar ASSR</a></td> <td>1951</td> <td>1953</td> <td>–</td> <td>see also <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Liberty</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Madras_State" title="Madras State">Madras State</a> (1954–1969) <a href="/wiki/File:..Tamil_Nadu_Flag(INDIA).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/..Tamil_Nadu_Flag%28INDIA%29.png/24px-..Tamil_Nadu_Flag%28INDIA%29.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/..Tamil_Nadu_Flag%28INDIA%29.png/36px-..Tamil_Nadu_Flag%28INDIA%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/..Tamil_Nadu_Flag%28INDIA%29.png/48px-..Tamil_Nadu_Flag%28INDIA%29.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="454" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> (1969–1970) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Ceylon_%281951%E2%80%931972%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ceylon_%281951%E2%80%931972%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Ceylon_%281951%E2%80%931972%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ceylon_%281951%E2%80%931972%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Ceylon_%281951%E2%80%931972%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ceylon_%281951%E2%80%931972%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Ceylon" title="Dominion of Ceylon">Dominion of Ceylon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, ex-Ceylon)</td> <td>1954</td> <td>1970</td> <td>–</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Cambodia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/24px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/36px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cambodia_(1953%E2%80%931970)" title="Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–1970)">Kingdom of Cambodia</a> (1955–1957, 1962–1970) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_the_Khmer_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Khmer_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_the_Khmer_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Khmer_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_the_Khmer_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Khmer_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Republic" title="Khmer Republic">Khmer Republic</a> (1970–1975) <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Democratic_Kampuchea.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Democratic_Kampuchea.svg/24px-Flag_of_Democratic_Kampuchea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Democratic_Kampuchea.svg/36px-Flag_of_Democratic_Kampuchea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Democratic_Kampuchea.svg/48px-Flag_of_Democratic_Kampuchea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">Democratic Kampuchea</a> (1975–1979) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">People's Republic of Kampuchea</a> (1979–1989) <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_State_of_Cambodia_(1989%E2%80%931992).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_the_State_of_Cambodia_%281989%E2%80%931992%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Cambodia_%281989%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_the_State_of_Cambodia_%281989%E2%80%931992%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Cambodia_%281989%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_the_State_of_Cambodia_%281989%E2%80%931992%29.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Cambodia_%281989%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea#Transition_and_State_of_Cambodia_(1989–1993)" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">State of Cambodia</a> (1989–1993) <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Cambodia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/24px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/36px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Cambodia">Kingdom of Cambodia</a> (1993–present)</td> <td>1955 1962</td> <td data-sort-value="present">1957 present</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://khmer.voanews.com/">វីអូអេ</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voacambodia.com/">www.voacambodia.com</a></td> <td>see also <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Asia" title="Radio Free Asia">Radio Free Asia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Kerala.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Kerala.png/24px-Flag_of_Kerala.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Kerala.png/36px-Flag_of_Kerala.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Kerala.png/48px-Flag_of_Kerala.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="454" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> <a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi Islands</a></td> <td>1956</td> <td>1961</td> <td>–</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_people" title="Gujarati people">Gujarati</a>-inhabited lands of <a href="/wiki/Bombay_State" title="Bombay State">Bombay State</a></td> <td>1956</td> <td>1958</td> <td>–</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Combined_Andhra_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></td> <td>1956</td> <td>1958</td> <td>–</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Byelorussian SSR</a></td> <td>1956</td> <td>1957</td> <td>–</td> <td>see also <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Liberty</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td>1958</td> <td>present</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voabangla.com/">ভয়েস অফ আমেরিকা</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>French (to Africa)</td> <td></td> <td>1960</td> <td>present</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voaafrique.com/">VOA Afrique</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></td> <td>2022 July</td> <td>present</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.urduvoa.com/z/7020">VOA Sindhi</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Laos" title="Kingdom of Laos">Kingdom of Laos</a> (1962–1975) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Lao People's Democratic Republic</a> (1975–present)</td> <td>1962</td> <td>present</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lao.voanews.com/">ສຽງອາເມຣິກາ ວີໂອເອ</a></td> <td>see also <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Asia" title="Radio Free Asia">Radio Free Asia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a></td> <td></td> <td>1962</td> <td>present</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voaswahili.com/">Sauti ya Amerika</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>English (to Africa)</td> <td></td> <td>1963 August 4</td> <td>present</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/p/5749.html">www.voaafrica.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voazimbabwe.com/">www.voazimbabwe.com</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic">Uzbek SSR</a> (1972–1991) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> (1991–present)</td> <td> 1972</td> <td data-sort-value="present"> present</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amerikaovozi.com/">Amerika Ovozi</a></td> <td>see also <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Liberty</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Portuguese (to Africa)</td> <td></td> <td>1976</td> <td>present</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voaportugues.com/">Voz da América</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></td> <td>1979 January 21</td> <td>present</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voahausa.com/">Muryar Amurka</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dari_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dari language">Dari</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Afghanistan_(1980%E2%80%931987).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281980%E2%80%931987%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281980%E2%80%931987%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281980%E2%80%931987%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281980%E2%80%931987%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281980%E2%80%931987%29.svg/48px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281980%E2%80%931987%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Democratic Republic of Afghanistan</a> (1980–1987) <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Republic of Afghanistan</a> (1987–1992) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic State of Afghanistan">Islamic State of Afghanistan</a> (1992–1996, 2001–2002) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan</a> (1996–2001) <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Afghanistan_(2002%E2%80%932004).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282002%E2%80%932004%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282002%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282002%E2%80%932004%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282002%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282002%E2%80%932004%29.svg/48px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282002%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Transitional_Islamic_State_of_Afghanistan" title="Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan">Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan</a> (2002–2004) <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic Republic of Afghanistan"><img alt="Islamic Republic of Afghanistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic Republic of Afghanistan">Islamic Republic of Afghanistan</a> (2004–2021)</td> <td>1980</td> <td>present</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.darivoa.com/">صدای امریکا</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amharic" title="Amharic">Amharic</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></td> <td>1982 September</td> <td>present</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amharic.voanews.com/">የአሜሪካ ድምፅ</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pashto_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashto language">Pashto</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtun</a>-inhabited lands of <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></td> <td>1982</td> <td>present</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pashtovoa.com/">اشنا راډیو</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/French-based_creole_languages" title="French-based creole languages">Creole</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></td> <td>1987</td> <td>present</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanouvel.com/">Lavwadlamerik</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Standard_Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan">Tibetan</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet Autonomous Region</a> <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></td> <td>1991</td> <td data-sort-value="present">present</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voatibetan.com/">ཨ་རིའི་རླུང་འཕྲིན་ཁང་།</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voatibetanenglish.com/">www.voatibetanenglish.com</a></td> <td>see also <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Asia" title="Radio Free Asia">Radio Free Asia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/24px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/36px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/48px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region">Iraqi Kurdistan</a> <a href="/wiki/File:De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/24px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/36px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/48px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria</a> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Kurdistan" title="Turkish Kurdistan">Kurdish inhabited lands of Turkey</a> <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Kurdistan" title="Iranian Kurdistan">Kurdish inhabited lands of Iran</a></td> <td>1992</td> <td>present</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dengiamerika.com/">ده‌نگی ئه‌مه‌ریکا</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dengeamerika.com/">Dengê Amerîka</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></td> <td>1992 2007</td> <td data-sort-value="present">1995 present</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voasomali.com/">VOA Somali</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/12px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/19px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/25px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Kingdom of Nepal</a></td> <td>1992</td> <td>1993</td> <td>–</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oromo_language" title="Oromo language">Afaan Oromo</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Oromia_Region.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Oromia_Region.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Oromia_Region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Oromia_Region.svg/36px-Flag_of_the_Oromia_Region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Oromia_Region.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Oromia_Region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Oromia_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Oromia Region">Oromia Region</a></td> <td>1996 July</td> <td>present</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voaafaanoromoo.com/">Sagalee Ameerikaa</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></td> <td>1996</td> <td>present</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ba.voanews.com/">Glas Amerike</a></td> <td>see also <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kinyarwanda" title="Kinyarwanda">Kinyarwanda</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kirundi" title="Kirundi">Kirundi</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/46px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a> Eastern <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> Southern <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> Northwestern <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></td> <td>1996 July</td> <td>present</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiyoyacuvoa.com/">Ijwi ry'Amerika</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrinya</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/46px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></td> <td>1996 July</td> <td>present</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tigrigna.voanews.com/">ድምፂ ረድዮ ኣሜሪካ</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia"><img alt="North Macedonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">Republic of Macedonia</a></td> <td>1999</td> <td>2008</td> <td>–</td> <td>see also <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_Ndebele_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimbabwean Ndebele language">Ndebele</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/46px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></td> <td>2003</td> <td>present</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voandebele.com/">VOA Ndebele</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shona_language" title="Shona language">Shona</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/46px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></td> <td>2003</td> <td>present</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voashona.com/">VOA Shona</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pashto_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashto language">Pashto</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtun</a>-inhabited lands of <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></td> <td>2006</td> <td>present</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voadeewaradio.com/">ډیوه ریډیو</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bambara_language" title="Bambara language">Bambara</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></td> <td>2013 March</td> <td>present</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voabambara.com/">VOA Bambara</a></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_of_America&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Controversies">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Criticism_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-criticism" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Criticism#Avoid_sections_and_articles_focusing_on_criticisms_or_controversies" title="Wikipedia:Criticism">"criticism" or "controversy" section</a> may compromise the article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Article_structure" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a>. Please help rewrite or integrate negative information to other sections <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">through discussion</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Voice_of_America" title="Talk:Voice of America">talk page</a>. (August 2022)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mismanagement_and_Abuse_of_Power">Mismanagement and Abuse of Power</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_of_America&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Mismanagement and Abuse of Power">edit</a>]</div> On June 12, 2024, the House Foreign Affairs Committee concluded that there was "credible evidence of corruption" regarding the matter of Setareh Derakhshesh Sieg, the former director of Voice of America's Persian News Network (PNN).