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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-State_armed_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_armed_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 State armed forces </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_armed_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-state_armed_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-state_armed_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Non-state armed groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-state_armed_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_estimates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_estimates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Global estimates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_estimates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Driving_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Driving_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Driving factors </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Driving_factors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Driving factors subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Driving_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Psychological_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychological_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Psychological factors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychological_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Social factors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Military factors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_on_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_on_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Impact on children </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Impact_on_children-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Impact on children subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Impact_on_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Armed_conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armed_conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Armed conflict </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armed_conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Detention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Detention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Detention </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Detention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_training" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_training"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Military training </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_training-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 International law </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_law-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle International law subsection </button> <ul id="toc-International_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Recruitment_and_use_of_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recruitment_and_use_of_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Recruitment and use of children </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recruitment_and_use_of_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Definition_of_child" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition_of_child"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Definition of child </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition_of_child-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Children_aged_under_15" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Children_aged_under_15"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 Children aged under 15 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Children_aged_under_15-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Children_aged_under_18" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Children_aged_under_18"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.3 Children aged under 18 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Children_aged_under_18-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standards_for_the_release_and_reintegration_of_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standards_for_the_release_and_reintegration_of_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Standards for the release and reintegration of children </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standards_for_the_release_and_reintegration_of_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_crimes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_crimes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 War crimes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_crimes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Example:_Sierra_Leone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Example:_Sierra_Leone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 Example: Sierra Leone </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Example:_Sierra_Leone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Example:_Omar_Khadr" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Example:_Omar_Khadr"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2 Example: Omar Khadr </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Example:_Omar_Khadr-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_role_of_the_United_Nations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_role_of_the_United_Nations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 The role of the United Nations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_role_of_the_United_Nations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle The role of the United Nations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-The_role_of_the_United_Nations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Background </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Special_Representative_of_the_Secretary-General_for_Children_and_Armed_Conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_Representative_of_the_Secretary-General_for_Children_and_Armed_Conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_Representative_of_the_Secretary-General_for_Children_and_Armed_Conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security_Council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security_Council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Security Council </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Security_Council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Nations_Secretary-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Nations_Secretary-General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 United Nations Secretary-General </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Nations_Secretary-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Children_in_the_military_today—by_region_and_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Children_in_the_military_today—by_region_and_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Children in the military today—by region and country </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Children_in_the_military_today—by_region_and_country-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Children in the military today—by region and country subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Children_in_the_military_today—by_region_and_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Central_African_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_African_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 Central African Republic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_African_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.2 Democratic Republic of the Congo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Somalia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Somalia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.3 Somalia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Somalia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sudan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sudan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.4 Sudan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sudan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uganda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uganda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.5 Uganda </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uganda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zimbabwe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zimbabwe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.6 Zimbabwe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zimbabwe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Americas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bolivia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bolivia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.1 Bolivia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bolivia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.2 Brazil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.3 Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colombia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colombia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.4 Colombia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colombia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.5 Cuba </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Haiti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haiti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.6 Haiti </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haiti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.7 Mexico </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paraguay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paraguay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.8 Paraguay </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paraguay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.9 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Afghanistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afghanistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.1 Afghanistan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afghanistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burma/Myanmar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burma/Myanmar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.2 Burma/Myanmar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burma/Myanmar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.3 India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.4 Iran </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lebanon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lebanon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.5 Lebanon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lebanon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nepal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nepal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.6 Nepal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nepal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palestine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palestine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.7 Palestine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palestine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.8 Philippines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sri_Lanka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sri_Lanka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.9 Sri Lanka </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sri_Lanka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.10 Syria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey_(PKK)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey_(PKK)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.11 Turkey (PKK) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey_(PKK)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yemen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yemen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.12 Yemen </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yemen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Austria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4.1 Austria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cyprus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cyprus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4.2 Cyprus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cyprus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4.3 France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4.4 Germany </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4.5 Netherlands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4.6 Ukraine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4.7 United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Oceania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5.1 Australia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5.2 New Zealand </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Movement_to_end_military_use_of_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Movement_to_end_military_use_of_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Movement to end military use of children </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Movement_to_end_military_use_of_children-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Movement to end military use of children subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Movement_to_end_military_use_of_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Recent_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Recent history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1970s–1980s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970s–1980s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.1 1970s–1980s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970s–1980s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.2 1990s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2000s–present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000s–present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.3 2000s–present </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000s–present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Events </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Countering_the_militarisation_of_childhood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Countering_the_militarisation_of_childhood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Countering the militarisation of childhood </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Countering_the_militarisation_of_childhood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rehabilitation_and_reintegration_of_child_soldiers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rehabilitation_and_reintegration_of_child_soldiers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Rehabilitation and reintegration of child soldiers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rehabilitation_and_reintegration_of_child_soldiers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle See also subsection </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 General </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Well-known_cases_of_children_used_for_military_purposes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Well-known_cases_of_children_used_for_military_purposes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Well-known cases of children used for military purposes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Well-known_cases_of_children_used_for_military_purposes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaigns_and_campaigners_to_end_the_use_of_children_in_the_military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaigns_and_campaigners_to_end_the_use_of_children_in_the_military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Campaigns and campaigners to end the use of children in the military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaigns_and_campaigners_to_end_the_use_of_children_in_the_military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_crimes_against_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_crimes_against_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Related crimes against children </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_crimes_against_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_international_law_and_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_international_law_and_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5 Related international law and standards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_international_law_and_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Documentary_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Documentary_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.6 Documentary film </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Documentary_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Advocacy_and_campaigns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advocacy_and_campaigns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Advocacy and campaigns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advocacy_and_campaigns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reference:_Child_soldiers_worldwide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference:_Child_soldiers_worldwide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Reference: Child soldiers worldwide </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference:_Child_soldiers_worldwide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Testimony_and_reportage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Testimony_and_reportage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.3 Testimony and reportage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Testimony_and_reportage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.4 International institutions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.5 Other </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Children in the military</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" > 43 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B7%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84" title="الاستغلال العسكري للأطفال – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الاستغلال العسكري للأطفال" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C5%9Faqlardan_h%C9%99rbid%C9%99_istifad%C9%99_edilm%C9%99si" title="Uşaqlardan hərbidə istifadə edilməsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Uşaqlardan hərbidə istifadə edilməsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9As_militar_de_nens" title="Ús militar de nens – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ús militar de nens" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%9Bt%C5%A1t%C3%AD_voj%C3%A1ci" title="Dětští vojáci – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dětští vojáci" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B8rnesoldat" title="Børnesoldat – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Børnesoldat" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindersoldat" title="Kindersoldat – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kindersoldat" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapss%C3%B5durid" title="Lapssõdurid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lapssõdurid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%89%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B5%CE%BA%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%B9%CF%8E%CE%BD" title="Στρατιωτική εκμετάλλευση των παιδιών – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Στρατιωτική εκμετάλλευση των παιδιών" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C3%B1os_soldado" title="Niños soldado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Niños soldado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infansoldato" title="Infansoldato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Infansoldato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haurren_erabilera_militarra" title="Haurren erabilera militarra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Haurren erabilera militarra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="استفاده نظامی از کودکان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استفاده نظامی از کودکان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enfant_soldat" title="Enfant soldat – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Enfant soldat" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8C%EB%85%84%EB%B3%91" title="소년병 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="소년병" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yara_a_cikin_soja" title="Yara a cikin soja – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Yara a cikin soja" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prajurit_anak" title="Prajurit anak – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Prajurit anak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infante_soldato" title="Infante soldato – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Infante soldato" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambini_soldato" title="Bambini soldato – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bambini soldato" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A9_%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%90%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D" title="שימוש צבאי בילדים ובנערים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שימוש צבאי בילדים ובנערים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watoto_askari" title="Watoto askari – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Watoto askari" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyerekkaton%C3%A1k" title="Gyerekkatonák – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gyerekkatonák" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Искористување на децата за воени цели – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Искористување на децата за воени цели" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindsoldaat" title="Kindsoldaat – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kindsoldaat" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%91%E5%B9%B4%E5%85%B5" title="少年兵 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="少年兵" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnesoldat" title="Barnesoldat – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Barnesoldat" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbiy_xizmatdagi_bolalar" title="Harbiy xizmatdagi bolalar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Harbiy xizmatdagi bolalar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzieci_%C5%BCo%C5%82nierze" title="Dzieci żołnierze – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dzieci żołnierze" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crian%C3%A7a-soldado" title="Criança-soldado – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Criança-soldado" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8-%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Дети-солдаты – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дети-солдаты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ABmij%C3%ABt_n%C3%AB_ushtri" title="Fëmijët në ushtri – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fëmijët në ushtri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%85%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9D" title="ළමා සොල්දාදුවෝ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ළමා සොල්දාදුවෝ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_soldier" title="Child soldier – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Child soldier" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%B5%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%84%DB%95_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="منداڵان لە سوپادا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="منداڵان لە سوپادا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deca_u_vojsci" title="Deca u vojsci – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Deca u vojsci" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapsisotilas" title="Lapsisotilas – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lapsisotilas" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnsoldat" title="Barnsoldat – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Barnsoldat" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panghukbong_gamit_sa_kabataan" title="Panghukbong gamit sa kabataan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Panghukbong gamit sa kabataan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ocuklar%C4%B1n_asker%C3%AE_kullan%C4%B1m%C4%B1" title="Çocukların askerî kullanımı – 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searchaux" style="display:none">The conscription and use of children, often adolescents, in warfare</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Child-soldier-afrika.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Child-soldier-afrika.jpg/260px-Child-soldier-afrika.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Child-soldier-afrika.jpg/390px-Child-soldier-afrika.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Child-soldier-afrika.jpg/520px-Child-soldier-afrika.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1329" /></a><figcaption>Child Soldier in the Ivory Coast, <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_G._Groud" title="Gilbert G. Groud">Gilbert G. Groud</a>, 2007</figcaption></figure><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.25em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Child_soldiers" title="Category:Child soldiers">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#e7b8b8;padding:0.25em;border-bottom:5px solid black;"><a href="/wiki/Child_soldiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Child soldiers">Child soldiers</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e7b8b8;padding-bottom:0.15em;color:black;"> Main articles</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Child soldiers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_children_in_the_military" title="History of children in the military">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girl_soldiers" title="Girl soldiers">Girl soldiers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_pirate" title="Child pirate">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_war_on_children" title="Impact of war on children">Impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_and_reintegration_of_child_soldiers" title="Rehabilitation and reintegration of child soldiers">Rehabilitation and reintegration</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e7b8b8;padding-bottom:0.15em;color:black;"> Issues</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_abduction" title="Child abduction">Abduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">Sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trafficking_of_children" title="Trafficking of children">Trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_prostitution" title="Child prostitution">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">Post-traumatic stress disorder</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e7b8b8;padding-bottom:0.15em;color:black;"> Instances</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_use_of_children_in_World_War_II" title="Military use of children in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_soldiers_in_Africa" title="Child soldiers in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_soldiers_in_Cambodia" title="Child soldiers in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_soldiers_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Child soldiers in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_soldiers_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Child soldiers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_soldiers_in_India" title="Child soldiers in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_soldiers_in_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Child soldiers in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_child_suicide_bombers_by_Palestinian_militant_groups" title="Use of child suicide bombers by Palestinian militant groups">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_soldiers_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Child soldiers in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_soldiers_in_Somalia" title="Child soldiers in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militant_use_of_children_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Militant use of children in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_soldiers_in_the_Yemeni_Civil_War_(2015%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Child soldiers in the Yemeni Civil War (2015–present)">Yemen</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e7b8b8;padding-bottom:0.15em;color:black;"> Legal aspects</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Children_from_War_conference" title="Free Children from War conference">Paris Principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optional_Protocol_on_the_Involvement_of_Children_in_Armed_Conflict" title="Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict">Optional protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Convention on the Rights of the Child">Convention on the Rights of the Child</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e7b8b8;padding-bottom:0.15em;color:black;"> Movement to end the use of child soldiers</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Hand_Day" title="Red Hand Day">Red Hand Day</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Child_soldiers" title="Template:Child soldiers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Child_soldiers" title="Template talk:Child soldiers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Child_soldiers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Child soldiers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:150%;"><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_war" title="Outline of war">outline</a>)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:War,_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers,_artist._LCCN91480633_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3691" data-file-height="1076" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_warfare" title="Ancient warfare">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_warfare" title="Medieval warfare">Post-classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_fortification" title="Medieval fortification">castles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_warfare" title="Early modern warfare">Early modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Revolution" title="Military Revolution">military revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_and_shot" title="Pike and shot">pike and shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_weaponry_and_warfare" title="Napoleonic weaponry and warfare">napoleonic warfare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_warfare" title="Modern warfare">Late modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_warfare" title="Industrial warfare">industrial warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-generation_warfare" title="Fourth-generation warfare">fourth-gen warfare</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">Command and control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense ministry">Defense ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army" title="Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navy" title="Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_force" title="Air force">Air force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marines" title="Marines">Marines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_guard" title="Coast guard">Coast guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_force" title="Space force">Space force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_reserve_force" title="Military reserve force">Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regular_army" title="Regular army">Regular</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irregular_military" title="Irregular military">Irregular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_army" title="Standing army">Standing army</a> / <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">Militia</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Specialties:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifleman" title="Rifleman">Rifleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_engineer" title="Combat engineer">Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Intel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">Recon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_corps" title="Medical