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Glaser</h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content"> <div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> <div id="contentSub"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump"> Jump to: <a href="#mw-head">navigation</a>, <a href="#p-search">search</a> </div> <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:22em"> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background:transparent;text-align:center;"><span class="fn">Donald A. Glaser</span></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Donald_Glaser.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Donald Glaser.jpg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150321083150im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Donald_Glaser.jpg/220px-Donald_Glaser.jpg" width="220" height="259" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150321083150im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Donald_Glaser.jpg/330px-Donald_Glaser.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150321083150im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Donald_Glaser.jpg/440px-Donald_Glaser.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="753"/></a> <div>Donald A. Glaser</div> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;background:transparent; padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;">Born</th> <td style="vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;">Donald Arthur Glaser<br/> <span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1926-09-21</span>)</span>September 21, 1926<br/> <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio" title="Cleveland, Ohio" class="mw-redirect">Cleveland, Ohio</a>, <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;background:transparent; padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;">Died</th> <td style="vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;">February 28, 2013<span style="display:none">(<span class="dday deathdate">2013-02-28</span>)</span> (aged 86)<br/> <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley, California</a>, U.S.</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;background:transparent; padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;">Fields</th> <td class="category" style="vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a>, <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">Molecular biology</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;background:transparent; padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;">Institutions</th> <td style="vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_at_Berkeley" title="University of California at Berkeley" class="mw-redirect">University of California at Berkeley</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;background:transparent; padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></span></th> <td style="vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_School_of_Applied_Science" title="Case School of Applied Science" class="mw-redirect">Case School of Applied Science</a> (<a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_Western_University" title="Case Western University" class="mw-redirect">Case Western University</a>)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">California Institute of Technology</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;background:transparent; padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;"><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th> <td style="vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_David_Anderson" title="Carl David Anderson">Carl David Anderson</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;background:transparent; padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;">Known for</th> <td style="vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_chamber" title="Bubble chamber">Invention of bubble chamber</a></li> <li>Business executive</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;background:transparent; padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;">Notable awards</th> <td style="vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_Cresson_Medal" title="Elliott Cresson Medal">Elliott Cresson Medal</a> (1961)</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;background:transparent; padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;">Spouse</th> <td style="vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li>Ruth Bonnie Thompson (m. 1960; 2 children)</li> <li>Lynn Bercovitz (m. 1975)</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> <p><b>Donald Arthur Glaser</b> (September 21, 1926 – February 28, 2013) was an <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">American</a> <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a>, <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurobiologist" title="Neurobiologist" class="mw-redirect">neurobiologist</a>, and the winner of the 1960 <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> for his invention of the <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_chamber" title="Bubble chamber">bubble chamber</a> used in <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subatomic_particle" title="Subatomic particle">subatomic particle</a> physics.<sup id="cite_ref-obit_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vettel_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vettel-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p></p> <div id="toc" class="toc"> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Education"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Education</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Personal_life"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Personal life</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Education_and_early_career"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Education and early career</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Bubble_chamber"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Bubble chamber</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Nobel_Prize"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Nobel Prize</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Transition_to_molecular_biology"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Transition to molecular biology</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Commercial_ventures"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Commercial ventures</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Transition_to_neurobiology"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Transition to neurobiology</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <p></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Education">Education</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Donald_A._Glaser&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Born in <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio" title="Cleveland, Ohio" class="mw-redirect">Cleveland, Ohio</a>, Glaser completed his <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">Bachelor of Science</a> degree in physics and mathematics from <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_School_of_Applied_Science" title="Case School of Applied Science" class="mw-redirect">Case School of Applied Science</a><sup id="cite_ref-Vettel_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vettel-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:10</sup> in 1946. He completed his <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph.D." title="Ph.D." class="mw-redirect">Ph.D.</a> in physics from the <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">California Institute of Technology</a> in 1949. Glaser accepted a position as an instructor at the <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a> in 1949, and was promoted to professor in 1957. He joined the faculty of the <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_at_Berkeley" title="University of California at Berkeley" class="mw-redirect">University of California at Berkeley</a>, in 1959, as a Professor of Physics. During this time his research concerned short-lived elementary particles. The bubble chamber enabled him to observe the paths and lifetimes of the particles.