<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> Following a series of whistleblower complaints and an extensive internal investigation by civil servants, Sieg had been terminated in January 2021 for falsifying her education credentials, severe abuses of taxpayer dollars for personal benefit, and engaging in a pattern of favoritism that materially benefited some employees and contractors at the expense of the public.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> However, within hours after President Biden took office, Sieg was reinstated then transferred to a different role by then-acting VOA Director Yolanda Lopez and cleared of wrongdoing.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> Lopez abruptly resigned in September 2023 as the Committee intensified its investigation.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> In its June 2024 report, the Committee found that the original allegations had merit and were supported by substantial evidence.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> Sieg remains employed at VOA. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abdul_Malik_Rigi_interview">Abdul Malik Rigi interview</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_of_America&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Abdul Malik Rigi interview">edit</a>]</div> On April 2, 2007, <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Malik_Rigi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Malik Rigi">Abdul Malik Rigi</a>, the leader of <a href="/wiki/Jundallah_(Iran)" title="Jundallah (Iran)">Jundullah</a>, an Iranian Muslim <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> <a href="/wiki/Salafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafi">Salafi</a> militant group with possible links to <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a>, appeared on Voice of America's <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian-language</a> service. The interview was condemned by the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian government">Iranian government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-swissinfo.org-124">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> Jundullah was linked to attacks on both Iranian military and civilians.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-washt400killed-127">[126]</a> Rigi was captured by the Iranian security services and executed in 2010 in <a href="/wiki/Evin_Prison" title="Evin Prison">Evin Prison</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tibetan_alleged_protester">Tibetan alleged protester</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_of_America&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Tibetan alleged protester">edit</a>]</div> In February 2013, a documentary released by <a href="/wiki/China_Central_Television" title="China Central Television">China Central Television</a> interviewed a Tibetan alleged <a href="/wiki/Self-immolation_protests_by_Tibetans_in_China" title="Self-immolation protests by Tibetans in China">self-immolator</a> who failed to kill himself. The interviewee said he was motivated by Voice of America's broadcasts of commemorations of people who committed suicide in political self-immolation. VOA denied instigating self-immolations and demanded that the Chinese station retract its report.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trump_presidency_politicization_efforts">Trump presidency politicization efforts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_of_America&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Trump presidency politicization efforts">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_Administration_(2017-2021)">First Administration (2017-2021)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_of_America&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: First Administration (2017-2021)">edit</a>]</div> After the <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Donald_Trump" title="First inauguration of Donald Trump">January 2017 inauguration</a> of US President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>, tweets by Voice of America (one of which was later removed) seemed to support the widely criticized statements by White House press secretary <a href="/wiki/Sean_Spicer" title="Sean Spicer">Sean Spicer</a> about the crowd size and biased media coverage. This raised concerns over possible attempts by Trump to politicize VOA.<a href="#cite_note-TrumpTV-131">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-stamp-132">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-megaphone-133">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-salon/01/24/2017-134">[133]</a> This amplified already growing propaganda concerns over the provisions in the <a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Authorization_Act_for_Fiscal_Year_2017" title="National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017">National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017</a>, signed into law by <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>, which gave the powers of the board of the <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_Board_of_Governors" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcasting Board of Governors">Broadcasting Board of Governors</a>, which was relegated to an advisory role, to a CEO appointed by the president. Trump sent two of his political aides to the agency to aid its CEO during the <a href="/wiki/First_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidential transition of Donald Trump">transition to the Trump administration</a>. Criticism was raised over Trump's choice of aides; Matthew Schuck was a staff writer for <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right-wing</a> website The Daily Surge until 2015, while Matthew Ciepielowski was a field director at the conservative libertarian advocacy group <a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Prosperity" title="Americans for Prosperity">Americans for Prosperity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TrumpTV-131">[130]</a> VOA officials responded with assurances that they would not become "Trump TV".<a href="#cite_note-TrumpTV-131">[130]</a> BBG head John F. Lansing told <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a> that it would be illegal for the administration to tell VOA what to broadcast, while VOA director <a href="/wiki/Amanda_Bennett" title="Amanda Bennett">Amanda Bennett</a> stressed that while "government-funded", the agency is not "government-run".<a href="#cite_note-megaphone-133">[132]</a> On April 10, 2020, the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> published an article in its daily newsletter critical of VOA coverage of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">coronavirus pandemic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> Emails revealed in a <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_(United_States)" title="Freedom of Information Act (United States)">Freedom of Information Act</a> request showed <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC) press official Michawn Rich had sent a memo to agency employees stating in part, "as a rule, do not send up [interview] requests for [VOA contributor] <a href="/wiki/Greta_Van_Susteren" title="Greta Van Susteren">Greta Van Susteren</a> or anyone affiliated with Voice of America", referencing the White House story.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> On April 30, The Washington Post, referring to <a href="/wiki/Steven_L._Herman" title="Steven L. Herman">Steven L. Herman</a> who covered the White House for VOA, reported Vice President <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a>'s office "threatened to retaliate against a reporter who revealed that Pence's office had told journalists they would need masks for Pence's visit to the <a href="/wiki/Mayo_Clinic" title="Mayo Clinic">Mayo Clinic</a> – a requirement Pence himself did not follow."<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> On June 3, 2020, the US Senate confirmed <a href="/wiki/Michael_Pack" title="Michael Pack">Michael Pack</a>, a conservative documentaries filmmaker and close ally of <a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Steve Bannon</a>, to serve as head of the US Agency for Global Media, which oversees VOA.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> Subsequently, Director Bennet and deputy director Sandy Sugawara resigned from VOA. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> reported on June 16 that plans for a leadership shakeup at VOA were being discussed, including the possibility that controversial former White House aide <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Gorka" title="Sebastian Gorka">Sebastian Gorka</a> would be given a leadership role at VOA.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> On June 17, the heads of VOA's Middle East Broadcasting, Radio Free Asia, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty and the Open Technology Fund were all fired, their boards were dissolved, and external communications from VOA employees were made to require approval from senior agency personnel in what one source described as an "unprecedented" move, while <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Scott_Shapiro" title="Jeffrey Scott Shapiro">Jeffrey Scott Shapiro</a>, like Pack a Bannon ally, was rumored to be in line to head the Office of Cuba Broadcasting.<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> Four former members of the advisory boards filed suit challenging Pack's standing to fire them.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> On July 9, NPR reported VOA would not renew the work visas of dozens of non-resident reporters, many of whom could face repercussions in their home countries.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> In late July, four contractors and the head of VOA's <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>-language service were suspended after a video featuring extensive clips from a Muslim-American voter conference, including a campaign message from then-Democratic presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a>, was determined not to meet editorial standards and taken down.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> On August 12, 2020, USAGM chief financial officer Grant Turner and general counsel David Kligerman were removed from their positions and stripped of their security clearances, reportedly for their opposition to what Turner called "gross mismanagement", along with four other senior agency officials.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> <a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a> reported on August 13 that Trump administration official and former shock jock <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wuco" title="Frank Wuco">Frank Wuco</a> had been hired as a USAGM senior advisor, responsible for auditing the agency's office of policy and research.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> As a radio host, Wuco issued insults and groundless claims against former US President Barack Obama, CIA Director <a href="/wiki/John_O._Brennan" class="mw-redirect" title="John O. Brennan">John O. Brennan</a>, and Speaker of the House <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> VOA's Twitter account during this period featured stories favorable to Vice President Mike Pence and White House advisor <a href="/wiki/Ivanka_Trump" title="Ivanka Trump">Ivanka Trump</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> In response to Pack's August 27 interview with <a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_(website)" title="The Federalist (website)">The Federalist</a> website, a group of VOA journalists sent a letter to VOA Acting Director Elez Biberaj complaining that Pack's "comments and decisions 'endanger the personal security of VOA reporters at home and abroad, as well as threatening to harm U.S. national security objectives.'"<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> VOA's response was that "it would not respond directly to the letter because it was 'improper' and 'failed to follow procedure.' Instead, the leadership of USAGM and VOA 'are handling the choice of complaint transmission as an administrative issue,' which suggested that the journalists could face sanctions for their letter," according to The Washington Post. In the same story, the Post reported that VOA Spanish-language service White House correspondent's Brigo Segovia's interview with an official about the administration's response to Pack's personnel and other moves had been censored and his own access to VOA's computer system restricted.<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> On July 20, 2020, District of Columbia attorney general <a href="/wiki/Karl_A._Racine" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl A. Racine">Karl A. Racine</a> filed suit under the District's Nonprofit Corporations Act to reverse Pack's replacement of the <a href="/wiki/Open_Technology_Fund" title="Open Technology Fund">Open Technology Fund</a> (OTF) board.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> Beginning in August 2020, OTF came under increasing pressure from Peck and USAGM leadership. According to Axios,<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> this was related to OTF's reluctance to extend grants to <a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a>-related enterprises working on technology directed against China's <a href="/wiki/Great_Firewall" title="Great Firewall">Great Firewall</a>; The New York Times noted Falun Gong and its <a href="/wiki/Epoch_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch Times">Epoch Times</a> media group frequently supported the Trump administration.<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> On August 18, USAGM announced it was setting up its own Office of Internet Freedom with less strict grant requirements and began soliciting OTF's grantees to apply to the new office.<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> On August 20, OTF sued USAGM in the US Court for Federal Claims for withholding nearly $20 million in previously agreed grant funds.<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> On October 15, <a href="/wiki/Summary_judgment" title="Summary judgment">summary judgment</a> was granted nullifying Pack's attempt to replace the OTF board.<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> On September 29, six senior USAGM officials filed a whistleblower complaint in which they alleged that Pack or one of his aides had ordered research conducted into the voting history of at least one agency employee, which would be a violation of laws protecting civil servants from undue political influence.<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> NPR reported that two Pack aides had compiled a report on VOA White House bureau chief <a href="/wiki/Steven_L._Herman" title="Steven L. Herman">Steven L. Herman</a>'s social media postings and other writings in an attempt to charge him with a conflict of interest, and that the agency released a conflict of interest policy stating in part that a "journalist who on Facebook 'likes' a comment or political cartoon that aggressively attacks or disparages the President must recuse themselves from covering the President."<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Preliminary_injunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Preliminary injunction">preliminary injunction</a> issued on November 20 barred Pack "from making personnel decisions involving journalists at the networks; from directly communicating with editors and journalists employed by them; and from investigating any editors or news stories produced by them," and characterized the investigation of Herman as an "unconstitutional prior restraint" of his, his editors', and fellow journalists' free speech.<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> Suspended officials from Voice of America sued the agency news outlet on October 8. They accused Pack of using Voice of America as a vehicle to promote the personal agenda of President Trump and of violating a statutory firewall intended to prevent political interference with the agency, and they sought their reinstatement.<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> In June 2020, Democratic presidential candidate Joe Biden's campaign told Vox News that Biden would fire Pack if Biden won election.