CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr" class="client-nojs"> <head><script type="text/javascript" src="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=7YQSqjSh" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr.","20150319234528","https://web.archive.org/","web","https://web-static.archive.org/_static/", "1426808728"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=p7PEIJWi" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" />  <meta charset="UTF-8"/> <title>Martin Luther King Jr. - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</title> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.25wmf20"/> <link rel="alternate" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/android-app://org.wikipedia/http/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr."/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://bits.wikimedia.org/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"/> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://bits.wikimedia.org/favicon/wikipedia.ico"/> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/opensearch_desc.php" title="Wikipedia (en)"/> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"/> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr."/> <link rel="copyright" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"/> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"/> <link rel="canonical" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr."/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528cs_/https://bits.wikimedia.org/en.wikipedia.org/load.php?debug=false&lang=en&modules=ext.gadget.DRN-wizard%2CReferenceTooltips%2Ccharinsert%2Cfeatured-articles-links%2CrefToolbar%2Cswitcher%2Cteahouse%7Cext.rtlcite%2Cwikihiero%2CwikimediaBadges%7Cext.uls.nojs%7Cext.visualEditor.viewPageTarget.noscript%7Cmediawiki.legacy.commonPrint%2Cshared%7Cmediawiki.sectionAnchor%7Cmediawiki.skinning.interface%7Cmediawiki.ui.button%7Cmw.PopUpMediaTransform%7Cskins.vector.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector&*"/> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528cs_/https://bits.wikimedia.org/en.wikipedia.org/load.php?debug=false&lang=en&modules=site&only=styles&skin=vector&*"/> <style>a:lang(ar),a:lang(kk-arab),a:lang(mzn),a:lang(ps),a:lang(ur){text-decoration:none} /* cache key: enwiki:resourceloader:filter:minify-css:7:3904d24a08aa08f6a68dc338f9be277e */</style> <script src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528js_/https://bits.wikimedia.org/en.wikipedia.org/load.php?debug=false&lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&skin=vector&*"></script> <script>if(window.mw){ mw.config.set({"wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Martin_Luther_King_Jr.","wgTitle":"Martin Luther King Jr.","wgCurRevisionId":651963871,"wgRevisionId":651963871,"wgArticleId":20076,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Subscription required using via","Pages containing links to subscription-only content","CS1 maint: Date and year","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from September 2013","Good articles","Use mdy dates from February 2015","Wikipedia semi-protected pages","Biography with signature","Articles with hCards","Articles with hAudio microformats","Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers","Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers","Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers","Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers","Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers","Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers","Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers","Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers","Martin Luther King, Jr.","1929 births","1968 deaths","20th-century African-American activists","20th-century American writers","20th-century Baptist ministers","African-American Baptist ministers","African-Americans' civil rights activists","American anti–Vietnam War activists","American Christian pacifists","American Christian socialists","American humanitarians","American Nobel laureates","American people of Irish descent","American prisoners and detainees","American theologians","Anglican saints","Anti-racism activists","Assassinated American civil rights activists","Assassinated religious leaders","Baptist ministers from the United States","Baptist writers","Boston University School of Theology alumni","Burials in Georgia (U.S. state)","Christian radicals","COINTELPRO targets","Community organizing","Congressional Gold Medal recipients","Counterculture of the 1960s","Deaths by firearm in Tennessee","Democratic socialists","Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences","Gandhians","Grammy Award-winning artists","International opponents of apartheid in South Africa","Morehouse College alumni","Murdered African-American people","Nobel Peace Prize laureates","Nonviolence advocates","People celebrated in the Lutheran liturgical calendar","People from Atlanta, Georgia","People from Montgomery, Alabama","People murdered in Tennessee","Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients","Prisoners and detainees of Alabama","Prisoners and detainees of Florida","Prisoners and detainees of Georgia (U.S. state)","Revolutionary martyrs","American social democrats","Spingarn Medal winners","Stabbing survivors","Jawaharlal Nehru Award laureates"],"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgMonthNamesShort":["","Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"wgRelevantPageName":"Martin_Luther_King_Jr.","wgRelevantArticleId":20076,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Martin_Luther_King,_Jr.","wgWikiEditorEnabledModules":{"toolbar":true,"dialogs":true,"hidesig":true,"preview":false,"publish":false},"wgBetaFeaturesFeatures":[],"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr"},"wikilove-recipient":"","wikilove-anon":0,"wgPoweredByHHVM":true,"wgULSAcceptLanguageList":["nl-nl","nl","en-us","en"],"wgULSCurrentAutonym":"English","wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1,"quality":2,"pristine":3}}},"wgStableRevisionId":null,"wgCategoryTreePageCategoryOptions":"{\"mode\":0,\"hideprefix\":20,\"showcount\":true,\"namespaces\":false}","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr.","wgWikibaseItemId":"Q8027"}); }</script><script>if(window.mw){ mw.loader.implement("user.options",function($,jQuery){mw.user.options.set({"variant":"en"});},{},{},{});mw.loader.implement("user.tokens",function($,jQuery){mw.user.tokens.set({"editToken":"+\\","patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\"});},{},{},{}); /* cache key: enwiki:resourceloader:filter:minify-js:7:94007ea073e20ad4a3cdce36b2f2e369 */ }</script> <script>if(window.mw){ mw.loader.load(["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","mw.TMHGalleryHook.js","mediawiki.page.startup","mediawiki.legacy.wikibits","mediawiki.legacy.ajax","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.head","ext.imageMetrics.head","ext.visualEditor.viewPageTarget.init","ext.uls.init","ext.uls.interface","ext.centralNotice.bannerController","skins.vector.js"]); }</script> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://meta.wikimedia.org/"/>  </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr ns-0 ns-subject page-Martin_Luther_King_Jr skin-vector action-view"> <div id="mw-page-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="mw-head-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice"></div> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Martin Luther King Jr.