</p> <p>Starting in 1962, Glaser changed his field of research to molecular biology, starting with a project on <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a>-induced cancer. In 1964, he was given the additional title of Professor of Molecular Biology. Glaser's position (since 1989) was Professor of Physics and Neurobiology in the Graduate School.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Personal_life">Personal life</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Donald_A._Glaser&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Donald Glaser was born on September 21, 1926, in Cleveland, Ohio, to Russian Jewish immigrants, Lena and William J. Glaser, a businessman.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> He enjoyed music and played the piano, violin, and viola. He went to <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Heights_High_School" title="Cleveland Heights High School">Cleveland Heights High School</a>, where he became interested in physics as a means to understand the physical world.<sup id="cite_ref-Vettel_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vettel-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:2,6,8</sup> He died in his sleep at the age of 86 on February 28, 2013 in <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley, California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Education_and_early_career">Education and early career</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Donald_A._Glaser&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Education and early career">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Glaser attended Case School of Applied Science (now <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University" title="Case Western Reserve University">Case Western Reserve University</a>), where he completed his Bachelor’s degree in physics and mathematics in 1946. During the course of his education there, he became especially interested in particle physics.<sup id="cite_ref-Vettel_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vettel-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:15</sup> He played viola in the <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Philharmonic" title="Cleveland Philharmonic" class="mw-redirect">Cleveland Philharmonic</a> while at Case, and taught mathematics classes at the college after graduation.<sup id="cite_ref-Vettel_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vettel-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:12</sup> He continued on to the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), where he pursued his Ph.D. in physics. His interest in particle physics led him to work with Nobel laureate <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_David_Anderson" title="Carl David Anderson">Carl David Anderson</a>, studying <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">cosmic rays</a> with <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_chamber" title="Cloud chamber">cloud chambers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vettel_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vettel-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:22</sup> He preferred the accessibility of cosmic ray research over that of <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_physics" title="Nuclear physics">nuclear physics</a>. While at Caltech he learned to design and build the equipment he needed for his experiments,<sup id="cite_ref-Vettel_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vettel-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:22</sup> and this skill would prove to be useful throughout his career. He also attended <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_genetics" title="Molecular genetics">molecular genetics</a> seminars led by Nobel laureate <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Delbr%C3%BCck" title="Max Delbrück">Max Delbrück</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Vettel_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vettel-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:20</sup> he would return to this field later. Glaser completed his doctoral thesis, <i>The Momentum Distribution of Charged Cosmic Ray Particles Near Sea Level</i>, after starting as an instructor at the University of Michigan in 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-Vettel_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vettel-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:28</sup> He received his Ph.D. from Caltech in 1950, and he was promoted to Professor at Michigan in 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-Vettel_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vettel-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:43</sup></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Bubble_chamber">Bubble chamber</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Donald_A._Glaser&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bubble chamber">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_Chamber" title="Bubble Chamber" class="mw-redirect">Bubble Chamber</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BubbleChamber-fnal.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150321083150im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/BubbleChamber-fnal.jpg/220px-BubbleChamber-fnal.jpg" width="220" height="293" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150321083150im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/BubbleChamber-fnal.jpg/330px-BubbleChamber-fnal.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150321083150im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/BubbleChamber-fnal.jpg/440px-BubbleChamber-fnal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1560" data-file-height="2080"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BubbleChamber-fnal.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> A bubble chamber.</div> </div> </div> <p>While teaching at Michigan, Glaser began to work on experiments that led to the creation of the bubble chamber.<sup id="cite_ref-Vettel_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vettel-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:37</sup> His experience with cloud chambers at Caltech had shown him that they were inadequate for studying elementary particles. In a cloud chamber, particles pass though gas and collide with metal plates that obscure the scientists’ view of the event. The cloud chamber also needs time to reset between recording events and cannot keep up with accelerators' rate of particle production.<sup id="cite_ref-Vettel_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vettel-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:31–32</sup></p> <p>He experimented with using superheated liquid in a glass chamber. Charged particles would leave a track of bubbles as they passed through the liquid, and their tracks could be photographed. He created the first bubble chamber with <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ether" title="Ether">ether</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vettel_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vettel-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:37–38</sup> He experimented with <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> while visiting the University of Chicago, showing that hydrogen would also work in the chamber.