corps">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_police" title="Military police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_diving" title="Military diving">Diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_communications" title="Military communications">Comms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_pilot" title="Aircraft pilot">Pilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_commissar" title="Political commissar">Commissar</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Land units:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanized_infantry" title="Mechanized infantry">Mechanized</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle" title="Armoured fighting vehicle">Armor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_forces" title="Special forces">Special forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_corps" title="Signal corps">Signal corps</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Naval units:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frogman" title="Frogman">Frogman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warship" title="Warship">Warships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">Submarines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">Aircraft carriers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_craft" title="Landing craft">Landing craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_ship" title="Auxiliary ship">Auxiliary ships</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Air units:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">Bombers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_early_warning_and_control" title="Airborne early warning and control">Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_air_support" title="Close air support">Close air support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic-warfare_aircraft" title="Electronic-warfare aircraft">Electronic-warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_aircraft" title="Reconnaissance aircraft">Reconnaissance</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Combat systems:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-control_system" title="Fire-control system">Fire-control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-control_radar" title="Fire-control radar">Fire-control radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_(military)" title="Director (military)">Director (military)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_information_center" title="Combat information center">Combat information center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">Radar</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Historical:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_gun_fire-control_system" title="Ship gun fire-control system">Ship gun fire-control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_data_computer" title="Gun data computer">Gun data computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_Data_Computer" title="Torpedo Data Computer">Torpedo data computer</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Development:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic training">Basic training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">Military manoeuvrers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat training">Combat training</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Battlespace" title="Battlespace">Battlespace</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li>Aerospace <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare" title="Aerial warfare">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_forces" title="Airborne forces">Airborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare" title="Space warfare">Space</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_warfare" title="Land warfare">Land</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold-weather_warfare" title="Cold-weather warfare">Cold-region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_warfare" title="Desert warfare">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">Fortification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_warfare" title="Jungle warfare">Jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_warfare" title="Mountain warfare">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_warfare" title="Subterranean warfare">Subterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_warfare" title="Tunnel warfare">Tunnel</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare" title="Naval warfare">Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">Amphibious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-water_navy" title="Blue-water navy">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown-water_navy" title="Brown-water navy">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green-water_navy" title="Green-water navy">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_warfare" title="Surface warfare">Surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_warfare" title="Underwater warfare">Underwater</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seabed_warfare" title="Seabed warfare">Seabed</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">Information</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">Weapons</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">Air defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_warfare" title="Armoured warfare">Armor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrage_(artillery)" title="Barrage (artillery)">Barrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">Biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_camouflage" title="Military camouflage">Camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_tactics#Cavalry_in_modern_warfare" title="Cavalry tactics">Air cavalry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_arms" title="Combined arms">Combined arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_warfare" title="Conventional warfare">Conventional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberweapon" title="Cyberweapon">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_denial_weapon" title="Area denial weapon">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_warfare" title="Drone warfare">Drone</a> / <a href="/wiki/Military_robot" title="Military robot">Robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic warfare">Electromagnetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loitering_munition" title="Loitering munition">Loitering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_defense" title="Missile defense">Missile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_music" title="Martial music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiological_warfare" title="Radiological warfare">Radiological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_warfare" title="Submarine warfare">Submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconventional_warfare" title="Unconventional warfare">Unconventional</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">Tactics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_tactics" title="List of military tactics">List of military tactics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_combat_manoeuvring" title="Air combat manoeuvring">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airlift" title="Airlift">Airlift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_assault" title="Air assault">Air assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airbridge_(logistics)" title="Airbridge (logistics)">Airbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airdrop" title="Airdrop">Airdrop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">Anti-aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare" title="Anti-submarine warfare">Anti-sub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_warfare" title="Anti-tank warfare">Anti-tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle" title="Battle">Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_tactics" title="Cavalry tactics">Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_(warfare)" title="Charge (warfare)">Charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterattack" title="Counterattack">Counterattack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterinsurgency" title="Counterinsurgency">Counterinsurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy" title="Convoy">Convoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defeat_in_detail" title="Defeat in detail">Defeat in detail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_fighting_position" title="Defensive fighting position">Foxhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_warfare" title="Drone warfare">Drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envelopment" title="Envelopment">Envelopment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_formation" title="Tactical formation">Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">Guerrilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_tactics" title="Naval tactics">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_and_awe" title="Shock and awe">Rapid dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encirclement" title="Encirclement">Encirclement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_(military)" title="Investment (military)">Investment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">Siege</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarming_(military)" title="Swarming (military)">Swarm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screening_(tactical)" title="Screening (tactical)">Screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_objective" title="Tactical objective">Tactical objective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturation_attack" title="Saturation attack">Target saturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_(military)" title="Withdrawal (military)">Withdrawal</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Operational_level_of_war" title="Operational level of war">Operational</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_operation" title="Military operation">Military operation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_operations" title="Special operations">Special</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expeditionary_warfare" title="Expeditionary warfare">Expeditionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_operation" title="Deep operation">Deep operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maneuver_warfare" title="Maneuver warfare">Maneuver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_manoeuvre_group" title="Operational manoeuvre group">Operational manoeuvre group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_(military)" title="Raid (military)">Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covert_operation" title="Covert operation">Covert</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_strategy" title="Military strategy">Strategy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_strategies_and_concepts" title="List of military strategies and concepts">List of military strategies and concepts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_campaign" title="Military campaign">Military campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-access/area_denial" title="Anti-access/area denial">Anti-access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attrition_warfare" title="Attrition warfare">Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_raiding" title="Commerce raiding">Commerce raiding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-offensive">Counter-offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culminating_point" title="Culminating point">Culminating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_in_depth" title="Defence in depth">Defence in depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_strategy" title="Fabian strategy">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empty_Fort_Strategy" title="Empty Fort Strategy">Empty fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_Warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic Warfare">Mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_deception" title="Military deception">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_defence" title="Strategic defence">Defensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_depth" title="Strategic depth">Depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_goal_(military)" title="Strategic goal (military)">Goal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_strategy" title="Nuclear strategy">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_strategy" title="Naval strategy">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offensive_(military)" title="Offensive (military)">Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">Scorched earth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Grand_strategy" title="Grand strategy">Grand strategy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare" title="Asymmetric warfare">Asymmetric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken-backed_war_theory" title="Broken-backed war theory">Broken-backed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_war_(general_term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold war (general term)">Cold war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_war" title="Colonial war">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest" title="Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divide_and_rule" title="Divide and rule">Divide and conquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_warfare" title="Economic warfare">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endemic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic warfare">Endemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_in_being" title="Fleet in being">Fleet in being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irregular_warfare" title="Irregular warfare">Irregular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_national_liberation" title="Wars of national liberation">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_war" title="Limited war">Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network-centric_warfare" title="Network-centric warfare">Network-centric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_generation_warfare" title="New generation warfare">New generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_war" title="Perpetual war">Perpetual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_warfare" title="Political warfare">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_rebellion" title="Princely rebellion">Princely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">Proxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_war" title="Resource war">Resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_studies" title="Strategic studies">Strategic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_succession" title="War of succession">Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_(warfare)" title="Theater (warfare)">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_war" title="Total war">Total war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_war" title="World war">World war</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_administration" title="Military administration">Administrative</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_branch" title="Military branch">Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_policy" title="Military policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_education_and_training" title="Military education and training">Training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_service" title="Military service">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_sociology" title="Military sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">Organization</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_of_responsibility" title="Area of responsibility">Area of responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_hierarchy" title="Command hierarchy">Chain of command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">Command and control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_doctrine" title="Military doctrine">Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_war" title="Principles of war">Principles of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_force" title="Economy of force">Economy of force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_medicine" title="Military medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">Technology and equipment</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_personnel" title="Military personnel">Personnel</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_recruitment" title="Military recruitment">Recruitment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter-recruitment" title="Counter-recruitment">counter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobilization" title="Mobilization">Mobilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recruit_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Recruit training">Training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_specialism" title="Military specialism">Specialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morale" title="Morale">Morale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_military" title="Women in the military">Women</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_and_military_service" title="Transgender people and military service">Transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment_in_the_military" title="Sexual harassment in the military">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_volunteer" title="Military volunteer">Volunteer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foreign_volunteers" title="List of foreign volunteers">foreign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">Mercenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldier" title="Soldier">Soldier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">Warrior</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_logistics" title="Military logistics">Logistics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_military_logistics" title="History of military logistics">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_economy" title="War economy">War economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military%E2%80%93industrial_complex" title="Military–industrial complex">Military–industrial complex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_industry" title="Arms industry">Arms industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materiel" title="Materiel">Materiel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_supply-chain_management" title="Military supply-chain management">Supply-chain management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_base" title="Military base">Base</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Main_operating_base" title="Main operating base">MOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_operating_base" title="Forward operating base">FOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outpost_(military)" title="Outpost (military)">Outpost</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_science" title="Military science">Science</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Power_projection" title="Power projection">Power projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss-of-strength_gradient" title="Loss-of-strength gradient">Loss-of-strength gradient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanchester%27s_laws" title="Lanchester's laws">Lanchester's laws</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Force_multiplication" title="Force multiplication">Force multiplication</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_war" title="Law of war">Law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">Occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice" title="Armistice">Armistice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceasefire" title="Ceasefire">Ceasefire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a> / <a href="/wiki/Military_volunteer" title="Military volunteer">Volunteer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">Court-martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertion" title="Desertion">Desertion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Protocol" title="Geneva Protocol">Geneva Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Islamic rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_justice" title="Military justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combatant" title="Combatant">Lawful</a> / <a href="/wiki/Unlawful_combatant" title="Unlawful combatant">Unlawful combatant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_marque" title="Letter of marque">Letter of marque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfidy" title="Perfidy">Perfidy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_military_company" title="Private military company">Private military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foreign_volunteers" title="List of foreign volunteers">Foreign expatriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">Mercenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">Privateer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_laws_on_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish laws on war">Jewish laws on war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_conquest" title="Right of conquest">Right of conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rules_of_engagement" title="Rules of engagement">Rules of engagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">Martial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_military_unit" title="Penal military unit">Penal military unit</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_theory" title="Military theory">Theory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_supremacy" title="Air supremacy">Air supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">Appeasement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_of_the_sea" title="Command of the sea">Command of the sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-spectrum_dominance" title="Full-spectrum dominance">Full-spectrum dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overmatch" title="Overmatch">Overmatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unrestricted_Warfare" title="Unrestricted Warfare">Unrestricted Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory" title="Just war theory">Just war theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_war" title="Principles of war">Principles of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_war" title="Philosophy of war">Philosophy of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_dilemma" title="Security dilemma">Security dilemma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tripwire_force" title="Tripwire force">Tripwire force</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wargaming" title="Professional wargaming">Wargaming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_simulation" title="Military simulation">Simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">Exercises</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_operations_other_than_war" title="Military operations other than war">Non-warfare</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_control" title="Arms control">Arms control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-insurgency" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-insurgency">Counter-insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">deterrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_response" title="Disaster response">Disaster response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-zone_(international_relations)" title="Grey-zone (international relations)">Grey-zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunboat_diplomacy" title="Gunboat diplomacy">Gunboat diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid" title="Humanitarian aid">Humanitarian aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-intensity_conflict" title="Low-intensity conflict">Low-intensity conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Military engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">Multilateralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peacebuilding" title="Peacebuilding">Peacebuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show_of_force" title="Show of force">Show of force</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_tradition" title="Military tradition">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_awards_and_decorations" title="Military awards and decorations">Awards and decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_cry" title="Battle cry">Battle cry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">Warrior caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_film" title="War film">War film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_novel" title="War novel">War novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot_drill" title="Foot drill">Foot drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_song" title="War song">War song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_uniform" title="Military uniform">Uniform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wargame" title="Wargame">Wargame</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_war" title="Women in war">Women in war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_resister" title="War resister">War resister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_studies" title="War studies">War studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">Horses in warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence" title="Wartime sexual violence">Wartime sexual violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_column" title="Fifth column">Fifth column</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_lists" title="Category:Military lists">Lists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_battles" title="Lists of battles">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_occupations" title="List of military occupations">Military occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_established_military_terms" title="List of established military terms">Military terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_operations" title="List of military operations">Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sieges" title="List of sieges">Sieges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_war_crimes" title="List of war crimes">War crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_war#Wars" title="Outline of war">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_weapons" title="Lists of weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_writers" title="List of military writers">Writers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:War" title="Template:War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:War" title="Template talk:War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Slavery" title="Category:Slavery">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">Forced labour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Shackles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/125px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/188px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/250px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="272" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_21st_century" title="Slavery in the 21st century">Contemporary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">Child Labour</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Child soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage" title="Debt bondage">Debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">Forced marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bride_buying" title="Bride buying">Bride buying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_prostitution" title="Forced prostitution">Forced prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involuntary_servitude" title="Involuntary servitude">Involuntary servitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peon" title="Peon">Peonage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labour" title="Penal labour">Penal labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_contemporary_Africa" title="Slavery in contemporary Africa">Contemporary Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">21st-century jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">Historical</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_antiquity" title="Slavery in antiquity">Antiquity</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Slavery in ancient Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_law#Three_classes" title="Babylonian law">Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">Rome</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_medieval_Europe" title="Slavery in medieval Europe">Medieval Europe</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancillae" title="Ancillae">Ancillae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_slave_trade" title="Black Sea slave trade">Black Sea slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Slavery in the Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kholop" title="Kholop">Kholop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_slave_trade" title="Prague slave trade">Prague slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serfs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_serfdom" title="History of serfdom">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom_in_Russia" title="Serfdom in Russia">In Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_reform_of_1861" title="Emancipation reform of 1861">Emancipation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">Thrall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoese_slave_trade" title="Genoese slave trade">Genoese slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_slave_trade" title="Venetian slave trade">Venetian slave trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_slave_trade" title="Balkan slave trade">Balkan slave trade</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of slavery in the Muslim world">Muslim world</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate">Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_al-Andalus" title="Slavery in al-Andalus">Slavery in al-Andalus</a> ‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baqt" title="Baqt">Baqt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukataba" title="Mukataba">Contract of manumission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukhara_slave_trade" title="Bukhara slave trade">Bukhara slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean slave trade">Crimean slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazar_slave_trade" title="Khazar slave trade">Khazar slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khivan_slave_trade" title="Khivan slave trade">Khivan slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Slavery in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avret_Pazarlar%C4%B1" title="Avret Pazarları">Avret Pazarları</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_on_the_Barbary_Coast" title="Slavery on the Barbary Coast">Barbary Coast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Baltimore" title="Sack of Baltimore">Sack of Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raid_of_Su%C3%B0uroy" title="Slave raid of Suðuroy">Slave raid of Suðuroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Abductions" title="Turkish Abductions">Turkish Abductions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_concubinage" title="Islamic views on concubinage">Concubinage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_concubinage_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of concubinage in the Muslim world">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_malakat_aymanukum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma malakat aymanukum">Ma malakat aymanukum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avret_Pazarlar%C4%B1" title="Avret Pazarları">Avret Pazarları</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_harem" title="Abbasid harem">Abbasid harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Imperial_Harem" title="Ottoman Imperial Harem">Ottoman Imperial Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_imperial_harem" title="Safavid imperial harem">Safavid imperial harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_harem" title="Qajar harem">Qajar harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarya" title="Jarya">Jarya</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cariye" title="Cariye">Cariye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odalisque" title="Odalisque">Odalisque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiyan" title="Qiyan">Qiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-walad" title="Umm al-walad">Umm al-walad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Circassian slave trade">Circassian slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saqaliba" title="Saqaliba">Saqaliba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate">Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate">Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate">Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Bulgarian_slave_trade" title="Volga Bulgarian slave trade">Volga Bulgarian slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">21st century</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_slave_trade" title="Bristol slave trade">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade_to_Brazil" title="Atlantic slave trade to Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyages:_The_Trans-Atlantic_Slave_Trade_Database" title="Voyages: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database">Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Slave_Coast" title="Dutch Slave Coast">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Passage" title="Middle Passage">Middle Passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantes_slave_trade" title="Nantes slave trade">Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_New_France" title="Slavery in New France">New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyarring" title="Panyarring">Panyarring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_colonial_Spanish_America" title="Slavery in colonial Spanish America">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Coast_of_West_Africa" title="Slave Coast of West Africa">Slave Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States">Thirteen colonies</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Topics and practice</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghilman" title="Ghilman">Ghilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devshirme" title="Devshirme">Devshirme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">Blackbirding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolie" title="Coolie">Coolie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corv%C3%A9e" title="Corvée">Corvée labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Field slaves in the United States">Field slaves in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_slave" title="House slave">House slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saqaliba" title="Saqaliba">Saqaliba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_market" title="Slave market">Slave market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raiding" title="Slave raiding">Slave raiding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_children_in_the_military" title="History of children in the military">Child soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_slavery" title="White slavery">White slavery</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Naval</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galley_slave" title="Galley slave">Galley slave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressment" title="Impressment">Impressment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">Pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghaiing" title="Shanghaiing">Shanghaiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_ship" title="Slave ship">Slave ship</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By country or region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa" title="Slavery in Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_contemporary_Africa" title="Slavery in contemporary Africa">Contemporary Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">Trans-Saharan slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_slave_trade" title="Red Sea slave trade">Red Sea slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_slave_trade" title="Indian Ocean slave trade">Indian Ocean slave trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Zanzibar slave trade">Zanzibar slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Angola" title="Slavery in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Chad" title="Human trafficking in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Comoros" title="Slavery in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Ethiopia" title="Slavery in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mali" title="Slavery in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mauritania" title="Slavery in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Niger" title="Slavery in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Nigeria" title="Slavery in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Seychelles" title="Slavery in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Somalia" title="Slavery in Somalia">Somalia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somali_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Somali slave trade">Somali slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_South_Africa" title="Slavery in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Sudan" title="Slavery in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Zanzibar" title="Slavery in Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Americas">North and South America</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Pre-Columbian_America" title="Slavery in Pre-Columbian America">Pre-Columbian America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec slavery">Aztec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_among_the_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery among the indigenous peoples of the Americas">Americas indigenous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_among_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery among Native Americans in the United States">U.S. Natives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Field_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Field slaves in the United States">Field slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Female slavery in the United States">female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_slavery_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Contemporary slavery in the United States">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states" title="Slave states and free states">maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partus_sequitur_ventrem" title="Partus sequitur ventrem">partus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labor_in_the_United_States" title="Penal labor in the United States">prison labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_codes" title="Slave codes">Slave codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_the_enslaved_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Treatment of the enslaved in the United States">Treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_trade_in_the_United_States" title="Slave trade in the United States">interregional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_United_States" title="Human trafficking in the United States">Human trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Bahamas" title="Slavery in the Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Canada" title="Slavery in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_and_French_Caribbean" title="Slavery in the British and French Caribbean">Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbados_Slave_Code" title="Barbados Slave Code">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Slavery in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Trinidad" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Trinidad">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_Noir" title="Code Noir">Code Noir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Latin_America" title="Slavery in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brazil" title="Slavery in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lei_%C3%81urea" title="Lei Áurea">Lei Áurea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Colombia" title="Slavery in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Cuba" title="Slavery in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Haiti" title="Slavery in Haiti">Haiti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restavek" title="Restavek">Restavek</a></li></ul></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomienda</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Puerto_Ricans" title="Afro–Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Asia" title="Slavery in Asia">East, Southeast, and South Asia</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Human trafficking in Southeast Asia">Human trafficking in Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Bhutan" title="Slavery in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brunei" title="Slavery in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_China" title="Slavery in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Booi_Aha" title="Booi Aha">Booi Aha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laogai" title="Laogai">Laogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_system_in_China" title="Penal system in China">penal system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_India" title="Slavery in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage_in_India" title="Debt bondage in India">Debt bondage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukri_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Chukri System">Chukri System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Indonesia" title="Slavery in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Japan" title="Slavery in Japan">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">comfort women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Korea" title="Slavery in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwalliso" title="Kwalliso">Kwalliso</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Malaysia" title="Slavery in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Mongol_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Mongol Empire">Slavery in the Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Thailand" title="Slavery in Thailand">Thailand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_and_prostitution_in_South_Korea" title="United States military and prostitution in South Korea">Yankee princess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Vietnam" title="Slavery in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Oceania">Australia and Oceania</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Australia" title="Slavery in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Australia" title="Human trafficking in Australia">Human trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">Blackbirding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raiding_in_Easter_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave raiding in Easter Island">Slave raiding in Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea">Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding_in_Polynesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackbirding in Polynesia">Blackbirding in Polynesia</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Europe and North Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Europe" title="Sex trafficking in Europe">Sex trafficking in Europe</a></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labour_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Penal labour in the United Kingdom">Penal Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Britain" title="Slavery in Britain">Slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_slave_trade" title="Danish slave trade">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Slave_Coast" title="Dutch Slave Coast">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">Germany in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Malta" title="Slavery in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Poland" title="Slavery in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Portugal" title="Slavery in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Romania" title="Slavery in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Russia" title="Slavery in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Spain" title="Slavery in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_slave_trade" title="Swedish slave trade">Sweden</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>North Africa and West Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Afghanistan" title="Slavery in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Algeria" title="Slavery in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Bahrain" title="Slavery in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Egypt" title="Slavery in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_Middle_East" title="Human trafficking in the Middle East">Human trafficking in the Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Iran" title="Slavery in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Iraq" title="Slavery in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Jordan" title="Slavery in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Kuwait" title="Slavery in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Lebanon" title="Slavery in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Libya" title="Slavery in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Morocco" title="Slavery in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Oman" title="Slavery in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Palestine" title="Slavery in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Slavery in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Syria" title="Slavery in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Tunisia" title="Slavery in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Qatar" title="Slavery in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Yemen" title="Slavery in Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_and_religion" title="Slavery and religion">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_slavery" title="The Bible and slavery">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_slavery" title="Christian views on slavery">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_slavery" title="Catholic Church and slavery">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_slavery" title="Mormonism and slavery">Mormonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_slavery" title="Jewish views on slavery">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Baháʼí Faith and slavery">Baháʼí Faith</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Opposition and resistance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Abolitionism in the United Kingdom">U.K.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Anti-Slavery_Conference_1889%E2%80%9390" title="Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90">Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Slavery_Commission" title="Temporary Slavery Commission">Temporary Slavery Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_Slavery_Convention" title="1926 Slavery Convention">1926 Slavery Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery" title="Committee of Experts on Slavery">Committee of Experts on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery" title="Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery">Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_Hoc_Committee_on_Slavery" title="Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery">Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplementary_Convention_on_the_Abolition_of_Slavery" title="Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery">Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_abolitionists" title="List of abolitionists">Abolitionists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Slave_Trade_Convention" title="Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention">Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavery_International" title="Anti-Slavery International">Anti-Slavery International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Africa" title="Blockade of Africa">Blockade of Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Africa_Squadron" title="West Africa Squadron">U.K.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Slave_Trade_Patrol" title="African Slave Trade Patrol">U.S.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Colonization_Society" title="American Colonization Society">Colonization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compensated_emancipation" title="Compensated emancipation">Compensated emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">Freedman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manumission" title="Manumission">Manumission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_suit" title="Freedom suit">Freedom suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Power" title="Slave Power">Slave Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_the_Underground_Railroad" title="Songs of the Underground Railroad">songs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_rebellion" title="Slave rebellion">Slave rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Trade_Act" title="Slave Trade Act">Slave Trade Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_international_law" title="Slavery in international law">International law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Servile_War" title="Third Servile War">Third Servile War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment to the United States Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_abolition_of_slavery_and_serfdom" title="Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom">Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolition_of_slave_trade_in_Persian_gulf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf (page does not exist)">Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf</a> [<a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AC_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3" class="extiw" title="fa:ممنوعیت تجارت برده در خلیج فارس">fa</a>]</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_at_common_law" title="Slavery at common law">Common law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude" title="Indentured servitude">Indentured servitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">Forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slaves in the United States">Fugitive slaves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slave_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slave laws in the United States">laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Convention" title="Fugitive Slave Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons" title="Great Dismal Swamp maroons">Great Dismal Swamp maroons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slaves" title="List of slaves">List of slaves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slave_owners" title="List of slave owners">owners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_last_survivors_of_American_slavery" title="List of last survivors of American slavery">last survivors of American slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slavery-related_memorials_and_museums" title="List of slavery-related memorials and museums">List of slavery-related memorials and museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_marriages_in_the_United_States" title="Slave marriages in the United States">Slave marriages in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_narrative" title="Slave narrative">Slave narrative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Songs_of_the_United_States" title="Slave Songs of the United States">songs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_name" title="Slave name">Slave name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_catcher" title="Slave catcher">Slave catcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_patrol" title="Slave patrol">Slave patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Slave_Route_Project" title="The Slave Route Project">Slave Route Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slave_breeding_in_the_United_States" title="Slave breeding in the United States">breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_court_cases_in_the_United_States_involving_slavery" title="List of court cases in the United States involving slavery">court cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_and_slavery" title="George Washington and slavery">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_and_slavery" title="Thomas Jefferson and slavery">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams_and_abolitionism" title="John Quincy Adams and abolitionism">J.Q. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_and_slavery" title="Abraham Lincoln and slavery">Lincoln</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_acres_and_a_mule" title="Forty acres and a mule">40 acres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_iron_bit" title="Slave iron bit">Iron bit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Day" title="Emancipation Day">Emancipation Day</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Forced_labour" title="Template:Forced labour"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Forced_labour" title="Template talk:Forced labour"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Forced_labour" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Forced labour"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Children in the military, including state <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">armed forces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Violent_non-state_actor" title="Violent non-state actor">non-state armed groups</a>, and other military organizations, may be trained for combat, assigned to support roles, such as cooks, porters/couriers, or messengers, or used for tactical advantage such as for <a href="/wiki/Human_shield" title="Human shield">human shields</a>, or for political advantage in propaganda.<a href="#cite_note-Children_at_war-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-UNICEF-2007-2">[2]</a> Children (defined by the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Convention on the Rights of the Child">Convention on the Rights of the Child</a> as people under the age of 18) have been recruited for participation in military operations and campaigns throughout history and in many cultures.<a href="#cite_note-Wessells-3">[3]</a> Children are targeted for their susceptibility to influence, which renders them easier to recruit and control.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Grossman-2009-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wessells-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-McGurk-2006-6">[6]</a> While some are recruited by force, others choose to join up, often to escape poverty or because they expect military life to offer a <a href="/wiki/Rite_of_passage" title="Rite of passage">rite of passage</a> to maturity.<a href="#cite_note-Wessells-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brett-2004-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gee-2016-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Child_Soldiers-2008b-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Machel-1996-10">[10]</a> Child soldiers who survive armed conflict frequently develop psychiatric illness, poor <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Numeracy" title="Numeracy">numeracy</a>, and behavioral problems such as heightened <a href="/wiki/Aggression" title="Aggression">aggression</a>, which together lead to an increased risk of unemployment and poverty in adulthood.<a href="#cite_note-Boothby,_N-2010-11">[11]</a> Research in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> has found that the enlistment and training of <a href="/wiki/Adolescence" title="Adolescence">adolescent</a> children, even when they are not sent to war, is often accompanied by a higher risk of <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Ursano-2016-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stress-related_disorders" title="Stress-related disorders">stress-related mental disorders</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Goodwin-2015-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Martin-2006-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_abuse" title="Alcohol abuse">alcohol abuse</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Head-2016-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mattiko-2011-17">[17]</a> and violent behavior.<a href="#cite_note-MacManus-2013-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bouffard-2005-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Merrill-2005-20">[20]</a> Since the 1960s, a number of treaties have successfully reduced the recruitment and use of children worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-CSI-2017a-21">[21]</a> Nonetheless, around a quarter of armed forces worldwide, particularly those of <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">third-world nations</a>, still train adolescent children for military service,<a href="#cite_note-CSI-2012-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> while elsewhere, the use of children in armed conflict and insurgencies has increased in recent years.<a href="#cite_note-CSI-2012-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-CSI-2016-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN_SecGen-2017b-26">[26]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_children_in_the_military" title="History of children in the military">History of children in the military</a></div> History is filled with children who have been trained and used for fighting, assigned to support roles such as porters or messengers, used as <a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">sex slaves</a>, or recruited for tactical advantage as <a href="/wiki/Human_shield" title="Human shield">human shields</a> or for political advantage in propaganda.<a href="#cite_note-UNICEF-2007-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Children_at_war-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Womennewsnetwork-2009-27">[27]</a> In 1813 and 1814, for example, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> conscripted many young French teenagers for his armies.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Thousands of children participated on all sides of the First and Second World Wars.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Davies-2004-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rosen2005-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kucherenko2011-32">[32]</a> Children continued to be used throughout the 20th and early 21st century on every continent, with concentrations in parts of Africa, Latin America, and the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-CSGR2004-292-33">[33]</a> Only since the <a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium" title="2nd millennium">turn of the millennium</a> have international efforts begun to limit and reduce the military use of children.<a href="#cite_note-Machel-1996-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Becker-2013-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_situation">Current situation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Current situation">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_armed_forces">State armed forces</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: State armed forces">edit</a>]</div> The adoption in 2000 of the <a href="/wiki/Optional_Protocol_on_the_Involvement_of_Children_in_Armed_Conflict" title="Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict">Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict</a> (OPAC) committed states who ratified it to "take all feasible measures" to ensure that no child takes a direct part in hostilities and to cease recruitment below the age of 16.<a href="#cite_note-CSI-2017b-35">[35]</a> As most states have now opted into OPAC, the global trend has been towards reserving military recruitment to adulthood, known as the Straight-18 standard.<a href="#cite_note-CSI-2017a-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-CSI-2017b-35">[35]</a> Nonetheless, as of 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit">[update]</a>, children aged under 18 were still being recruited and trained for military purposes in 46 countries.<a href="#cite_note-CSI-2018a-36">[36]</a> Most of these states recruit from age 17, fewer than 20 recruit from age 16, and an unknown, smaller number, recruit younger children.<a href="#cite_note-CSI-2017a-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-CSI-2012-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN_SecGen-2017-37">[37]</a> As of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit">[update]</a>, the United Nations (UN) verified that nine state armed forces were using children in hostilities: <a href="/wiki/Child_soldiers_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Child soldiers in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Child_soldiers_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Child soldiers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Child_soldiers_in_Somalia" title="Child soldiers in Somalia">Somalia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a> in Africa; Palestine, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> in Western Asia; <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> in Central Asia; and <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> in South East Asia.<a href="#cite_note-UN_SecGen-2022-38">[38]</a> The United Nations (UN) <a href="/wiki/Committee_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Committee on the Rights of the Child">Committee on the Rights of the Child</a> and others have called for an end to the recruitment of children by state armed forces, arguing that <a href="/wiki/Recruit_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Recruit training">military training</a>, the military environment, and a binding contract of service are not compatible with children's rights and jeopardize healthy development.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-CSI-2012-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-state_armed_groups">Non-state armed groups</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Non-state armed groups">edit</a>]</div> These include <a href="/wiki/Violent_non-state_actor" title="Violent non-state actor">non-state armed</a> paramilitary organisations such as <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insurgent" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurgent">insurgents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terrorist_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist organization">terrorist organizations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla movements</a>, armed <a href="/wiki/Liberation_movement" title="Liberation movement">liberation movements</a>, and other types of <a href="/wiki/Quasi-military" class="mw-redirect" title="Quasi-military">quasi-military</a> organisation. As of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit">[update]</a>, the UN identified 12 countries where children were widely used by such groups: <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> in South America; <a href="/wiki/Child_soldiers_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Child soldiers in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Child_soldiers_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Child soldiers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Child_soldiers_in_Somalia" title="Child soldiers in Somalia">Somalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> in Africa; <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> and Palestine in the Middle East; <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> in Western Asia; <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> in Central Asia; and <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> in South East Asia.<a href="#cite_note-UN_SecGen-2022-38">[38]</a> Not all armed groups use children and approximately 60 have entered agreements to reduce or end the practice since 1999.<a href="#cite_note-CSI-2016-25">[25]</a> For example, by 2017, the <a href="/wiki/Moro_Islamic_Liberation_Front" title="Moro Islamic Liberation Front">Moro Islamic Liberation Front</a> (MILF) in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> had released nearly 2,000 children from its ranks,<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> and in 2016, the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Armed_Forces_of_Colombia" title="Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia">FARC-EP</a> <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla movement">guerrilla movement</a> in Colombia agreed to stop recruiting children.