</h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content"> <div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> <div id="contentSub"> (Redirected from <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Luther_King,_Jr.&redirect=no" title="Martin Luther King, Jr.">Martin Luther King, Jr.</a>)</div> <div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump"> Jump to: <a href="#mw-head">navigation</a>, <a href="#p-search">search</a> </div> <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="hatnote">"Martin Luther King" and "MLK" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_(disambiguation)" title="Martin Luther King (disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig">Martin Luther King (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLK_(disambiguation)" title="MLK (disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig">MLK (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div style="display:none; right:10px;" class="metadata topicon nopopups" id="good-star"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/15px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" width="15" height="15" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/23px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/30px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"/></a></div> <div class="metadata topicon nopopups" id="protected-icon" style="display:none;right:55px"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Padlock-silver.svg/20px-Padlock-silver.svg.png" width="20" height="20" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Padlock-silver.svg/30px-Padlock-silver.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Padlock-silver.svg/40px-Padlock-silver.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"/></a></div> <table class="infobox biography vcard" style="width:22em"> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold">Martin Luther King Jr.</th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martin_Luther_King_Jr_NYWTS.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Martin Luther King Jr NYWTS.jpg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Martin_Luther_King_Jr_NYWTS.jpg/220px-Martin_Luther_King_Jr_NYWTS.jpg" width="220" height="267" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Martin_Luther_King_Jr_NYWTS.jpg/330px-Martin_Luther_King_Jr_NYWTS.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Martin_Luther_King_Jr_NYWTS.jpg/440px-Martin_Luther_King_Jr_NYWTS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2473" data-file-height="3000"/></a> <div>King in 1964</div> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;">Born</th> <td>Michael King Jr. (1929-01-15)January 15, 1929 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, U.S.</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;">Died</th> <td>April 4, 1968(1968-04-04) (aged 39) <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis, Tennessee</a>, U.S.</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Cause of death</div> </th> <td><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">Assassination</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;">Monuments</th> <td><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr._Memorial" title="Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial">Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;">Alma mater</th> <td> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morehouse_College" title="Morehouse College">Morehouse College</a> (<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">B.A.</a>)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crozer_Theological_Seminary" title="Crozer Theological Seminary">Crozer Theological Seminary</a> (<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Divinity" title="Bachelor of Divinity">B.D.</a>)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston University</a> (<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">Ph.D.</a>)</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;">Occupation</th> <td class="role">Clergyman, activist</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;">Organization</th> <td class="org"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;">Movement</th> <td class="category"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_Civil_Rights_Movement_(1955%E2%80%931968)" title="African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955–1968)" class="mw-redirect">African-American Civil Rights Movement</a>, <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_movement" title="Peace movement">Peace movement</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;">Religion</th> <td class="category"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;">Denomination</th> <td class="category"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptist" title="Baptist" class="mw-redirect">Baptist</a> (<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_National_Baptist_Convention" title="Progressive National Baptist Convention">Progressive National Baptist Convention</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;">Spouse(s)</th> <td><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a> (m. 1953–1968)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;">Children</th> <td> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yolanda_King" title="Yolanda King">Yolanda Denise King</a> (1955–2007)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_III" title="Martin Luther King III">Martin Luther King III</a> (b. 1957)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexter_Scott_King" title="Dexter Scott King">Dexter Scott King</a> (b. 1961)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernice_King" title="Bernice King">Bernice Albertine King</a> (b. 1963)</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;">Parent(s)</th> <td><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Sr." title="Martin Luther King, Sr.">Martin Luther King, Sr.</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta_Williams_King" title="Alberta Williams King">Alberta Williams King</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;">Awards</th> <td><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> (1964), <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a> (1977, posthumous), <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Gold_Medal" title="Congressional Gold Medal">Congressional Gold Medal</a> (2004, posthumous)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;">Signature</th> <td><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martin_Luther_King_Jr_Signature2.svg" class="image"><img alt="Martin Luther King Jr Signature2.