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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_work,_imprisonment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_work,_imprisonment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Political work, imprisonment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_work,_imprisonment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_and_foreign_policy_from_1945" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_and_foreign_policy_from_1945"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Domestic and foreign policy from 1945</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_and_foreign_policy_from_1945-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_intelligence_claim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_intelligence_claim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Soviet intelligence claim</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_intelligence_claim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Later life and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label 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Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B3%D9%86" title="أينار غارهاردسن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أينار غارهاردسن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einar_Gerhardsen" title="Einar Gerhardsen – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Einar Gerhardsen" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einar_Gerhardsen" title="Einar Gerhardsen – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Einar Gerhardsen" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einar_Gerhardsen" title="Einar Gerhardsen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Einar Gerhardsen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einar_Gerhardsen" title="Einar Gerhardsen – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Einar Gerhardsen" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einar_Gerhardsen" title="Einar Gerhardsen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Einar Gerhardsen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einar_Gerhardsen" title="Einar Gerhardsen – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Einar Gerhardsen" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einar_Gerhardsen" title="Einar Gerhardsen – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Einar Gerhardsen" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einar_Gerhardsen" title="Einar Gerhardsen – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Einar Gerhardsen" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einar_Gerhardsen" title="Einar Gerhardsen – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Einar Gerhardsen" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B3%D9%86" title="آینار گرهاردسن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آینار گرهاردسن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einar_Gerhardsen" title="Einar Gerhardsen – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Einar Gerhardsen" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EC%9D%B4%EB%82%98%EB%A5%B4_%EA%B2%8C%EB%A5%B4%ED%95%98%EB%A5%B4%EC%84%BC" title="에이나르 게르하르센 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에이나르 게르하르센" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einar_Gerhardsen" title="Einar Gerhardsen – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Einar Gerhardsen" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einar_Gerhardsen" title="Einar Gerhardsen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Einar Gerhardsen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einar_Gerhardsen" title="Einar Gerhardsen – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Einar Gerhardsen" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einar_Gerhardsen" title="Einar Gerhardsen – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Einar Gerhardsen" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A8_%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%A1%D7%9F" title="איינר גרהרדסן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איינר גרהרדסן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einar_Gerhardsen" title="Einar Gerhardsen – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Einar Gerhardsen" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einars_Gerhardsens" title="Einars Gerhardsens – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Einars Gerhardsens" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einar_Gerhardsen" title="Einar Gerhardsen – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Einar Gerhardsen" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="आयनार गेर्हार्डसन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आयनार गेर्हार्डसन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B3%D9%86" title="اينار جارهاردسن – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اينار جارهاردسن" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einar_Gerhardsen" title="Einar Gerhardsen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Einar Gerhardsen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einar_Gerhardsen" title="Einar Gerhardsen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Einar Gerhardsen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einar_Gerhardsen" title="Einar Gerhardsen – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Einar Gerhardsen" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einar_Gerhardsen" title="Einar Gerhardsen – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Einar Gerhardsen" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einar_Gerhardsen" title="Einar Gerhardsen – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Einar Gerhardsen" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einar_Gerhardsen" title="Einar Gerhardsen – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Einar Gerhardsen" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einar_Gerhardsen" title="Einar Gerhardsen – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Einar Gerhardsen" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD,_%D0%AD%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Герхардсен, Эйнар – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Герхардсен, Эйнар" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1_%DA%AF%DB%8E%D8%B1%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B3%D9%86" title="ئایینار گێرھاردسن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئایینار گێرھاردسن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Еинар Герхардсен – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Еинар Герхардсен" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einar_Gerhardsen" title="Einar Gerhardsen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Einar Gerhardsen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einar_Gerhardsen" title="Einar Gerhardsen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Einar Gerhardsen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einar_Gerhardsen" title="Einar Gerhardsen – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Einar Gerhardsen" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80_%D2%90%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Ейнар Ґергардсен – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ейнар Ґергардсен" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einar_Gerhardsen" title="Einar Gerhardsen – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Einar Gerhardsen" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E7%BA%B3%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%9F%BA%E5%93%88%E5%BE%B7%E6%A3%AE" title="埃纳尔·基哈德森 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="埃纳尔·基哈德森" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q164346#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Prime minister of Norway (1945–1951, 1955–1963, 1963–1965)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Einar Gerhardsen</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Einar_Gerhardsen_1945.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Einar_Gerhardsen_1945.jpeg/220px-Einar_Gerhardsen_1945.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Einar_Gerhardsen_1945.jpeg/330px-Einar_Gerhardsen_1945.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Einar_Gerhardsen_1945.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="549" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Gerhardsen in 1945.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">22nd <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Norway" title="Prime Minister of Norway">Prime Minister of Norway</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />25 September 1963 – 12 October 1965</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Olav_V_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Olav V of Norway">Olav V</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Lyng" title="John Lyng">John Lyng</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Per_Borten" title="Per Borten">Per Borten</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />22 January 1955 – 28 August 1963</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarchs</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Haakon_VII_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Haakon VII of Norway">Haakon VII</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Olav_V_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Olav V of Norway">Olav V</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Torp" title="Oscar Torp">Oscar Torp</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">John Lyng</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />25 June 1945 – 19 November 1951</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data">Haakon VII</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Johan_Nygaardsvold" title="Johan Nygaardsvold">Johan Nygaardsvold</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Oscar Torp</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Storting" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Storting">President of the Storting</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />16 January 1954 – 22 January 1955</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Haakon_VII_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Haakon VII of Norway">Haakon VII</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Torp" title="Oscar Torp">Oscar Torp</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Natvig-Pedersen" title="Gustav Natvig-Pedersen">Gustav Natvig-Pedersen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Oscar Torp</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)" title="Labour Party (Norway)">Leader of the Labour Party</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />28 May 1945 – 27 May 1965</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Oscar Torp</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Trygve_Bratteli" title="Trygve Bratteli">Trygve Bratteli</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">President of the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1 January 1954 – 31 December 1954</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Hedtoft" title="Hans Hedtoft">Hans Hedtoft</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nils_Herlitz" title="Nils Herlitz">Nils Herlitz</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Storting" title="Storting">Member of the Norwegian Parliament</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />4 December 1945 – 30 September 1969</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data">Hjalmar Larsen <br /> <a href="/wiki/Aase_Lion%C3%A6s" title="Aase Lionæs">Aase Lionæs</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Alf_Larsen" title="Gunnar Alf Larsen">Gunnar Alf Larsen</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Herman_Pedersen" title="Herman Pedersen">Herman Pedersen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Einar Henry Gerhardsen</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1897-05-10</span>)</span>10 May 1897<br /><a href="/wiki/Asker" title="Asker">Asker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akershus" title="Akershus">Akershus</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdoms_of_Sweden_and_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway">United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">19 September 1987<span style="display:none">(1987-09-19)</span> (aged 90)<br /><a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>, Norway</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Vestre_Gravlund" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestre Gravlund">Vestre Gravlund</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)" title="Labour Party (Norway)">Labour</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Werna_Gerhardsen" title="Werna Gerhardsen">Werna Gerhardsen</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1932; died 1970)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3, including <a href="/wiki/Rune_Gerhardsen" title="Rune Gerhardsen">Rune</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Civil_servant" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil servant">Civil servant</a> <br /> Road worker</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Einar Henry Gerhardsen</b> (<span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/25\/Einar_Gerhardtsen.ogg\/Einar_Gerhardtsen.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"pronunciation"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Einar Gerhardtsen.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/25/Einar_Gerhardtsen.ogg/Einar_Gerhardtsen.