<a href="#cite_note-UN_SecGen-2017b-26">[26]</a> Other countries have seen the reverse trend, particularly <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> militants and groups opposing them have intensified their recruitment, training, and use of children.<a href="#cite_note-UN_SecGen-2017b-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_estimates">Global estimates</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Global estimates">edit</a>]</div> In 2003, one estimate calculated that child soldiers participated in about three-quarters of ongoing conflicts.<a href="#cite_note-saddam-43">[43]</a> In the same year, the <a href="/wiki/UN_Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs">UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs</a> (UNOCHA) estimated that most of these children were aged over 15, although some were younger.<a href="#cite_note-irin-44">[44]</a> Due to the widespread military use of children in areas where armed conflict and insecurity prevent access by UN officials and other observers, it is difficult to estimate how many children are affected.<a href="#cite_note-CSI-2017c-45">[45]</a> <ul><li>In 2003 <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a> estimated that some 300,000 children are involved in more than 30 conflicts worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-unicef2003-46">[46]</a></li> <li>In 2017, <a href="/wiki/Child_Soldiers_International" title="Child Soldiers International">Child Soldiers International</a> estimated that several tens of thousands of children, possibly more than 100,000, were in state and non-state military organisations around the world,<a href="#cite_note-CSI-2017c-45">[45]</a> and in 2018 the organisation reported that children were being used to participate in at least 18 armed conflicts.<a href="#cite_note-CSI-2018a-36">[36]</a></li> <li>In 2023 the <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">UN Secretary General</a> report presented 7,622 verified cases of children being recruited and used in armed conflicts in 23 countries. More than 12,460 children formerly associated with armed forces or groups received protection or reintegration support during 2022.<a href="#cite_note-UNSG-2023-47">[47]</a></li></ul> It is estimated that <a href="/wiki/Girl_soldiers" title="Girl soldiers">girl soldiers</a> make between 10% and 30%,<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> 6 and 50%,<a href="#cite_note-Alliance-2020-49">[49]</a> or over 40% of the child soldier population.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Of the verified cases presented in the 2023 UN Secretary General report, girls make 12.3% of all child soldiers recruited or used by armed groups.<a href="#cite_note-UNSG-2023-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Driving_factors">Driving factors</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Driving factors">edit</a>]</div> Despite children's physical and psychological underdevelopment relative to adults, there are many reasons why state and non-state military organisations seek them out, and why children themselves are often drawn to join of their own volition. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychological_factors">Psychological factors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Psychological factors">edit</a>]</div> Relative to adults, the neurological underdevelopment of children, including adolescent children, renders them more susceptible to recruitment and also more likely to make consequential decisions without due regard to the risks.<a href="#cite_note-Louise-2016-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Medact-2018-55">[55]</a> With these susceptibilities in mind, military marketing to adolescents has been criticised in Germany,<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> the UK,<a href="#cite_note-Gee-2008-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Louise-2016-52">[52]</a> and the US<a href="#cite_note-APHA-2012-58">[58]</a> for glamorizing military life while omitting the risks and the loss of fundamental rights. Research in the same three countries finds that recruiters disproportionately target children from poorer backgrounds.<a href="#cite_note-Gee-2016-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bundestag_Commission-2016-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Goodman-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gee-2008-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hagopian-2011-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-APHA-2012-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> In the UK, for example, the army finds it easier to attract child recruits from age 16 than adults from age 18,<a href="#cite_note-Gee-2016-8">[8]</a> particularly those from poorer backgrounds.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Once recruited, children are easier than adults to indoctrinate and control,<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Grossman-2009-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wessells-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-McGurk-2006-6">[6]</a> and are more motivated than adults to fight for non-monetary incentives such as religion, honour, prestige, revenge, and duty.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_factors">Social factors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Social factors">edit</a>]</div> In many countries growing populations of young people relative to older generations have made children a cheap and accessible resource for military organisations.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> In a 2004 study of children in military organisations around the world, Rachel Brett and Irma Specht pointed to a complex of factors that incentivise children to join military organisations, particularly: <ul><li>Background poverty including a lack of civilian education or employment opportunities.</li> <li>The cultural normalization of war.</li> <li>Seeking new friends.</li> <li>Revenge (for example, after seeing friends and relatives killed).</li> <li>Expectations that a "<a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">warrior</a>" role provides a <a href="/wiki/Rite_of_passage" title="Rite of passage">rite of passage</a> to maturity.<a href="#cite_note-Brett-2004-7">[7]</a></li></ul> The following testimony from a child recruited by the <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodian</a> armed forces in the 1990s is typical of many children's motivations for joining up: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">I joined because my parents lacked food and I had no school ... I was worried about mines but what can we do—it's an order [to go to the <a href="/wiki/Front_line" title="Front line">front line</a>]. Once somebody stepped on a mine in front of me—he was wounded and died ... I was with the radio at the time, about 60 metres away. I was sitting in my hammock and saw him die ... I see young children in every unit ... I'm sure I'll be a soldier for at least a couple of more years. If I stop being a soldier, I won't have a job to do because I don't have any skills. I don't know what I'll do ...<a href="#cite_note-Child_Soldiers-2001-67">[67]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_factors">Military factors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Military factors">edit</a>]</div> Some leaders of armed groups have claimed that children, despite their underdevelopment, bring their own qualities as combatants to a fighting unit, often being remarkably fearless, agile and hardy.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> The global proliferation of light automatic weapons, which children can easily handle, has also made the use of children as direct combatants more viable.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact_on_children">Impact on children</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Impact on children">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Impact_of_war_on_children" title="Impact of war on children">Impact of war on children</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Recruit_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Recruit training">Recruit training</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armed_conflict">Armed conflict</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Armed conflict">edit</a>]</div> Child soldiers who survive armed conflict face a markedly elevated risk of debilitating psychiatric illness, poor literacy and numeracy, and behavioural problems.<a href="#cite_note-Boothby,_N-2010-11">[11]</a> Research in Palestine and Uganda, for example, has found that more than half of former child soldiers showed symptoms of <a href="/wiki/Posttraumatic_stress_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Posttraumatic stress disorder">post-traumatic stress disorder</a> and nearly nine in ten in Uganda screened positive for <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depressed mood</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Boothby,_N-2010-11">[11]</a> Researchers in Palestine also found that children exposed to high levels of violence in armed conflict were substantially more likely than other children to exhibit <a href="/wiki/Aggression" title="Aggression">aggression</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-social_behaviour" title="Anti-social behaviour">anti-social behaviour</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Boothby,_N-2010-11">[11]</a> The combined impact of these effects typically includes a high risk of poverty and lasting unemployment in adulthood.<a href="#cite_note-Boothby,_N-2010-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Detention">Detention</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Detention">edit</a>]</div> Further harm is caused when armed forces and groups detain child recruits.<a href="#cite_note-HRW-2016-70">[70]</a> Children are often detained without sufficient food, medical care, or under other inhumane conditions, and some experience physical and sexual torture.<a href="#cite_note-HRW-2016-70">[70]</a> Some are captured with their families, or detained due to one of their family members' activity. Lawyers and relatives are frequently banned from any court hearing.<a href="#cite_note-HRW-2016-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_training">Military training</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Military training">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elementary_school_students_were_given_military_drills_(Nakameguro_National_School_in_Tokyo),_1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Elementary_school_students_were_given_military_drills_%28Nakameguro_National_School_in_Tokyo%29%2C_1942.jpg/220px-Elementary_school_students_were_given_military_drills_%28Nakameguro_National_School_in_Tokyo%29%2C_1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Elementary_school_students_were_given_military_drills_%28Nakameguro_National_School_in_Tokyo%29%2C_1942.jpg/330px-Elementary_school_students_were_given_military_drills_%28Nakameguro_National_School_in_Tokyo%29%2C_1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Elementary_school_students_were_given_military_drills_%28Nakameguro_National_School_in_Tokyo%29%2C_1942.jpg/440px-Elementary_school_students_were_given_military_drills_%28Nakameguro_National_School_in_Tokyo%29%2C_1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="597" /></a><figcaption>Elementary school students in <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Imperial Japan</a> were given military drills, May 1942</figcaption></figure> While the use of children in armed conflict has attracted most attention, other research has found that military settings present several serious risks before child recruits are deployed to war zones, particularly during training. Research from several countries finds that military enlistment, even before recruits are sent to war, is accompanied by a higher risk of attempted suicide in the US,<a href="#cite_note-Ursano-2016-12">[12]</a> higher risk of mental disorders in the US and the UK,<a href="#cite_note-Goodwin-2015-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Martin-2006-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cooper-2021-71">[71]</a> higher risk of alcohol misuse<a href="#cite_note-Head-2016-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mattiko-2011-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cooper-2021-71">[71]</a> and higher risk of violent behaviour,<a href="#cite_note-MacManus-2013-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bouffard-2005-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Merrill-2005-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> relative to recruits' pre-military experience. Military academics in the US have characterized military training as "intense indoctrination" in conditions of sustained stress, the primary purpose of which is to establish the unconditional and immediate obedience of recruits.<a href="#cite_note-McGurk-2006-6">[6]</a> The research literature has found that adolescents are more vulnerable than adults to a high-stress environment, particularly those from a background of childhood adversity.<a href="#cite_note-Medact-2018-55">[55]</a> It finds in particular that the prolonged stressors of military training are likely to aggravate pre-existing mental health problems and hamper healthy neurological development.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Louise-2016-52">[52]</a> Military settings are characterized by elevated rates of <a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">bullying</a>, particularly by instructors. In the UK between 2014 and 2020, for example, the army recorded 62 formal complaints of violence committed by staff against recruits at the military training centre for 16- and 17-year-old trainee soldiers, the <a href="/wiki/Army_Foundation_College" title="Army Foundation College">Army Foundation College</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-75">[75]</a> Joe Turton, who joined up aged 17 in 2014, recalls bullying by staff throughout his training. For example: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The corporals come into the hangar where we sleep and they're wild-eyed, screaming, shoving people out. A massive sergeant lifts a recruit in the air and literally throws him into the wall. A corporal smacks me full-force around the head—I've got my helmet on but he hits me so hard that I'm knocked right over, I mean this man's about 40 and I'm maybe 17 by then. A bit later, we're crawling through mud and a corporal grabs me and drags me along the ground, half-way across a field. When he lets go I'm in that much pain that I'm whimpering on the ground. When the other corporal, the one who hit me, sees me crying on the ground, he just points at me and laughs.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></blockquote>Elevated rates of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment_in_the_military" title="Sexual harassment in the military">sexual harassment</a> are characteristic of military settings, including the training environment.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-Anderson-2013-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Between 2015 and 2020, for example, girls aged 16 or 17 in the British armed forces were twice as likely as their same-age civilian peers to report rape or other sexual assault.<a href="#cite_note-Whyte-2021-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_law">International law</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: International law">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recruitment_and_use_of_children">Recruitment and use of children</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Recruitment and use of children">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Definition_of_child">Definition of child</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Definition of child">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Convention on the Rights of the Child">Convention on the Rights of the Child</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_Children_from_War_conference" title="Free Children from War conference">Free Children from War conference</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Convention on the Rights of the Child">Convention on the Rights of the Child</a> defines a child as any person under the age of 18. The <a href="/wiki/Free_Children_from_War_conference" title="Free Children from War conference">Paris Principles</a> define a child associated with an armed force or group as: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">...any person below 18 years of age who is or who has been recruited or used by an armed force or armed group in any capacity, including but not limited to children, boys and girls, used as fighters, cooks, porters, messengers, spies or for sexual purposes. The document is approved by the United Nations General Assembly. It does not only refer to a child who is taking or has taken a direct part in hostilities.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Children_aged_under_15">Children aged under 15</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Children aged under 15">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Convention on the Rights of the Child">Convention on the Rights of the Child</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rome_Statute_of_the_International_Criminal_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court">Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court</a></div> The Additional Protocols to the 1949 Geneva Conventions (1977, Art. 77.2),<a href="#cite_note-Red_Cross-1977-83">[83]</a> the Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989), and the <a href="/wiki/Rome_Statute_of_the_International_Criminal_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court">Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court</a> (2002) all forbid state armed forces and non-state armed groups from using children under the age of 15 directly in armed conflict (technically "hostilities"). This is now recognised as a war crime.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Children_aged_under_18">Children aged under 18</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Children aged under 18">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Optional_Protocol_on_the_Involvement_of_Children_in_Armed_Conflict" title="Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict">Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Worst_Forms_of_Child_Labour_Convention" title="Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention">Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention</a> and <a href="/wiki/African_Charter_on_the_Rights_and_Welfare_of_the_Child" title="African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child">African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child</a></div> Most states with armed forces are also bound by the higher standards of the widely ratified Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict (OPAC) (2000) and the <a href="/wiki/Worst_Forms_of_Child_Labour_Convention" title="Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention">Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention</a> (1999), which forbid the compulsory recruitment of those under the age of 18.<a href="#cite_note-CSI-2017b-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> OPAC also requires governments that still recruit children (from age 16) to "take all feasible measures to ensure that persons below the age of 18 do not take a direct part in hostilities". In addition, OPAC forbids non-state armed groups from recruiting children under any circumstances, although the legal force of this is uncertain.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-CSI-2016-25">[25]</a> The highest standard in the world is set by the <a href="/wiki/African_Charter_on_the_Rights_and_Welfare_of_the_Child" title="African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child">African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ACHPR-2018-87">[87]</a> which forbids state armed forces from recruiting children under the age of 18 under any circumstances. Most African states have ratified the Charter.<a href="#cite_note-ACHPR-2018-87">[87]</a> None of the above treaties either explicitly forbids the indirect participation of children in "hostilities", or from contributing to a military operation in a stand-off position (i.e. away from hostilities). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standards_for_the_release_and_reintegration_of_children">Standards for the release and reintegration of children</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Standards for the release and reintegration of children">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_and_reintegration_of_child_soldiers" title="Rehabilitation and reintegration of child soldiers">Rehabilitation and reintegration of child soldiers</a></div> OPAC requires governments to demobilise children within their jurisdiction who have been recruited or used in hostilities and to provide assistance for their physical and psychological recovery and social reintegration.<a href="#cite_note-OptProto-88">[88]</a> Under war, civil unrest, armed conflict and other emergency situations, children and youths are also offered protection under the United Nations <a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Protection_of_Women_and_Children_in_Emergency_and_Armed_Conflict" title="Declaration on the Protection of Women and Children in Emergency and Armed Conflict">Declaration on the Protection of Women and Children in Emergency and Armed Conflict</a>. To accommodate the proper disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration of former members of armed groups, the United Nations started the Integrated DDR Standards in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_crimes">War crimes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: War crimes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crime</a></div> Opinion is currently divided over whether children should be prosecuted for war crimes.<a href="#cite_note-McCollough-2008-03-10-90">[90]</a> International law does not prohibit the prosecution of children who commit war crimes, but Article 37 of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child">Convention on the Rights of the Child</a> limits the punishment that a child can receive: "Neither capital punishment nor life imprisonment without possibility of release shall be imposed for offenses committed by persons below eighteen years of age."<a href="#cite_note-McCollough-2008-03-10-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Example:_Sierra_Leone">Example: Sierra Leone</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Example: Sierra Leone">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Special_Court_for_Sierra_Leone" title="Special Court for Sierra Leone">Special Court for Sierra Leone</a></div> In the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Sierra Leonean Civil War">Sierra Leonean Civil War</a>, the UN mandated the <a href="/wiki/Special_Court_for_Sierra_Leone" title="Special Court for Sierra Leone">Special Court for Sierra Leone</a> (SCSL) to try former combatants aged 15 and older for breaches of <a href="/wiki/International_humanitarian_law" title="International humanitarian law">humanitarian law</a>, including war crimes. However, the Paris Principles state that children who participate in armed conflict should be regarded first as victims, even if they may also be perpetrators: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">... [those] who are accused of crimes under international law allegedly committed while they were associated with armed forces or armed groups should be considered primarily as victims of offenses against international law; not only as perpetrators. They must be treated by international law in a framework of restorative justice and social rehabilitation, consistent with international law which offers children special protection through numerous agreements and principles.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a></blockquote> This principle was reflected in the Court's statute, which did not rule out prosecution but emphasised the need to rehabilitate and reintegrate former child soldiers. <a href="/wiki/David_Crane_(lawyer)" title="David Crane (lawyer)">David Crane</a>, the first Chief Prosecutor of the Sierra Leone tribunal, interpreted the statute in favour of prosecuting those who had recruited children, rather than the children themselves, no matter how heinous the crimes they had committed.<a href="#cite_note-McCollough-2008-03-10-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Example:_Omar_Khadr">Example: Omar Khadr</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Example: Omar Khadr">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Omar_Khadr" title="Omar Khadr">Omar Khadr</a></div> In the US, prosecutors charged <a href="/wiki/Omar_Khadr" title="Omar Khadr">Omar Khadr</a>, a Canadian, for offences they alleged he committed in Afghanistan while under the age of 16 and fighting for the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> against <a href="/wiki/United_States_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="United States forces">US forces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> These crimes carry a maximum penalty of life imprisonment under US law.<a href="#cite_note-McCollough-2008-03-10-90">[90]</a> In 2010, while under torture and duress, Khadr pleaded guilty to murder in violation of the laws of war, attempted murder in violation of the laws of war, conspiracy, two counts of providing material support for <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a>, and spying.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> The plea was offered as part of a <a href="/wiki/Plea_bargain" title="Plea bargain">plea bargain</a>, which would see Khadr deported to Canada after one year of imprisonment to serve seven further years there.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Omar Khadr remained in <a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp" title="Guantanamo Bay detention camp">Guantanamo Bay</a> and the Canadian government faced international criticism for delaying his repatriation.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Khadr was eventually transferred to the Canadian prison system in September 2012 and was freed on bail by a judge in <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a> in May 2015. As of 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit">[update]</a>, Khadr was appealing his US conviction as a war criminal.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Before sentencing the Special Representative to the <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">UN Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict</a> wrote to the <a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_military_commission" title="Guantanamo military commission">US military commission at Guantanamo</a> appealing unsuccessfully for Khadr's release into a rehabilitation program.<a href="#cite_note-CBC2010-98">[98]</a> In her letter she said that Khadr represented the "classic child soldier narrative: recruited by unscrupulous groups to undertake actions at the bidding of adults to fight battles they barely understand".<a href="#cite_note-CBC2010-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_role_of_the_United_Nations">The role of the United Nations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: The role of the United Nations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Optional_Protocol_on_the_Involvement_of_Children_in_Armed_Conflict" title="Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict">Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict</a> and <a href="/wiki/Committee_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Committee on the Rights of the Child">Committee on the Rights of the Child</a></div> Children's rights advocates were left frustrated after the final text of the convention on the Rights of the Child (1989) did not prohibit the military recruitment of all children under the age of 18, and they began to call for a new treaty to achieve this goal.<a href="#cite_note-Becker-2013-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brett-2005-99">[99]</a> As a consequence the newly formed Committee on the Rights of the Child made two recommendations: first, to request a major UN study into the impact of armed conflict on children; and second, to establish a working group of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Commission_on_Human_Rights" title="United Nations Commission on Human Rights">UN Commission on Human Rights</a> to negotiate a supplementary protocol to the convention.<a href="#cite_note-Brett-2005-99">[99]</a> Both proposals were accepted.<a href="#cite_note-Becker-2013-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brett-2005-99">[99]</a> Responding to the committee on the Rights of the Child, the <a href="/wiki/UN_General_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="UN General Assembly">UN General Assembly</a> acknowledged "the grievous deterioration in the situation of children in many parts of the world as a result of armed conflicts" and commissioned the human rights expert Graça Machel to conduct a major fact-finding study.<a href="#cite_note-CAC-2018-100">[100]</a> Her report, Impact of Armed Conflict on Children (1996), was particularly concerned with the military use of younger children, which was killing, maiming, and <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">psychiatrically injuring</a> many thousands every year.<a href="#cite_note-Machel-1996-10">[10]</a> It noted: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Clearly one of the most urgent priorities is to remove everyone under 18 years of age from armed forces.<a href="#cite_note-Machel-1996-10">[10]</a></blockquote> Meanwhile, the <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_commission" title="Human rights commission">UN Commission on Human Rights</a> established a working group to negotiate a treaty to raise the legal standard.<a href="#cite_note-Becker-2013-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brett-2005-99">[99]</a> After a global campaign and complex negotiations, the new treaty was agreed in 2000 as the <a href="/wiki/Optional_Protocol_on_the_Involvement_of_Children_in_Armed_Conflict" title="Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict">Optional Protocol to the convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Becker-2013-34">[34]</a> The treaty prohibited the direct participation of all children in armed conflict for the first time, while continuing to allow state armed forces (though not non-state armed groups) to recruit children from age 16.<a href="#cite_note-ohchr-2000-101">[101]</a> The protocol came into force on 12 February 2002.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Special_Representative_of_the_Secretary-General_for_Children_and_Armed_Conflict">Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict">edit</a>]</div> The Machel Report led to a new mandate for a Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict (SRSG-CAAC).<a href="#cite_note-CAC-2018-100">[100]</a> Among the tasks of the SRSG is to draft the Secretary-General's annual report on children and armed conflict, which lists and describes the worst situations of child recruitment and use from around the world.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Security_Council">Security Council</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Security Council">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> convenes regularly to debate, receive reports, and pass <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_resolution" title="United Nations Security Council resolution">resolutions</a> under the heading "Children in armed conflict". The first resolution on the issue, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1261" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1261">Resolution 1261</a>, was passed in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-UN_SRES12611999-104">[104]</a> In 2004 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1539" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1539">Resolution 1539</a> was passed unanimously, condemning the use of child soldiers and mandating the UN Secretary-General to establish a means of tracking and reporting on the practice, known as the Monitoring and Reporting Mechanism.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Nations_Secretary-General">United Nations Secretary-General</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: United Nations Secretary-General">edit</a>]</div> The Secretary-General publishes an annual report on children and armed conflict.