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> In November 2020, US District Court <a href="/wiki/Beryl_A._Howell" class="mw-redirect" title="Beryl A. Howell">Judge Beryl Howell</a> found Pack violated the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment</a> rights of Voice of America journalists.<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> In December 2020, The Washington Post reported that Pack was refusing to cooperate with <a href="/wiki/President-elect_of_the_United_States" title="President-elect of the United States">President-elect</a> Biden's transition team and, in an end run around the court order, had persuaded VOA Acting Director Biberaj to step down, replacing him with <a href="/wiki/Robert_Reilly_(politician)" title="Robert Reilly (politician)">Robert Reilly</a>, a former VOA director who had written critically of Muslims, gays, and lesbians.<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> On December 19, 33 days before President-elect Biden's inauguration, Pack named Ted Lipien, a former VOA veteran journalist who headed the Polish Service during the final struggle for democracy in Poland in the 1980s and a former acting associate director of VOA who, according to NPR, "became a sharp critic of USAGM, VOA and the other affiliated networks on a pair of blogs" and "of the three network presidents affected, the only one without established partisan ties," as head of RFE/RL, and <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Scott_Shapiro" title="Jeffrey Scott Shapiro">Jeffrey Scott Shapiro</a>, a writer for <a href="/wiki/Breitbart" class="mw-redirect" title="Breitbart">Breitbart</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a> who had claimed President Obama "hates America," as head of the Office of Cuba Broadcasting.<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> On December 30, NPR reported Pack was attempting to add contractual language that would make it impossible to fire the broadcasting board members he had installed for two years, after which they could only be fired "<a href="/wiki/For_cause" class="mw-redirect" title="For cause">for cause</a>." Reportedly the new contracts were withdrawn after inquiries from media and Congress.<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Secretary_Pompeo_Delivers_Remarks_at_the_Voice_of_America_(50828046222).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Secretary_Pompeo_Delivers_Remarks_at_the_Voice_of_America_%2850828046222%29.jpg/240px-Secretary_Pompeo_Delivers_Remarks_at_the_Voice_of_America_%2850828046222%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Secretary_Pompeo_Delivers_Remarks_at_the_Voice_of_America_%2850828046222%29.jpg/360px-Secretary_Pompeo_Delivers_Remarks_at_the_Voice_of_America_%2850828046222%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Secretary_Pompeo_Delivers_Remarks_at_the_Voice_of_America_%2850828046222%29.jpg/480px-Secretary_Pompeo_Delivers_Remarks_at_the_Voice_of_America_%2850828046222%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8113" data-file-height="5409" /></a><figcaption>Then-Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pompeo" title="Mike Pompeo">Mike Pompeo</a> speaks at VOA headquarters in January 2021.</figcaption></figure> On January 11, 2021, VOA interim director Reilly ordered veteran reporter <a href="/wiki/Patsy_Widakuswara" title="Patsy Widakuswara">Patsy Widakuswara</a> off the White House beat. Earlier that day, Widakuswara had followed US Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pompeo" title="Mike Pompeo">Mike Pompeo</a> out of the building after his speech criticizing the VOA<a href="#cite_note-Beitsch_2021-171">[170]</a> and his VOA-sponsored interview with VOA Director Robert Reilly during which reporters were not allowed to ask questions.<a href="#cite_note-Gaouette_2021-172">[171]</a> Widakuswara asked Pompeo what he was doing to repair the international reputation of the U.S. and whether he regretted saying there would be a second Trump administration.<a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> The theme of the preceding interview with VOA Director Robert Reilly was reportedly the dangers of censorship.<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> In response, dozens of VOA journalists, including Widakuswara, wrote and circulated a petition calling on Reilly and public affairs specialist Elizabeth Robbins to resign.<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a> In a statement, <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Foreign_Affairs" title="United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs">U.S. House Foreign Affairs Committee</a> Chairman <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Meeks" title="Gregory Meeks">Gregory Meeks</a> and ranking member <a href="/wiki/Michael_McCaul" title="Michael McCaul">Michael McCaul</a> said, "Absent a legitimate reason for this move, which has not been provided, we believe she should be reinstated".<a href="#cite_note-Gaouette_2021-172">[171]</a> Widakuswara was reinstated to the White House beat after President Biden requested the resignation of Michael Pack.<a href="#cite_note-Beitsch_2021-171">[170]</a> On January 19, the nonprofit <a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Project" title="Government Accountability Project">Government Accountability Project</a>, representing fired USAGM employees and whistleblowers, sent a letter to the congressional foreign affairs committees, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Office_of_Special_Counsel" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Office of Special Counsel">U.S. Office of Special Counsel</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Inspector_General_of_the_Department_of_State" title="Inspector General of the Department of State">Inspector General of the US Department of State</a>. The letter said that Pack had hired the <a href="/wiki/McGuireWoods" title="McGuireWoods">McGuireWoods</a> law firm to investigate USAGM employees and the OTF at a cost of over $2 million in the last quarter of 2020, bypassing US government investigators including USAGM's own Office of Human Resources, and called for further investigation of what it termed a gross misuse of taxpayer dollars.<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> The Washington Post later reported that a second law firm, Caplin & Drysdale, had also been granted a similar <a href="/wiki/No-bid_contract" class="mw-redirect" title="No-bid contract">no-bid contract</a> in possible violation of federal contracting regulations for a total cost of $4 million.<a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a> Also on January 19, the last full day of the Trump presidency, Pack named a slate of five directors to head each of the three USAGM boards for RFE/RL, Radio Free Asia, and Middle East Broadcasting Networks: conservative radio talk show host Blanquita Cullum, <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Counsel" title="Liberty Counsel">Liberty Counsel</a> officer Johnathan Alexander, former White House staffer Amanda Milius, conservative writer Roger Simon, and <a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_National_Interest" title="Center for the National Interest">Center for the National Interest</a> Fellow Christian Whiton.<a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a> The following day, Pack resigned at the request of the Biden administration.<a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a> On January 21, Shapiro resigned from the Office of Cuba Broadcasting. Biden named veteran VOA journalist <a href="/wiki/Kelu_Chao" title="Kelu Chao">Kelu Chao</a> to replace Pack. Chao in turn dismissed Riley and Robbins from VOA, naming Yolanda Lopez, another VOA veteran, as acting director; Lopez had also been reassigned in the wake of the Pompeo interview.<a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a> On January 22, the Biden administration fired <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Coates" title="Victoria Coates">Victoria Coates</a> and her deputy Robert Greenway from the Middle East Broadcasting Networks, naming Kelley Sullivan as acting head.<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_Administration_(2025-2029)">Second Administration (2025-2029)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_of_America&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Second Administration (2025-2029)">edit</a>]</div> In December 2024, Donald Trump, as president-elect, announced Kari Lake would be his choice for VOA Director. Lake had lost elections for Arizona governor and senator, advanced false claims around both her and Trump's election losses and left her previous job with the Phoenix, Arizona affiliate of <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a> after controversies including spreading <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation" title="COVID-19 misinformation">COVID-19 misinformation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a> Though the president may make a nomination, under the International Broadcasting Act only the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Agency_for_Global_Media#International_Broadcasting_Advisory_Board" title="U.S. Agency for Global Media">International Broadcasting Advisory Board</a> has the authority to approve the appointment or removal of the VOA Director.<a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guo_Wengui_interview">Guo Wengui interview</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_of_America&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Guo Wengui interview">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guo_Wen-gui_in_April_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Guo_Wen-gui_in_April_2017.jpg/180px-Guo_Wen-gui_in_April_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Guo_Wen-gui_in_April_2017.jpg/270px-Guo_Wen-gui_in_April_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Guo_Wen-gui_in_April_2017.jpg/360px-Guo_Wen-gui_in_April_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Guo_Wengui" title="Guo Wengui">Guo Wengui</a></figcaption></figure> On April 19, 2017, the VOA Mandarin Service interviewed Chinese real estate tycoon <a href="/wiki/Guo_Wengui" title="Guo Wengui">Guo Wengui</a> in a live broadcast. The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_China" title="Government of China">government of China</a> warned VOA representatives not to interview Guo about his "unsubstantiated allegations".<a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a> The interview was scheduled by the team for 3 hours. After Guo alleged that he had evidence of corruption among the members of the <a href="/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Politburo Standing Committee of China</a>, the highest political authority of China, the interview was abruptly cut off by VOA leadership, after one hour and 17 minutes. Guo's allegations involved Fu Zhenhua and <a href="/wiki/Wang_Qishan" title="Wang Qishan">Wang Qishan</a> (a member of the Politburo Standing Committee, and the leader of the anti-graft movement).<a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a> On August 27, four U.S. Congressmen requested that the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Inspector_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of Inspector General">Office of Inspector General</a> (OIG) conduct an investigation into the interruption.<a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a> The OIG investigation concluded that the VOA leadership decision to curtail the Guo interview was based solely on <a href="/wiki/Journalism_ethics_and_standards" title="Journalism ethics and standards">journalistic best practices</a>, rather than due to any pressure from the Chinese government.<a href="#cite_note-medium.com-191">[190]</a> Another investigation, by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Merrill_College_of_Journalism" title="Philip Merrill College of Journalism">Mark Feldstein</a>, Chair of Broadcast Journalism at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park" title="University of Maryland, College Park">University of Maryland, College Park</a>, concluded that "VOA’s senior management did its best to make decisions consistent with journalism’s best practices and industry standards,” and “was not improperly influenced by the Chinese government or anyone else. The failure [of the VOA Mandarin Service interview team] to comply with leadership's instructions during the Guo interview 'was a colossal and unprecedented violation of journalistic professionalism and broadcast industry standards.'"<a href="#cite_note-medium.com-191">[190]</a> The Feldstein report also noted that "There had been a grossly negligent approach" by the VOA Mandarin Service interview team to pre-interview vetting, and failure to "corroborate the authenticity of Guo's evidence or interview other sources," in violation of industry standards. The VOA Mandarin Service interview team apparently "demonstrated greater loyalty to its source than to its employer  – at the expense of basic journalistic standards of accuracy, verification, and fairness," the Feldstein report concluded.<a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relay_station_used_as_a_CIA_black_site">Relay station used as a CIA black site</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_of_America&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Relay station used as a CIA black site">edit</a>]</div> It has been reported that a Voice of America relay station in <a href="/wiki/Udon_Thani_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Udon Thani Province">Udon Thani Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> was used as a <a href="/wiki/CIA_black_site" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA black site">CIA black site</a> referred to as "Cat's Eye" or "Detention Site Green".<a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Horn_of_Africa_service">Horn of Africa service</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_of_America&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Horn of Africa service">edit</a>]</div> The Amharic Service was started in 1982.<a href="#cite_note-Sheckler1998-196">[195]</a> From 1982 to 1986, the VOA service had a mix of staff consisting of former members of the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party">Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party</a> (EPRP) and US-educated staff without strong political involvement in the 1974 <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Revolution" title="Ethiopian Revolution">Ethiopian Revolution</a> and the associated student movement of the revolutionary period. Reporting was mostly critical of the <a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">Derg</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Mengistu_Haile_Mariam" title="Mengistu Haile Mariam">Mengistu Haile Mariam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sheckler1998-196">[195]</a> The 1986 to 1996 phase was according to Annette Sheckler, who became head of the VOA Horn of Africa Service in December 1998, opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Tigray_People%27s_Liberation_Front" title="Tigray People's Liberation Front">Tigray People's Liberation Front</a> (TPLF)/<a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_People%27s_Revolutionary_Democratic_Front" title="Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front">Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front</a> (EPRDF), which took control of Ethiopia in 1991. According to Sheckler, the reporting became more politicized due to the loss of qualified staff, the role of EPRP-supporting staff being opposed to the TPLF government, and the role of former Derg officials who were recruited to the Service. US ambassadors to Ethiopia Mark Bass, Irvin Hicks, and David Shinn objected to what they saw as a lack of balance in the Service. Sheckler believed the Chief of the Horn of Africa service's EPRP background was a factor in what she viewed as imbalanced reporting. Broadcasts in <a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrinya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oromo_language" title="Oromo language">Oromo</a> were added in addition to Amhara.<a href="#cite_note-Sheckler1998-196">[195]</a> Sheckler sees the 18-month period during 1996–98, with a new temporary service Chief, as having become "essentially ungovernable" with a "legacy of personal animosity, hostility and complete lack of professionalism".<a href="#cite_note-Sheckler1998-196">[195]</a> Sheckler described the June 1998 phase of the <a href="/wiki/Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_War" title="Eritrean–Ethiopian War">Eritrean–Ethiopian War</a> as exacerbating ethnic conflicts within the service. Sheckler wrote memos to VOA leadership describing her assessment of serious problems in the service, and was fired on November 20, 1998, officially for "a lack of professional journalistic ethics"; she describes the reason for her firing as "telling the truth".