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">pronunciation</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Einar_Gerhardtsen.ogg" title="File:Einar Gerhardtsen.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span>; 10 May 1897 – 19 September 1987) was a <a href="/wiki/Norwegians" title="Norwegians">Norwegian</a> politician who served as the 22nd <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime minister of Norway">prime minister of Norway</a> from 1945 to 1951, 1955 to 1963 and 1963 to 1965. With a total of 16 years in office, he is the longest serving Prime Minister in Norway since the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Parliamentarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentarism">parliamentarism</a>. He was the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)" title="Labour Party (Norway)">Labour Party</a> from 1945 to 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many Norwegians often refer to him as <a href="/wiki/Father_of_the_Nation" title="Father of the Nation">"Landsfaderen" (Father of the Nation)</a>; he is generally considered one of the main architects of the post-war rebuilding of Norway after World War II. He also served as the second President of the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a> in 1954. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Einar_Gerhardsen&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Einar_Gerhardsen&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Einar Gerhardsen was born in the municipality of <a href="/wiki/Asker" title="Asker">Asker</a>, in the county of <a href="/wiki/Akershus" title="Akershus">Akershus</a>. His parents were Gerhard Olsen (1867–1949) and Emma Hansen (1872–1949). His father was rodemester' roadworker '<sup id="cite_ref-nbl_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nbl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Public_Roads_Administration" title="Norwegian Public Roads Administration">Public Roads Administration</a> and was foreman of a trade union committee, fanekomiteen for Veivesenets arbeiderforening, and during Gerhardsen's childhood the trade union's leader, Carl Jørgensen, frequently visited their home, and sometimes they would sing <a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seieren_f%C3%B8lger_v%C3%A5re_faner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seieren følger våre faner (page does not exist)">Seieren følger våre faner</a> ("victory follows our banners")<i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </p><p>In 1932, he married Werna Julie Koren Christie (1912–1970), daughter of agent Johan Werner Koren Christie and Klara Rønning.<sup id="cite_ref-nbl_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nbl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The couple had two sons, Truls and <a href="/wiki/Rune_Gerhardsen" title="Rune Gerhardsen">Rune</a> and a daughter Torgunn. His brother was <a href="/wiki/Rolf_Gerhardsen" title="Rolf Gerhardsen">Rolf Gerhardsen</a> and the pair also had a lifelong working relationship. From the age of seventeen, Gerhardsen attended meetings with the Labour Party's youth movement.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1918, during the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a>, Gerhardsen resigned his membership of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Norway" title="Church of Norway">Church of Norway</a> after the church sided with the <a href="/wiki/Whites_(Finland)" title="Whites (Finland)">"Whites"</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Socialist_Workers%27_Republic" title="Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic">"Reds</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_work,_imprisonment"><span id="Political_work.2C_imprisonment"></span>Political work, imprisonment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Einar_Gerhardsen&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Political work, imprisonment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Originally a road worker, Gerhardsen became politically active in the <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> labour movement during the 1920s. He was convicted several times of taking part in subversive activities until he, along with the rest of the Labour Party, gradually moved from <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> to <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">democratic socialism</a>. He participated in the <a href="/wiki/Left_Communist_Youth_League" title="Left Communist Youth League">Left Communist Youth League</a>'s military strike action of 1924. He was convicted for assisting in this crime and sentenced to 75 days in prison.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the mid-1930s, Labour was a major force on the national political scene, becoming the party of government under Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Johan_Nygaardsvold" title="Johan Nygaardsvold">Johan Nygaardsvold</a> from 1935 until the Nazi invasion in 1940. Gerhardsen was elected to Oslo city council in 1932 and became deputy mayor in 1938. He was deputy leader of the Labour Party from 1939. </p><p>After the German occupation of Norway in 1940, Gerhardsen became acting Chairman of the Labour Party, as the chairman, <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Torp" title="Oscar Torp">Oscar Torp</a> had gone into exile. Gerhardsen became Mayor of Oslo on 15 August 1940, but was forced to resign by the Germans on 26 August the same year. In September, the Nazi occupation government banned all parliamentary political parties, including the Labour Party. </p><p>During World War II, Gerhardsen took part in the organised resistance against the <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Norway" title="German occupation of Norway">German occupation of Norway</a>, and was arrested on 11 September 1941. Having already been under suspicion for a long time, Gerhardsen had been detained and subjected to interrogations on 31 previous occasions since the summer of 1940. Initially he was sent to <a href="/wiki/Grini_detention_camp" title="Grini detention camp">Grini concentration camp</a> in Norway. In February 1942, he was accused of leading resistance work from his imprisonment, and removed from the camp for interrogation. Initially interrogated at the police station at <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B8llergata_19" title="Møllergata 19">Møllergata 19</a>, he was soon transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a> headquarters at <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Terrasse" title="Victoria Terrasse">Victoria Terrasse</a>. At Victoria Terrasse, he was <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">tortured</a> to reveal information on the resistance, but did not give in. In April 1942, he was sent to <a href="/wiki/Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp" title="Sachsenhausen concentration camp">Sachsenhausen concentration camp</a> in Germany. In September 1944, he was transferred back to Grini, where he spent the rest of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the war, Gerhardsen formed the interim government which sat from the end of the occupation in May 1945 until the general election held in October the same year. The election gave Labour an absolute majority in Parliament, the <a href="/wiki/Stortinget" class="mw-redirect" title="Stortinget">Storting</a>, which it retained until 1961. Gerhardsen served as <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Storting" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Storting">President of the Storting</a> from 10 January 1954 to 22 January 1955. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_and_foreign_policy_from_1945">Domestic and foreign policy from 1945</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Einar_Gerhardsen&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Domestic and foreign policy from 1945"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_John_F._Kennedy_Attends_Luncheon_for_Prime_Minister_of_Norway,_Einar_Gerhardsen_(03).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/President_John_F._Kennedy_Attends_Luncheon_for_Prime_Minister_of_Norway%2C_Einar_Gerhardsen_%2803%29.jpg/220px-President_John_F._Kennedy_Attends_Luncheon_for_Prime_Minister_of_Norway%2C_Einar_Gerhardsen_%2803%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/President_John_F._Kennedy_Attends_Luncheon_for_Prime_Minister_of_Norway%2C_Einar_Gerhardsen_%2803%29.jpg/330px-President_John_F._Kennedy_Attends_Luncheon_for_Prime_Minister_of_Norway%2C_Einar_Gerhardsen_%2803%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/President_John_F._Kennedy_Attends_Luncheon_for_Prime_Minister_of_Norway%2C_Einar_Gerhardsen_%2803%29.jpg/440px-President_John_F._Kennedy_Attends_Luncheon_for_Prime_Minister_of_Norway%2C_Einar_Gerhardsen_%2803%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2977" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Gerhardsen and <a href="/wiki/Werna_Gerhardsen" title="Werna Gerhardsen">Werna Gerhardsen</a> with <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States" title="First Lady of the United States">First Lady</a> <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis" title="Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis">Jacqueline Kennedy</a> in 1962</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Einar_Gerhardsen_(131919).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Einar_Gerhardsen_%28131919%29.jpg/220px-Einar_Gerhardsen_%28131919%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Einar_Gerhardsen_%28131919%29.jpg/330px-Einar_Gerhardsen_%28131919%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Einar_Gerhardsen_%28131919%29.jpg/440px-Einar_Gerhardsen_%28131919%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="571" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Gerhardsen at a political rally in <a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a> in the late-1960s</figcaption></figure> <p>During and after his periods in office, he was greatly respected by the people; even those not sharing his social democratic views. The administrations he led forged an eclectic economic policy in which government regulation of commerce, industry and banking. Abject poverty and unemployment were sharply reduced by his government's policies of <a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">industrialisation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Redistribution_of_wealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Redistribution of wealth">redistribution of wealth</a> through <a href="/wiki/Progressive_taxation" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive taxation">progressive taxation</a>, together with the creation of a comprehensive social security system.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Norwegian State Housing Bank Law of March 1946 introduced relatively cheap loans for co-operative housing societies and individual private builders. The Child Allowances Law of October 1946 introduced allowances for second and subsequent children under the age of sixteen years, while also providing allowances for single-parent families for the birth of their first child. Under a July 1947 law, unemployment insurance coverage was extended to agricultural workers and certain other groups. In 1947, a loan fund for students was introduced.<sup id="cite_ref-google_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year, housing allowances were introduced for families with two or more children below the age of sixteen years, “who live in dwellings financed through Housing Bank and in municipalities which pay one-third of the allowance.” The Comprehensive Schooling Law of July 1954 established nine-year comprehensive schooling on a trial basis, while the Sickness Insurance Law of March 1956 introduced compulsory insurance for all residents. A law in January 1960 introduced an invalidity pension scheme and a law of June 1961 extended accident coverage to military personnel and conscripts.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1957, universal basic pensions were introduced.<sup id="cite_ref-google2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1957 an orphans’ pension scheme was established, and in 1958 university occupational injury insurance was introduced. In 1957, housing allowances were made available for single-parent families with children, and that same year, and income and property means test was introduced while the Housing Allowances Law was made compulsory for all municipalities.<sup id="cite_ref-google3_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1964, a national widow’s benefit was introduced.