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> As of 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit">[update]</a>, his report identified 14 countries where children were widely used by armed groups during 2016 (Afghanistan, Colombia, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Iraq, Mali, Myanmar, Nigeria, Philippines, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen) and six countries where state armed forces were using children in hostilities (Afghanistan, Myanmar, Somalia, Sudan, South Sudan, and Syria).<a href="#cite_note-UN_SecGen-2017b-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Children_in_the_military_today—by_region_and_country">Children in the military today—by region and country</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Children in the military today—by region and country">edit</a>]</div> This section covers the use of children for military purposes today. For historical cases, see <a href="/wiki/History_of_children_in_the_military" title="History of children in the military">History of children in the military</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Africa">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Child_soldiers_in_Africa" title="Child soldiers in Africa">Child soldiers in Africa</a></div> In 2003, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs">UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs</a> estimated that up to half of children involved with state armed forces and non-state armed groups worldwide were in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-irin-44">[44]</a> In 2004, Child Soldiers International estimated that 100,000 children were being used in state and non-state armed forces on the continent;<a href="#cite_note-CSUCS-1-108">[108]</a> and in 2008 an estimate put the total at 120,000 children, or 40 percent of the global total.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> The African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (1990), which most African states have ratified, prohibits all military recruitment of children aged under 18. Nonetheless, according to the UN, in 2016 children were being used by armed groups in seven African countries (Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Mali, Nigeria, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan) and by state armed forces in three (Somalia, Sudan, South Sudan).<a href="#cite_note-UN_SecGen-2017b-26">[26]</a> International efforts to reduce the number of children in military organisations in Africa began with the Cape Town Principles and Best Practices, developed in 1997.<a href="#cite_note-UNICEF-1997-110">[110]</a> The Principles proposed that African governments commit to OPAC, which was being negotiated at the time, and raise the minimum age for military recruitment from 15 to 18.<a href="#cite_note-UNICEF-1997-110">[110]</a> The Principles also defined a child soldier to include any person under the age of 18 who is "part of any kind of regular or irregular armed force or group in any capacity ... including girls recruited for sexual purposes ..."<a href="#cite_note-UNICEF-1997-110">[110]</a> In 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Free_Children_from_War_conference" title="Free Children from War conference">Free Children from War conference</a> in Paris produced the Paris Principles, which refined and updated the Cape Town Principles, applied them globally, and outlined a practical approach to reintegrating current child soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-UNICEF12-111">[111]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_0463.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Omo_River_Valley_IMG_0463.jpg/250px-Omo_River_Valley_IMG_0463.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Omo_River_Valley_IMG_0463.jpg/375px-Omo_River_Valley_IMG_0463.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Omo_River_Valley_IMG_0463.jpg/500px-Omo_River_Valley_IMG_0463.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Children of the Omo Valley in Ethiopia</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Central_African_Republic">Central African Republic</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Central African Republic">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Child_soldiers_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Child soldiers in the Central African Republic">Child soldiers in the Central African Republic</a></div> The use of children by armed groups in the Central African Republic has historically been common.<a href="#cite_note-CSUCS-1-108">[108]</a> Between 2012 and 2015 as many as 10,000 children were used by armed groups in the nationwide armed conflict and as of 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit">[update]</a> the problem persists nationwide with a most likely greater amount fighting now.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-UNICEF-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN_SecGen-2017b-26">[26]</a> The mainly Muslim Séléka coalition of armed groups and the predominantly Christian <a href="/wiki/Anti-balaka" title="Anti-balaka">Anti-balaka</a> militias have both used children in this way; some are as young as eight.<a href="#cite_note-CSI-2016b-114">[114]</a> In May 2015 at the Forum de Bangui (a meeting of government, parliament, armed groups, civil society, and religious leaders), a number of armed groups agreed to demobilize thousands of children.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> In 2016 a measure of stability returned to the Central African Republic and, according to the United Nations, 2,691 boys and 1,206 girls were officially separated from armed groups.<a href="#cite_note-UN_SecGen-2017b-26">[26]</a> Despite this, the recruitment and use of children for military purposes increased by approximately 50 percent over that year, mostly attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army" title="Lord's Resistance Army">Lord's Resistance Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UN_SecGen-2017b-26">[26]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DRC-_Child_Soldiers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/DRC-_Child_Soldiers.jpg/250px-DRC-_Child_Soldiers.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/DRC-_Child_Soldiers.jpg/375px-DRC-_Child_Soldiers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/DRC-_Child_Soldiers.jpg/500px-DRC-_Child_Soldiers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1352" /></a><figcaption>A group of demobilized child soldiers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Democratic Republic of the Congo">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Child_soldiers_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Child soldiers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Child soldiers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></div> Thousands of children serve in the military of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and various rebel militias. It has been estimated that more than 30,000 children were fighting with various parties to the conflict at the height of the Second Congo War. It was claimed in the film <a href="/wiki/Kony_2012" title="Kony 2012">Kony 2012</a> that the Lord's Resistance Army recruited this number.<a href="#cite_note-guardian_kony_2012-116">[116]</a> Currently, the DRC has one of the highest proportions of child soldiers in the world. The international court has passed judgment on these practices during the war. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lubanga_Dyilo" title="Thomas Lubanga Dyilo">Thomas Lubanga Dyilo</a>, one of the warlords in the DRC, has been sentenced to 14 years in prison because of his role in the recruitment of child soldiers between 2002 and 2003. Lubanga directed the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Congolese_Patriots" title="Union of Congolese Patriots">Union of Congolese Patriots</a> and its armed wing <a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Forces_for_the_Liberation_of_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriotic Forces for the Liberation of Congo">Patriotic Forces for the Liberation of Congo</a>. The children were forced to fight in the armed conflict in Ituri.<a href="#cite_note-The_Prosecutor_v._Thomas_Lubanga_Dyilo-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Somalia">Somalia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Somalia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Child_soldiers_in_Somalia" title="Child soldiers in Somalia">Child soldiers in Somalia</a></div> A report published by the Child Soldiers International in 2004 estimated that 200,000 children had been recruited into the country's militias against their will since 1991.<a href="#cite_note-CSUCS-1-108">[108]</a> In 2017 UN Secretary-General <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres" title="António Guterres">António Guterres</a> commented on a UN report which estimated that over 50 percent of <a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">Al-Shabaab</a>'s membership in the country was under the age of 18, with some as young as nine being sent to fight.<a href="#cite_note-Al_Jazeera-2017-118">[118]</a> The report verified that 6,163 children had been recruited in Somalia between 1 April 2010 and 31 July 2016, of which 230 were girls. Al-Shabaab accounted for seventy percent of this recruitment, and the <a href="/wiki/Somali_National_Army" title="Somali National Army">Somali National Army</a> was also recruiting children.<a href="#cite_note-Al_Jazeera-2017-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sudan">Sudan</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Sudan">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SPLA_Child_Soldier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/SPLA_Child_Soldier.jpg/220px-SPLA_Child_Soldier.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/SPLA_Child_Soldier.jpg/330px-SPLA_Child_Soldier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/SPLA_Child_Soldier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="351" /></a><figcaption>A child soldier of the Sudanese People's Liberation Army (2007)</figcaption></figure>In 2004 approximately 17,000 children were being used by the state armed forces and non-state armed groups.<a href="#cite_note-Hollingsworth-2013-120">[120]</a> As many as 5,000 children were part of the main armed opposition group at the time, the <a href="/wiki/Sudan_People%27s_Liberation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudan People's Liberation Army">Sudan People's Liberation Army</a> (SPLA).<a href="#cite_note-Hollingsworth-2013-120">[120]</a> Some former child soldiers were sentenced to death for crimes committed while they were soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-CSUCS-1-108">[108]</a> In 2006, children were also recruited from refugee camps in Chad, and thousands were used in the conflict in Darfur.<a href="#cite_note-Child_Soldiers-2008-121">[121]</a> In 2005 the government ratified the OPAC treaty and by 2008 the military use of children had reduced in the country, but both state armed forces and the SPLA continued to recruit and use them.<a href="#cite_note-Child_Soldiers-2008-121">[121]</a> The use of children has continued to diminish, but in 2017 the UN was still receiving reports of children as young as 12 in government forces.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-urlWitness-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Uganda">Uganda</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Uganda">edit</a>]</div> "The <a href="/wiki/LRA" class="mw-redirect" title="LRA">LRA</a> in Uganda became known mainly through the forced recruitment of thousands of children and adolescents who were trained as soldiers or forced to 'marry' members of the rebel group. Unlike all other, or earlier, rebel groups in Uganda, the LRA made the violent abduction or enslavement of children (preferably aged between twelve and fourteen) its main method of recruitment and concentrated its activities on attacking the civilian population."<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Zimbabwe">edit</a>]</div> In 2003, the <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">Guardian</a> reported multiple human rights violations by the <a href="/wiki/National_Youth_Service_(Zimbabwe)" title="National Youth Service (Zimbabwe)">National Youth Service</a>, a state-sponsored youth militia in Zimbabwe.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Originally conceived as a patriotic youth organisation, it became a paramilitary group of youth aged between 10 and 30, and was used to suppress dissent in the country.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> The organisation was finally banned in January 2018.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Americas">Americas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Americas">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bolivia">Bolivia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Bolivia">edit</a>]</div> In 2001 the government of Bolivia acknowledged that male children as young as 14 may have been forcibly conscripted into the armed forces during recruitment sweeps.<a href="#cite_note-globalmarch.org-128">[128]</a> About 40% of the Bolivian army was believed to be under the age of 18, with half of those below the age of 16.<a href="#cite_note-globalmarch.org-128">[128]</a> As of 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit">[update]</a>, Bolivia invites children to begin their adult conscription early, from age 17.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brazil">Brazil</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Brazil">edit</a>]</div> In Brazil the local organized crime groups, such as <a href="/wiki/Comando_Vermelho" title="Comando Vermelho">Comando Vermelho</a>, recruit children to sell drugs and commit homicides, as well as to fight with the police and other rival groups.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Also the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_police_militias" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian police militias">Brazilian militias</a> recruit children to fight in the <a href="/wiki/Militias-Comando_Vermelho_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Militias-Comando Vermelho conflict">conflict against Comando Vermelho</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Canada">edit</a>]</div> In Canada, people may join the reserve component of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Forces">Canadian Forces</a> at age 16 with parental permission, and the regular component at 17 years of age, also with parental permission. They may not volunteer for a tour of duty until reaching age 18.<a href="#cite_note-Canadian_Forces_basic_eligibility_requirements-132">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Colombia">Colombia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Colombia">edit</a>]</div> In the <a href="/wiki/Colombian_armed_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Colombian armed conflict">Colombian armed conflict</a>, from the mid-1960s to present, one-fourth of non-state combatants have been and still are under 18 years old. In 2004 Colombia ranked fourth in the world for the greatest use of child soldiers. There are currently 11,000–14,000 children in armed groups in the country. In negotiations with the government, armed groups have offered to stop the recruitment of minors as a bargaining chip, but they have not honoured these offers.<a href="#cite_note-HRW-2003-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thomas-2008-134">[134]</a> Bjørkhaug argues that most child soldiers were recruited through some combination of voluntary participation and coercion.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> In 1998 a Human Rights Watch press release indicated that 30 percent of some guerrilla units were made up of children and up to 85 percent of some of the militias, which are considered to serve as a "training ground for future guerrilla fighters", had child soldiers<a href="#cite_note-HRW1998-136">[136]</a> In the same press release it was estimated that some of the government-linked paramilitary units consisted of up to 50 percent children, including some as young as eight years old.<a href="#cite_note-aft-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-HRW1998-136">[136]</a> In 2005 an estimated 11,000 children were involved with left- or right-wing paramilitaries in Colombia. "Approximately 80 percent of child combatants in Colombia belong to one of the two left-wing guerrilla groups, the <a href="/wiki/FARC" class="mw-redirect" title="FARC">FARC</a> or <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Army_(Colombia)" title="National Liberation Army (Colombia)">ELN</a>. The remainder fight in paramilitary ranks, predominately the <a href="/wiki/United_Self-Defense_Forces_of_Colombia" title="United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia">AUC</a>."<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> According to P. W. Singer the FARC attack on the Guatape hydroelectric facility in 1998 involved militants as young as eight years old and a 2001 FARC training video depicted boys as young as 11 working with missiles. The group has also taken in children from Venezuela, Panama, and Ecuador.<a href="#cite_note-aft-137">[137]</a> The Colombian government's security forces do not officially recruit children<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> as the legal age for both compulsory and voluntary recruitment has been set at 18. However, students were allowed to enroll as cadets in military secondary schools and 16- or 17-year-olds could enter air force or national army training programs, respectively. In addition, captured enemy child combatants were employed by the Colombian military for intelligence gathering purposes in potential violation of legal prohibitions.<a href="#cite_note-Colombia2008-140">[140]</a> The demobilization efforts targeted toward the FARC in 2016–2017 have provided hope that the conflict will come to an end, limiting the number of children involved in violence. However, other armed groups have yet to be demobilized, and conflict is not yet resolved.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cuba">Cuba</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Cuba">edit</a>]</div> In Cuba, compulsory military service for both boys and girls starts at age 17. Male teenagers are allowed to join the Territorial Troops Militia prior to their compulsory service.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ERP_combatants_Perqu%C3%ADn_1990_35.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/ERP_combatants_Perqu%C3%ADn_1990_35.jpg/220px-ERP_combatants_Perqu%C3%ADn_1990_35.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="353" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/ERP_combatants_Perqu%C3%ADn_1990_35.jpg/330px-ERP_combatants_Perqu%C3%ADn_1990_35.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/ERP_combatants_Perqu%C3%ADn_1990_35.jpg/440px-ERP_combatants_Perqu%C3%ADn_1990_35.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="803" /></a><figcaption>Rebel Salvadoran soldier boy combatant in Perquin, El Salvador, 1990, during the <a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Haiti">Haiti</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Haiti">edit</a>]</div> In Haiti an unknown number of children participate in various loosely organised armed groups that are engaged in political violence.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mexico">Mexico</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Mexico">edit</a>]</div> In Mexico an unknown number of children are used by criminal organizations like the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cartel" title="Gulf Cartel">Gulf Cartel</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_drug_war" title="Mexican drug war">Mexican drug war</a> to fight the government and the other rival cartels.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> Also the <a href="/wiki/Grupos_de_autodefensa_comunitaria" title="Grupos de autodefensa comunitaria">Grupos de autodefensa comunitaria</a> recruited some children to defend their villages from the violence of the local crime groups, one of the self-defense groups that recruit soldier children is Coordinadora Regional de Autoridades Comunitarias-Pueblos Fundadores (CRAC-PF) to fight with Los Ardillos, a criminal group split from the <a href="/wiki/Beltr%C3%A1n_Leyva_Cartel" class="mw-redirect" title="Beltrán Leyva Cartel">Beltrán Leyva Cartel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> The battles between CRAC-PF and Los Ardillos caused 53 deaths.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Paraguay">Paraguay</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Paraguay">edit</a>]</div> The government of Paraguay accused the guerrilla groups <a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_People%27s_Army" title="Paraguayan People's Army">EPP</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Peasant_Association" title="Armed Peasant Association">ACA</a> of recruit child soldiers to fight the government in the <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Paraguay" title="Insurgency in Paraguay">ongoing insurgency in the northeastern part of the country</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> In the United States 17-year-olds may join the <a href="/wiki/United_States_armed_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="United States armed forces">armed forces</a> with the written agreement of parents.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> As of 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit">[update]</a> approximately 16,000 17-year-olds were being enlisted annually.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> The US Army describes outreach to schools as the 'cornerstone' of its approach to recruitment,<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/No_Child_Left_Behind_Act" title="No Child Left Behind Act">No Child Left Behind Act</a> gives recruiters the legal right of access to all school students' contact details.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_rights" title="Children's rights">Children's rights</a> bodies have criticized the US' reliance on children to staff its armed forces.<a href="#cite_note-CRC-2008-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-HRW-2007-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> The committee on the Rights of the Child has recommended that the US raise the minimum age of enlistment to 18.<a href="#cite_note-CRC-2008-152">[152]</a> In negotiations on the OPAC treaty during the 1990s the US joined the UK in strongly opposing a global minimum enlistment age of 18. As a consequence the treaty specified a minimum age of 16.<a href="#cite_note-Becker-2013-34">[34]</a> The US ratified the treaty in 2002 (but as of 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit">[update]</a> <a href="/wiki/U.S._ratification_of_the_Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="U.S. ratification of the Convention on the Rights of the Child">U.S. ratification of the Convention on the Rights of the Child</a> has not happened).<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Per OPAC, US military personnel are normally prohibited from direct participation in hostilities until the age of 18. Still, they are eligible for 'forward deployment', which means that they may be posted to a combat zone to perform support tasks.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> The committee on the Rights of the Child has called on the US to change this policy and ensure that no minor can be deployed to a forward operating area in a combat zone.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> In 2003 and 2004 approximately 60 underage personnel were deployed to Afghanistan and Iraq in error.<a href="#cite_note-HRW-2007-153">[153]</a> The Department of Defense subsequently stated that "the situations were immediately rectified and action taken to prevent recurrence."<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> In 2008 President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> signed the <a href="/wiki/Child_Soldiers_Protection_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Child Soldiers Protection Act">Child Soldiers Protection Act</a> into law.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> The law criminalizes leading a military force which recruits child soldiers. It also prohibits arms sales to countries where children are used for military purposes. The law's definition of child soldiers includes "any person under 18 years of age who takes a direct part in hostilities as a member of governmental armed forces." Waivers from the act were issued by both the <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a> administrations.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Asia">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photos_of_young_Khmer_Rouge_fighters_(on_display_at_the_Tuol_Sleng_Museum,_Phnom_Penh).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Photos_of_young_Khmer_Rouge_fighters_%28on_display_at_the_Tuol_Sleng_Museum%2C_Phnom_Penh%29.jpg/250px-Photos_of_young_Khmer_Rouge_fighters_%28on_display_at_the_Tuol_Sleng_Museum%2C_Phnom_Penh%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Photos_of_young_Khmer_Rouge_fighters_%28on_display_at_the_Tuol_Sleng_Museum%2C_Phnom_Penh%29.jpg/375px-Photos_of_young_Khmer_Rouge_fighters_%28on_display_at_the_Tuol_Sleng_Museum%2C_Phnom_Penh%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Photos_of_young_Khmer_Rouge_fighters_%28on_display_at_the_Tuol_Sleng_Museum%2C_Phnom_Penh%29.jpg/500px-Photos_of_young_Khmer_Rouge_fighters_%28on_display_at_the_Tuol_Sleng_Museum%2C_Phnom_Penh%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Young Khmer Rouge fighters</figcaption></figure> In 2004 the Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers (now Child Soldiers International) reported that in Asia thousands of children are involved in fighting forces in active conflict and ceasefire situations in Afghanistan, Myanmar, Indonesia, Laos, Philippines, Nepal and Sri Lanka. Government refusal of access to conflict zones has made it impossible to document the numbers involved.<a href="#cite_note-CSGR2004-159-164">[164]</a> In 2004 Myanmar was unique in the region as the only country where government armed forces forcibly recruited and used children between the ages of 12 and 16.<a href="#cite_note-CSGR2004-159-164">[164]</a> <a href="/wiki/Johnny_and_Luther_Htoo" title="Johnny and Luther Htoo">Johnny and Luther Htoo</a>, twin brothers who jointly led the <a href="/wiki/God%27s_Army_(revolutionary_group)" title="God's Army (revolutionary group)">God's Army</a> guerrilla group, were estimated to have been around ten years old when they began leading the group in 1997. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Afghanistan">edit</a>]</div> Militias recruited thousands of child soldiers during the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(1978%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Afghanistan (1978–present)">Afghan civil war</a> over three decades. Many are still fighting now for the Taliban. Some of those taken from Islamic religious schools or <a href="/wiki/Madrassas" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrassas">madrassas</a>, are used as suicide bombers and gunmen. A propaganda video of boys marching in camouflage uniform and using slogans of martyrdom was issued in 2009 by the Afghan Taliban's leadership. This included a eulogy to a 14-year-old Taliban fighter who allegedly killed an American soldier.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Burma/Myanmar">Burma/Myanmar</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Burma/Myanmar">edit</a>]</div> The State Peace and Development Council has asserted that all of its soldiers volunteered and that all of those accepted are 18 or over. According to Human Rights Watch as many as 70,000 boys serve in Burma/Myanmar's national army, the <a href="/wiki/Tatmadaw" title="Tatmadaw">Tatmadaw</a>, with children as young as 11 being forcibly recruited off the streets. Desertion, the group reported, leads to punishments of three to five years in prison or even execution. The group has also stated that about 5,000–7,000 children serve with a range of different armed ethnic opposition groups, most notably in the <a href="/wiki/United_Wa_State_Army" title="United Wa State Army">United Wa State Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon released a report in June 2009 mentioning "grave violations" against children in the country by both the rebels and the government. The administration announced on 4 August that they would send a team into Burma/Myanmar to press for more action.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: India">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Child_soldiers_in_India" title="Child soldiers in India">Child soldiers in India</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iran">Iran</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Iran">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iranian_soldier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Iranian_soldier.jpg/250px-Iranian_soldier.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="377" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Iranian_soldier.jpg/375px-Iranian_soldier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Iranian_soldier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="603" /></a><figcaption>An Iranian child soldier after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khorramshahr_(1982)" title="Battle of Khorramshahr (1982)">liberation of Khorramshahr</a></figcaption></figure> Current Iranian law officially prohibits the recruitment of those under 16.<a href="#cite_note-Iran2008-168">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-aft-137">[137]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a>, male children were drafted into the <a href="/wiki/Basij" title="Basij">Basij</a> army where, according to critics of the Iranian government, they "were sent to the front as waves of human shields".<a href="#cite_note-unicef-1996-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-child-labor-global-view-170">[170]</a> Other sources have estimated the total number of all Iranian casualties to be in the 200,000–600,000 range.<a href="#cite_note-hiro205-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rajaee1997-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mikaberidze2011-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dunnigan_1991-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-Twentieth_Century_World_History_1997-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chirot,_Daniel_1994-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-Iran2008-168">[168]</a> One source estimates that 3% of the Iran–Iraq War's casualties were under the age of 14.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> There were male Iranian children who left school and participated in the Iran–Iraq War without the knowledge of their parents, including <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Hossein_Fahmideh" title="Mohammad Hossein Fahmideh">Mohammad Hossein Fahmideh</a>. Iraqi officers claimed that they sometimes captured Iranian child soldiers as young as eight years old.<a href="#cite_note-urlChildren-181">[181]</a> As of 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit">[update]</a> the Iranian government has been recruiting children from Iran and Afghanistan to fight in the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a> on the side of forces loyal to the Assad government.<a href="#cite_note-urlIran-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-WAJ-183">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lebanon">Lebanon</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Lebanon">edit</a>]</div> Many different sides in the Lebanese Civil War used child soldiers. A May 2008 Child Soldiers International report stated that <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> trains children for military services.<a href="#cite_note-Iran2008-168">[168]</a> In 2017, the UN reported that armed groups, suspected to be Islamist militants, were recruiting children in the country.<a href="#cite_note-UN_SecGen-2017b-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nepal">Nepal</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Nepal">edit</a>]</div> An estimated 6,000–9,000 children serve in the Communist Party of Nepal forces. As of 2010<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit">[update]</a>, child soldiers of the CPN have since been demobilized.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Palestine">Palestine</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Palestine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Children in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Children in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a> and <a href="/wiki/Child_suicide_bombers_in_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Child suicide bombers in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Child suicide bombers in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:25th_anniversary_of_Hamas_(18).