<a href="#cite_note-Sheckler1998-196">[195]</a> Peter Heinlein led the service from 2012 to 2014. In 2013, he wrote a complaint about his view of problems in the service. He saw a significant flaw being the confusion of roles in which translators, untrained in the principles and methods of journalism, took on the role of journalists.<a href="#cite_note-MailGuardian_VOA_is_airing_ET-197">[196]</a> The service was mostly seen as anti-Ethiopian government until 2018, when Negussie Mengesha, the head of the VOA Africa division for several years, met the newly appointed Ethiopian prime minister <a href="/wiki/Abiy_Ahmed" title="Abiy Ahmed">Abiy Ahmed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MailGuardian_VOA_is_airing_ET-197">[196]</a> In May 2021, several former employees accused VOA's <a href="/wiki/Amharic" title="Amharic">Amharic</a> service, under the leadership of Negussie Mengesha, of being biased in favor of the government of Abiy Ahmed, including failing to report on <a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Tigray_war" title="War crimes in the Tigray war">atrocities</a> committed during the <a href="/wiki/Tigray_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Tigray War">Tigray War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a> VOA journalist Jason Patinkin said that he had reported the problems "at every level of the VOA hierarchy". Patinkin resigned from the service, saying that VOA had "sided with the perpetrators both by commission and omission" of "potential crimes against humanity, ethnic cleansing and perhaps even genocide".<a href="#cite_note-MailGuardian_VOA_is_airing_ET-197">[196]</a> In June 2021, <a href="/wiki/Mail_%26_Guardian" title="Mail & Guardian">Mail & Guardian</a> reported on an investigation based on "hundreds of internal memos and interviews with about a dozen former and current members" of the VOA Horn of Africa service.<a href="#cite_note-MailGuardian_VOA_is_airing_ET-197">[196]</a> Mail & Guardian stated that during the Tigray War, the only major foreign news service that was not harassed by Ethiopian security services was VOA. VOA gave frequent coverage to the <a href="/wiki/Mai_Kadra_massacre" title="Mai Kadra massacre">Mai Kadra massacre</a>, mostly attributed to Tigrayan youth and documented by <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>, while later focusing on the Ethiopian government's dismissal of Amnesty International's report on the <a href="/wiki/Axum_massacre" title="Axum massacre">Axum massacre</a> rather than on the methods and content of the report itself. During 107 meetings of the Horn of Africa service from November 4, 2020, to April 30, 2021, during the Tigray War, most (81%) of the meetings did not have approvals by Tizita Belachew, head of the service, or by Solomon Abate, of stories on the war that included Tigrayan points of view; a majority of the stories only showed government or military officials' points of view; a fifth of the meetings had no reports on the war. Instructions emailed to staff stated that the terms "civil war" and "war" were forbidden in reporting on the Tigray War, with Scott Stearns writing on 14 November, according to Mail & Guardian, "There are to be no deviations from these instructions by any member of any Africa division language service on any platform."<a href="#cite_note-MailGuardian_VOA_is_airing_ET-197">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twitter_label_controversy">Twitter label controversy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_of_America&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Twitter label controversy">edit</a>]</div> After <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a> acquired social media platform <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>, in April 2023 <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">National Public Radio</a>'s main Twitter account was briefly designated as "US state-affiliated media", a label typically reserved for foreign media outlets that directly represented the point of view of their respective governments, like Russia's <a href="/wiki/RT_(TV_network)" title="RT (TV network)">RT</a> and China's <a href="/wiki/Xinhua_News_Agency" title="Xinhua News Agency">Xinhua</a>.<a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-CBS_News-201">[200]</a> A few days later, Twitter changed the designation of NPR's account from "state-affiliated" to "government-funded".<a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a> Twitter then added the label to other sources such as <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>, the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, and Voice of America, which all three objected to.<a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a> VOA criticized the decision, stating "the label gives the impression that VOA is not an independent outlet," and that "its editorial independence is protected by regulations and a firewall."<a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hamas_coverage">Hamas coverage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_of_America&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Hamas coverage">edit</a>]</div> After the <a href="/wiki/October_7_Hamas_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="October 7 Hamas attack">October 7, 2023 Hamas attack</a> on Israel, an email was sent to Voice of America staff from the associate editor for news standards with guidance related to how to refer to the actions ("terrorist acts" or "acts of terror") and advice about how to refer to individual members of Hamas, i.e. to use the term "terrorist" only in direct quotes from sources.<a href="#cite_note-Farhi_2023-205">[204]</a> At the time, VOA was not the only news outlet with journalists discussing how to objectively refer to the <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Farhi_2023-205">[204]</a> Six Republican members of Congress signed a letter sent by Senator <a href="/wiki/Bill_Hagerty" title="Bill Hagerty">Bill Hagerty</a>, which criticized and strongly objected to the editorial guidance about how to refer to individual members of Hamas.<a href="#cite_note-Farhi_2023-205">[204]</a> USAGM chief executive Amanda Bennett sent a letter to the senators to clarify that the VOA email was guidance only, and "There is no policy prohibiting the use of the words 'terror,' 'terrorism,' or 'terrorist'" at VOA, and stating the news organizations within USAGM "counsel care and attention in the use of the words but do not place any restrictions on the appropriate use."<a href="#cite_note-Farhi_2023-205">[204]</a> The controversy prompted Congress to reduce the budget of VOA's parent organization, USAGM.<a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_different_regions">In different regions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_of_America&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: In different regions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_of_America&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: China">edit</a>]</div> A study was done on Chinese students in America. It found that through the VOA, they disapproved of the actions of the Chinese government.<a href="#cite_note-Zhang-2002-207">[206]</a> Another study was done on Chinese scholars in America, and found that the VOA had an effect on their political beliefs. Their political beliefs did not change in relation to China, though, as they did not tend to believe the VOA's reports on China.<a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kurdistan_and_Iran">Kurdistan and Iran</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_of_America&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Kurdistan and Iran">edit</a>]</div> VOA's service in Iran had a negative impact on <a href="/wiki/Kurd" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurd">Kurds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a> according to the publication <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdish_Life&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurdish Life (page does not exist)">Kurdish Life</a> in 2000. They claimed that the VOA exacerbated the conflict between the <a href="/wiki/Talabani" title="Talabani">Talabani</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Barzani_(tribe)" title="Barzani (tribe)">Barzani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a> They further claimed that the VOA covered up wrongful imprisonments, wrongful arrests, and the building of extremist mosques. According to the same publication, Kurds were being turned into fanatics, and a new generation of terrorists was forming because of the VOA. They claimed the VOA was doing this to help <a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Union_of_Kurdistan" title="Patriotic Union of Kurdistan">PUK</a>.<a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_of_America&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Pakistan">edit</a>]</div> The VOA's DEEWA Radio airs in Pakistan. Although in 2015 some listeners were suspicious that the program was promoting an American agenda, others said they were experiencing a positive effect. Some listeners felt that the programs were giving a voice to the voiceless, giving them a sense of empowerment.<a href="#cite_note-Jan-2015-211">[210]</a> In 2018, the Pakistani authorities blocked the website of VOA's Pashto and Urdu language radio service.<a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia_2">Russia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_of_America&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Russia">edit</a>]</div> In response to the request of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">United States Department of Justice</a> that <a href="/wiki/RT_(TV_network)" title="RT (TV network)">RT</a> register as a foreign agent under the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Agents_Registration_Act" title="Foreign Agents Registration Act">Foreign Agents Registration Act</a>, Russia's Justice Ministry <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Konovalov_(politician,_born_1968)" title="Aleksandr Konovalov (politician, born 1968)">Konovalov</a> labeled Voice of America and <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a> as <a href="/wiki/Russian_foreign_agent_law" title="Russian foreign agent law">foreign agents</a> in December 2017.<a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkey">Turkey</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_of_America&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Turkey">edit</a>]</div> On June 30, 2022, the Turkish media watchdog, <a href="/wiki/Radio_and_Television_Supreme_Council" title="Radio and Television Supreme Council">Radio and Television Supreme Council</a> (RTÜK), blocked access to VOA's website amerikaninsesi.com in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> because VOA had not applied for the necessary licence, which would subject VOA to certain obligations.<a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a> The RTÜK regulation requires foreign news outlets that publish in Turkey to apply for publication licenses, mandates that at least half of the media organization be owned by a Turkish citizen, and would force VOA to remove content deemed inappropriate by RTÜK.<a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a> VOA Turkish subsequently broadcast over a different VOA website domain name, voaturkce.com, which in August 2023 was blocked as well.<a href="#cite_note-auto5-219">[218]</a> VOA said that "Given VOA's status as a public service international broadcaster legally required to provide 'accurate, objective, and comprehensive' news coverage to its global audience, VOA cannot comply with any directive intended to enable censorship."<a href="#cite_note-auto5-219">[218]</a> VOA Turkey, after it was blocked, shared instructions on its social media accounts as to how to use VPN to access its content.<a href="#cite_note-220">[219]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_of_America&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Reception">edit</a>]</div> Voice of America is seen by some listeners as having a positive impact and serving as <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">US diplomacy</a>, while others, like <a href="/wiki/University_of_Peshawar" title="University of Peshawar">University of Peshawar</a>'s lecturer Faizullah Jan, see it as <a href="/wiki/American_propaganda" class="mw-redirect" title="American propaganda">American propaganda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jan-2015-211">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zhang-2002-207">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_of_America&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 14em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_broadcasters_by_country" title="List of public broadcasters by country">List of public broadcasters by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_media_by_country" title="List of state media by country">List of state media by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_world_news_channels" title="List of world news channels">List of world news channels</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_of_America&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_of_America&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> joined NATO in 1982. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_of_America&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-usagm.gov-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-usagm.gov_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-usagm.gov_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-usagm.gov_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usagm.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/USAGM-VOA-OneSheet-02-10-23-1.pdf">""The Voice of America, the largest U.S. international 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text" href="https://www.usagm.gov/networks/voa/">"VOA"</a>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Agency_for_Global_Media" title="U.S. Agency for Global Media">U.S. Agency for Global Media</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211009032532/https://www.usagm.gov/networks/voa/">Archived</a> from the original on October 9, 2021. Retrieved March 14, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Agency+for+Global+Media&rft.atitle=VOA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usagm.gov%2Fnetworks%2Fvoa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+of+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1">b</a> *<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcfp.org/briefs-comments/voice-of-america-independence/">"RCFP urges Congress to protect Voice of America's editorial independence"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Committee_for_Freedom_of_the_Press" title="Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press">Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press</a>. 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June 16, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220423205238/https://aib.org.uk/voice-of-america-directors-resign/">Archived</a> from the original on April 23, 2022. Retrieved December 12, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Association+for+International+Broadcasting&rft.atitle=Voice+of+America+directors+resign&rft.date=2020-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faib.org.uk%2Fvoice-of-america-directors-resign%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+of+America" class="Z3988"> by</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWrightScottBunce2020" class="citation web cs1">Wright, Kate; Scott, Martin; Bunce, Mel (June 25, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/voice-of-america-struggle-for-independence-highlights-issue-of-state-role-in-government-backed-media-141326">"Voice of America struggle for independence highlights issue of state role in government-backed media"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Conversation_(website)" title="The Conversation (website)">The Conversation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220627075435/https://theconversation.com/voice-of-america-struggle-for-independence-highlights-issue-of-state-role-in-government-backed-media-141326">Archived</a> from the original on June 27, 2022. 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Inside VOA. Voice of America. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insidevoa.com/p/5728.html">the original</a> on November 20, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Inside+VOA&rft.atitle=VOA+Charter&rft.au=VOA+Public+Relations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insidevoa.com%2Fp%2F5728.