<sup id="cite_ref-Vettel_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vettel-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:44</sup></p> <p>It has often been claimed that Glaser was inspired to his invention by the bubbles in a glass of <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a>; however, in a 2006 talk, he refuted this story, saying that although beer was not the <i>inspiration</i> for the bubble chamber, he did experiments using beer to fill early <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototype" title="Prototype">prototypes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>His new invention was ideal for use with high-energy accelerators,<sup id="cite_ref-Vettel_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vettel-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:47</sup> so Glaser traveled to <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookhaven_National_Laboratory" title="Brookhaven National Laboratory">Brookhaven National Laboratory</a> with some students to study elementary particles using the accelerator there. The images that he created with his bubble chamber brought recognition of the importance of his device, and he was able to get funding to continue experimenting with larger chambers. Glaser was then recruited by Nobel laureate <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Luis Alvarez</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Vettel_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vettel-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:59</sup> who was working on a hydrogen bubble chamber at the University of California at Berkeley. Glaser accepted an offer to become a Professor of Physics there in 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-Vettel_2-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vettel-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:60</sup></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Nobel_Prize">Nobel Prize</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Donald_A._Glaser&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Nobel Prize">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Glaser was awarded the 1960 Nobel Prize for Physics for the invention of the bubble chamber. His invention allowed scientists to observe what happens to high-energy beams from an accelerator, thus paving the way for many important discoveries.<sup id="cite_ref-Vettel_2-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vettel-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:64–65</sup></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Transition_to_molecular_biology">Transition to molecular biology</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Donald_A._Glaser&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Transition to molecular biology">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>After winning the Nobel Prize, Glaser began to think about switching from physics into a new field. He wanted to concentrate on science, and found that as the experiments and equipment grew larger in scale and cost, he was doing more administrative work. He also anticipated that the ever-more-complex equipment would cause consolidation into fewer sites and would require more travel for physicists working in high-energy physics.<sup id="cite_ref-Vettel_2-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vettel-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:68</sup> Recalling his interest in molecular genetics that began at Caltech, Glaser began to study biology. He spent a summer at <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT" title="MIT" class="mw-redirect">MIT</a> as a visiting professor and attended biology seminars there. He also spent a semester in <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a> with Ole Maaloe, the prominent Danish molecular biologist.<sup id="cite_ref-Vettel_2-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vettel-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:72</sup></p> <p>He worked in UC Berkeley’s Virus Lab (now the Biochemistry and Virus Laboratory),<sup id="cite_ref-Vettel_2-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vettel-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:76</sup> doing experiments with bacterial <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phages" title="Phages" class="mw-redirect">phages</a>, <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>, and <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammalian</a> cells. He studied the development of cancer cells, in particular the skin cancer <i><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeroderma_pigmentosum" title="Xeroderma pigmentosum">xeroderma pigmentosum</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vettel_2-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vettel-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:69</sup> As with the bubble chamber, he used his experience designing equipment to improve the experimental process. He automated the process of pouring out <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agar" title="Agar">agar</a>, spreading culture, and counting colonies of cells using a machine he called the dumbwaiter. It took photographs, administered chemicals, and had a mechanical hand to pick up colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-Vettel_2-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vettel-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:76–77</sup></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Commercial_ventures">Commercial ventures</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Donald_A._Glaser&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Commercial ventures">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>While continuing to work at UC Berkeley, Glaser started Berkeley Scientific Laboratory with <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Wattenberg" title="Bill Wattenberg" class="mw-redirect">Bill Wattenberg</a> in 1968. The short-lived partnership worked on automating diagnostic procedures.<sup id="cite_ref-Vettel_2-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vettel-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:88</sup></p> <p>In 1971 he founded <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetus_Corporation" title="Cetus Corporation">Cetus Corporation</a> with Moshe Alafi, Ron Cape, and Peter Farley.<sup id="cite_ref-Vettel_2-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vettel-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:89–90</sup> Glaser’s position was Chairman of the Science Advisory Board.<sup id="cite_ref-Vettel_2-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vettel-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:96</sup> The founders felt that the knowledge scientists had gained about <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> had not yet been applied to solve real problems.<sup id="cite_ref-Vettel_2-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vettel-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:112</sup> The company did microbial strain improvement,<sup id="cite_ref-Vettel_2-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vettel-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:96–97</sup> and then genetic engineering,<sup id="cite_ref-Vettel_2-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vettel-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:110</sup> becoming the first biotechnology company. Cetus was purchased by <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiron_Corporation" title="Chiron Corporation">Chiron Corporation</a> in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-Vettel_2-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vettel-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:115</sup></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Transition_to_neurobiology">Transition to neurobiology</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Donald_A._Glaser&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Transition to neurobiology">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>As molecular biology became more dependent on biochemistry, Glaser again considered a career change. His experience automating visual tasks in physics and molecular biology led him to an interest in human vision and how the brain processes what is seen. He began to work on computational modeling of the visual system and visual psychophysics.