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/25th_anniversary_of_Hamas_%2818%29.jpg/220px-25th_anniversary_of_Hamas_%2818%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/25th_anniversary_of_Hamas_%2818%29.jpg/330px-25th_anniversary_of_Hamas_%2818%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/25th_anniversary_of_Hamas_%2818%29.jpg/440px-25th_anniversary_of_Hamas_%2818%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="393" /></a><figcaption>A child with a toy gun in the 25th anniversary of <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a></figcaption></figure> William O'Brien, a professor of <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown University</a>, wrote about the active participation of Palestinian children in the <a href="/wiki/First_Intifada" title="First Intifada">First Intifada</a>: "It appears that a substantial number, if not the majority, of troops of the intifada are young people, including elementary schoolchildren. They are engaged in throwing stones and <a href="/wiki/Molotov_cocktail" title="Molotov cocktail">Molotov cocktails</a> and other forms of violence."<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> Arab journalist Huda Al-Hussein wrote in a London Arab newspaper on 27 October 2000: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">While UN organizations save child-soldiers, especially in Africa, from the control of militia leaders who hurl them into the furnace of gang-fighting, some Palestinian leaders... consciously issue orders for the purpose of ending their childhood, even if it means their last breath.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a></blockquote> In 2002 a report by Jihad Shomaly for the Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers (now Child Soldiers International) said that, "while there are reports of children participating in hostilities, there is no evidence of systematic recruitment by armed groups".<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> In 2004, however, the organisation reported that there were at least nine documented <a href="/wiki/Child_suicide_bombers_in_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Child suicide bombers in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict">suicide attacks involving Palestinian minors</a> between October 2000 and March 2004,<a href="#cite_note-CSGR2004-292-33">[33]</a> stating: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">There was no evidence of systematic recruitment of children by Palestinian armed groups. However, children are used as messengers and couriers, and in some cases as fighters and suicide bombers in attacks on <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israeli soldiers</a> and civilians. All the main political groups involve children in this way, including <a href="/wiki/Fatah" title="Fatah">Fatah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Jihad_Movement_in_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine">Islamic Jihad</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine">Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CSGR2004-304-189">[189]</a></blockquote> In May 2008 a Child Soldiers International report highlighted Hamas and Islamic Jihad for having "used children in military attacks and training" in its Iranian section.<a href="#cite_note-Iran2008-168">[168]</a> On 23 May 2005 <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> reiterated its calls to <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_political_violence" title="Palestinian political violence">Palestinian armed groups</a> to put an immediate end to the use of children in armed activities: "Palestinian armed groups must not use children under any circumstances to carry out armed attacks or to transport weapons or other material."<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> There is mounting evidence that Hamas and PIJ operate "summer camps" specifically dedicated to train children to be soldiers, and on occasion uses them for illegal military operations.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israel–Hamas war">Israel-Hamas war</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">IDF</a> has gathered substantial evidence of Palestinian children undergoing military training.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Philippines">Philippines</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Philippines">edit</a>]</div> Islamist and communist armed groups fighting the government have routinely relied on child recruits.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> In 2001 Human Rights Watch reported that an estimated 13 percent of the 10,000 soldiers in the <a href="/wiki/Moro_Islamic_Liberation_Front" title="Moro Islamic Liberation Front">Moro Islamic Liberation Front</a> (MILF) were children, and that some paramilitary forces linked to the government were also using children.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> In 2016 the MILF allowed 1,869 children to leave and committed not to recruit children any more.<a href="#cite_note-UN_SecGen-2017b-26">[26]</a> In the same year, however, the UN reported that other armed groups in the Philippines continue to recruit children, mainly between the ages of 13 and 17.<a href="#cite_note-UN_SecGen-2017b-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sri_Lanka">Sri Lanka</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Sri Lanka">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Child_soldiers_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Child soldiers in Sri Lanka">Child soldiers in Sri Lanka</a></div> Militant use of children in Sri Lanka has been an internationally recognized problem since the inception of the Sri Lankan civil war in 1983. The primary recruiters of children are the rebel <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam">Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Syria">Syria</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Syria">edit</a>]</div> During the ongoing Syrian Civil War children have joined groups opposed to Bashar al Assad. In 2012 the UN received allegations of rebels using child soldiers, but said they were unable to verify these.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> In June 2014 a United Nations report said that the opposition had recruited children in military and support roles. While there seemed to be no policy of doing so, the report said, there were no age verification procedures.<a href="#cite_note-report_details-198">[198]</a> Human Rights Watch reported in 2014 that rebel factions have been using children in support and combatant roles, ranging from treating the wounded on battlefields, ferrying ammunition and other supplies to frontlines while fighting raged, to acting as snipers.<a href="#cite_note-aljazeera.com-199">[199]</a> The Turkish government linked think tank SETA withdrew a report detailing the composition of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Army" title="Syrian National Army">Syrian National Army</a> as it revealed the use of child soldiers. The Syrian National Army is currently funded by Turkey, who signed the optional protocol to the convention on the rights of the child on the involvement of children in armed conflict 8 September 2000. It was reported that Turkey has deployed child soldiers in the Syrian National Army to Libya according to a report by Al-Monitor, citing sources on the ground.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> In July 2021, the United States of America added Turkey to the list of countries that implicated in the use of child soldiers, because it used them in Syria and Libya.<a href="#cite_note-US_Turkey_child-soldiers-202">[202]</a> The 2023 Trafficking in Persons Report mentioned that factions of the Turkish backed Syrian National Army recruited and used Syrian children as child soldiers in Libya.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> The 2021 <a href="/wiki/Country_Reports_on_Human_Rights_Practices" title="Country Reports on Human Rights Practices">Country Reports on Human Rights Practices</a> mentioned the recruitment and use of child soldiers from Turkish-supported forces in Syria.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> The 2021, 2022 and 2023 Trafficking in Persons Reports mentioned that Turkey provided support to armed groups in Syria which recruit and use child soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> Kurdish forces have also been accused of using this tactic. In 2015 Human Rights Watch claimed that 59 children, 10 of them under 15 years old, were recruited by or volunteered for the YPG or YPJ since July 2014 when the Kurdish militia leaders signed a Deed of Commitment with Geneva Call.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> President Assad passed a law in 2013 prohibiting the use of child soldiers (anyone under 18), the breaking of which is punishable by 10–20 years of 'penal labour.'<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> Whether or not the law is actually enforced on government's forces has not been confirmed, and there have been allegations of children being recruited to fight for the Syrian government against rebel forces.<a href="#cite_note-report_details-198">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-aljazeera.com-199">[199]</a> Iranian government is recruiting children from Iran and Afghanistan to fight in the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a> on the side of the government forces loyal to Assad.<a href="#cite_note-urlIran-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-WAJ-183">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Turkey_(PKK)">Turkey (PKK)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Turkey (PKK)">edit</a>]</div> During the <a href="/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict_(1978%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)">Kurdish–Turkish conflict</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party">Kurdistan Workers' Party</a> (PKK) has actively recruited and kidnapped children. The organization has been accused of abducting more than 2,000 children by Turkish Security Forces. The independent reports by the <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> (HRW), the United Nations (UN) and the <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> have confirmed the recruitment and use of child soldiers by the organization and its armed wings since the 90's.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-hrw.org-211">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> In 2001, it was reported that the recruitment of the children by the organization has been systematic. Several reports have reported about the organization's <a href="/wiki/Battalion" title="Battalion">battalion</a>, called Tabura Zaroken Sehit Agit, which has been formed mainly for the recruitment of children.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> It was also reported that the <a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Union_of_Kurdistan" title="Patriotic Union of Kurdistan">Patriotic Union of Kurdistan</a> (PUK) had recruited children.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> According to the Turkish Security Forces, the PKK has abducted more than 983 children aged between 12 and 17. More than 400 children have fled from the organization and surrendered to the security forces. The United Nations Children's Fund report, published in 2010, saw the recruitment of the children by the PKK concerning and dangerous.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> In 2016, the <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>, accused the PKK of committing war crimes by recruiting child soldiers in the Shingal region of Iraq and in neighboring countries.<a href="#cite_note-hrw.org-211">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> Throughout the Syrian Civil War multiple media outlets including Human Rights Watch have confirmed that the YPG, an organization linked to the PKK, has been recruiting and deploying child soldiers. Despite a claim by the group that it would stop using children, which has been violation of international law, the group has continued the recruitment and use of children.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> In 2018, the annual UN report on children in armed conflict found 224 cases of child recruitment by the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Defense_Units" title="People's Defense Units">People's Defense Units</a> and its women's unit in 2017, an almost fivefold increase from the 2016. Seventy-two of the children, nearly one-third, were girls. The group was also reported to had abducted children to enlist them.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Yemen">Yemen</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Yemen">edit</a>]</div> U.N. Special Representative for Children and Armed Conflict <a href="/wiki/Radhika_Coomaraswamy" title="Radhika Coomaraswamy">Radhika Coomaraswamy</a> stated in January 2010 that "large numbers" of teenage boys are being recruited in Yemeni <a href="/wiki/Tribal" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal">tribal</a> fighting. NGO activist Abdul-Rahman al-Marwani has estimated that as many as 500–600 children are either killed or wounded through tribal combat every year in Yemen.<a href="#cite_note-UPI-222">[222]</a> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> hired child soldiers from <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> (especially from <a href="/wiki/Darfur" title="Darfur">Darfur</a>), and Yemen to fight against <a href="/wiki/Houthis" class="mw-redirect" title="Houthis">Houthis</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Civil_War_(2015%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemeni Civil War (2015–present)">Yemeni Civil War (2015–present)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> <a href="/wiki/British_Special_Air_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="British Special Air Service">British SAS</a> special forces are allegedly involved in training child soldiers in Yemen. Reportedly at least 40% of soldiers fighting for the Saudi-led coalition are children.<a href="#cite_note-urlSerious-224">[224]</a> Saudi Arabia is also hiring Yemeni child soldiers to guard Saudi border against Houthis.<a href="#cite_note-urlExclusive-225">[225]</a> In June 2019, <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pompeo" title="Mike Pompeo">Mike Pompeo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">US Secretary of State</a>, blocked the inclusion of Saudi Arabia on the US list of countries that recruit child soldiers, dismissing his experts' findings that a Saudi-led coalition has been using children in Yemen's civil war.<a href="#cite_note-urlPompeo-226">[226]</a> Male children can volunteer for military service at 17 in Saudi Arabia. (CIA World Factbook - 2024) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Europe">edit</a>]</div> According to Child Soldiers International the trend in Europe has been towards recruiting only adults from age 18;<a href="#cite_note-CSI-2017a-21">[21]</a> most states only allow adult recruitment,<a href="#cite_note-Gee-2016-8">[8]</a> and as of 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit">[update]</a> no armed groups were known to be using children.<a href="#cite_note-UN-41">[41]</a> As of 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit">[update]</a> one country, the United Kingdom, was enlisting children from age 16, and five were enlisting from age 17 (Austria, Cyprus, France, Germany, and Netherlands).<a href="#cite_note-CSI-2018a-36">[36]</a> Of these, the UK recruits children in the greatest numbers; in 2016, approximately a quarter of new recruits to the British army were aged under 18.<a href="#cite_note-Gee-2016-8">[8]</a> All European states have ratified the Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict,<a href="#cite_note-UN-2018-227">[227]</a> and so child recruits are not typically used in hostilities until they reach adulthood.<a href="#cite_note-ohchr-2000-101">[101]</a> Children were used as combatants in the <a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First Chechen War</a> during the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-UN_CHR-2012-228">[228]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statua_Righetto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Statua_Righetto.jpg/220px-Statua_Righetto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Statua_Righetto.jpg/330px-Statua_Righetto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Statua_Righetto.jpg/440px-Statua_Righetto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1792" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The brave Righetto (1851). Replica of the <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Strazza" title="Giovanni Strazza">Giovanni Strazza</a> statue in the lobby of the grand staircase in <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Litta" class="mw-redirect" title="Palazzo Litta">Palazzo Litta</a>. It portrays a 12-year-old child who died with his dog in 1849 while trying to stop a bomb during the defence of the Roman Republic in 1849.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Austria">Austria</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Austria">edit</a>]</div> Austria invites male children to begin their adult compulsory military service one year early, at age 17, with the consent of their parents.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cyprus">Cyprus</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Cyprus">edit</a>]</div> Cyprus invites children to begin their adult compulsory military service two years early, at age 16, with the consent of their parents.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France">France</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: France">edit</a>]</div> France enlists military personnel from age 17 and 6 months,<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> and students for military technical school from age 16; 3% of its armed forces' intake is aged under 18.<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany">Germany</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Germany">edit</a>]</div> Germany enlists military personnel from age 17; in 2015 6% of its armed forces' intake was aged under 18.<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Netherlands">edit</a>]</div> The Netherlands enlists military personnel from age 17; in 2014 5% of its armed forces' intake was aged under 18.<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ukraine">Ukraine</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Ukraine">edit</a>]</div> During the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Donbas_(2014%E2%80%932022)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Donbas (2014–2022)">armed conflict in Eastern Ukraine in 2014</a> <a href="/wiki/Justice_for_Peace_at_Donbas" title="Justice for Peace at Donbas">Justice for Peace at Donbas</a> documented 41 verified individual cases of child recruitment into armed formations.<a href="#cite_note-JFP-2016-237">[237]</a> Of those 37 concerned the participation of children in armed formations on territory occupied by <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and 4 on territory controlled by <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>. There were 31 further reports of child recruitment which could not be verified. Of the 37 verified cases on territory controlled by Russia, 33 were boys and 4 were girls; 57% were aged 16–17, 35% were under 15, and age could not be determined in 8% of cases.<a href="#cite_note-JFP-2016-237">[237]</a> In December 2022, Andrii Yusov, a representative of Ukraine's <a href="/wiki/Main_Directorate_of_Intelligence_(Ukraine)" title="Main Directorate of Intelligence (Ukraine)">Defence Intelligence</a>, stated 17-year-olds have been drafted by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Military" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Military">Russian military</a> in <a href="/wiki/Russian-occupied_territories_of_Ukraine" title="Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine">occupied territories</a>.<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: United Kingdom">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Junior-soldiers-at-a-graduation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Junior-soldiers-at-a-graduation.jpg/220px-Junior-soldiers-at-a-graduation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Junior-soldiers-at-a-graduation.jpg/330px-Junior-soldiers-at-a-graduation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Junior-soldiers-at-a-graduation.jpg/440px-Junior-soldiers-at-a-graduation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="276" /></a><figcaption>Children from age 16 in the British Army, on parade at the <a href="/wiki/Army_Foundation_College" title="Army Foundation College">Army Foundation College</a>, Harrogate, UK</figcaption></figure> The British armed forces enlist personnel from age 16 and accept applications from children aged 15 years, 7 months.<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> Parental consent is required prior to enlistment.<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> As of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit">[update]</a>, 23% of enlistees to the British armed forces were aged under 18.<a href="#cite_note-Ministry_of_Defence-2022-241">[241]</a> Most child recruits were enlisted for the army, where 30% of the intake in the year 2021-2022 was aged under 18; more new soldiers were 16 than any other age.<a href="#cite_note-Ministry_of_Defence-2022-241">[241]</a> Army recruits aged between 16 and 17.5 train initially at the <a href="/wiki/Army_Foundation_College" title="Army Foundation College">Army Foundation College</a>, a military training centre dedicated to the age group. As per the OPAC, the UK does not normally send child recruits to participate in hostilities, although it does not rule out doing so.<a href="#cite_note-UN-2018-227">[227]</a> The UK inadvertently deployed 22 personnel aged under 18 to Iraq and Afghanistan between 2003 and 2010.<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> The committee on the Rights of the Child has urged the UK to alter its policy so as to ensure that children cannot take part in hostilities under any circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> In negotiations on the OPAC during the 1990s the UK joined the US in opposing a global minimum enlistment age of 18.<a href="#cite_note-Becker-2013-34">[34]</a> Children's rights bodies have criticised the UK's continuing reliance on children to staff its armed forces.<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-OHCHR-2016-248">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gee-2016-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceania">Oceania</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Oceania">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australia">Australia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Australia">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_Force" title="Australian Defence Force">Australian Defence Force</a> allows personnel to enlist with parental consent from the age of 16. Personnel under the age of 18 cannot be deployed overseas or used in direct combat except in extreme circumstances where it is not possible to evacuate them.<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: New Zealand">edit</a>]</div> As of 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit">[update]</a>, the minimum age for joining the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Defence_Force" title="New Zealand Defence Force">New Zealand Defence Force</a> was 17.<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Movement_to_end_military_use_of_children">Movement to end military use of children</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: Movement to end military use of children">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Children_soldier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Children_soldier.jpg/250px-Children_soldier.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Children_soldier.jpg/375px-Children_soldier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Children_soldier.jpg/500px-Children_soldier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="748" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>2008 poster by Rafaela Tasca and <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Latuff" title="Carlos Latuff">Carlos Latuff</a></figcaption></figure> The military use of children has been common throughout history; only in recent decades has the practice met with informed criticism and concerted efforts to end it.<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> Progress has been slow, partly because many armed forces have relied on children to fill their ranks,<a href="#cite_note-CSI-2017a-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-CSI-2012-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Becker-2013-34">[34]</a> and partly because the behaviour of <a href="/wiki/Violent_non-state_actor" title="Violent non-state actor">non-state armed groups</a> is difficult to influence.<a href="#cite_note-CSI-2016-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recent_history">Recent history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: Recent history">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1970s–1980s">1970s–1980s</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=72" title="Edit section: 1970s–1980s">edit</a>]</div> International efforts to limit children's participation in armed conflict began with the Additional Protocols to the 1949 Geneva Conventions, adopted in 1977 (Art. 77.2).<a href="#cite_note-Red_Cross-1977-83">[83]</a> The new Protocols prohibited the military recruitment of children aged under 15, but continued to allow state armed forces and non-state armed groups to recruit children from age 15 and use them in warfare.<a href="#cite_note-ICRC-2007-252">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-Becker-2013-34">[34]</a> Efforts were renewed during negotiations on the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Convention on the Rights of the Child">Convention on the Rights of the Child</a> (CRC), when Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) campaigned for the new treaty to outlaw child recruitment entirely.<a href="#cite_note-Becker-2013-34">[34]</a> Some states, whose armed forces relied on recruiting below the age of 18, resisted this, so the final treaty text of 1989 only reflected the existing legal standard: the prohibition of the direct participation of children aged under 15 in hostilities.<a href="#cite_note-Becker-2013-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1990s">1990s</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=73" title="Edit section: 1990s">edit</a>]</div> In the 1990s NGOs established the Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers (now Child Soldiers International) to work with sympathetic governments on a campaign for a new treaty to correct the deficiencies they saw in the CRC.<a href="#cite_note-Becker-2013-34">[34]</a> After a global campaign lasting six years, the treaty was adopted in 2000 as the <a href="/wiki/Optional_Protocol_on_the_Involvement_of_Children_in_Armed_Conflict" title="Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict">Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict</a> (OPAC). The treaty prohibits child conscription, ensures that military recruits are no younger than 16, and forbids the use of child recruits in hostilities. The treaty also forbids non-state armed groups from recruiting anyone under the age of 18 for any purpose.<a href="#cite_note-ohchr-2000-101">[101]</a> Although most states negotiating OPAC supported a ban on recruiting children, some states, led by the US in alliance with the UK, objected to this.<a href="#cite_note-Becker-2013-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brett-2005-99">[99]</a> As such, the treaty does not ban the recruitment of children aged 16 or 17, although it allows states to bind themselves to a higher standard in law.<a href="#cite_note-ohchr-2000-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2000s–present">2000s–present</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=74" title="Edit section: 2000s–present">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Hand_Day_-_Kinder_sind_keine_Soldaten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Red_Hand_Day_-_Kinder_sind_keine_Soldaten.jpg/220px-Red_Hand_Day_-_Kinder_sind_keine_Soldaten.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Red_Hand_Day_-_Kinder_sind_keine_Soldaten.jpg/330px-Red_Hand_Day_-_Kinder_sind_keine_Soldaten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Red_Hand_Day_-_Kinder_sind_keine_Soldaten.jpg/440px-Red_Hand_Day_-_Kinder_sind_keine_Soldaten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Red_Hand_Day" title="Red Hand Day">Red Hand Day</a>, the International Day Against Use of Child Soldiers, is often marked by displaying red handprints.</figcaption></figure> After the adoption of the Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict, a campaign for global ratification made swift progress.<a href="#cite_note-Becker-2013-34">[34]</a> As of 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit">[update]</a> OPAC had been ratified by 167 states.<a href="#cite_note-UN-2018-227">[227]</a> The campaign also successfully encouraged many states not to recruit children at all. In 2001 83 states only allowed adult enlistment. By 2016 this had increased to 126, which is 71 percent of countries with armed forces.<a href="#cite_note-CSI-2017a-21">[21]</a> Approximately 60 non-state armed groups have also entered agreements to stop or scale back their use of children, often brokered by the UN or the NGO <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Call" title="Geneva Call">Geneva Call</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CSI-2016-25">[25]</a> Child Soldiers International reports that the success of the OPAC treaty, combined with the gradual decline in child recruitment by state armed forces, has led to a reduction of children in military organisations worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-CSI-2017a-21">[21]</a> As of 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit">[update]</a> the recruitment and use of children remains widespread. In particular, militant Islamist organisations such as <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">ISIS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a>, as well as armed groups fighting them, have used children extensively.<a href="#cite_note-UN-41">[41]</a> In addition, the three most populous states – China, India and the United States – still allow their armed forces to enlist children aged 16 or 17, as do five of the Group of Seven countries: Canada, France, Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States, again.<a href="#cite_note-CSI-2017a-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Events">Events</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=75" title="Edit section: Events">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Red_Hand_Day" title="Red Hand Day">Red Hand Day</a> (also known as the International Day Against the Use of Child Soldiers) on 12 February is an annual commemoration day to draw public attention to the practice of using children as soldiers in wars and armed conflicts. The date reflects the entry into force of the Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict.<a href="#cite_note-ohchr-2000-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Countering_the_militarisation_of_childhood">Countering the militarisation of childhood</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=76" title="Edit section: Countering the militarisation of childhood">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Master_Sgt._Libby_Lipscomb,_a_member_of_the_Army_Reserve_Command_Honor_Guard,_evaluates_a_high_school_honor_guard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Master_Sgt._Libby_Lipscomb%2C_a_member_of_the_Army_Reserve_Command_Honor_Guard%2C_evaluates_a_high_school_honor_guard.jpg/220px-Master_Sgt._Libby_Lipscomb%2C_a_member_of_the_Army_Reserve_Command_Honor_Guard%2C_evaluates_a_high_school_honor_guard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Master_Sgt._Libby_Lipscomb%2C_a_member_of_the_Army_Reserve_Command_Honor_Guard%2C_evaluates_a_high_school_honor_guard.jpg/330px-Master_Sgt._Libby_Lipscomb%2C_a_member_of_the_Army_Reserve_Command_Honor_Guard%2C_evaluates_a_high_school_honor_guard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Master_Sgt._Libby_Lipscomb%2C_a_member_of_the_Army_Reserve_Command_Honor_Guard%2C_evaluates_a_high_school_honor_guard.jpg/440px-Master_Sgt._Libby_Lipscomb%2C_a_member_of_the_Army_Reserve_Command_Honor_Guard%2C_evaluates_a_high_school_honor_guard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1790" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> Reserve Command Honor Guard sergeant drills high school students at <a href="/wiki/Jackson_High_School_(Georgia)" title="Jackson High School (Georgia)">Jackson High School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, US.