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+of+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wapo-12"><a href="#cite_ref-wapo_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorchers2017" class="citation news cs1">Borchers, Callum (January 26, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2017/01/26/voice-of-america-says-it-wont-become-trump-tv/">"Voice of America says it won't become Trump TV"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180818125538/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2017/01/26/voice-of-america-says-it-wont-become-trump-tv/">Archived</a> from the original on August 18, 2018. Retrieved August 11, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Voice+of+America+says+it+won%27t+become+Trump+TV&rft.date=2017-01-26&rft.aulast=Borchers&rft.aufirst=Callum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fthe-fix%2Fwp%2F2017%2F01%2F26%2Fvoice-of-america-says-it-wont-become-trump-tv%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+of+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-VOANews2016-13"><a href="#cite_ref-VOANews2016_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVOA_Public_Relations2016" class="citation web cs1">VOA Public Relations (December 5, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.voanews.eu/en-US-INSIDE/2016/12/05/5d1e6a53-3ed2-4c3e-b043-ecae12d9eed8.pdf">"The Largest U.S. International Broadcaster"</a> (PDF). VOA News. Voice of America. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200906224328/https://docs.voanews.eu/en-US-INSIDE/2016/12/05/5d1e6a53-3ed2-4c3e-b043-ecae12d9eed8.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on September 6, 2020. Retrieved August 11, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VOA+News&rft.atitle=The+Largest+U.S.+International+Broadcaster&rft.date=2016-12-05&rft.au=VOA+Public+Relations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.voanews.eu%2Fen-US-INSIDE%2F2016%2F12%2F05%2F5d1e6a53-3ed2-4c3e-b043-ecae12d9eed8.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+of+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usagm.gov/networks/voa/">"USAGM"</a>. USAGM.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USAGM&rft.atitle=USAGM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usagm.gov%2Fnetworks%2Fvoa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+of+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141201064438/http://www.bbg.gov/about-the-agency/history/faqs/#q8">"FAQs, How do you make decisions to cut or add languages or programs?"</a>. bbg.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbg.gov/about-the-agency/history/faqs/#q8">the original</a> on December 1, 2014. Retrieved December 3, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FAQs%2C+How+do+you+make+decisions+to+cut+or+add+languages+or+programs%3F&rft.pub=bbg.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbg.gov%2Fabout-the-agency%2Fhistory%2Ffaqs%2F%23q8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+of+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.voanews.eu/en-US-INSIDE/2019/06/25/7719dfbe-792c-4f43-9759-f24100444dca.pdf">"VOA Languages"</a> (PDF). Voice of America. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211125045325/https://docs.voanews.eu/en-US-INSIDE/2019/06/25/7719dfbe-792c-4f43-9759-f24100444dca.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on November 25, 2021. Retrieved August 27, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=VOA+Languages&rft.pub=Voice+of+America&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.voanews.eu%2Fen-US-INSIDE%2F2019%2F06%2F25%2F7719dfbe-792c-4f43-9759-f24100444dca.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+of+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berg,_Jerome_S._1999,_page_105-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Berg,_Jerome_S._1999,_page_105_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berg,_Jerome_S._1999,_page_105_17-1">b</a> Berg, Jerome S. On the Short Waves, 1923–1945: Broadcast Listening in the Pioneer Days of Radio. 1999, McFarland. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-0506-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-0506-6">0-7864-0506-6</a>, p. 105 </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Chamberlain, A.B. "CBS International Broadcast Facilities". Proceedings of the IRE, Volume 30, Issue 3, March 1942 pp. 118–129. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Library of Congress. "NBC Resources Held by the Recorded Sound Section." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/record/recnbc.html">Library of Congress</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180702121133/http://www.loc.gov/rr/record/recnbc.html">Archived</a> July 2, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dizard_24-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dizard_24_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dizard_24_20-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDizard2004">Dizard (2004)</a>, p. 24 </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080322072617/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,771673-1,00.html">"NABusiness"</a>. Time Magazine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,771673-1,00.html">the original</a> on March 22, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Time+Magazine&rft.atitle=NABusiness&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C771673-1%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+of+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Rose, Cornelia Bruère. National Policy for Radio Broadcasting. 1971, Ayer Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-405-03580-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-405-03580-2">0-405-03580-2</a>. p. 244 </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qx00pQIkclMC&q=Edmund+Chester&pg=PA166">Dissonant Divas In Chicana Music: The Limits of La Onda</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406003731/https://books.google.com/books?id=Qx00pQIkclMC&q=Edmund+Chester&pg=PA166">Archived</a> April 6, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Deborah R. Vargas. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 2012 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-7316-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-7316-2">978-0-8166-7316-2</a> pp. 152–153 Edmund Chester, CBS, Franklin Roosevelt and "La Cadena De Las Americas" </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts" class="citation web cs1">Roberts, Walter R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180426030633/https://www.unc.edu/depts/diplomat/item/2009/1012/fsl/roberts_voice.html">"The Voice of America: Origins and Recollections"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unc.edu/depts/diplomat/item/2009/1012/fsl/roberts_voice.html">the original</a> on April 26, 2018. Retrieved October 3, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Voice+of+America%3A+Origins+and+Recollections&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Walter+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unc.edu%2Fdepts%2Fdiplomat%2Fitem%2F2009%2F1012%2Ffsl%2Froberts_voice.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+of+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Roberts, Walter R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unc.edu/depts/diplomat/item/2009/1012/fsl/roberts_voice.html">UNC.edu</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180426030633/https://www.unc.edu/depts/diplomat/item/2009/1012/fsl/roberts_voice.html">Archived</a> April 26, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> See also: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKern" class="citation web cs1">Kern, Chris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chriskern.net/essay/voaFirstBroadcast.html">"A Belated Correction: The Real First Broadcast of the Voice of America"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224123522/http://www.chriskern.net/essay/voaFirstBroadcast.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 24, 2021. Retrieved October 3, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Belated+Correction%3A+The+Real+First+Broadcast+of+the+Voice+of+America&rft.aulast=Kern&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chriskern.net%2Fessay%2FvoaFirstBroadcast.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+of+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDizard2004">Dizard (2004)</a>, pp. 24–25 </li> <li id="cite_note-Dizard_25-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dizard_25_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dizard_25_27-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDizard2004">Dizard (2004)</a>, p. 25 </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSterlingKittross2001" class="citation book cs1">Sterling, Christopher H.; Kittross, John Michael (2001). Stay Tuned: a History of American Broadcasting. LEA's Communication Series (3rd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. p. 263. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8058-2624-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8058-2624-1"><bdi>978-0-8058-2624-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stay+Tuned%3A+a+History+of+American+Broadcasting&rft.series=LEA%27s+Communication+Series&rft.pages=263&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Lawrence+Erlbaum+Associates&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8058-2624-1&rft.aulast=Sterling&rft.aufirst=Christopher+H.&rft.au=Kittross%2C+John+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+of+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rugh_2006,_13-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rugh_2006,_13_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rugh_2006,_13_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rugh_2006,_13_29-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRugh2006">Rugh (2006)</a>, p. 13 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSettel1967" class="citation book cs1">Settel, Irving (1967) [1960]. A Pictorial History of Radio. New York: <a href="/wiki/Grosset_%26_Dunlap" title="Grosset & Dunlap">Grosset & Dunlap</a>. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/67-23789">67-23789</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1475068">1475068</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Pictorial+History+of+Radio&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=Grosset+%26+Dunlap&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1475068&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F67-23789&rft.aulast=Settel&rft.aufirst=Irving&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+of+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBronfman,_AlejandraWood,_Andrew_Grant2012" class="citation book cs1">Bronfman, Alejandra; Wood, Andrew Grant, eds. 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Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-6187-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-6187-1"><bdi>978-0-8229-6187-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Media+Sound+%26+Culture+in+Latin+America&rft.place=Pittsburgh&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8229-6187-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DehN4sM0Xy_UC%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+of+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony1973" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Anthony, Edwin D. 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Retrieved October 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Records+of+the+Radio+Division&rft.btitle=Records+of+the+Office+of+Inter-American+Affairs&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E25-%3C%2Fspan%3E26&rft.pub=National+Archives+and+Record+Services+%E2%80%93+General+Services+Administration&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F73-600146&rft.aulast=Anthony&rft.aufirst=Edwin+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Ffiles%2Fresearch%2Fforeign-policy%2Frelated-records%2Frg-229-inter-american-affairs.pdf%23page%3D33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+of+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qx00pQIkclMC&q=ociaa&pg=PA166">Dissonant Divas in Chicana Music: The Limits of La Onda</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406122859/https://books.google.com/books?id=Qx00pQIkclMC&q=ociaa&pg=PA166">Archived</a> April 6, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Deborah R. Vargas. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 2012 pp. 152–155 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-7316-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-7316-2">978-0-8166-7316-2</a> OCIAA (Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs), FDR's Good Neighbor Policy, CBS, Viva America, La Cadena de las Americas </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ohiomemory.ohiohistory.org/archives/5859">"Voice of America"</a>. ohiomemory.ohiohistory.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ohiomemory.ohiohistory.org&rft.atitle=Voice+of+America&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fohiomemory.ohiohistory.org%2Farchives%2F5859&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+of+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kohler-1951-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kohler-1951_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kohler-1951_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kohler-1951_36-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohler1951" class="citation journal cs1">Kohler, Foy (1951). "The Effectiveness of the Voice of America". The Quarterly of Film Radio and Television. 6 (1): 20–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1209931">10.2307/1209931</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fhvd.32044057212938">2027/hvd.32044057212938</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1209931">1209931</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Quarterly+of+Film+Radio+and+Television&rft.atitle=The+Effectiveness+of+the+Voice+of+America&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E29&rft.date=1951&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fhvd.32044057212938&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1209931%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1209931&rft.aulast=Kohler&rft.aufirst=Foy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+of+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohler1951" class="citation journal cs1">Kohler, Foy (1951). "Voice Of America". Naval War College Information Service for Officers. 3 (9): 1–20. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44792598">44792598</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Naval+War+College+Information+Service+for+Officers&rft.atitle=Voice+Of+America&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.date=1951&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44792598%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kohler&rft.aufirst=Foy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+of+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerzog1952" class="citation journal cs1">Herzog, H. (1952). 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The Public Opinion Quarterly. 16 (4): 607–611. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F266423">10.1086/266423</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2746119">2746119</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Public+Opinion+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Listener+Mail+to+the+Voice+of+America&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E607-%3C%2Fspan%3E611&rft.date=1952&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F266423&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2746119%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Herzog&rft.aufirst=H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+of+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTobia2013" class="citation journal cs1">Tobia, S (2013). 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Cold War History. 13 (2): 171–191. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14682745.2012.746665">10.1080/14682745.2012.746665</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154534690">154534690</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cold+War+History&rft.atitle=Did+the+RAI+buy+it%3F+The+role+and+limits+of+American+broadcasting+in+Italy+in+the+Cold+War&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E171-%3C%2Fspan%3E191&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14682745.2012.746665&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154534690%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Tobia&rft.aufirst=S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+of+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP65B00383R000100050038-7.pdf">""Russian Defector Gives Witness to the Effectiveness of Voice of America""</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Russian+Defector+Gives+Witness+to+the+Effectiveness+of+Voice+of+America%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Freadingroom%2Fdocs%2FCIA-RDP65B00383R000100050038-7.