<sup id="cite_ref-Vettel_2-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vettel-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:116</sup></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Donald_A._Glaser&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-obit-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-obit_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal"><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomaso_Poggio" title="Tomaso Poggio">Poggio, Tomaso</a> (2013). "<strong class="selflink">Donald Arthur Glaser</strong> (1926–2013) Physicist and biotechnologist who invented the bubble chamber". <i>Nature</i> <b>496</b> (7443): 32. <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150321083150/http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F496032a">10.1038/496032a</a>. <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150321083150/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23552936">23552936</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+A.+Glaser&rft.atitle=Donald+Arthur+Glaser+%281926%E2%80%932013%29+Physicist+and+biotechnologist+who+invented+the+bubble+chamber&rft.aufirst=Tomaso&rft.aulast=Poggio&rft.au=Poggio%2C+Tomaso&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F496032a&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23552936&rft.issue=7443&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=32&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=496" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="plainlinks noprint" style="font-size:smaller"> <a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_pmid/23552936&action=edit&editintro=Template:Cite_pmid/editintro2">edit</a></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Vettel-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vettel_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vettel_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vettel_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vettel_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vettel_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vettel_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vettel_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vettel_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vettel_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vettel_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vettel_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vettel_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vettel_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vettel_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vettel_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vettel_2-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vettel_2-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vettel_2-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vettel_2-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vettel_2-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vettel_2-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vettel_2-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vettel_2-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vettel_2-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vettel_2-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vettel_2-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vettel_2-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vettel_2-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vettel_2-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vettel_2-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vettel_2-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Vettel, Eric (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150321083150/http://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/roho/ucb/text/glaser_donald.pdf">"Donald Glaser: The Bubble Chamber, Bioengineering, Business Consulting, and Neurobiology – an oral history conducted in 2003–2004"</a>. Regional Oral History Office, The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-03-02</span></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+A.+Glaser&rft.aulast=Vettel%2C+Eric&rft.au=Vettel%2C+Eric&rft.btitle=Donald+Glaser%3A+The+Bubble+Chamber%2C+Bioengineering%2C+Business+Consulting%2C+and+Neurobiology%26nbsp%3B%E2%80%93+an+oral+history+conducted+in+2003%E2%80%932004&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu%2Froho%2Fucb%2Ftext%2Fglaser_donald.pdf&rft.pub=Regional+Oral+History+Office%2C+The+Bancroft+Library%2C+University+of+California%2C+Berkeley&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Glaser, D. (1952). "Some Effects of Ionizing Radiation on the Formation of Bubbles in Liquids". <i>Physical Review</i> <b>87</b> (4): 665. <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150321083150/http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1952PhRv...87..665G">1952PhRv...87..665G</a>. <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150321083150/http://dx.doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.87.665">10.1103/PhysRev.87.665</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+A.+Glaser&rft.atitle=Some+Effects+of+Ionizing+Radiation+on+the+Formation+of+Bubbles+in+Liquids&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Glaser%2C+D.&rft.aulast=Glaser&rft.date=1952&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1952PhRv...87..665G&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.87.665&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.pages=665&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=87" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span class="plainlinks noprint" style="font-size:smaller"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_doi/10.1103.2FPhysRev.87.665&action=edit&editintro=Template:Cite_doi/editintro2">edit</a></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150321083150/http://archive.jta.org/article/1960/11/07/3064192/donald-glaser-young-jewish-nobel-prize-winner-is-contributor-to-uja">"Donald Glaser, Young Jewish Nobel Prize Winner, is Contributor to U.J.A"</a>. Archive.jta.org. November 7, 1960<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-03-02</span></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+A.+Glaser&rft.btitle=Donald+Glaser%2C+Young+Jewish+Nobel+Prize+Winner%2C+is+Contributor+to+U.J.A&rft.date=November+7%2C+1960&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.jta.org%2Farticle%2F1960%2F11%2F07%2F3064192%2Fdonald-glaser-young-jewish-nobel-prize-winner-is-contributor-to-uja&rft.pub=Archive.jta.org&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150321083150/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1960/glaser-bio.html">"Donald A. Glaser - Biography"</a>. Nobelprize.org. 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-03-02</span></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+A.+Glaser&rft.btitle=Donald+A.+Glaser+-+Biography&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1960%2Fglaser-bio.html&rft.pub=Nobelprize.org&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Sanders, Robert (March 1, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150321083150/http://newscenter.berkeley.edu/2013/03/01/physics-nobelist-and-biotech-pioneer-donald-glaser-dies-at-86/">"Physics Nobelist and biotech pioneer Donald Glaser dies at 86"</a>. Newscenter.berkeley.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-03-02</span></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+A.+Glaser&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.au=Sanders%2C+Robert&rft.btitle=Physics+Nobelist+and+biotech+pioneer+Donald+Glaser+dies+at+86&rft.date=March+1%2C+2013&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewscenter.berkeley.edu%2F2013%2F03%2F01%2Fphysics-nobelist-and-biotech-pioneer-donald-glaser-dies-at-86%2F&rft.pub=Newscenter.berkeley.edu&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Anne Pinckard (21 July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150321083150/http://www.lbl.gov/Publications/Currents/Archive/Jul-21-2006.html#6">"Front Seat to History: Summer Lecture Series Kicks Off – Invention and History of the Bubble Chamber"</a>. <i>Berkeley Lab View Archive</i>. <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-10-03</span></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+A.