<sup id="cite_ref-google4_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In foreign policy, Gerhardsen aligned Norway with the Western powers at the end of the 1940s after some initial hesitation within the governing party. He denounced Norwegian communists in the <a href="/wiki/Kr%C3%A5ker%C3%B8y_speech" title="Kråkerøy speech">Kråkerøy speech</a> in 1948, and had Norway become a founding member of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> in 1949. Documents from 1958 reveal that the Gerhardsen's government knew that Israel was going to use heavy water supplied by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Noratom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Noratom (page does not exist)">Noratom</a> for plutonium production, making it possible for Israel to produce nuclear weapons. </p><p>In November 1962, an accident in which 21 miners died occurred in the <a href="/wiki/Kings_Bay_Affair" title="Kings Bay Affair">Kings Bay</a> coal mine on <a href="/wiki/Spitsbergen" title="Spitsbergen">Spitsbergen</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a> archipelago. In the aftermath, the Gerhardsen government was accused of not complying with laws enacted by parliament. In the summer of 1963 a vote of no confidence passed with the support of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_People%27s_Party_(Norway)" title="Socialist People's Party (Norway)">Socialist People's Party</a> and a centre-right minority coalition government was formed, under <a href="/wiki/John_Lyng" title="John Lyng">John Lyng</a>. Although this new government lasted only three weeks, until the Socialist People's Party realigned itself with Labour, it formed the basis for an opposition victory under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Per_Borten" title="Per Borten">Per Borten</a> at the 1965 general election. Gerhardsen retired from national politics in 1969 but continued to influence public opinion through writing and speeches. </p><p>Gerhardsen's political legacy is still an important force in Norwegian politics,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> especially within his own party,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although some of the social policies of his government have been revised. (See also <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Norway" title="Economy of Norway">Economy of Norway</a>) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_intelligence_claim">Soviet intelligence claim</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Einar_Gerhardsen&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Soviet intelligence claim"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Vasili_Mitrokhin" title="Vasili Mitrokhin">Vassili Mitrokhin</a>, Gerhardsen became a Soviet intelligence operative during his visit to the USSR.<sup id="cite_ref-tv2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tv2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dagbladet_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dagbladet-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_life_and_death">Later life and death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Einar_Gerhardsen&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Later life and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gerhardsen spent the last years of his life in <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>, where he died on 19 September 1987, at the age of 90, he was buried in the <a href="/wiki/Vestre_gravlund" title="Vestre gravlund">Vestre Gravlund.</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honours">Honours</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Einar_Gerhardsen&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Knight Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" title="Order of St Michael and St George">Order of St Michael and St George</a>, 1955<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Einar_Gerhardsen&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Nygaardsvold" title="Johan Nygaardsvold">Johan Nygaardsvold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Torp" title="Oscar Torp">Oscar Torp</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Einar_Gerhardsen&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKjølås" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kjølås, Harald. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snl.no/Einar_Gerhardsen">"Einar Gerhardsen"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Great_Norwegian_Encyclopedia" title="Great Norwegian Encyclopedia">Store Norske Leksikon</a></i> (in Norwegian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Store+Norske+Leksikon&rft.atitle=Einar+Gerhardsen&rft.aulast=Kj%C3%B8l%C3%A5s&rft.aufirst=Harald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsnl.no%2FEinar_Gerhardsen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEinar+Gerhardsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nbl-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nbl_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nbl_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nbl.snl.no/Einar_Gerhardsen">"Einar Gerhardsen – Norsk biografisk leksikon"</a>. nbl.snl.no<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Einar+Gerhardsen+%E2%80%93+Norsk+biografisk+leksikon&rft.pub=nbl.snl.no&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnbl.snl.no%2FEinar_Gerhardsen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEinar+Gerhardsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTommy_Sørbø2016" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tommy_S%C3%B8rb%C3%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tommy Sørbø (page does not exist)">Tommy Sørbø</a> (20 April 2016). "Så flaut". <a href="/wiki/Klassekampen" title="Klassekampen">Klassekampen</a>. p. 27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=S%C3%A5+flaut&rft.pages=27&rft.date=2016-04-20&rft.au=Tommy+S%C3%B8rb%C3%B8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEinar+Gerhardsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNRK" class="citation web cs1">NRK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrk.no/underholdning/store_norske/4347691.html">"NRK.no – Store norske"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NRK.no+%E2%80%93+Store+norske&rft.au=NRK&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrk.no%2Funderholdning%2Fstore_norske%2F4347691.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEinar+Gerhardsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerhardsen1967" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Gerhardsen" title="Rolf Gerhardsen">Gerhardsen, Rolf</a> (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digibok_2007051604025"><i>Einar Gerhardsen: som en bror ser ham</i></a> (in Norwegian). Oslo: Aschehoug. p. 50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Einar+Gerhardsen%3A+som+en+bror+ser+ham&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Aschehoug&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Gerhardsen&rft.aufirst=Rolf&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Furn.nb.no%2FURN%3ANBN%3Ano-nb_digibok_2007051604025&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEinar+Gerhardsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaurseth1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Per_Maurseth" title="Per Maurseth">Maurseth, Per</a> (1987). <i>Gjennom kriser til makt 1920-1935</i>. Volume three of <i><a href="/wiki/Arbeiderbevegelsens_historie_i_Norge" title="Arbeiderbevegelsens historie i Norge">Arbeiderbevegelsens historie i Norge</a></i> (in Norwegian). Oslo: Tiden. p. 502. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/82-10-02753-0" title="Special:BookSources/82-10-02753-0"><bdi>82-10-02753-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gjennom+kriser+til+makt+1920-1935&rft.place=Oslo&rft.series=Volume+three+of+%27%27Arbeiderbevegelsens+historie+i+Norge%27%27&rft.pages=502&rft.pub=Tiden&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=82-10-02753-0&rft.aulast=Maurseth&rft.aufirst=Per&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEinar+Gerhardsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlstad1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Olstad, Finn (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digibok_2010052503018"><i>Einar Gerhardsen: en politisk biografi</i></a> (in Norwegian). Oslo: Universitetsforlaget. pp. 158–176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8200128288" title="Special:BookSources/8200128288"><bdi>8200128288</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Einar+Gerhardsen%3A+en+politisk+biografi&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pages=158-176&rft.pub=Universitetsforlaget&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=8200128288&rft.aulast=Olstad&rft.aufirst=Finn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Furn.nb.no%2FURN%3ANBN%3Ano-nb_digibok_2010052503018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEinar+Gerhardsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=47Yp1TJgUz0C&dq=Einar+Gerhardsen+introduced+welfare+state&pg=PA217">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111223231831/https://books.google.com/books?id=47Yp1TJgUz0C&pg=PA217&dq=Einar+Gerhardsen+introduced+welfare+state&hl=en&ei=iim7TZzUIcnA8QPu3LnFBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Einar%20Gerhardsen%20introduced%20welfare%20state&f=false">Archived</a> December 23, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeymann,_J.Earle,_A.2010" class="citation book cs1">Heymann, J.; Earle, A. (2010). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/raisingglobalflo00heym"><i>Raising the Global Floor: Dismantling the Myth that We Can't Afford Good Working Conditions for Everyone</i></a></span>. Stanford Politics and Policy. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/raisingglobalflo00heym/page/37">37</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804768900" title="Special:BookSources/9780804768900"><bdi>9780804768900</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Raising+the+Global+Floor%3A+Dismantling+the+Myth+that+We+Can%27t+Afford+Good+Working+Conditions+for+Everyone&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Stanford+Politics+and+Policy&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780804768900&rft.au=Heymann%2C+J.&rft.au=Earle%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fraisingglobalflo00heym&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEinar+Gerhardsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Growth to limits: the Western European welfare states since World War 2: Volume 4 by Peter Flora</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google2-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google2_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKildal,_N.Kuhnle,_S.2007" class="citation book cs1">Kildal, N.; Kuhnle, S. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HFEX-6VzpGEC&pg=PA172"><i>Normative Foundations of the Welfare State: The Nordic Experience</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134272839" title="Special:BookSources/9781134272839"><bdi>9781134272839</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Normative+Foundations+of+the+Welfare+State%3A+The+Nordic+Experience&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781134272839&rft.au=Kildal%2C+N.&rft.au=Kuhnle%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHFEX-6VzpGEC%26pg%3DPA172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEinar+Gerhardsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google3-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google3_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlora,_P.1986" class="citation book cs1">Flora, P. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KcM894dMoFcC&pg=PA124"><i>Growth to Limits: The Western European Welfare States Since World War II</i></a>. Vol. 1. De Gruyter. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110111309" title="Special:BookSources/9783110111309"><bdi>9783110111309</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Growth+to+Limits%3A+The+Western+European+Welfare+States+Since+World+War+II&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9783110111309&rft.au=Flora%2C+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKcM894dMoFcC%26pg%3DPA124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEinar+Gerhardsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google4-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google4_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbelda,_R.Himmelweit,_S.Humphries,_J.2013" class="citation book cs1">Albelda, R.; Himmelweit, S.; Humphries, J. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VSncAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA103"><i>The Dilemmas of Lone Motherhood: Essays from Feminist Economics</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317998761" title="Special:BookSources/9781317998761"><bdi>9781317998761</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dilemmas+of+Lone+Motherhood%3A+Essays+from+Feminist+Economics&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781317998761&rft.au=Albelda%2C+R.&rft.au=Himmelweit%2C+S.&rft.au=Humphries%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVSncAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEinar+Gerhardsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jens_Stoltenberg" title="Jens Stoltenberg">Jens Stoltenberg</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/smk/Whats-new/Speeches-and-articles/statsministeren/statsminister_jens_stoltenberg/2010/Tale-til-Arbeiderpartiets-landsstyre.html?id=601472">Vi bygger landet</a> Speech April 22, 2010, Office of the Prime Minister, retrieved 18 September 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tv2-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tv2_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTV_2_AS2015" class="citation web cs1">TV 2 AS (23 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tv2.no/a/7024185">"Einar Gerhardsen hadde KGB-kodenavnet "Jan"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. tv2.no<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Einar+Gerhardsen+hadde+KGB-kodenavnet+%22Jan%22&rft.pub=tv2.no&rft.date=2015-12-23&rft.au=TV+2+AS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tv2.no%2Fa%2F7024185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEinar+Gerhardsen" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dagbladet-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dagbladet_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dagbladet.no/2014/08/20/nyheter/mitrokhin/kgb/innenriks/mitrokhinarkivet/34875383/">"Einar Gerhardsen hjalp statsrådvenn ut av KGB-knipa"</a>. Dagbladet.no. 20 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Einar+Gerhardsen+hjalp+statsr%C3%A5dvenn+ut+av+KGB-knipa&rft.pub=Dagbladet.no&rft.date=2014-08-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dagbladet.no%2F2014%2F08%2F20%2Fnyheter%2Fmitrokhin%2Fkgb%2Finnenriks%2Fmitrokhinarkivet%2F34875383%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEinar+Gerhardsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalloway2000" class="citation book cs1">Galloway, Peter (2000). <i>The Order of St Michael and St George</i>. Third Millennium Publishing. p. 383. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9536969-5-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-9536969-5-2"><bdi>0-9536969-5-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Order+of+St+Michael+and+St+George&rft.pages=383&rft.pub=Third+Millennium+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-9536969-5-2&rft.aulast=Galloway&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEinar+Gerhardsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Einar_Gerhardsen&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Wilsford, David, ed. <i>Political leaders of contemporary Western Europe: a biographical dictionary</i> (Greenwood, 1995) pp. 164–170.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Einar_Gerhardsen&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/73107012">Einar Gerhardsen</a> at <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Trygve_Nilsen" title="Trygve Nilsen">Trygve Nilsen</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Oslo" title="List of mayors of Oslo">Mayor of Oslo</a> </b><br />1940 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Stranger" title="Rolf Stranger">Rolf Stranger</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Stranger" title="Rolf Stranger">Rolf Stranger</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Oslo" title="List of mayors of Oslo">Mayor of Oslo</a> </b><br />1945 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Stranger" title="Rolf Stranger">Rolf Stranger</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Johan_Nygaardsvold" title="Johan Nygaardsvold">Johan Nygaardsvold</a><sup>1</sup></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Norway" title="Prime Minister of Norway">Prime Minister of Norway</a> </b><br />1945–1951 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Torp" title="Oscar Torp">Oscar Torp</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Torp" title="Oscar Torp">Oscar Torp</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Norway" title="Prime Minister of Norway">Prime Minister of Norway</a> </b><br />1955–1963 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Lyng" title="John Lyng">John Lyng</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Lyng" title="John Lyng">John Lyng</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Norway" title="Prime Minister of Norway">Prime Minister of Norway</a> </b><br />1963–1965 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Per_Borten" title="Per Borten">Per Borten</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Tranm%C3%A6l" title="Martin Tranmæl">Martin Tranmæl</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Party secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Labour_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Labour Party">Labour Party</a> </b><br />1923–1925 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Tranm%C3%A6l" title="Martin Tranmæl">Martin Tranmæl</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Tranm%C3%A6l" title="Martin Tranmæl">Martin Tranmæl</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Party secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Labour_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Labour Party">Labour Party</a> </b><br />1936–1939 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ole_%C3%98isang" title="Ole Øisang">Ole Øisang</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Torp" title="Oscar Torp">Oscar Torp</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Labour_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Labour Party">Labour Party</a> </b><br />1945–1965 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Trygve_Bratteli" title="Trygve Bratteli">Trygve Bratteli</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Norwegian_Labour_Party" title="Template:Norwegian Labour Party"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Norwegian_Labour_Party" title="Template talk:Norwegian Labour Party"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Norwegian_Labour_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Norwegian Labour Party"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Labour_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)" title="Labour Party (Norway)"><span style="color:white;">Labour Party</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#D70926; color:white;;width:1%">Leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#D70926; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leader" title="Party leader"><span style="color:white">Leaders</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anders_Andersen_(Norway)" title="Anders Andersen (Norway)">Andersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_G._Jensen" title="Hans G. Jensen">Jensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Holtermann_Knudsen" title="Christian Holtermann Knudsen">Knudsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Jeppesen" title="Carl Jeppesen">Jeppesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ole_Georg_Gj%C3%B8steen" title="Ole Georg Gjøsteen">Gjøsteen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_A._Olsen-Berg" title="Gustav A. Olsen-Berg">Berg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Jeppesen" title="Carl Jeppesen">Jeppesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludvig_Meyer" title="Ludvig Meyer">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Holtermann_Knudsen" title="Christian Holtermann Knudsen">Knudsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hornsrud" title="Christopher Hornsrud">Hornsrud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Nissen" title="Oscar Nissen">Nissen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Holtermann_Knudsen" title="Christian Holtermann Knudsen">Knudsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrre_Grepp" title="Kyrre Grepp">Kyrre Grepp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Stang_(jurist)" title="Emil Stang (jurist)">Stang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Torp" title="Oscar Torp">Torp</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gerhardsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trygve_Bratteli" title="Trygve Bratteli">Bratteli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reiulf_Steen" title="Reiulf Steen">Steen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gro_Harlem_Brundtland" title="Gro Harlem Brundtland">Brundtland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorbj%C3%B8rn_Jagland" title="Thorbjørn Jagland">Jagland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jens_Stoltenberg" title="Jens Stoltenberg">Stoltenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Gahr_St%C3%B8re" title="Jonas Gahr Støre">Støre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#D70926; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_secretary" title="Party secretary"><span style="color:white">Party secretaries</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Nilssen" title="Magnus Nilssen">Nilssen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Tranm%C3%A6l" title="Martin Tranmæl">Tranmæl</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gerhardsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trygve_Bratteli" title="Trygve Bratteli">Bratteli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haakon_Lie" title="Haakon Lie">Lie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Bye" title="Ronald Bye">Bye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivar_Leveraas" title="Ivar Leveraas">Leveraas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorbj%C3%B8rn_Jagland" title="Thorbjørn Jagland">Jagland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dag_Terje_Andersen" title="Dag Terje Andersen">D.T. Andersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solveig_Torsvik" title="Solveig Torsvik">Torsvik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Kolberg" title="Martin Kolberg">Kolberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Johansen" title="Raymond Johansen">Johansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kjersti_Stenseng" title="Kjersti Stenseng">Stenseng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#D70926; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_leader" title="Parliamentary leader"><span style="color:white">Parliamentary leaders</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Eriksen" title="Alfred Eriksen">Eriksen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Holtermann_Knudsen" title="Christian Holtermann Knudsen">Knudsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Eriksen" title="Alfred Eriksen">Eriksen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Holtermann_Knudsen" title="Christian Holtermann Knudsen">Knudsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anders_Buen" title="Anders Buen">Buen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hornsrud" title="Christopher Hornsrud">Hornsrud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olav_Scheflo" title="Olav Scheflo">Scheflo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Madsen" title="Alfred Madsen">Madsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sverre_Kornelius_Eilertsen_St%C3%B8stad" class="mw-redirect" title="Sverre Kornelius Eilertsen Støstad">Støstad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Madsen" title="Alfred Madsen">Madsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Nygaardsvold" title="Johan Nygaardsvold">Nygaardsvold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sverre_Kornelius_Eilertsen_St%C3%B8stad" class="mw-redirect" title="Sverre Kornelius Eilertsen Støstad">Støstad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Nilssen" title="Magnus Nilssen">Magnus Nilssen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Madsen" title="Alfred Madsen">Madsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Fredrik_Monsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Fredrik Monsen">Monsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sverre_Kornelius_Eilertsen_St%C3%B8stad" class="mw-redirect" title="Sverre Kornelius Eilertsen Støstad">Støstad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Torp" title="Oscar Torp">Torp</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gerhardsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nils_H%C3%B8nsvald" title="Nils Hønsvald">Hønsvald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trygve_Bratteli" title="Trygve Bratteli">Bratteli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guttorm_Hansen" title="Guttorm Hansen">Hansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trygve_Bratteli" title="Trygve Bratteli">Bratteli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odvar_Nordli" title="Odvar Nordli">Nordli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trygve_Bratteli" title="Trygve Bratteli">Bratteli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gro_Harlem_Brundtland" title="Gro Harlem Brundtland">Brundtland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einar_F%C3%B8rde" title="Einar Førde">Førde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gro_Harlem_Brundtland" title="Gro Harlem Brundtland">Brundtland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Berge" title="Gunnar Berge">Berge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kjell_Borgen" title="Kjell Borgen">Borgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorbj%C3%B8rn_Jagland" title="Thorbjørn Jagland">Jagland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Thoresen" title="Tom Thoresen">Thoresen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorbj%C3%B8rn_Jagland" title="Thorbjørn Jagland">Jagland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jens_Stoltenberg" title="Jens Stoltenberg">Stoltenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill-Marta_Solberg" title="Hill-Marta Solberg">Solberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jens_Stoltenberg" title="Jens Stoltenberg">Stoltenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill-Marta_Solberg" title="Hill-Marta Solberg">Solberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helga_Pedersen_(Norway)" title="Helga Pedersen (Norway)">Pedersen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#D70926; color:white;;width:1%">Cabinets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hornsrud%27s_Cabinet" title="Hornsrud's Cabinet">Hornsund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nygaardsvold%27s_Cabinet" title="Nygaardsvold's Cabinet">Nygaardsvold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhardsen%27s_First_Cabinet" title="Gerhardsen's First Cabinet">Gerhardsen I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhardsen%27s_Second_Cabinet" title="Gerhardsen's Second Cabinet">Gerhardsen II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torp%27s_Cabinet" title="Torp's Cabinet">Torp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhardsen%27s_Third_Cabinet" title="Gerhardsen's Third Cabinet">Gerhardsen III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhardsen%27s_Fourth_Cabinet" title="Gerhardsen's Fourth