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+of+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-whitton-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-whitton_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-whitton_41-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_B._Whitton1951" class="citation journal cs1">John B. Whitton (1951). "Cold War propaganda". <a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_International_Law" title="American Journal of International Law">American Journal of International Law</a>. 45 (1): 151–153. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2194791">10.2307/2194791</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2194791">2194791</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146989731">146989731</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=Cold+War+propaganda&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E151-%3C%2Fspan%3E153&rft.date=1951&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146989731%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2194791%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2194791&rft.au=John+B.+Whitton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+of+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insidevoa.com/a/4488436.html">"Charles Thayer (1948–1949)"</a>. VOA. July 18, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220627012715/https://www.insidevoa.com/a/4488436.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 27, 2022. Retrieved December 12, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VOA&rft.atitle=Charles+Thayer+%281948%E2%80%931949%29&rft.date=2018-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insidevoa.com%2Fa%2F4488436.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+of+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Glass2016" class="citation web cs1">Andrew Glass (February 17, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/story/2016/02/voice-of-america-begins-broadcasts-to-the-soviet-union-feb-17-1947-219288">"Voice of America begins broadcasts to the Soviet Union, Feb. 17, 1947"</a>. Politico. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220627012650/https://www.politico.com/story/2016/02/voice-of-america-begins-broadcasts-to-the-soviet-union-feb-17-1947-219288">Archived</a> from the original on June 27, 2022. Retrieved December 12, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Voice+of+America+begins+broadcasts+to+the+Soviet+Union%2C+Feb.+17%2C+1947&rft.date=2016-02-17&rft.au=Andrew+Glass&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fstory%2F2016%2F02%2Fvoice-of-america-begins-broadcasts-to-the-soviet-union-feb-17-1947-219288&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+of+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Appy, Christian G. Cold War Constructions: The Political Culture of United States Imperialism. 2000, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Press" title="University of Massachusetts Press">University of Massachusetts Press</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55849-218-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-55849-218-6">1-55849-218-6</a>, p. 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFolsom1953" class="citation news cs1">Folsom, Merrill (May 28, 1953). "'Voice' to Drop Boy's Broadcasts; Can't Afford to Answer Fan Mail". The New York Times. Vol. CII, no. 34823. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%27Voice%27+to+Drop+Boy%27s+Broadcasts%3B+Can%27t+Afford+to+Answer+Fan+Mail&rft.volume=CII&rft.issue=34823&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1953-05-28&rft.aulast=Folsom&rft.aufirst=Merrill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+of+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Central_European_University_Press-2010-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Central_European_University_Press-2010_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Central_European_University_Press-2010_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Central_European_University_Press-2010_46-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimothy_Garton_Ash2010" class="citation book cs1">Timothy Garton Ash (2010). A. Ross Johnson; R. Eugene Parta (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/671648365">Cold War broadcasting: impact on the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe : a collection of studies and documents</a>. Budapest: Central European University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4416-7708-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4416-7708-2"><bdi>978-1-4416-7708-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/671648365">671648365</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cold+War+broadcasting%3A+impact+on+the+Soviet+Union+and+Eastern+Europe+%3A+a+collection+of+studies+and+documents&rft.place=Budapest&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F671648365&rft.isbn=978-1-4416-7708-2&rft.au=Timothy+Garton+Ash&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F671648365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+of+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUttaro1982" class="citation journal cs1">Uttaro, Ralph A. 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Retrieved March 17, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Law+and+Contemporary+Problems&rft.atitle=The+Voices+of+America+in+International+Radio+Propaganda&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E103-%3C%2Fspan%3E122&rft.date=1982&rft.issn=0023-9186&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1191297%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1191297&rft.aulast=Uttaro&rft.aufirst=Ralph+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1191297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+of+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaris1970" class="citation journal cs1">Varis, Tapio (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45083158">"The Control of Information by Jamming Radio Broadcasts"</a>. Cooperation and Conflict. 5 (3): 168–184. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F001083677000500303">10.1177/001083677000500303</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0010-8367">0010-8367</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45083158">45083158</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145418504">145418504</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220627012650/https://www.jstor.org/stable/45083158">Archived</a> from the original on June 27, 2022. Retrieved December 12, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cooperation+and+Conflict&rft.atitle=The+Control+of+Information+by+Jamming+Radio+Broadcasts&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E168-%3C%2Fspan%3E184&rft.date=1970&rft.issn=0010-8367&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145418504%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45083158%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F001083677000500303&rft.aulast=Varis&rft.aufirst=Tapio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45083158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+of+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFService1962" class="citation web cs1">Service, United States Congress Senate Committee on Post Office and Civil (February 12, 1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6joTAAAAIAAJ&dq=%22voice+of+america%22+-voanews+russia&pg=PA942">"Postal Rate Revision of 1962: Hearings Before the Committee on Post Office and Civil Service, United States Senate, Eighty-seventh Congress, Second Session, on H.R. 7927, an Act to Adjust Postal Rates, and for Other Purposes, March 6, 13, 22; April 3, 10, 17; May 1, 21, 28; June 26; July 3, 10, 17, 24, 31; August 2, 7, 9, 14, 16, 21, and 23, 1962"</a>. U.S. Government Printing Office – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Postal+Rate+Revision+of+1962%3A+Hearings+Before+the+Committee+on+Post+Office+and+Civil+Service%2C+United+States+Senate%2C+Eighty-seventh+Congress%2C+Second+Session%2C+on+H.R.+7927%2C+an+Act+to+Adjust+Postal+Rates%2C+and+for+Other+Purposes%2C+March+6%2C+13%2C+22%3B+April+3%2C+10%2C+17%3B+May+1%2C+21%2C+28%3B+June+26%3B+July+3%2C+10%2C+17%2C+24%2C+31%3B+August+2%2C+7%2C+9%2C+14%2C+16%2C+21%2C+and+23%2C+1962&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1962-02-12&rft.aulast=Service&rft.aufirst=United+States+Congress+Senate+Committee+on+Post+Office+and+Civil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6joTAAAAIAAJ%26dq%3D%2522voice%2Bof%2Bamerica%2522%2B-voanews%2Brussia%26pg%3DPA942&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+of+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Broadcasting Yearbook, 1976 and 1979 editions. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Conference Report, Cold War Impact of VOA Broadcasts, Hoover Institution and the Cold War International History Project of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Oct. 13–16, 2004 </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBihlmayer2006" class="citation web cs1">Bihlmayer, Ulrich (September 12, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iarums-r1.org/iarums/prcdragon.pdf">"Fighting the Chinese Government "Firedragon" – Music Jammer AND "Sound of Hope" Broadcasting (SOH), Taiwan"</a> (PDF). IARU Region 1 Monitoring System. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080216021842/http://www.iarums-r1.org/iarums/prcdragon.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on February 16, 2008. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbc6.net/news/2334674/detail.html">the original</a> on December 24, 2008. Retrieved January 15, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.%3A+Cuba+Jamming+TV+Signals+To+Iran+%E2%80%93+Local+News+Story+%E2%80%93+WTVJ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbc6.net%2Fnews%2F2334674%2Fdetail.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+of+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Jackson, David. "The Future of Radio II." 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Retrieved June 10, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hq.nasa.gov&rft.atitle=Apollo+11+Image+Library&rft.date=2019-07-08&rft.aulast=Byrne.&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hq.nasa.gov%2Falsj%2Fa11%2Fimages11.html%23Mag37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+of+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insidevoa.com/p/6455.html">"VOA Broadcasting to Afghanistan"</a>. VOA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220515235847/https://www.insidevoa.com/p/6455.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 15, 2022. 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Billboard. Vol. 109, no. 10. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240201161336/https://books.google.com/books?id=qQ4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA61#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on February 1, 2024. Retrieved June 3, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=VOA+Europe%3A+A+Victim+of+Bureaucracy%3F&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=10&rft.date=1997-03-08&rft.aulast=Holland&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqQ4EAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+of+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeil2003" class="citation book cs1">Heil, Alan L. 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Zeno.FM.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Zeno.FM&rft.atitle=Listen+to+VOA1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzeno.fm%2Fradio%2Fvoa1thehits%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+of+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States._Congress._Senate._Committee_on_Foreign_Relations.1992" class="citation book cs1">United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/27408482">The Radio Free China Act, S. 2985 : hearing before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, One Hundred Second Congress, second session, September 15, 1992</a>. 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June 20, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160109135059/https://www.bbc.com/news/10359415">Archived</a> from the original on January 9, 2016. Retrieved March 16, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Iran+hangs+Sunni+militant+leader+Abdolmalek+Rigi&rft.date=2010-06-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fmiddle_east%2F10359415.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+of+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2010/06/201062034410244183.html">"Iran hangs Sunni group leader"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera</a>. 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Retrieved February 26, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behind+the+Wall&rft.atitle=Chinese+documentary+alleges+US+broadcaster+incites+Tibetan+self-immolations&rft.date=2013-02-07&rft.aulast=Flanagan&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbehindthewall.nbcnews.com%2F_news%2F2013%2F02%2F07%2F16878280-chinese-documentary-alleges-us-broadcaster-incites-tibetan-self-immolations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+of+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TrumpTV-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TrumpTV_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TrumpTV_131-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TrumpTV_131-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2017/01/26/voice-of-america-says-it-wont-become-trump-tv/">Voice of America says it won't become Trump TV</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180818125538/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2017/01/26/voice-of-america-says-it-wont-become-trump-tv/">Archived</a> August 18, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Washington Post </li> <li id="cite_note-stamp-132"><a href="#cite_ref-stamp_132-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politico.com/story/2017/01/donald-trump-voice-america-234078">Trump moves to put his own stamp on Voice of America</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170331114406/http://www.politico.com/story/2017/01/donald-trump-voice-america-234078">Archived</a> March 31, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Politico </li> <li id="cite_note-megaphone-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-megaphone_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-megaphone_133-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-ol-voice-of-america-cold-war-bennett-20170215-htmlstory.html">Can Donald Trump turn Voice of America into his own private megaphone?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308101933/https://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-ol-voice-of-america-cold-war-bennett-20170215-htmlstory.html">Archived</a> March 8, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, LA Times </li> <li id="cite_note-salon/01/24/2017-134"><a href="#cite_ref-salon/01/24/2017_134-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/2017/01/24/donald-trump-sends-two-aides-to-voice-of-america-studios-raising-fears-hes-going-to-politicize-the-outlet/">Donald Trump sends two aides to Voice of America studios, raising fears he's going to politicize the outlet</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170331031358/http://www.salon.com/2017/01/24/donald-trump-sends-two-aides-to-voice-of-america-studios-raising-fears-hes-going-to-politicize-the-outlet/">Archived</a> March 31, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Salon </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/articles/amid-a-pandemic-voice-of-america-spends-your-money-to-promote-foreign-propaganda/">"Amid a Pandemic, Voice of America Spends Your Money to Promote Foreign Propaganda"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a>. 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Retrieved June 16, 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/NARA" class="mw-redirect" title="NARA">National Archives</a>. <q>Even worse, while much of the U.S. media takes its lead from China, VOA went one step further: It created graphics with Communist government statistics to compare China's Coronavirus death toll to America's.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&rft.atitle=Amid+a+Pandemic%2C+Voice+of+America+Spends+Your+Money+to+Promote+Foreign+Propaganda&rft.date=2020-04-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrumpwhitehouse.archives.gov%2Farticles%2Famid-a-pandemic-voice-of-america-spends-your-money-to-promote-foreign-propaganda%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+of+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJerreat2020" class="citation news cs1">Jerreat, Jessica (June 14, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/press-freedom/cdc-media-guidance-blacklists-voa-interview-requests">"CDC Media Guidance Blacklists VOA Interview Requests"</a>. 