+Glaser&rft.atitle=Front+Seat+to+History%3A+Summer+Lecture+Series+Kicks+Off+%E2%80%93+Invention+and+History+of+the+Bubble+Chamber&rft.au=Anne+Pinckard&rft.aulast=Anne+Pinckard&rft.date=21+July+2006&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lbl.gov%2FPublications%2FCurrents%2FArchive%2FJul-21-2006.html%236&rft.jtitle=Berkeley+Lab+View+Archive&rft.pub=Lawrence+Berkeley+National+Laboratory&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> </ol> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Donald_A._Glaser&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <table class="mbox-small plainlinks" style="border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9"> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150321083150im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" width="34" height="40" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150321083150im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150321083150im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"/></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to: <i><b><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Donald_A._Glaser" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Donald A. Glaser">Donald A. Glaser</a></b></i></td> </tr> </table> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150321083150/http://www.osti.gov/accomplishments/glaser.html">Biography and Bibliographic Resources</a>, from the <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Scientific_and_Technical_Information" title="Office of Scientific and Technical Information">Office of Scientific and Technical Information</a>, <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">United States Department of Energy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150321083150/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1960/glaser.html">Biography of Glaser, Donald A.</a></li> </ul> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Template:Nobel Prize in Physics"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Template talk:Nobel Prize in Physics"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physics">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">1901–1925</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Röntgen</a> (1901)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Zeeman</a> (1902)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Becquerel</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">P. Curie</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">M. Curie</a> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">Rayleigh</a> (1904)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Lenard</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Michelson</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Lippmann</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Marconi</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun">Braun</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">Van der Waals</a> (1910)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wien</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n" title="Gustaf Dalén">Dalén</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Kamerlingh Onnes</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Laue</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lawrence_Bragg" title="William Lawrence Bragg">W. L. Bragg</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">W. H. Bragg</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla" title="Charles Glover Barkla">Barkla</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Stark</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_%C3%89douard_Guillaume" title="Charles Édouard Guillaume">Guillaume</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">N. Bohr</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Millikan</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manne_Siegbahn" title="Manne Siegbahn">M. Siegbahn</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">Franck</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Ludwig_Hertz" title="Gustav Ludwig Hertz">Hertz</a> (1925)</li> </ul> </div> </td> <td class="navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"> <div><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nobel_Prize.png" class="image"><img alt="Nobel Prize.png" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150321083150im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" width="80" height="79" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150321083150im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150321083150im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492"/></a></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">1926–1950</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Perrin" title="Jean Baptiste Perrin">Perrin</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Compton</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">C. Wilson</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Willans_Richardson" title="Owen Willans Richardson">O. Richardson</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">De Broglie</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman">Raman</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Schrödinger</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">Chadwick</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Francis_Hess" title="Victor Francis Hess">Hess</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_David_Anderson" title="Carl David Anderson">C. D. Anderson</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton_Davisson" title="Clinton Davisson">Davisson</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">G. P. Thomson</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Lawrence</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern">Stern</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Rabi</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Pauli</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Bridgman</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton">Appleton</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Blackett,_Baron_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett, Baron Blackett">Blackett</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Yukawa</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._F._Powell" title="C. F. Powell">Powell</a> (1950)</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">1951–1975</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">Cockcroft</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Walton</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Bloch</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Purcell</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike">Zernike</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Born</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">Bothe</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willis_Lamb" title="Willis Lamb">Lamb</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polykarp_Kusch" title="Polykarp Kusch">Kusch</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">Shockley</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Brattain</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen-Ning_Yang" title="Chen-Ning Yang">C. N. Yang</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">T. D. Lee</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Cherenkov" title="Pavel Cherenkov">Cherenkov</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilya_Frank" title="Ilya Frank">Frank</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Tamm" title="Igor Tamm">Tamm</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_G._Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio G. Segrè">Segrè</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Chamberlain" title="Owen Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a> (1959)</li> <li><strong class="selflink">Glaser</strong> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Hofstadter</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_M%C3%B6ssbauer" title="Rudolf Mössbauer">Mössbauer</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Landau</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Wigner</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer">Goeppert-Mayer</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Hans_D._Jensen" title="J. Hans D. Jensen">Jensen</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Townes</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Basov" title="Nikolay Basov">Basov</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Prokhorov" title="Alexander