Cabinet">Gerhardsen IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratteli%27s_First_Cabinet" title="Bratteli's First Cabinet">Bratteli I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratteli%27s_Second_Cabinet" title="Bratteli's Second Cabinet">Bratteli II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordli%27s_Cabinet" title="Nordli's Cabinet">Nordli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brundtland%27s_First_Cabinet" title="Brundtland's First Cabinet">Brundtland I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brundtland%27s_Second_Cabinet" title="Brundtland's Second Cabinet">Brundtland II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brundtland%27s_Third_Cabinet" title="Brundtland's Third Cabinet">Brundtland III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagland%27s_Cabinet" title="Jagland's Cabinet">Jagland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoltenberg%27s_First_Cabinet" title="Stoltenberg's First Cabinet">Stoltenberg I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoltenberg%27s_Second_Cabinet" title="Stoltenberg's Second Cabinet">Stoltenberg II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%B8re%27s_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Støre's Cabinet">Støre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#D70926; color:white;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Labour_Party_(Norway)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Labour Party (Norway) (page does not exist)">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Youth_League_(Norway)" title="Workers' Youth League (Norway)">Workers' Youth League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Youth_League_affair" title="Workers' Youth League affair">Workers' Youth League affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-Green_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="Red-Green Coalition">Red-Green Coalition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heads_of_government_of_Norway_(List)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Norway" title="Template:Prime ministers of Norway"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prime_ministers_of_Norway" title="Template talk:Prime ministers of Norway"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Norway" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prime ministers of Norway"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heads_of_government_of_Norway_(List)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Norway" title="Prime Minister of Norway">Heads of government of Norway</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Norway" title="List of heads of government of Norway">List</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">First ministers, 1814–1873</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederik_Gottschalk_von_Haxthausen" title="Frederik Gottschalk von Haxthausen">Haxthausen</a> <sup></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Gj%C3%B8e_Rosenkrantz" title="Marcus Gjøe Rosenkrantz">Rosenkrantz</a> <sup></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathias_Sommerhielm" title="Mathias Sommerhielm">Sommerhielm</a> <sup></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Collett" title="Jonas Collett">Collett</a> <sup></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolai_Johan_Lohmann_Krog" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolai Johan Lohmann Krog">Krog</a> <sup></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_Herman_Vogt" title="Jørgen Herman Vogt">Vogt</a> <sup></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Petersen" title="Hans Christian Petersen">Petersen</a> <sup></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederik_Stang" title="Frederik Stang">F. Stang</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Norway.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Norway"><img alt="Flag of Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/60px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/90px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/120px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Prime ministers, 1873–1905</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederik_Stang" title="Frederik Stang">F. Stang</a> <sup></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_August_Selmer" title="Christian August Selmer">Selmer</a> <sup></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Homann_Schweigaard" title="Christian Homann Schweigaard">Schweigaard</a> <sup></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Sverdrup" title="Johan Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a> <sup></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Stang" title="Emil Stang">E. Stang</a> <sup></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Steen" title="Johannes Steen">Steen</a> <sup></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Stang" title="Emil Stang">E. Stang</a> <sup></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hagerup" title="Francis Hagerup">Hagerup</a> <sup></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Steen" title="Johannes Steen">Steen</a> <sup></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Blehr" title="Otto Blehr">Blehr</a> <sup></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hagerup" title="Francis Hagerup">Hagerup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Prime ministers, 1905–1940</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Michelsen" title="Christian Michelsen">Michelsen</a> <sup></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_L%C3%B8vland" title="Jørgen Løvland">Løvland</a> <sup></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Knudsen" title="Gunnar Knudsen">Knudsen</a> <sup></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wollert_Konow_(Prime_Minister_of_Norway)" title="Wollert Konow (Prime Minister of Norway)">Konow</a> <sup></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jens_Bratlie" title="Jens Bratlie">Bratlie</a> <sup></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Knudsen" title="Gunnar Knudsen">Knudsen</a> <sup></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Bahr_Halvorsen" title="Otto Bahr Halvorsen">Halvorsen</a> <sup></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Blehr" title="Otto Blehr">Blehr</a> <sup></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Bahr_Halvorsen" title="Otto Bahr Halvorsen">Halvorsen</a> <sup></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Berge" title="Abraham Berge">Berge</a> <sup></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Ludwig_Mowinckel" title="Johan Ludwig Mowinckel">Mowinckel</a> <sup></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivar_Lykke_(politician)" title="Ivar Lykke (politician)">Lykke</a> <sup></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hornsrud" title="Christopher Hornsrud">Hornsrud</a> <sup></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Ludwig_Mowinckel" title="Johan Ludwig Mowinckel">Mowinckel</a> <sup></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peder_Kolstad" title="Peder Kolstad">Kolstad</a> <sup></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jens_Hundseid" title="Jens Hundseid">Hundseid</a> <sup></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Ludwig_Mowinckel" title="Johan Ludwig Mowinckel">Mowinckel</a> <sup></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Nygaardsvold" title="Johan Nygaardsvold">Nygaardsvold</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">WWII, 1940–1945</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Nygaardsvold" title="Johan Nygaardsvold">Nygaardsvold</a> <small>(Prime Minister in exile, 1940–1945)</small> <sup></sup> <sup></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vidkun_Quisling" title="Vidkun Quisling">Quisling</a></i> <small>(Prime Minister, 1940 coup)</small> <sup></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ingolf_Elster_Christensen" title="Ingolf Elster Christensen">Christensen</a></i> <small>(Chairman of the Administrative Council, 1940)</small> <sup></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Josef_Terboven" title="Josef Terboven">Terboven</a></i> <small>(German Commissioner for Norway)</small> <sup></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vidkun_Quisling" title="Vidkun Quisling">Quisling</a></i> <small>(Minister President, 1942–1945)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Prime ministers, 1945–</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gerhardsen</a> <sup></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Torp" title="Oscar Torp">Torp</a> <sup></sup></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gerhardsen</a> <sup></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lyng" title="John Lyng">Lyng</a> <sup></sup></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gerhardsen</a> <sup></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Per_Borten" title="Per Borten">Borten</a> <sup></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trygve_Bratteli" title="Trygve Bratteli">Bratteli</a> <sup></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Korvald" title="Lars Korvald">Korvald</a> <sup></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trygve_Bratteli" title="Trygve Bratteli">Bratteli</a> <sup></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odvar_Nordli" title="Odvar Nordli">Nordli</a> <sup></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gro_Harlem_Brundtland" title="Gro Harlem Brundtland">Brundtland</a> <sup></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A5re_Willoch" title="Kåre Willoch">Willoch</a> <sup></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gro_Harlem_Brundtland" title="Gro Harlem Brundtland">Brundtland</a> <sup></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_P._Syse" title="Jan P. Syse">Syse</a> <sup></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gro_Harlem_Brundtland" title="Gro Harlem Brundtland">Brundtland</a> <sup></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorbj%C3%B8rn_Jagland" title="Thorbjørn Jagland">Jagland</a> <sup></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kjell_Magne_Bondevik" title="Kjell Magne Bondevik">Bondevik</a> <sup></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jens_Stoltenberg" title="Jens Stoltenberg">Stoltenberg</a> <sup></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kjell_Magne_Bondevik" title="Kjell Magne Bondevik">Bondevik</a> <sup></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jens_Stoltenberg" title="Jens Stoltenberg">Stoltenberg</a> <sup></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Solberg" title="Erna Solberg">Solberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Gahr_St%C3%B8re" title="Jonas Gahr Støre">Støre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_Nordic_Council" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_Nordic_Council" title="Template:Presidents of the Nordic Council"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_the_Nordic_Council" title="Template talk:Presidents of the Nordic Council"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_the_Nordic_Council" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of the Nordic Council"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_Nordic_Council" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Presidents of the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Hedtoft" title="Hans Hedtoft">Hans Hedtoft</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Einar Gerhardsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nils_Herlitz" title="Nils Herlitz">Nils Herlitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Eriksen" title="Erik Eriksen">Erik Eriksen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lennart_Heljas" title="Lennart Heljas">Lennart Heljas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nils_H%C3%B8nsvald" title="Nils Hønsvald">Nils Hønsvald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertil_Ohlin" title="Bertil Ohlin">Bertil Ohlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%ADsli_J%C3%B3nsson" title="Gísli Jónsson">Gísli Jónsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Eriksen" title="Erik Eriksen">Erik Eriksen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl-August_Fagerholm" title="Karl-August Fagerholm">Karl-August Fagerholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nils_H%C3%B8nsvald" title="Nils Hønsvald">Nils Hønsvald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertil_Ohlin" title="Bertil Ohlin">Bertil Ohlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigur%C3%B0ur_Bjarnason_(politician)" title="Sigurður Bjarnason (politician)">Sigurður Bjarnason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Nielsen" title="Harald Nielsen">Harald Nielsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eino_Sir%C3%A9n" title="Eino Sirén">Eino Sirén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svenn_Stray" title="Svenn Stray">Svenn Stray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leif_Cassel" title="Leif Cassel">Leif Cassel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matth%C3%ADas_%C3%81._Mathiesen" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthías Á. Mathiesen">Matthías Á. Mathiesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jens_Otto_Krag" title="Jens Otto Krag">Jens Otto Krag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._J._Sukselainen" title="V. J. Sukselainen">V. J. Sukselainen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A5re_Willoch" title="Kåre Willoch">Kåre Willoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Antonsson" title="Johannes Antonsson">Johannes Antonsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnhildur_Helgad%C3%B3ttir" title="Ragnhildur Helgadóttir">Ragnhildur Helgadóttir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knud_Enggaard" title="Knud Enggaard">Knud Enggaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._J._Sukselainen" title="V. J. Sukselainen">V. J. Sukselainen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trygve_Bratteli" title="Trygve Bratteli">Trygve Bratteli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olof_Palme" title="Olof Palme">Olof Palme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matth%C3%ADas_%C3%81._Mathiesen" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthías Á. Mathiesen">Matthías Á. Mathiesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knud_Enggaard" title="Knud Enggaard">Knud Enggaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elsi_Hetem%C3%A4ki-Olander" class="mw-redirect" title="Elsi Hetemäki-Olander">Elsi Hetemäki-Olander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Benkow" title="Jo Benkow">Jo Benkow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karin_S%C3%B6der" title="Karin Söder">Karin Söder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1ll_P%C3%A9tursson" class="mw-redirect" title="Páll Pétursson">Páll Pétursson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anker_J%C3%B8rgensen" title="Anker Jørgensen">Anker Jørgensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elsi_Hetem%C3%A4ki-Olander" class="mw-redirect" title="Elsi Hetemäki-Olander">Elsi Hetemäki-Olander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_P._Syse" title="Jan P. Syse">Jan P. Syse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karin_S%C3%B6der" title="Karin Söder">Karin Söder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1ll_P%C3%A9tursson" class="mw-redirect" title="Páll Pétursson">Páll Pétursson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anker_J%C3%B8rgensen" title="Anker Jørgensen">Anker Jørgensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkka_Suominen" title="Ilkka Suominen">Ilkka Suominen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_P._Syse" title="Jan P. Syse">Jan P. Syse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sten_Andersson" title="Sten Andersson">Sten Andersson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Per_Olof_H%C3%A5kansson" title="Per Olof Håkansson">Per Olof Håkansson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geir_Haarde" title="Geir Haarde">Geir Haarde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knud_Enggaard" title="Knud Enggaard">Knud Enggaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olof_Salm%C3%A9n" title="Olof Salmén">Olof Salmén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berit_Br%C3%B8rby" title="Berit Brørby">Berit Brørby Larsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_Hellsvik" title="Gun Hellsvik">Gun Hellsvik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigr%C3%AD%C3%B0ur_Anna_%C3%9E%C3%B3r%C3%B0ard%C3%B3ttir" title="Sigríður Anna Þórðardóttir">Sigríður Anna Þórðardóttir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svend_Erik_Hovmand" title="Svend Erik Hovmand">Svend Erik Hovmand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outi_Ojala" title="Outi Ojala">Outi Ojala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inge_L%C3%B8nning" title="Inge Lønning">Inge Lønning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Romanus" title="Gabriel Romanus">Gabriel Romanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rannveig_Gu%C3%B0mundsd%C3%B3ttir" title="Rannveig Guðmundsdóttir">Rannveig Guðmundsdóttir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ole_Stavad" title="Ole Stavad">Ole Stavad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagfinn_H%C3%B8ybr%C3%A5ten" title="Dagfinn Høybråten">Dagfinn Høybråten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erkki_Tuomioja" title="Erkki Tuomioja">Erkki Tuomioja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinikka_Bohlin" title="Sinikka Bohlin">Sinikka Bohlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helgi_Hj%C3%B6rvar" title="Helgi Hjörvar">Helgi Hjörvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Dam_Kristensen" title="Henrik Dam Kristensen">Henrik Dam Kristensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimmo_Sasi" title="Kimmo Sasi">Kimmo Sasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marit_Nybakk" title="Marit Nybakk">Marit Nybakk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karin_%C3%85str%C3%B6m" title="Karin Åström">Karin Åström</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Wallmark" title="Hans Wallmark">Hans Wallmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6skuldur_%C3%9E%C3%B3rhallsson" title="Höskuldur Þórhallsson">Höskuldur Þórhallsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Dam_Kristensen" title="Henrik Dam Kristensen">Henrik Dam Kristensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britt_Lundberg" title="Britt Lundberg">Britt Lundberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Tetzschner" title="Michael Tetzschner">Michael von Tetzschner</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Socialism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Socialism" title="Template:Socialism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Socialism" title="Template talk:Socialism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Socialism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">History</a> - <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_socialism" title="Outline of socialism">Outline</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_socialism" title="Types of socialism">Schools of<br />thought</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_of_the_21st_century" title="Socialism of the 21st century">21st century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_socialism" title="Agrarian socialism">Agrarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_socialism" title="Ethical socialism">Ethical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_feminism" title="Socialist feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_socialism" title="Guild socialism">Guild</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_socialism" title="Scientific socialism">Scientific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fourierism" title="Fourierism">Fourierism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icarians" title="Icarians">Icarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owenism" title="Owenism">Owenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Simonianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Simonianism">Saint-Simonianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Hal_Draper" title="Hal Draper">from below</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">Collectivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Free-market</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire#Socialism" title="Laissez-faire">Left-wing laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_market_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing market anarchism">Left-wing market</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrectionary_anarchism" title="Insurrectionary anarchism">Insurrectionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magonism" title="Magonism">Magonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neozapatismo" title="Neozapatismo">Neozapatismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platformism" title="Platformism">Platformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Syndicalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Marxism">Libertarian Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left_communism" title="Left communism">Left communism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_communism" title="Council communism">Council communism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg#Thought" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburgism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_spontaneity#Mao-Spontex" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary spontaneity">Mao-Spontex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Pablo" title="Michel Pablo">Pabloism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_International_Posadist" title="Fourth International Posadist">Posadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Trotskyism" title="Orthodox Trotskyism">Orthodox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_camp" title="Third camp">Third camp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_socialism" title="Authoritarian socialism">Authoritarian</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_socialism#Socialism_from_above" title="Authoritarian socialism">from above</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barracks_communism" title="Barracks communism">Barracks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Nechayev" title="Sergey Nechayev">Nechayevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanquism" title="Blanquism">Blanquism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolshevism" title="Bolshevism">Bolshevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fidel_Castro" title="Politics of Fidel Castro">Castroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu#Ceaușescu's_policies" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Ceaușism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husakism" title="Husakism">Husakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Kadarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khrushchevism" class="mw-redirect" title="Khrushchevism">Khrushchevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping_Theory" title="Deng Xiaoping Theory">Dengism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism_(Third_Worldism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maoism (Third Worldism)">Maoism–Third Worldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Maoism" title="Marxism–Leninism–Maoism">Marxism–Leninism–Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Thought" title="Gonzalo Thought">Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Gonzalo Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Maoism%E2%80%93Prachanda_Path" title="Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Prachanda Path">Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Prachanda Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought" title="Xi Jinping Thought">Xi Jinping Thought</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Stalinism" title="Neo-Stalinism">Neo-Stalinism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevism" title="National Bolshevism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Tkachev" title="Pyotr Tkachev">Tkachevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">State</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lassallism" title="Lassallism">Lassallism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_socialism" title="Religious socialism">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">communism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Jewish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_socialism" title="African socialism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Caribbean_leftism" title="Afro-Caribbean leftism">African-Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarianism" title="Bolivarianism">Bolivarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Principles_of_the_People" title="Three Principles of the People">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_ideology_of_the_Kuomintang" title="Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang">Nationalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhian_socialism" title="Gandhian socialism">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marhaenism" title="Marhaenism">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_socialism" title="Melanesian socialism">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neozapatismo" title="Neozapatismo">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Soviet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_one_country" title="Socialism in one country">In one country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_socialism" title="Real socialism">Real</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Socialism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_World_socialism" title="Third World socialism">Third World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Yugoslav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key topics<br />and issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist economics">Anarchist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-revisionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-revisionism">Anti-revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">Criticism of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_socialism" title="Criticism of socialism">Criticism of socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">Dictatorship of the proletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_equal_liberty#Equal_liberty" title="Law of equal liberty">Equal liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Equality of opportunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_of_outcome" title="Equality of outcome">Equality of outcome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anarchism" title="History of anarchism">History of anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_communism" title="History of communism">History of communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">History of socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_social_democracy" title="History of social democracy">History of social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impossibilism" title="Impossibilism">Impossibilism</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">State-owned enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">Land reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">Mixed economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_of_production" title="Mode of production">Mode of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanosocialism" title="Nanosocialism">Nanosocialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">Nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">Planned economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-capitalism" title="Post-capitalism">Post-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution">Proletarian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Marxism)" title="Revisionism (Marxism)">Revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Socialisation of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_market_economy" title="Socialist market economy">Socialist market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">Socialist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhocracy" title="Adhocracy">Adhocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist economics">Anarchist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income" title="Universal basic income">Basic income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calculation_in_kind" title="Calculation in kind">Calculation in kind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">Common ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Decentralized_planning" title="Planned economy">Decentralized planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">Economic planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Equal opportunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">Free association of producers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_democracy" title="Industrial democracy">Industrial democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor-time_calculation" title="Labor-time calculation">Labor-time calculation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_voucher" title="Labour voucher">Labour voucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Organizational self-management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_for_use" title="Production for use">Production for use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">Public ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_dividend" title="Social dividend">Social dividend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">Socialist mode of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_democracy" title="Workplace democracy">Workplace democracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialists" title="Category:Socialists">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Tommaso Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf" title="François-Noël Babeuf">Gracchus Babeuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_d%27Hupay" title="Victor d'Hupay">Victor d'Hupay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Bonnot_de_Mably" title="Gabriel Bonnot de Mably">Gabriel Bonnot de Mably</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Sylvain Maréchal">Sylvain Maréchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne-Gabriel_Morelly" title="Étienne-Gabriel Morelly">Étienne-Gabriel Morelly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pearl_Andrews" title="Stephen Pearl Andrews">Stephen Pearl Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Goodwyn_Barmby" title="John Goodwyn Barmby">John Goodwyn Barmby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Barone" title="Enrico Barone">Enrico Barone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Bebel" title="August Bebel">August Bebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bellamy" title="Edward Bellamy">Edward Bellamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Eduard Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc">Louis Blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Auguste_Blanqui" title="Louis Auguste Blanqui">Louis Auguste Blanqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Buchez" title="Philippe Buchez">Philippe Buchez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_B%C3%BCchner" title="Georg Büchner">Georg Büchner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Buonarroti" title="Philippe Buonarroti">Philippe Buonarroti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Largo_Caballero" title="Francisco Largo Caballero">Francisco Largo Caballero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Cabet" title="Étienne Cabet">Étienne Cabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Carpenter" title="Edward Carpenter">Edward Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Chernyshevsky" title="Nikolay Chernyshevsky">Nikolay Chernyshevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">James Connolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Prosper_Considerant" title="Victor Prosper Considerant">Victor Prosper Considerant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claire_D%C3%A9mar" title="Claire Démar">Claire Démar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_D%C3%A9zamy" title="Théodore Dézamy">Théodore Dézamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barth%C3%A9lemy-Prosper_Enfantin" title="Barthélemy-Prosper Enfantin">Prosper Enfantin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Charles Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Emma Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Batchelder_Greene" title="William Batchelder Greene">William Batchelder Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hall_(economist)" title="Charles Hall (economist)">Charles Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Herzen" title="Alexander Herzen">Alexander Herzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hodgskin" title="Thomas Hodgskin">Thomas Hodgskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Jean Jaurès">Jean Jaurès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones" title="Mother Jones">Mother Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Karl Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Lafargue" title="Paul Lafargue">Paul Lafargue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle" title="Ferdinand Lassalle">Ferdinand Lassalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Lavrov" title="Pyotr Lavrov">Pyotr Lavrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Auguste_Ledru-Rollin" title="Alexandre Auguste Ledru-Rollin">Alexandre Ledru-Rollin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Leroux" title="Pierre Leroux">Pierre Leroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Macfarlane" title="Helen Macfarlane">Helen Macfarlane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Errico Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Louise Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Mikhaylovsky" title="Nikolay Mikhaylovsky">Nikolay Mikhaylovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Robert Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Antonie Pannekoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pascoli" title="Giovanni Pascoli">Giovanni Pascoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Pecqueur" title="Constantin Pecqueur">Constantin Pecqueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Plekhanov" title="Georgi Plekhanov">Georgi Plekhanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Emilio_Recabarren" title="Luis Emilio Recabarren">Luis Emilio Recabarren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Henri de Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Saltykov-Shchedrin" title="Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin">Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sand" title="George Sand">George Sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Schulz" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Schulz">Friedrich Wilhelm Schulz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Sue" title="Eugène Sue">Eugène Sue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Lysander Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_M._Taylor" title="Fred M. Taylor">Fred M. Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Thompson_(philosopher)" title="William Thompson (philosopher)">William Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Tkachev" title="Pyotr Tkachev">Pyotr Tkachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Benjamin Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Voilquin" title="Suzanne Voilquin">Suzanne Voilquin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Josiah Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Weitling" title="Wilhelm Weitling">Wilhelm Weitling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ali" title="Tariq Ali">Tariq Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Allende" title="Salvador Allende">Salvador Allende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inejir%C5%8D_Asanuma" title="Inejirō Asanuma">Inejirō Asanuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aung_San" title="Aung San">Aung San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Barbusse" title="Henri Barbusse">Henri Barbusse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyoti_Basu" title="Jyoti Basu">Jyoti Basu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Simone de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Walter Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Tony Benn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Léon Blum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Lee_Boggs" title="Grace Lee Boggs">Grace Lee Boggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Murray Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Aristide Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Nikolai Bukharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis">Cornelius Castoriadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy" title="M. N. Roy">M. N. Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._D._H._Cole" title="G. D. H. Cole">G. D. H. Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Jeremy Corbyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_D%C3%A9at" title="Marcel Déat">Marcel Déat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Guy Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dub%C4%8Dek" title="Alexander Dubček">Alexander Dubček</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faiz_Ahmad_Faiz" title="Faiz Ahmad Faiz">Faiz Ahmad Faiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Einar Gerhardsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxim_Gorky" title="Maxim Gorky">Maxim Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safdar_Hashmi" title="Safdar Hashmi">Safdar Hashmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Eric Hobsbawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolores_Ib%C3%A1rruri" title="Dolores Ibárruri">Dolores Ibárruri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Iglesias_Posse" title="Pablo Iglesias Posse">Pablo Iglesias Posse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayaprakash_Narayan" title="Jayaprakash Narayan">Jayaprakash Narayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Jacoby" title="Russell Jacoby">Russell Jacoby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Jong-il">Kim Jong-il</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Kollontai" title="Alexandra Kollontai">Alexandra Kollontai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Larkin" title="James Larkin">James Larkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._M._S._Namboodiripad" title="E. M. S. Namboodiripad">E. M. S. Namboodiripad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Layton" title="Jack Layton">Jack Layton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Lefebvre" title="Henri Lefebvre">Henri Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Lefort" title="Claude Lefort">Claude Lefort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">György Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Rosa Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Xun" title="Lu Xun">Lu Xun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">Alasdair MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Nestor Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Carlos_Mari%C3%A1tegui" title="José Carlos Mariátegui">José Carlos Mariátegui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_Marquet" title="Adrien Marquet">Adrien Marquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Dun" title="Mao Dun">Mao Dun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salama_Moussa" title="Salama Moussa">Salama Moussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imre_Nagy" title="Imre Nagy">Imre Nagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Niekisch" title="Ernst Niekisch">Ernst Niekisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ne_Win" title="Ne Win">Ne Win</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst">Sylvia Pankhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Paterson" title="Fred Paterson">Fred Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Karl Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Renaudel" title="Pierre Renaudel">Pierre Renaudel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._T._Ranadive" title="B. T. Ranadive">B. T. Ranadive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Salvemini" title="Gaetano Salvemini">Gaetano Salvemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Scargill" title="Arthur Scargill">Arthur Scargill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_S%C3%A9dar_Senghor" title="Léopold Sédar Senghor">Léopold Sédar Senghor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._H._Tawney" title="R. H. Tawney">R. H. Tawney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._P._Thompson" title="E. P. Thompson">E. P. Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Toller" title="Ernst Toller">Ernst Toller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Manohar_Lohia" title="Ram Manohar Lohia">Ram Manohar Lohia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West">Cornel West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Zetkin" title="Clara Zetkin">Clara Zetkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Howard Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Posadas" title="J. Posadas">J. Posadas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Castillo" title="Pedro Castillo">Pedro Castillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Crow" title="Bob Crow">Bob Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemal_K%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C3%A7daro%C4%9Flu" title="Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu">Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un" title="Kim Jong Un">Kim Jong Un</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lula_da_Silva" class="mw-redirect" title="Lula da Silva">Lula da Silva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evo_Morales" title="Evo Morales">Evo Morales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanis_Varoufakis" title="Yanis Varoufakis">Yanis Varoufakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaush" title="Vaush">Vaush</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialist_organizations" title="Category:Socialist organizations">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:International_socialist_organizations" title="Category:International socialist organizations">International socialist organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialist_parties" title="Category:Socialist parties">Socialist parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_calculation_problem" title="Economic calculation problem">Economic calculation problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy" title="Marxist philosophy">Marxist philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Left" title="Old Left">Old Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Socialism_by_state" title="Template:Socialism by state">Socialism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_calculation_debate" title="Socialist calculation debate">Socialist calculation debate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" 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href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Socialism" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Socialism">Socialism WikiProject</a></b></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/16px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/24px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/16px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/24px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/32px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Syndicalism.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/16px-Syndicalism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/24px-Syndicalism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/32px-Syndicalism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="530" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Organized_Labour" title="Portal:Organized Labour">Organized Labour portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_democracy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_democracy" title="Template:Social democracy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Social democracy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_democracy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social democracy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_democracy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_social_democracy" title="History of social democracy">History</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Declaration" title="Frankfurt Declaration">Frankfurt Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godesberg_Program" title="Godesberg Program">Godesberg Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalist%E2%80%93defencist_schism" title="Internationalist–defencist schism">Internationalist–defencist schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labor movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Marxism" title="Orthodox Marxism">Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Marxism)" title="Revisionism (Marxism)">Revisionist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_model" title="Nordic model">Nordic model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy#Second_International_era_and_reform_or_revolution_dispute_(1889–1914)" title="Social democracy">Reformist–revolutionary dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_capitalism" title="Welfare capitalism">Welfare capitalism</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding: 0.5em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Rose_(symbolism)#Socialism_and_social_democracy" title="Rose (symbolism)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Red_rose_02.svg/75px-Red_rose_02.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Red_rose_02.svg/113px-Red_rose_02.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Red_rose_02.svg/150px-Red_rose_02.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="611" data-file-height="579" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_democracy" title="Industrial democracy">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">Representative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Marxism" title="Democracy in Marxism">Marxist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">Environmental protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_trade" title="Fair trade">Fair trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gradualism" title="Gradualism">Gradualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)#Socialism" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">Land reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">Labor rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Left-wing nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">Mixed economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">Nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformist_Left" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformist Left">Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_corporatism" title="Social corporatism">Social corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">Social market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">Socialist state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartisme" title="Tripartisme">Tripartisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="vertical-align:1px;">Variants</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_socialism" title="Ethical socialism">Ethical socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein#Opinions" title="Eduard Bernstein">Evolutionary socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">Liberal socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_of_the_21st_century" title="Socialism of the 21st century">Socialism of the 21st century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_democrats" title="List of social democrats">People</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Allende" title="Salvador Allende">Allende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacinda_Ardern" title="Jacinda Ardern">Ardern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obafemi_Awolowo" title="Obafemi Awolowo">Awolowo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Batlle_y_Ord%C3%B3%C3%B1ez" title="José Batlle y Ordóñez">Batlle y Ordóñez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Bebel" title="August Bebel">Bebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">Ben-Gurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3mulo_Betancourt" title="Rómulo Betancourt">Betancourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Bhutto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc">Blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Brandt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Branting" title="Hjalmar Branting">Branting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1zaro_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="Lázaro Cárdenas">Cárdenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Clark" title="Helen Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettino_Craxi" title="Bettino Craxi">Craxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Crosland" title="Anthony Crosland">Crosland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Corbyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Curtin" title="John Curtin">Curtin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Daszy%C5%84ski" title="Ignacy Daszyński">Daszyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Debs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Douglas" title="Tommy Douglas">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Drees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ebert" title="Friedrich Ebert">Ebert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BClent_Ecevit" title="Bülent Ecevit">Ecevit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Fraser" title="Peter Fraser">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gaitskell" title="Hugh Gaitskell">Gaitskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Felipe González">González</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Goulart" title="João Goulart">Goulart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keir_Hardie" title="Keir Hardie">Hardie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hilferding" title="Rudolf Hilferding">Hilferding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Jean Jaurès">Jaurès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsun_Chang" title="Carsun Chang">Junmai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetsu_Katayama" title="Tetsu Katayama">Katayama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky" title="Alexander Kerensky">Kerensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_K%C3%A9thly" title="Anna Kéthly">Kéthly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Kirk" title="Norman Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Lagos" title="Ricardo Lagos">Lagos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle" title="Ferdinand Lassalle">Lassalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Layton" title="Jack Layton">Layton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_L%C3%A9vesque" title="René Lévesque">Lévesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Liebknecht" title="Wilhelm Liebknecht">Liebknecht (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht">Liebknecht (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evo_Morales" title="Evo Morales">Morales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alva_Myrdal" title="Alva Myrdal">Myrdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olof_Palme" title="Olof Palme">Palme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Plekhanov" title="Georgi Plekhanov">Plekhanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano_Prodi" title="Romano Prodi">Prodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Joseph_Savage" title="Michael Joseph Savage">Savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorvald_Stauning" title="Thorvald Stauning">Stauning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joop_den_Uyl" title="Joop den Uyl">Den Uyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Webb,_1st_Baron_Passfield" title="Sidney Webb, 1st Baron Passfield">Webb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gough_Whitlam" title="Gough Whitlam">Whitlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._S._Woodsworth" title="J. S. Woodsworth">Woodsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noe_Zhordania" title="Noe Zhordania">Zhordania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_democratic_parties" title="List of social democratic parties">Organizations</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Union_Confederation" title="International Trade Union Confederation">International Trade Union Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Socialist_Youth" title="International Union of Socialist Youth">International Union of Socialist Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_European_Socialists" title="Party of European Socialists">Party of European Socialists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Alliance" title="Progressive Alliance">Progressive Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_International" title="Socialist International">Socialist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_European_Socialists" title="Young European Socialists">Young European Socialists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Austria" title="History of the Social Democratic Party of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="History of the Social Democratic Party of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Social democracy in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td 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