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The Washington Post. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/media/pence-staff-threatens-action-against-reporter-who-tweeted-about-visit-to-clinic-without-surgical-mask/2020/04/30/27c63056-8b0a-11ea-9df-990f9dcc71fc_story.html">the original</a> on August 30, 2020. 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Retrieved January 18, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oag.dc.gov&rft.atitle=AG+Racine+Wins+Lawsuit+Resolving+Leadership+Crisis+at+District+Nonprofit+Caused+by+Trump+Appointee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foag.dc.gov%2Frelease%2Fag-racine-wins-lawsuit-resolving-leadership-crisis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+of+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLippman2020" class="citation news cs1">Lippman, Daniel (September 30, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/news/2020/09/30/whistleblowers-allege-misconduct-agency-for-global-media-423758">"6 whistleblowers allege misconduct by government media boss"</a>. 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Retrieved October 7, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=6+whistleblowers+allege+misconduct+by+government+media+boss&rft.date=2020-09-30&rft.aulast=Lippman&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fnews%2F2020%2F09%2F30%2Fwhistleblowers-allege-misconduct-agency-for-global-media-423758&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+of+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFolkenflik2020" class="citation news cs1">Folkenflik, David (October 4, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2020/10/04/919266194/political-aides-investigate-voa-white-house-reporter-for-anti-trump-bias">"VOA White House Reporter Investigated For Anti-Trump Bias By Political Appointees"</a>. 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Retrieved October 7, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=VOA+White+House+Reporter+Investigated+For+Anti-Trump+Bias+By+Political+Appointees&rft.date=2020-10-04&rft.aulast=Folkenflik&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2020%2F10%2F04%2F919266194%2Fpolitical-aides-investigate-voa-white-house-reporter-for-anti-trump-bias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+of+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarhi2020" class="citation news cs1">Farhi, Paul (November 20, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/media/judge-slaps-down-trump-appointee-who-has-sought-to-reshape-voice-of-america-and-related-agencies/2020/11/21/125d285a-2baa-11eb-92b7-6ef17b3fe3b4_story.html">"Judge slaps down Trump appointee who has sought to reshape Voice of America and related agencies"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201121055435/https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/media/judge-slaps-down-trump-appointee-who-has-sought-to-reshape-voice-of-america-and-related-agencies/2020/11/21/125d285a-2baa-11eb-92b7-6ef17b3fe3b4_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 21, 2020. Retrieved November 21, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Judge+slaps+down+Trump+appointee+who+has+sought+to+reshape+Voice+of+America+and+related+agencies&rft.date=2020-11-20&rft.aulast=Farhi&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flifestyle%2Fmedia%2Fjudge-slaps-down-trump-appointee-who-has-sought-to-reshape-voice-of-america-and-related-agencies%2F2020%2F11%2F21%2F125d285a-2baa-11eb-92b7-6ef17b3fe3b4_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+of+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-politics-michael-pack-lawsuits-district-of-columbia-15dcdd15d92bd8ce2c07fab82a6c6070">Suspended officials sue agency that runs Voice of America</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201009171737/https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-politics-michael-pack-lawsuits-district-of-columbia-15dcdd15d92bd8ce2c07fab82a6c6070">Archived</a> October 9, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> (AP), October 9, 2020 </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard2020" class="citation news cs1">Ward, Alex (June 25, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/2020/6/25/21302625/joe-biden-president-voice-america-fire-michael-pack">"The head of US broadcasting is leaning toward pro-Trump propaganda. Biden would fire him"</a>. Vox News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201121092449/https://www.vox.com/2020/6/25/21302625/joe-biden-president-voice-america-fire-michael-pack">Archived</a> from the original on November 21, 2020. Retrieved November 21, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+head+of+US+broadcasting+is+leaning+toward+pro-Trump+propaganda.+Biden+would+fire+him.&rft.date=2020-06-25&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2F2020%2F6%2F25%2F21302625%2Fjoe-biden-president-voice-america-fire-michael-pack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+of+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertson2020" class="citation web cs1">Robertson, Nicky (November 22, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/21/business/voice-of-america-violated-journalists-rights/index.html">"Judge rules Voice of America head curbed First Amendment rights of journalists"</a>. 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Retrieved November 22, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Judge+rules+Voice+of+America+head+curbed+First+Amendment+rights+of+journalists&rft.date=2020-11-22&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=Nicky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2020%2F11%2F21%2Fbusiness%2Fvoice-of-america-violated-journalists-rights%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+of+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarhi2020" class="citation news cs1">Farhi, Paul (December 9, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/media/voice-of-america-director-fired-trump-michael-pack/2020/12/08/3d9539f4-3997-11eb-98c4-25dc9f4987e8_story.html">"Voice of America interim director pushed out by Trump-appointed overseer in final flurry of actions to assert control"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201209030816/https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/media/voice-of-america-director-fired-trump-michael-pack/2020/12/08/3d9539f4-3997-11eb-98c4-25dc9f4987e8_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 9, 2020. Retrieved December 9, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Voice+of+America+interim+director+pushed+out+by+Trump-appointed+overseer+in+final+flurry+of+actions+to+assert+control&rft.date=2020-12-09&rft.aulast=Farhi&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flifestyle%2Fmedia%2Fvoice-of-america-director-fired-trump-michael-pack%2F2020%2F12%2F08%2F3d9539f4-3997-11eb-98c4-25dc9f4987e8_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+of+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarhi2020" class="citation news cs1">Farhi, Paul (December 8, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/politics/trump-appointee-who-oversees-voice-of-america-refuses-to-cooperate-with-biden-transition-team/ar-BB1bK51F">"Trump appointee who oversees Voice of America refuses to cooperate with Biden transition team"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208175329/https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/politics/trump-appointee-who-oversees-voice-of-america-refuses-to-cooperate-with-biden-transition-team/ar-BB1bK51F">Archived</a> from the original on December 8, 2020. Retrieved December 9, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Trump+appointee+who+oversees+Voice+of+America+refuses+to+cooperate+with+Biden+transition+team&rft.date=2020-12-08&rft.aulast=Farhi&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msn.com%2Fen-us%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Ftrump-appointee-who-oversees-voice-of-america-refuses-to-cooperate-with-biden-transition-team%2Far-BB1bK51F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+of+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFolkenflik2021" class="citation news cs1">Folkenflik, David (January 22, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2021/01/22/959848852/usagm-chief-fires-trump-allies-over-radio-free-europe-and-other-networks">"USAGM Chief Fires Trump Allies Over Radio Free Europe And Other Networks"</a>. National Public Radio. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220217230144/https://www.npr.org/2021/01/22/959848852/usagm-chief-fires-trump-allies-over-radio-free-europe-and-other-networks">Archived</a> from the original on February 17, 2022. Retrieved February 17, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=USAGM+Chief+Fires+Trump+Allies+Over+Radio+Free+Europe+And+Other+Networks&rft.date=2021-01-22&rft.aulast=Folkenflik&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2021%2F01%2F22%2F959848852%2Fusagm-chief-fires-trump-allies-over-radio-free-europe-and-other-networks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+of+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUSAGM2020" class="citation web cs1">USAGM (December 18, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usagm.gov/2020/12/18/ted-lipien-returns-to-u-s-international-broadcasting-as-head-of-rfe-rl/">"Ted Lipien returns to U.S. international broadcasting as head of RFE/RL"</a>. U.S. Agency for Global Media. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220217230148/https://www.usagm.gov/2020/12/18/ted-lipien-returns-to-u-s-international-broadcasting-as-head-of-rfe-rl/">Archived</a> from the original on February 17, 2022. Retrieved February 17, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Agency+for+Global+Media&rft.atitle=Ted+Lipien+returns+to+U.S.+international+broadcasting+as+head+of+RFE%2FRL&rft.date=2020-12-18&rft.au=USAGM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usagm.gov%2F2020%2F12%2F18%2Fted-lipien-returns-to-u-s-international-broadcasting-as-head-of-rfe-rl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+of+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarhi2020" class="citation news cs1">Farhi, Paul (December 18, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/media/radio-free-europe-marti-michael-pack/2020/12/18/1c48f86c-418f-11eb-8db8-395dedaaa036_story.html">"Trump appointee names conservative allies to run Radio Free Europe and Cuba broadcast agency"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201220002303/https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/media/radio-free-europe-marti-michael-pack/2020/12/18/1c48f86c-418f-11eb-8db8-395dedaaa036_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 20, 2020. Retrieved December 20, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Trump+appointee+names+conservative+allies+to+run+Radio+Free+Europe+and+Cuba+broadcast+agency&rft.date=2020-12-18&rft.aulast=Farhi&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flifestyle%2Fmedia%2Fradio-free-europe-marti-michael-pack%2F2020%2F12%2F18%2F1c48f86c-418f-11eb-8db8-395dedaaa036_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+of+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthew_Lee2020" class="citation news cs1">Matthew Lee (December 18, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-donald-trump-michael-pack-f779133aeb9ab6d3abdec63e104f1c4c">"Pro-Trump shakeups continue at VOA's parent agency"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210501211817/https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-donald-trump-michael-pack-f779133aeb9ab6d3abdec63e104f1c4c">Archived</a> from the original on May 1, 2021. Retrieved May 1, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=Pro-Trump+shakeups+continue+at+VOA%27s+parent+agency&rft.date=2020-12-18&rft.au=Matthew+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fjoe-biden-donald-trump-michael-pack-f779133aeb9ab6d3abdec63e104f1c4c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+of+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFolkenflik2020" class="citation news cs1">Folkenflik, David (December 30, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2020/12/30/951126591/trump-appointee-seeks-lasting-control-over-radio-free-europe-radio-free-asia">"Trump Appointee Seeks Lasting Control Over Radio Free Europe, Radio Free Asia"</a>. National Public Radio. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210115075446/https://www.npr.org/2020/12/30/951126591/trump-appointee-seeks-lasting-control-over-radio-free-europe-radio-free-asia">Archived</a> from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved January 14, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Trump+Appointee+Seeks+Lasting+Control+Over+Radio+Free+Europe%2C+Radio+Free+Asia&rft.date=2020-12-30&rft.aulast=Folkenflik&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2020%2F12%2F30%2F951126591%2Ftrump-appointee-seeks-lasting-control-over-radio-free-europe-radio-free-asia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+of+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beitsch_2021-171">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beitsch_2021_171-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beitsch_2021_171-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeitsch2021" class="citation news cs1">Beitsch, Rebecca (January 22, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/policy/international/535387-voa-reinstates-white-house-reporter-reassigned-for-questioning-pompeo">"VOA reinstates White House reporter reassigned after questioning Pompeo"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)" title="The Hill (newspaper)">The Hill</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211023061637/https://thehill.com/policy/international/535387-voa-reinstates-white-house-reporter-reassigned-for-questioning-pompeo">Archived</a> from the original on October 23, 2021. 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Retrieved October 23, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Voice+Of+America+White+House+Reporter+Reassigned+After+Questioning+Pompeo&rft.date=2021-01-12&rft.aulast=Folkenflik&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2021%2F01%2F12%2F955976976%2Fvoice-of-america-white-house-reporter-reassigned-after-questioning-pompeo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+of+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOktavianti2021" class="citation news cs1">Oktavianti, Tri Indah (January 16, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2021/01/16/patsy-widakuswara-jakarta-native-asking-trump-administration-tough-questions.html">"Patsy Widakuswara: Jakarta native asking Trump administration tough questions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Jakarta_Post" title="The Jakarta Post">The Jakarta Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211023051850/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2021/01/16/patsy-widakuswara-jakarta-native-asking-trump-administration-tough-questions.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved October 23, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Patsy+Widakuswara%3A+Jakarta+native+asking+Trump+administration+tough+questions&rft.date=2021-01-16&rft.aulast=Oktavianti&rft.aufirst=Tri+Indah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2021%2F01%2F16%2Fpatsy-widakuswara-jakarta-native-asking-trump-administration-tough-questions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+of+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarhi2021" class="citation news cs1">Farhi, Paul (January 12, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/politics/voice-of-america-reassigns-white-house-reporter-after-she-sought-to-question-mike-pompeo/ar-BB1cFBq5">"Voice of America reassigns White House reporter after she sought to question Mike Pompeo"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. 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Retrieved January 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Voice+of+America+reassigns+White+House+reporter+after+she+sought+to+question+Mike+Pompeo&rft.date=2021-01-12&rft.aulast=Farhi&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msn.com%2Fen-us%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fvoice-of-america-reassigns-white-house-reporter-after-she-sought-to-question-mike-pompeo%2Far-BB1cFBq5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+of+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarhi2021" class="citation news cs1">Farhi, Paul (January 14, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/politics/voice-of-america-journalists-demand-resignation-of-news-agencys-top-leadership/ar-BB1cLd9b">"Voice of America journalists demand resignation of news agency's top leadership"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210114194616/http://www.msn.com/en-us/news/politics/voice-of-america-journalists-demand-resignation-of-news-agencys-top-leadership/ar-BB1cLd9b">Archived</a> from the original on January 14, 2021. 