Prokhorov">Prokhorov</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin-Itiro_Tomonaga" title="Sin-Itiro Tomonaga">Tomonaga</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Schwinger</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Kastler</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Bethe</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Alvarez</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Gell-Mann</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Alfvén</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_N%C3%A9el" title="Louis Néel">Néel</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Gabor</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper">Cooper</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Robert_Schrieffer" title="John Robert Schrieffer">Schrieffer</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Esaki</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever">Giaever</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Josephson" title="Brian Josephson">Josephson</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Ryle</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Hewish</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aage_Bohr" title="Aage Bohr">A. Bohr</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Roy_Mottelson" title="Ben Roy Mottelson">Mottelson</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Rainwater" title="James Rainwater">Rainwater</a> (1975)</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">1976–2000</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Richter</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_C._C._Ting" title="Samuel C. C. Ting">Ting</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Warren_Anderson" title="Philip Warren Anderson">P. W. Anderson</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Mott</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck" title="John Hasbrouck Van Vleck">Van Vleck</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Kapitsa" title="Pyotr Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arno_Allan_Penzias" title="Arno Allan Penzias">Penzias</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">R. Wilson</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheldon_Lee_Glashow" title="Sheldon Lee Glashow">Glashow</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Salam</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Weinberg</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">Cronin</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Fitch</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Bloembergen</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Leonard_Schawlow" title="Arthur Leonard Schawlow">Schawlow</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kai_Siegbahn" title="Kai Siegbahn">K. Siegbahn</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_G._Wilson" title="Kenneth G. Wilson">K. Wilson</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Chandrasekhar</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">Fowler</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Rubbia</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">Van der Meer</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_von_Klitzing" title="Klaus von Klitzing">von Klitzing</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ruska</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig">Binnig</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Rohrer</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Bednorz" title="Georg Bednorz">Bednorz</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Alex_M%C3%BCller" title="K. Alex Müller">Müller</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman">Lederman</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Schwartz</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Steinberger</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Foster_Ramsey,_Jr." title="Norman Foster Ramsey, Jr.">Ramsey</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Georg_Dehmelt" title="Hans Georg Dehmelt">Dehmelt</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Paul" title="Wolfgang Paul">Paul</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Isaac_Friedman" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman">Friedman</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Kendall</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_E._Taylor" title="Richard E. Taylor">R. Taylor</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">de Gennes</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Charpak" title="Georges Charpak">Charpak</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Alan_Hulse" title="Russell Alan Hulse">Hulse</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor,_Jr." title="Joseph Hooton Taylor, Jr.">J. Taylor</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertram_Brockhouse" title="Bertram Brockhouse">Brockhouse</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull">Shull</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Perl</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Reines</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lee_(physicist)" title="David Lee (physicist)">D. Lee</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Osheroff" title="Douglas Osheroff">Osheroff</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Coleman_Richardson" title="Robert Coleman Richardson">R. Richardson</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Chu</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Cohen-Tannoudji</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Daniel_Phillips" title="William Daniel Phillips">Phillips</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_B._Laughlin" title="Robert B. Laughlin">Laughlin</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer">Störmer</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_C._Tsui" title="Daniel C. Tsui">Tsui</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerard 't Hooft">'t Hooft</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinus_J._G._Veltman" title="Martinus J. G. Veltman">Veltman</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhores_Alferov" title="Zhores Alferov">Alferov</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Kroemer</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Kilby</a> (2000)</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">2001–present</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Allin_Cornell" title="Eric Allin Cornell">Cornell</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Ketterle" title="Wolfgang Ketterle">Ketterle</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Wieman" title="Carl Wieman">Wieman</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Davis,_Jr." title="Raymond Davis, Jr.">Davis</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masatoshi_Koshiba" title="Masatoshi Koshiba">Koshiba</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Giacconi</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexei_Alexeyevich_Abrikosov" title="Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov">Abrikosov</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitaly_Ginzburg" title="Vitaly Ginzburg">Ginzburg</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_James_Leggett" title="Anthony James Leggett">Leggett</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">Gross</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_David_Politzer" title="Hugh David Politzer">Politzer</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Wilczek</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_J._Glauber" title="Roy J. Glauber">Glauber</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_L._Hall" title="John L. Hall">Hall</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_W._H%C3%A4nsch" title="Theodor W. Hänsch">Hänsch</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Mather" title="John C. Mather">Mather</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Smoot" title="George Smoot">Smoot</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Fert</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Grünberg</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Nambu</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makoto_Kobayashi_(physicist)" title="Makoto