</figcaption></figure> Many states which do not allow their armed forces to recruit children have continued to draw criticism for marketing military life to children through the education system, in civic spaces and in popular entertainment such as films and videogames.<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> Some commentators have argued that this marketing to children is manipulative and part of a military recruitment process and should therefore be evaluated ethically as such.<a href="#cite_note-Gee-2008-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> This principle has led some groups to campaign for relations between military organisations and young people to be regulated, on the grounds of children's rights and public health.<a href="#cite_note-Hagopian-2011-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-ForcesWatch-2018-255">[255]</a> Examples are the Countering the Militarization of Youth programme of <a href="/wiki/War_Resisters%27_International" title="War Resisters' International">War Resisters' International</a>,<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> the Stop Recruiting Kids campaign in the US,<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> and the Military Out of Schools campaign in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-ForcesWatch-2018-255">[255]</a> Similar concerns have been raised in Germany and Israel.<a href="#cite_note-Bundestag_Commission-2016-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rehabilitation_and_reintegration_of_child_soldiers">Rehabilitation and reintegration of child soldiers</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=77" title="Edit section: Rehabilitation and reintegration of child soldiers">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_and_reintegration_of_child_soldiers" title="Rehabilitation and reintegration of child soldiers">Rehabilitation and reintegration of child soldiers</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Disarmament,_demobilization_and_reintegration" title="Disarmament, demobilization and reintegration">Disarmament, demobilization and reintegration</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Child_Soldiers_International" title="Child Soldiers International">Child Soldiers International</a> defines reintegration as: "The process through which children formerly associated with armed forces/groups are supported to return to civilian life and play a valued role in their families and communities"<a href="#cite_note-CSI-2018b-259">[259]</a> Programs that aim to rehabilitate and reintegrate child soldiers, such as those sponsored by UNICEF, often emphasise three components: family reunification/community network, psychological support, and education/economic opportunity.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reconstruction_Unit_2002-260">[260]</a> These efforts take a minimum commitment of 3 to 5 years in order for programs to be successfully implemented.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reconstruction_Unit_2002-260">[260]</a> Generally, reintegration efforts seek to return children to a safe environment, to create a sense of forgiveness on the behalf of the child's family and community through religious and cultural ceremonies and rituals, and encourage the reunification of the child with his or her family.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reconstruction_Unit_2002-260">[260]</a> Reintegration efforts can become challenging when the child in question has committed war crimes because in these cases stigma and resentment within the community can be exacerbated. In situations such as these, it is important that the child's needs are balanced with a sense of community justice.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reconstruction_Unit_2002-260">[260]</a> These situations should be addressed immediately because if not, many children face the threat of re-enlistment.<a href="#cite_note-CSI-2018b-259">[259]</a> There are also two areas of reintegration that warrant special consideration: female child soldiers and drug use among child soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-Davies-2004-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reconstruction_Unit_2002-260">[260]</a> Child soldiers under the influence of drugs or who have contracted sexually transmitted diseases require additional programmes specific to their needs.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reconstruction_Unit_2002-260">[260]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=78" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=79" title="Edit section: General">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_children_in_the_military" title="History of children in the military">History of children in the military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_emergencies_and_conflicts" title="Children in emergencies and conflicts">Children in emergencies and conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_rights" title="Children's rights">Children's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_slavery" title="Child slavery">Child slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">Child labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_in_early_childhood" title="Stress in early childhood">Stress in early childhood</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Well-known_cases_of_children_used_for_military_purposes">Well-known cases of children used for military purposes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=80" title="Edit section: Well-known cases of children used for military purposes">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Akallo" title="Grace Akallo">Grace Akallo</a>, Ugandan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loung_Ung" title="Loung Ung">Loung Ung</a>, Cambodian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishmael_Beah" title="Ishmael Beah">Ishmael Beah</a>, Sierra Leonean</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Graham" title="Calvin Graham">Calvin Graham</a>, American</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_soldiers_in_the_Korean_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Student soldiers in the Korean War">Hagdobyeong</a>, Korean</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himeyuri_students" title="Himeyuri students">Himeyuri students</a>, Japanese</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Hossein_Fahmideh" title="Mohammad Hossein Fahmideh">Mohammad Hossein Fahmideh</a>, Iranian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Khadr" title="Omar Khadr">Omar Khadr</a>, Canadian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luftwaffenhelfer" title="Luftwaffenhelfer">Luftwaffenhelfer</a>, German</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Eaglets" title="Lwów Eaglets">Lwów Eaglets</a>, Polish</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Ongwen" title="Dominic Ongwen">Dominic Ongwen</a>, Ugandan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Returned:_Child_Soldiers_of_Nepal%27s_Maoist_Army" title="Returned: Child Soldiers of Nepal's Maoist Army">Returned: Child Soldiers of Nepal's Maoist Army</a> (documentary film)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Campaigns_and_campaigners_to_end_the_use_of_children_in_the_military">Campaigns and campaigners to end the use of children in the military</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=81" title="Edit section: Campaigns and campaigners to end the use of children in the military">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_Soldiers_International" title="Child Soldiers International">Child Soldiers International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Els_de_Temmerman" class="mw-redirect" title="Els de Temmerman">Els de Temmerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gra%C3%A7a_Machel" title="Graça Machel">Graça Machel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A9o_Dallaire" title="Roméo Dallaire">Romeo Dallaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Resisters_International" class="mw-redirect" title="War Resisters International">War Resisters International</a> (Countering Militarization of Youth programme)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Hand_Day" title="Red Hand Day">Red Hand Day</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_crimes_against_children">Related crimes against children</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=82" title="Edit section: Related crimes against children">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trafficking_of_children" title="Trafficking of children">Trafficking of children</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_international_law_and_standards">Related international law and standards</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=83" title="Edit section: Related international law and standards">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Convention on the Rights of the Child">Convention on the Rights of the Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome_Statute_of_the_International_Criminal_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court">Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worst_Forms_of_Child_Labour_Convention" title="Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention">Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_humanitarian_law" title="International humanitarian law">International humanitarian law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1998" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1998">United Nations Security Council Resolution 1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Group_on_Children_and_Armed_Conflict" title="Working Group on Children and Armed Conflict">Working Group on Children and Armed Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Children_from_War_conference" title="Free Children from War conference">Free Children from War conference</a>, which established the Paris Principles</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Documentary_film">Documentary film</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=84" title="Edit section: Documentary film">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kony_2012" title="Kony 2012">Kony 2012</a>, documentary film</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_vita_non_perde_valore" title="La vita non perde valore">La vita non perde valore</a> (Life does not lose its value), documentary film</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=85" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Vautravers, A. J. (2009). Why Child Soldiers are Such a Complex Issue. Refugee Survey Quarterly, 27(4), 96–107. doi:10.1093/rsq/hdp002</li> <li>Humphreys, Jessica Dee (2015). Child Soldier: When Boys and Girls Are Used in War. Toronto: Kids Can Press <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-77138-126-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-77138-126-0">978-1-77138-126-0</a></li> <li>International Centre for Counter-Terrorism (ICCT) & The Global Center on Cooperative Security (September 2017). "Correcting the Course: Juvenile Justice Principles for Children Convicted of Violent Extremism Offenses", ICCT & GCCS, 1–12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icct.nl/publication/correcting-the-course-advancing-juvenile-justice-principles-for-children-convicted-of-violent-extremist-offenses/">Correcting the Course: Advancing Juvenile Justice Principles for Children Convicted of Violent Extremist Offenses</a></li> <li>Dr U C Jha (2018), "Child Soldiers – Practice, Law and Remedies". Vij Books India Pvt Ltd <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789386457523" title="Special:BookSources/9789386457523">9789386457523</a></li> <li>Artur Bogner, Gabriele Rosenthal (2020): Child Soldiers in Context. Biographies, Familial and Collective Trajectories in Northern Uganda. Göttingen: University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17875/gup2020-1325">Child Soldiers in Context</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=86" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Children_at_war-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Children_at_war_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Children_at_war_1-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyextra.com/podcast/children-war">"Children at war"</a>. History Extra. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112002342/http://www.historyextra.com/podcast/children-war">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2018. Retrieved 7 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Extra&rft.atitle=Children+at+war&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyextra.com%2Fpodcast%2Fchildren-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChildren+in+the+military" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNICEF-2007-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNICEF-2007_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNICEF-2007_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUNICEF2007" class="citation web cs1">UNICEF (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicef.org/emerg/files/ParisPrinciples310107English.pdf">"The Paris Principles: Principles and guidelines on children associated with armed forces or armed groups"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161030083755/http://www.unicef.org/emerg/files/ParisPrinciples310107English.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 30 October 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Paris+Principles%3A+Principles+and+guidelines+on+children+associated+with+armed+forces+or+armed+groups&rft.date=2007&rft.au=UNICEF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicef.org%2Femerg%2Ffiles%2FParisPrinciples310107English.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChildren+in+the+military" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wessells-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wessells_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wessells_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wessells_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wessells_3-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWessels1997" class="citation journal cs1">Wessels, Michael (1997). "Child Soldiers". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 53 (4): 32. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997BuAtS..53f..32W">1997BuAtS..53f..32W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00963402.1997.11456787">10.1080/00963402.1997.11456787</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Atomic+Scientists&rft.atitle=Child+Soldiers&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=32&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00963402.1997.11456787&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997BuAtS..53f..32W&rft.aulast=Wessels&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChildren+in+the+military" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeberBlattman2013" class="citation journal cs1">Beber, Bernd; Blattman, Christopher (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0020818312000409">"The Logic of Child Soldiering and Coercion"</a>. International Organization. 67 (1): 65–104. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0020818312000409">10.1017/s0020818312000409</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Organization&rft.atitle=The+Logic+of+Child+Soldiering+and+Coercion&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=65-104&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0020818312000409&rft.aulast=Beber&rft.aufirst=Bernd&rft.au=Blattman%2C+Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252Fs0020818312000409&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChildren+in+the+military" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grossman-2009-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grossman-2009_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grossman-2009_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDave.2009" class="citation book cs1">Dave., Grossman (2009). On killing: the psychological cost of learning to kill in war and society (revised ed.). New York: Little, Brown and Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780316040938" title="Special:BookSources/9780316040938"><bdi>9780316040938</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/427757599">427757599</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+killing%3A+the+psychological+cost+of+learning+to+kill+in+war+and+society&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Co&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F427757599&rft.isbn=9780316040938&rft.aulast=Dave.&rft.aufirst=Grossman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChildren+in+the+military" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McGurk-2006-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McGurk-2006_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGurk-2006_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGurk-2006_6-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGurkCottingBrittAdler2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">McGurk, Dennis; Cotting, Dave I.; Britt, Thomas W.; Adler, Amy B. (2006). "Joining the ranks: The role of indoctrination in transforming civilians to service members". In Adler, Amy B.; Castro, Carl Andrew; Britt, Thomas W. (eds.). Military life: The psychology of serving in peace and combat. Vol. 2: Operational stress. Westport: Praeger Security International. pp. 13–31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0275983024" title="Special:BookSources/978-0275983024"><bdi>978-0275983024</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Joining+the+ranks%3A+The+role+of+indoctrination+in+transforming+civilians+to+service+members&rft.btitle=Military+life%3A+The+psychology+of+serving+in+peace+and+combat&rft.place=Westport&rft.pages=13-31&rft.pub=Praeger+Security+International&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0275983024&rft.aulast=McGurk&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft.au=Cotting%2C+Dave+I.&rft.au=Britt%2C+Thomas+W.&rft.au=Adler%2C+Amy+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChildren+in+the+military" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brett-2004-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brett-2004_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brett-2004_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrettSpecht2004" class="citation book cs1">Brett, Rachel; Specht, Irma (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/youngsoldierswhy0000bret">Young soldiers: why they choose to fight</a>. Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781588262615" title="Special:BookSources/9781588262615"><bdi>9781588262615</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/53830868">53830868</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Young+soldiers%3A+why+they+choose+to+fight&rft.place=Boulder%2C+Colorado&rft.pub=Lynne+Rienner+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F53830868&rft.isbn=9781588262615&rft.aulast=Brett&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft.au=Specht%2C+Irma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fyoungsoldierswhy0000bret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChildren+in+the+military" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gee-2016-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gee-2016_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gee-2016_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gee-2016_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gee-2016_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gee-2016_8-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gee-2016_8-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeeTaylor2016" class="citation journal cs1">Gee, David; Taylor, Rachel (1 November 2016). "Is it Counterproductive to Enlist Minors into the Army?". 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Retrieved 2 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNICEF&rft.atitle=UNICEF%3A+Optional+Protocol+to+the+Convention+on+the+Rights+of+the+Child&rft.date=2005-11-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicef.org%2Fcrc%2Findex_30203.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChildren+in+the+military" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYun2014" class="citation journal cs1">Yun, Seira (2014). "Breaking Imaginary Barriers: Obligations of Armed Non-State Actors Under General Human Rights Law – The Case of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child". Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies. 5 (1–2): 213–257. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F18781527-00501008">10.1163/18781527-00501008</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153558830">153558830</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2556825">2556825</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+International+Humanitarian+Legal+Studies&rft.atitle=Breaking+Imaginary+Barriers%3A+Obligations+of+Armed+Non-State+Actors+Under+General+Human+Rights+Law+%E2%80%93+The+Case+of+the+Optional+Protocol+to+the+Convention+on+the+Rights+of+the+Child&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=213-257&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153558830%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D2556825%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F18781527-00501008&rft.aulast=Yun&rft.aufirst=Seira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChildren+in+the+military" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn-Peter.2005" class="citation book cs1">John-Peter., Pham (2005). 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Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313322778" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313322778"><bdi>978-0313322778</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Child+Labor%3A+A+Global+View&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0313322778&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6JznQqlZmHkC%26q%3Diran%2Bchild%2Bsoldiers%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChildren+in+the+military" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hiro205-171"><a href="#cite_ref-hiro205_171-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiro1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dilip_Hiro" title="Dilip Hiro">Hiro, Dilip</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/longestwariranir00hiro/page/205">The Longest War: The Iran-Iraq Military Conflict</a>. New York: Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/longestwariranir00hiro/page/205">205</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415904063" title="Special:BookSources/9780415904063"><bdi>9780415904063</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/22347651">22347651</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Longest+War%3A+The+Iran-Iraq+Military+Conflict&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=205&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F22347651&rft.isbn=9780415904063&rft.aulast=Hiro&rft.aufirst=Dilip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flongestwariranir00hiro%2Fpage%2F205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChildren+in+the+military" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rajaee1997-172"><a href="#cite_ref-Rajaee1997_172-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajaee1997" class="citation book cs1">Rajaee, Farhang (1997). 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Retrieved 13 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=srkcampaign.org&rft.atitle=Stop+Recruiting+Kids&rft.date=2018&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsrkcampaign.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChildren+in+the+military" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNew_Profile2004" class="citation web cs1">New Profile (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/viewerng/viewer?url=http://new.newprofile.org/sites/default/files/infokits/english.pdf">"The New Profile Report on Child Recruitment in Israel"</a> (PDF). Retrieved 10 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+New+Profile+Report+on+Child+Recruitment+in+Israel&rft.date=2004&rft.au=New+Profile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.google.com%2Fviewerng%2Fviewer%3Furl%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fnew.newprofile.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Finfokits%2Fenglish.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChildren+in+the+military" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CSI-2018b-259">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CSI-2018b_259-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CSI-2018b_259-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180308041704/https://www.child-soldiers.org/reintegration">"Reintegration"</a>. Child Soldiers International. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.child-soldiers.org/reintegration">the original</a> on 8 March 2018. Retrieved 7 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Child+Soldiers+International&rft.atitle=Reintegration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.child-soldiers.org%2Freintegration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChildren+in+the+military" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reconstruction_Unit_2002-260">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reconstruction_Unit_2002_260-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reconstruction_Unit_2002_260-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reconstruction_Unit_2002_260-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reconstruction_Unit_2002_260-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reconstruction_Unit_2002_260-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reconstruction_Unit_2002_260-5">f</a> Conflict Prevention and Reconstruction Unit. "Child Soldiers: Prevention, Demobilization, and Reintegration" May 2002 </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=87" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Child_soldiers" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Child soldiers">Child soldiers</a>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advocacy_and_campaigns">Advocacy and campaigns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=88" title="Edit section: Advocacy and campaigns">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/topic/childrens-rights/child-soldiers">Human Rights Watch, "Child Soldiers"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicef.org.uk/publications/child-soldiers-briefing/">UNICEF, "Child Soldiers"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.warchild.ca/">War Child</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://watchlist.org/">Watchlist</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reference:_Child_soldiers_worldwide">Reference: Child soldiers worldwide</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=89" title="Edit section: Reference: Child soldiers worldwide">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Child Soldiers International, historical reports: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180402040002/https://www.child-soldiers.org/shop/global-report-2001">Child Soldiers Global Report: 2001</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180402040029/https://www.child-soldiers.org/Shop/global-report-2004-1">Child Soldiers Global Report: 2004</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171206214053/https://www.child-soldiers.org/shop/louder-than-words-1">Louder than words: 2012</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Testimony_and_reportage">Testimony and reportage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=90" title="Edit section: Testimony and reportage">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://womennewsnetwork.net/2009/01/13/ugandagirlsoldier809/">Girl Soldiers – The cost of survival in Northern Uganda</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120523212431/http://womennewsnetwork.net/2009/01/13/ugandagirlsoldier809/">Archived</a> 23 May 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", womennewsnetwork.net.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080919202241/http://www.ecmafrica.org/165641.ihtml">Invisible Children—The Tragedy in Uganda, Every Child Ministries</a>", ecmafrica.org</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928110029/http://www.forlife-worldwide.com/karamoja-uganda-en.html">Children of Karamoja</a>" (Uganda), forlife-worldwide.com</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jfp.org.ua/system/reports/files/80/en/Justice_for_peace_in_Donbas_EUCCI_Children_in_armed_formations.pdf">Involvement of children in armed formations during the military conflict in Donbas"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170211083737/https://jfp.org.ua/system/reports/files/80/en/Justice_for_peace_in_Donbas_EUCCI_Children_in_armed_formations.pdf">Archived</a> 11 February 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Ukraine), jfp.org.ua</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3019838.stm">Sex slavery awaits Ugandan schoolgirls</a>", BBC News</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4266789.stm">Ugandan army recruiting children</a>", BBC News</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/1383998.stm">Criticism of British child soldier recruitment</a>", BBC News</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/international/story/0,,1469358,00.html">Armies of girls caught up in conflict</a>", The Guardian</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.motherjones.com/commentary/columns/2007/07/witness.html">The Child Soldiers of Staten Island</a>", Mother Jones</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_institutions">International institutions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=91" title="Edit section: International institutions">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icrc.org/en/publication/4383-children-war">International Committee of the Red Cross, "Children in war"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://childrenandarmedconflict.un.org/">Special Representative of the UN Secretary General for Children and Armed Conflict</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilo.org/ipec/areas/Armedconflict/lang--en/index.htm">International Labour Organization, "Child labour and armed conflict"</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_in_the_military&action=edit&section=92" title="Edit section: Other">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://middleeastinst.libsyn.com/child-soldiers-in-the-middle-east">Podcast on child soldiers in the Middle East</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="War_crimes" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:War_crimes" title="Template:War crimes"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:War_crimes" title="Template talk:War crimes"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:War_crimes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:War crimes"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="War_crimes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crimes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_war_crimes" title="List of war crimes">List of war crimes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/International_humanitarian_law" title="International humanitarian law">International humanitarian law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sources_of_international_law" title="Sources of international law">Sources</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lieber_Code" title="Lieber Code">Lieber Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Declaration_of_1868" title="Saint Petersburg Declaration of 1868">Saint Petersburg Declaration of 1868</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Protocol" title="Geneva Protocol">Geneva Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1864_Geneva_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="1864 Geneva Convention">1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Geneva_Convention" title="First Geneva Convention">First (1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Geneva_Convention" title="Second Geneva Convention">Second (1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Geneva_Convention" title="Third Geneva Convention">Third (1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Geneva_Convention" title="Fourth Geneva Convention">Fourth (1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocol_I" title="Protocol I">Protocol I (1977)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocol_II" title="Protocol II">Protocol II (1977)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_to_protect" title="Responsibility to protect">Responsibility to protect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome_Statute" title="Rome Statute">Rome Statute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civilian" title="Civilian">Civilians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Non-combatant" title="Non-combatant">non-combatants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civilian_casualty" title="Civilian casualty">Civilian casualties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_responsibility" title="Command responsibility">Command responsibility</a> / <a href="/wiki/Superior_orders" title="Superior orders">Superior orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distinction_(law)" title="Distinction (law)">Distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hors_de_combat" title="Hors de combat">Hors de combat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intention_(criminal_law)" title="Intention (criminal law)">Intent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_criminal_enterprise" title="Joint criminal enterprise">Joint criminal enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_neutrality" title="Medical neutrality">Medical neutrality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_necessity" title="Military necessity">Military necessity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">Prisoners of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proportionality_(law)" title="Proportionality (law)">Proportionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_persons" title="Protected persons">Protected persons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruse_de_guerre" title="Ruse de guerre">Ruse de guerre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_conduct" title="Safe conduct">Safe conduct</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">War crimes by type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Attacks on <a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_humanitarian_workers" title="Attacks on humanitarian workers">humanitarian workers</a> / <a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_parachutists" title="Attacks on parachutists">parachutists</a>‡</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Child soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_punishment" title="Collective punishment">Collective punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_order_(international_law)" title="Criminal order (international law)">Criminal orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_flights" title="Death flights">Death flights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_march" title="Death march">Death marches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desecration_of_graves" class="mw-redirect" title="Desecration of graves">Desecration of graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforced_disappearance" title="Enforced disappearance">Enforced disappearances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killing" title="Extrajudicial killing">Extrajudicial killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostage" title="Hostage">Hostage-taking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trophy_collecting" title="Human trophy collecting">Human trophy collecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiscriminate_attack" title="Indiscriminate attack">Indiscriminate attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">Looting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre" title="Massacre">Massacres</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_killing" title="Mass killing">Mass killings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_quarter" title="No quarter">No quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfidy" title="Perfidy">Perfidy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starvation_(crime)" title="Starvation (crime)">Starvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">Torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_shield_(law)" title="Human shield (law)">Use of human shields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence" title="Wartime sexual violence">Wartime sexual violence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">War crimes committed by...