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The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126011148/https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/media/former-head-of-voice-of-americas-parent-hired-two-law-firms-to-no-bid-contracts-price-tag-4-million/2021/01/25/87a35e7a-5d0c-11eb-a976-bad6431e03e2_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 26, 2021. 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Retrieved January 20, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Trump+global+broadcasting+chief+quits+amid+VOA+staff+revolt&rft.date=2021-01-20&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fjoe-biden-donald-trump-media-michael-pack-4c3796bf47085218b94ac7a080634bf1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+of+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarhi2021" class="citation news cs1">Farhi, Paul (January 21, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/media/at-voice-of-america-a-sweeping-ouster-of-trump-officials-on-bidens-first-full-day/2021/01/21/4827f3cc-5c2c-11eb-8bcf-3877871c819d_story.html">"At Voice of America, a sweeping ouster of Trump officials on Biden's first full day"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122010722/https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/media/at-voice-of-america-a-sweeping-ouster-of-trump-officials-on-bidens-first-full-day/2021/01/21/4827f3cc-5c2c-11eb-8bcf-3877871c819d_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 22, 2021. 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Reuters. June 30, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220630211954/https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/turkey-blocks-access-deutsche-welle-voice-america-not-getting-licenses-official-2022-06-30/">Archived</a> from the original on June 30, 2022. Retrieved June 30, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Turkey+blocks+access+to+Deutsche+Welle%2C+Voice+of+America+for+not+getting+licenses+%E2%80%93+official&rft.date=2022-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fbusiness%2Fmedia-telecom%2Fturkey-blocks-access-deutsche-welle-voice-america-not-getting-licenses-official-2022-06-30%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+of+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnglish2023" class="citation web cs1">English, Duvar (October 11, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.duvarenglish.com/turkeys-media-watchdog-rtuk-once-again-orders-dw-to-apply-for-license-news-63301">"Turkey's media watchdog RTÜK once again orders DW to apply for license"</a>. www.duvarenglish.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.duvarenglish.com&rft.atitle=Turkey%27s+media+watchdog+RT%C3%9CK+once+again+orders+DW+to+apply+for+license&rft.date=2023-10-11&rft.aulast=English&rft.aufirst=Duvar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.duvarenglish.com%2Fturkeys-media-watchdog-rtuk-once-again-orders-dw-to-apply-for-license-news-63301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+of+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto5-219">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_219-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_219-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/a/voa-website-banned-in-turkey-for-lack-of-broadcast-license/7246368.html">"VOA Website Banned in Turkey for Lack of Broadcast License"</a>. Voice of America. August 29, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Voice+of+America&rft.atitle=VOA+Website+Banned+in+Turkey+for+Lack+of+Broadcast+License&rft.date=2023-08-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fa%2Fvoa-website-banned-in-turkey-for-lack-of-broadcast-license%2F7246368.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+of+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinute2023" class="citation web cs1">Minute, Turkish (August 23, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.turkishminute.com/2023/08/23/us-press-organizations-slam-impending-access-ban-on-voa-turkish/">"US, press organizations slam impending access ban on VOA Turkish"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US%2C+press+organizations+slam+impending+access+ban+on+VOA+Turkish&rft.date=2023-08-23&rft.aulast=Minute&rft.aufirst=Turkish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.turkishminute.com%2F2023%2F08%2F23%2Fus-press-organizations-slam-impending-access-ban-on-voa-turkish%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+of+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2017" class="citation web cs1">Robinson, Dan (March 30, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cjr.org/opinion/broadcasting_board_of_governors_house_trump.php">"Spare the indignation: Voice of America has never been independent"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Journalism_Review" title="Columbia Journalism Review">Columbia Journalism Review</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220520112752/https://www.cjr.org/opinion/broadcasting_board_of_governors_house_trump.php">Archived</a> from the original on May 20, 2022. Retrieved June 25, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Columbia+Journalism+Review&rft.atitle=Spare+the+indignation%3A+Voice+of+America+has+never+been+independent&rft.date=2017-03-30&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cjr.org%2Fopinion%2Fbroadcasting_board_of_governors_house_trump.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+of+America" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_of_America&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Voice of America <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Voice+of+America">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Voice+of+America&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDizard2004" class="citation book cs1">Dizard, Wilson P. (2004). Inventing Public Diplomacy: The Story of the U.S. Information Agency. Lynne Rienner Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58826-288-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-58826-288-X"><bdi>1-58826-288-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventing+Public+Diplomacy%3A+The+Story+of+the+U.S.+Information+Agency&rft.pub=Lynne+Rienner+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-58826-288-X&rft.aulast=Dizard&rft.aufirst=Wilson+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+of+America" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Pomar, Mark G. (2022) Cold War Radio: The Russian Broadcasts of the Voice of America and Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (University of Nebraska Press, 2022) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=58687">online scholarly book review</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRugh2006" class="citation book cs1">Rugh, William A. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanencounte00rugh">American Encounters with Arabs: The "Soft Power" of U.S. Public Diplomacy in the Middle East</a>. Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98817-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98817-3"><bdi>978-0-275-98817-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Encounters+with+Arabs%3A+The+%22Soft+Power%22+of+U.S.+Public+Diplomacy+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-275-98817-3&rft.aulast=Rugh&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanencounte00rugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+of+America" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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TV">Current Time TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Azadi" title="Radio Azadi">Radio Azadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Farda" title="Radio Farda">Radio Farda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Iraq" title="Radio Free Iraq">Radio Free Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Mashaal" title="Radio Mashaal">Radio Mashaal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Asia" title="Radio Free Asia">Radio Free Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WHYNOT" title="WHYNOT">WHYNOT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Technology_Fund" title="Open Technology Fund">Open Technology Fund</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_y_Televisi%C3%B3n_Mart%C3%AD" title="Radio y Televisión Martí">Radio y Televisión Martí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldnet_Television_and_Film_Service" title="Worldnet Television and Film Service">Worldnet Television and Film Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Shortwave_radio_stations_located_in_the_United_States_15px319" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Shortwave_Radio" title="Template:US Shortwave Radio"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Shortwave_Radio" title="Template talk:US Shortwave Radio"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Shortwave_Radio" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Shortwave Radio"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shortwave_radio_stations_located_in_the_United_States_15px319" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Shortwave_radio" title="Shortwave radio">Shortwave radio</a> stations located in the United States <a href="/wiki/File:Wireless_tower.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Wireless_tower.svg/15px-Wireless_tower.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Wireless_tower.svg/23px-Wireless_tower.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Wireless_tower.svg/30px-Wireless_tower.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="507" data-file-height="595" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government stations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Forces_Network" title="American Forces Network">American Forces Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Asia" title="Radio Free Asia">Radio Free Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_y_Televisi%C3%B3n_Mart%C3%AD" title="Radio y Televisión Martí">Radio Martí</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Voice of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WWV_(radio_station)" title="WWV (radio station)">WWV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WWVH" title="WWVH">WWVH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Private stations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KIMF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KIMF (page does not exist)">KIMF</a>1</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Lord%27s_Station&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Lord's Station (page does not exist)">KJES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KNLS" title="KNLS">KNLS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventist_World_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Adventist World Radio">KSDA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KTMI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KTMI (page does not exist)">KTMI</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_World_Radio" title="Trans World Radio">KTWR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WBCQ_(SW)" title="WBCQ (SW)">WBCQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WEWN" title="WEWN">WEWN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Harvest_Radio_International" title="World Harvest Radio International">WHRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WINB" title="WINB">WINB</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=WIPE_(SW)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WIPE (SW) (page does not exist)">WIPE</a>1</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=WJHR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WJHR (page does not exist)">WJHR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WMLK" title="WMLK">WMLK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WRMI" title="WRMI">WRMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WRNO_(shortwave)" title="WRNO (shortwave)">WRNO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WTWW" title="WTWW">WTWW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WWCR" title="WWCR">WWCR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct stations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KAIJ&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KAIJ (page does not exist)">KAIJ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KFBS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KFBS (page does not exist)">KFBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGEI" title="KGEI">KGEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KVOH" title="KVOH">KVOH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superrock_KYOI" title="Superrock KYOI">KYOI/KHBI</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KRHO&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KRHO (page does not exist)">KRHO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KTBN_(shortwave)" title="KTBN (shortwave)">KTBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KTBN_(shortwave)" title="KTBN (shortwave)">KUSW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Harvest_Radio_International" title="World Harvest Radio International">KWHR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Broadcasting_Network" title="Fundamental Broadcasting Network">WBOH</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=WCSN_(shortwave)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WCSN (shortwave) (page does not exist)">WCSN</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=WGEO_(shortwave)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WGEO (shortwave) (page does not exist)">WGEO</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=WGTG&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WGTG (page does not exist)">WGTG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Harvest_Radio_International" title="World Harvest Radio International">WHRA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=WJIE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WJIE (page does not exist)">WJIE</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=WNRI_(shortwave)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WNRI (shortwave) (page does not exist)">WNRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WNYW_(shortwave)" title="WNYW (shortwave)">WNYW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Harvest_Radio_International" title="World Harvest Radio International">WSHB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Broadcasting_Network" title="Fundamental Broadcasting Network">WTJC</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=WWBS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WWBS (page does not exist)">WWBS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=WWFV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WWFV (page does not exist)">WWFV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WWRB" title="WWRB">WWRB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WYFR" title="WYFR">WYFR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shortwave_broadcasting_in_the_United_States" title="Shortwave broadcasting in the United States">Shortwave broadcasting in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Radio_icon.png/16px-Radio_icon.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Radio_icon.png/24px-Radio_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Radio_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="22" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Radio" title="Portal:Radio">Radio portal</a> <hr /> <dl><dt>Notes</dt> <dd>1. CP granted, not yet on air</dd></dl></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228389#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2087" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228389#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2087" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228389#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000404808891">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/129621415">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4234387-2">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80051822">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123746617">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123746617">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00755330">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35823612">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2015859705&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX268948">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000075125&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007269557205171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058513599606706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1103868">Trove</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/030934818">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10505236">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6x103xw">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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