Kobayashi (physicist)">Kobayashi</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshihide_Maskawa" title="Toshihide Maskawa">Maskawa</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Kao</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Boyle</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_E._Smith" title="George E. Smith">Smith</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Geim</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Novoselov" title="Konstantin Novoselov">Novoselov</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul_Perlmutter" title="Saul Perlmutter">Perlmutter</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Riess" title="Adam Riess">Riess</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Schmidt" title="Brian Schmidt">Schmidt</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_J._Wineland" title="David J. Wineland">Wineland</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serge_Haroche" title="Serge Haroche">Haroche</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">Englert</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Higgs</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isamu_Akasaki" title="Isamu Akasaki">Akasaki</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshi_Amano" title="Hiroshi Amano">Amano</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Nakamura</a> (2014)</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Time_Persons_of_the_Year_1951%E2%80%931975" title="Template:Time Persons of the Year 1951–1975"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Time_Persons_of_the_Year_1951%E2%80%931975" title="Template talk:Time Persons of the Year 1951–1975"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Time_Persons_of_the_Year_1951%E2%80%931975&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year" title="Time Person of the Year"><i>Time</i> Persons of the Year</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddegh" title="Mohammad Mosaddegh">Mohammad Mosaddegh</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">John Foster Dulles</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlow_Curtice" title="Harlow Curtice">Harlow Curtice</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Freedom Fighter</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_States" title="Science and technology in the United States">U.S. Scientists</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr." title="Martin Luther King, Jr." class="mw-redirect">Martin Luther King, Jr.</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Westmoreland" title="William Westmoreland">William Westmoreland</a> (1965)</li> <li>"<a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_boomers" title="Baby boomers">The Inheritors</a>" (1966)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1967)</li> <li><span class="wrap"><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">The Apollo 8 Astronauts</a>: <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders" title="William Anders">William Anders</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Borman" title="Frank Borman">Frank Borman</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Lovell" title="Jim Lovell">Jim Lovell</a></span> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_America_(United_States)" title="Middle America (United States)">The Middle Americans</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1971)</li> <li><span class="wrap"><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> / <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a></span> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sirica" title="John Sirica">John Sirica</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisal_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Faisal of Saudi Arabia">King Faisal</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">American Women</a> (1975)</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"> <div> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year#Persons_of_the_Year" title="Time Person of the Year">Complete roster</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Time_Persons_of_the_Year_1927%E2%80%931950" title="Template:Time Persons of the Year 1927–1950">1927–1950</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Time_Persons_of_the_Year_1951%E2%80%931975" title="Template:Time Persons of the Year 1951–1975">1951–1975</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Time_Persons_of_the_Year_1976%E2%80%932000" title="Template:Time Persons of the Year 1976–2000">1976–2000</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Time_Persons_of_the_Year_2001%E2%80%932025" title="Template:Time Persons of the Year 2001–2025">2001–present</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authority_control" title="Authority control">Authority control</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150321083150/http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n92-804354">WorldCat</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150321083150/https://viaf.org/viaf/279112056">279112056</a></span></li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150321083150/http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n92804354">n92804354</a></span></li> <li><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">ISNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150321083150/http://isni-url.oclc.nl/isni/0000000033611888">0000 0000 3361 1888</a></span></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table id="persondata" class="persondata noprint" style="border:1px solid #aaa; display:none; speak:none;"> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Persondata" title="Wikipedia:Persondata">Persondata</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Name</td> <td>Glaser, Donald A.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Alternative names</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Short description</td> <td>American physicist and neurobiologist</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Date of birth</td> <td>1926-09-21</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Place of birth</td> <td><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio" title="Cleveland, Ohio" class="mw-redirect">Cleveland, Ohio</a>, <a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Date of death</td> <td>2013-02-28</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Place of death</td> <td><a href="/web/20150321083150/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley, California</a>, U.S.</td> </tr> </table>    <noscript><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20150321083150im_/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" title="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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hreflang="ar">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150321083150/http://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="ডোনাল্ড আর্থার গ্লেজার – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn">বাংলা</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150321083150/http://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80_%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Дональд Артур Глазер – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be">Беларуская</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150321083150/http://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4_%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B7%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Доналд Глейзър – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg">Български</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150321083150/http://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Arthur_Glaser" title="Donald Arthur Glaser – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150321083150/http://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Arthur_Glaser" title="Donald Arthur Glaser – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150321083150/http://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy">Cymraeg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150321083150/http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Arthur_Glaser" title="Donald