</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_war_crimes" title="Croatian war crimes">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes" title="German war crimes">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_war_crimes" title="Israeli war crimes">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_political_violence" title="Palestinian political violence">Palestine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamas_war_crimes" title="Hamas war crimes">Hamas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_war_crimes" title="Russian war crimes">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_war_crimes" title="Serbian war crimes">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_war_crimes" title="Turkish war crimes">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_war_crimes" title="United Arab Emirates war crimes">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_war_crimes" title="British war crimes">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes" title="United States war crimes">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">War crimes by war</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_Afghanistan" title="War crimes in Afghanistan">Afghanistan wars</a></li> <li>Gaza–Israel conflict <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="War crimes in the Gaza War (2008–2009)">2008–2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="War crimes in the Israel–Hamas war">2023–present</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_war_crimes_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israeli war crimes in the Israel–Hamas war">by Israel</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Iraq_War" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes in the Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Korean_War" title="War crimes in the Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_2006_Lebanon_War" title="War crimes in the 2006 Lebanon War">2006 Lebanon War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_during_the_Libyan_civil_war_(2011)" title="Human rights violations during the Libyan civil war (2011)">Libyan civil war (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_during_the_Myanmar_civil_war_(2021%E2%80%93present)" title="War crimes during the Myanmar civil war (2021–present)">Myanmar civil war (2021–present)</a></li> <li>Nagorno-Karabakh conflict <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes in the First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="War crimes in the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Second war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atrocity_crimes_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Atrocity crimes during the Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_situation_during_the_war_in_Donbas" title="Humanitarian situation during the war in Donbas">War in Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="War crimes in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War_crimes_and_terrorism" title="Second Chechen War crimes and terrorism">Second Chechen War</a></li> <li>Second Sino-Japanese War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_Manchukuo" title="War crimes in Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_during_the_final_stages_of_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="War crimes during the final stages of the Sri Lankan civil war">Sri Lankan civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="War crimes in the Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Tigray_war" title="War crimes in the Tigray war">Tigray war‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_during_the_Sudanese_civil_war_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="War crimes during the Sudanese civil war (2023–present)">Sudanese civil war (2023–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_I" title="War crimes in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_war_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis war crimes">Axis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="War crimes in the Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni civil war (2014–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Yugoslav_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes in the Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Kosovo_War" title="War crimes in the Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_trial" title="War crimes trial">War crimes trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crime_apologia" title="War crime apologia">War crime apologia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_global_issues" title="List of global issues">List of global issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-conflict_reception_of_war_criminals" title="Post-conflict reception of war criminals">Post-conflict reception of war criminals</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Other_international_crimes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Other <a href="/wiki/International_criminal_law" title="International criminal law">international crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrocity_crime" title="Atrocity crime">Atrocity crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">Crimes against humanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_aggression" title="Crime of aggression">Crimes of aggression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div>‡ Does not apply to <a href="/wiki/Airborne_forces" title="Airborne forces">airborne forces</a> (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Paratrooper" title="Paratrooper">paratroopers</a>) <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:War_crimes" title="Category:War crimes">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Abuse" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Abuse" title="Template:Abuse"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Abuse" title="Template talk:Abuse"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Abuse" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Abuse"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Abuse" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abuse" title="Abuse">Abuse</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abuse#Types_and_contexts_of_abuse" title="Abuse">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Adverse_childhood_experiences" title="Adverse childhood experiences">Adverse childhood experiences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-social_behaviour" title="Anti-social behaviour">Anti-social behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child abuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_neglect" title="Child neglect">neglect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">sexual</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals" title="Cruelty to animals">Cruelty to animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_abuse" title="Disability abuse">Disability abuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability_draft" class="mw-redirect" title="Disability draft">military draft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_abuse" title="Elder abuse">Elder abuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elder_financial_abuse" title="Elder financial abuse">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predatory_marriage" title="Predatory marriage">Marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting">Gaslighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harassment" title="Harassment">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humiliation" title="Humiliation">Humiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incivility" title="Incivility">Incivility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_abuse" title="Institutional abuse">Institutional abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimidation" title="Intimidation">Intimidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neglect" title="Neglect">Neglect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_abuse" title="Professional abuse">Professional abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_abuse" title="Psychological abuse">Psychological abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_abuse" title="Physical abuse">Physical abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_abuse" title="Social abuse">Social abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">Police brutality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umpire_abuse" title="Umpire abuse">Referee and umpire abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_abuse" title="Religious abuse">Religious abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">Sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalking" title="Stalking">Stalking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_abuse" title="Structural abuse">Structural abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveillance_abuse" title="Surveillance abuse">Surveillance abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbal_abuse" title="Verbal abuse">Verbal abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abuse#Types_and_contexts_of_abuse" title="Abuse">more...</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abusive_supervision" title="Abusive supervision">Abusive supervision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abuse_of_power" title="Abuse of power">Abuse of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlling_behavior_in_relationships" title="Controlling behavior in relationships">Controlling behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_grooming" class="mw-redirect" title="Child grooming">Child grooming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Complex post-traumatic stress disorder">Complex post-traumatic stress disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">Dehumanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial" title="Denial">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destabilisation" title="Destabilisation">Destabilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exaggeration" title="Exaggeration">Exaggeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolation_to_facilitate_abuse" title="Isolation to facilitate abuse">Isolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just-world_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Just-world hypothesis">Just-world hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lie" title="Lie">Lying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_manipulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological manipulation">Manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimisation_(psychology)" title="Minimisation (psychology)">Minimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissism" title="Narcissism">Narcissism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playing_the_victim" title="Playing the victim">Playing the victim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_projection" title="Psychological projection">Psychological projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_trauma" title="Psychological trauma">Psychological trauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopathy" title="Psychopathy">Psychopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalization_(psychology)" title="Rationalization (psychology)">Rationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traumatic_bonding" title="Traumatic bonding">Traumatic bonding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victim_blaming" title="Victim blaming">Victim blaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimology" title="Victimology">Victimology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lists_of_countries_by_laws_and_law_enforcement_rankings" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Law_country_lists" title="Template:Law country lists"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Law_country_lists" title="Template talk:Law country lists"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Law_country_lists" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Law country lists"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lists_of_countries_by_laws_and_law_enforcement_rankings" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories" title="Lists of sovereign states and dependent territories">Lists of countries</a> by <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">laws</a> and <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">law enforcement</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_international_rankings" title="List of international rankings">rankings</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Age of</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Candidacy for political office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">Consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_criminal_responsibility" title="Age of criminal responsibility">Criminal responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_drinking_age" title="Legal drinking age">Drinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minimum_driving_ages" title="List of minimum driving ages">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_majority" title="Age of majority">Majority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriageable_age" title="Marriageable age">Marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_age_in_the_United_States" title="Marriage age in the United States">in the US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retirement_age" title="Retirement age">Retirement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_retirement" title="Mandatory retirement">Mandatory retirement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School-leaving_age" title="School-leaving age">School-leaving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._history_of_tobacco_minimum_purchase_age_by_state" title="U.S. history of tobacco minimum purchase age by state">in the US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_age" title="Voting age">Voting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">Suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_suffrage" title="Youth suffrage">Youth suffrage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_working_age" title="Legal working age">Working</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drugs and alcohol</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_and_precursor_laws_by_country_or_territory" title="Drug and precursor laws by country or territory">Drug and precursor laws by country or territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcoholic drink">Alcohol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_alcohol_consumption_per_capita" title="List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita">Alcohol consumption</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bath_salts_(drug)" title="Bath salts (drug)">Bath salts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mephedrone#Legal_status" title="Mephedrone">Legal status of Mephedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylone#Legal_status" title="Methylone">Legal status of Methylone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxypyrovalerone#Legality" title="Methylenedioxypyrovalerone">Legal status of MPDV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_prevalence_of_cocaine_use" title="List of countries by prevalence of cocaine use">Cocaine use</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_cocaine" title="Legal status of cocaine">Legality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">Methamphetamine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_methamphetamine" title="Legal status of methamphetamine">Legality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_prevalence_of_opiates_use" title="List of countries by prevalence of opiates use">Opiate use</a></li> <li>Psychedelics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amanita#Psychoactive_species" title="Amanita">Amanita mushroom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_psychoactive_Amanita_mushrooms" title="Legal status of psychoactive Amanita mushrooms">Legality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayahuasca" title="Ayahuasca">Ayahuasca</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_ayahuasca_by_country" title="Legal status of ayahuasca by country">Legality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">Cannabis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis" title="Legality of cannabis">Legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annual_cannabis_use_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Annual cannabis use by country">Annual use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_lifetime_cannabis_use_by_country" title="Adult lifetime cannabis use by country">Lifetime use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibogaine" title="Ibogaine">Ibogaine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_ibogaine_by_country" title="Legal status of ibogaine by country">Legality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LSD" title="LSD">LSD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LSD#Legal_status" title="LSD">Legality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psilocybin_mushroom" title="Psilocybin mushroom">Psilocybin mushroom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_psilocybin_mushrooms" title="Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms">Legality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvia_divinorum" title="Salvia divinorum">Salvia divinorum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_Salvia_divinorum" title="Legal status of Salvia divinorum">Legality</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Death</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_euthanasia" title="Legality of euthanasia">Legality of euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_killings_by_law_enforcement_officers_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="List of killings by law enforcement officers by country">Law enforcement killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_legislation" title="Suicide legislation">Legality of suicide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_suicide" title="Assisted suicide">Legality of assisted suicide</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Overview_of_gun_laws_by_nation" title="Overview of gun laws by nation">Guns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_firearm-related_death_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by firearm-related death rate">Deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percent_of_households_with_guns_by_country" title="Percent of households with guns by country">Households</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overview_of_gun_laws_by_nation" title="Overview of gun laws by nation">Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estimated_number_of_civilian_guns_per_capita_by_country" title="Estimated number of civilian guns per capita by country">Ownership</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Punishment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_by_country" title="Capital punishment by country">Death penalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_incarceration_rate" title="List of countries by incarceration rate">Incarceration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment" title="Life imprisonment">Life imprisonment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Policing" class="mw-redirect" title="Policing">Policing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_abuse" title="Prisoner abuse">Prisoner abuse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_number_of_police_officers" title="List of countries and dependencies by number of police officers">Size of police forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Obscenity" title="Obscenity">Obscenity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">Incest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_incest" title="Legality of incest">Laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_laws_by_region" title="Pornography laws by region">Pornography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_child_pornography" title="Legality of child pornography">Child pornography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_fictional_pornography_depicting_minors" title="Legal status of fictional pornography depicting minors">Fictional pornography depicting minors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulated_child_pornography" title="Simulated child pornography">Simulated child pornography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_pornography#Legal_status" title="Internet pornography">Internet pornography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_by_region" title="Prostitution by region">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking" title="Sex trafficking">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">Sexual assault</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laws_regarding_child_sexual_abuse" title="Laws regarding child sexual abuse">Child sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_regarding_rape" title="Laws regarding rape">Rape</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Sodomy law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reproduction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_law" title="Abortion law">Abortion law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minors_and_abortion" title="Minors and abortion">Minors and abortion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_law" title="Adoption law">Adoption law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_adoption" title="International adoption">International adoption</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_cloning#Current_law" title="Human cloning">Human cloning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_human_sterilization_by_country" title="Legal status of human sterilization by country">Sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrogacy_laws_by_country" title="Surrogacy laws by country">Surrogacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Censorship</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_by_country" title="Censorship by country">Censorship by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_censorship" title="Book censorship">Book censorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_banned_by_governments" title="List of books banned by governments">by country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartographic_censorship" title="Cartographic censorship">Cartographic censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_censorship" title="Film censorship">Film censorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banned_films" title="List of banned films">by country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship" title="Internet censorship">Internet censorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_and_surveillance_by_country" title="Internet censorship and surveillance by country">by country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_LGBT_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship of LGBT issues">Censorship of LGBT issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_censorship" title="Political censorship">Political censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_censorship" title="Television censorship">Television censorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_censorship#List_of_banned_television_series" title="Television censorship">by country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_controversies" title="Video game controversies">Video gaming censorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banned_video_games_by_country" title="List of banned video games by country">by country</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Human rights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_rights" title="Children's rights">Children's rights</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Children in the military</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_same-sex_marriage" title="Legal status of same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Human trafficking</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement" title="Freedom of movement">Freedom of movement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement#Examples_by_jurisdiction" title="Freedom of movement">By country</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedoms_of_the_air" title="Freedoms of the air">In the air</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_abode" title="Right of abode">Abode</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Property</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_law" title="Environmental law">environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_rights" title="Air rights">Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administration_(probate_law)" title="Administration (probate law)">Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_law" title="Land law">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_rights" title="Mineral rights">Minerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_law" title="Mining law">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_law" title="Mortgage law">Mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_right" title="Water right">Water</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Riparian_water_rights" title="Riparian water rights">Riparian water</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commercial_law" title="Commercial law">Business</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Competition_law" title="Competition law">Competition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mergers_and_acquisitions" title="Mergers and acquisitions">Mergers and acquisitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">Monopoly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_law" title="Corporate law">Corporate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_liability" title="Corporate liability">Corporate liability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_cryptocurrency_by_country_or_territory" title="Legality of cryptocurrency by country or territory">Legality of cryptocurrency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Violence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporal_punishment" title="Corporal punishment">Corporal punishment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporal_punishment_in_the_home" title="Corporal punishment in the home">At home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_corporal_punishment" title="School corporal punishment">At school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_corporal_punishment" title="Judicial corporal punishment">In court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">Police brutality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_smoking_age" title="Legal smoking age">Smoking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_law" title="Alcohol law">Alcohol law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">Murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slavery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:International_ownership_conventions" title="Template:International ownership conventions">International ownership</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_waters" title="International waters">International waters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_law" title="Admiralty law">Admiralty law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">UN Convention on the Law of the Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Indicators" title="World Intellectual Property Indicators">World Intellectual Property Indicators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_ownership" title="Foreign ownership">Foreign ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_copyright_treaties" title="International copyright treaties">International copyright treaties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="Animal rights by country or territory">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_law" title="Immigration law">Immigration law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_legal_systems" title="List of national legal systems">National legal systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_law" title="Religious law">Religious law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application_of_Sharia_by_country" title="Application of Sharia by country">Sharia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Justice_Project" title="World Justice Project">World Justice Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:center"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_rankings" title="List of international rankings">List of international rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_by_country" title="Lists by country">Lists by country</a></li></ul> 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