Arthur Glaser – German" lang="de" hreflang="de">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150321083150/http://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Glaser" title="Donald Glaser – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et">Eesti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150321083150/http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Arthur_Glaser" title="Donald Arthur Glaser – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150321083150/http://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150321083150/http://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150321083150/http://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%B1" title="دونالد آرتور گلایزر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150321083150/http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Arthur_Glaser" title="Donald Arthur Glaser – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150321083150/http://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Arthur_Glaser" title="Donald Arthur Glaser – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl">Galego</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150321083150/http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%84%EB%84%90%EB%93%9C_%EA%B8%80%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%A0%80" title="도널드 글레이저 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150321083150/http://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A4_%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80_%D4%B3%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Դոնալդ Արթուր Գլեզեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy">Հայերեն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150321083150/http://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%8F_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0" title="डोनाल्ड ए ग्लेसर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi">हिन्दी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150321083150/http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Glaser" title="Donald Glaser – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150321083150/http://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Arthur_Glaser" title="Donald Arthur Glaser – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io">Ido</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150321083150/http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Arthur_Glaser" title="Donald Arthur Glaser – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150321083150/http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Glaser" title="Donald Glaser – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150321083150/http://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%9C%D7%93_%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%96%D7%A8" title="דונלד גלייזר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150321083150/http://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw">Kiswahili</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150321083150/http://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Arthur_Glaser" title="Donald Arthur Glaser – Haitian" lang="ht" hreflang="ht">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150321083150/http://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku">Kurdî</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150321083150/http://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donaldus_A._Glaser" title="Donaldus A. Glaser – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la">Latina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150321083150/http://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Arthur_Glaser" title="Donald Arthur Glaser – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150321083150/http://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%8F._%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0" title="डोनाल्ड ए. ग्लेसर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr">मराठी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150321083150/http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Glaser" title="Donald Glaser – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150321083150/http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%83%8A%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B6%E3%83%BC" title="ドナルド・グレーザー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150321083150/http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser – Norwegian (bokmål)" lang="no" hreflang="no">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150321083150/http://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn">Norsk nynorsk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150321083150/http://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Arthur_Glaser" title="Donald Arthur Glaser – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc">Occitan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150321083150/http://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%D9%88%D9%86%D9%84%DA%88_%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B1" title="ڈونلڈ گلاسر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb">پنجابی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150321083150/http://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Arthur_Glaser" title="Donald Arthur Glaser – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds">Plattdüütsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150321083150/http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Arthur_Glaser" title="Donald Arthur Glaser – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150321083150/http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Arthur_Glaser" title="Donald Arthur Glaser – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150321083150/http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Arthur_Glaser" title="Donald Arthur Glaser – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150321083150/http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80" title="Глазер, Дональд Артур – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150321083150/http://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%8F_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0" title="डोनाल्ड ए ग्लेसर – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa">संस्कृतम्</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150321083150/http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser – Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150321083150/http://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Arthur_Glaser" title="Donald Arthur Glaser – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150321083150/http://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Arthur_Glaser" title="Donald Arthur Glaser – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl">Slovenščina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150321083150/http://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Glaser" title="Donald Glaser – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle" title="recommended article"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150321083150/http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Arthur_Glaser" title="Donald Arthur Glaser – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150321083150/http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150321083150/http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150321083150/http://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80_%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Дональд Артур Глазер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150321083150/http://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%88_%D8%A7%DB%92_%DA%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%B1" title="ڈونالڈ اے گلیسر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur">اردو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150321083150/http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Arthur_Glaser" title="Donald Arthur Glaser – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150321083150/http://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. 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