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Martin_Luther_King_Jr_Signature2.svg/150px-Martin_Luther_King_Jr_Signature2.svg.png" width="150" height="50" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Martin_Luther_King_Jr_Signature2.svg/225px-Martin_Luther_King_Jr_Signature2.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Martin_Luther_King_Jr_Signature2.svg/300px-Martin_Luther_King_Jr_Signature2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="278" data-file-height="92"/></a></td> </tr> </table> Martin Luther King Jr. (January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968) was an American <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_National_Baptist_Convention" title="Progressive National Baptist Convention">Baptist</a> minister, activist, <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitarianism" title="Humanitarianism">humanitarian</a>, and leader in the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_Civil_Rights_Movement_(1955%E2%80%931968)" title="African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955–1968)" class="mw-redirect">African-American Civil Rights Movement</a>. He is best known for his role in the advancement of <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">civil rights</a> using <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">nonviolent</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">civil disobedience</a> based on his <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> beliefs. King became a civil rights activist early in his career. He led the 1955 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery_Bus_Boycott" title="Montgomery Bus Boycott">Montgomery Bus Boycott</a> and helped found the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference</a> (SCLC) in 1957, serving as its first president. With the SCLC, King led an unsuccessful 1962 struggle against segregation in <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_Georgia" title="Albany, Georgia">Albany, Georgia</a> (the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany_Movement" title="Albany Movement">Albany Movement</a>), and helped organize the 1963 nonviolent protests in <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham, Alabama</a>, that attracted national attention following television news coverage of the brutal police response. King also helped to organize the 1963 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington</a>, where he delivered his famous "<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Have_a_Dream" title="I Have a Dream">I Have a Dream</a>" speech. There, he established his reputation as one of the greatest <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orator" title="Orator">orators</a> in American history. On October 14, 1964, King received the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> for combating racial inequality through nonviolence. In 1965, he helped to organize the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma to Montgomery marches</a>, and the following year he and SCLC took the movement north to <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> to work on segregated housing. In the final years of his life, King expanded his focus to include <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">poverty</a> and speak against the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, alienating many of his <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">liberal</a> allies with a 1967 speech titled "<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_Vietnam" title="Beyond Vietnam" class="mw-redirect">Beyond Vietnam</a>". In 1968, King was planning a national occupation of Washington, D.C., to be called the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poor_People%27s_Campaign" title="Poor People's Campaign">Poor People's Campaign</a>, when he was <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">assassinated</a> on April 4 in <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis, Tennessee</a>. His death was followed by <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_assassination_riots" title="King assassination riots">riots in many U.S. cities</a>. Allegations that <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Earl_Ray" title="James Earl Ray">James Earl Ray</a>, the man convicted of killing King, had been framed or acted in concert with government agents persisted for decades after the shooting. King was posthumously awarded the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a> and the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Gold_Medal" title="Congressional Gold Medal">Congressional Gold Medal</a>. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Day" class="mw-redirect">Martin Luther King Jr. Day</a> was established as a holiday in numerous cities and states beginning in 1971, and as a <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Federal holidays in the United States">U.S. federal holiday</a> in 1986. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_streets_named_after_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="List of streets named after Martin Luther King Jr." class="mw-redirect">Hundreds of streets</a> in the U.S. have been renamed in his honor, and a <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_County,_Washington" title="King County, Washington">county</a> in Washington State was also renamed for him. The <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Memorial" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial" class="mw-redirect">Martin Luther King Memorial statue</a> on the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Mall" title="National Mall">National Mall</a> in Washington, D.C. was dedicated in 2011. <div id="toc" class="toc"> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Early_life_and_education">1 Early life and education</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Doctoral_studies">1.1 Doctoral studies</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Ideas.2C_influences.2C_and_political_stances">2 Ideas, influences, and political stances</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Religion">2.1 Religion</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Nonviolence">2.2 Nonviolence</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Politics">2.3 Politics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Compensation">2.4 Compensation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#The_lack_of_attention_given_to_family_planning">2.5 The lack of attention given to family planning</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Montgomery_Bus_Boycott.2C_1955">3 Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference">4 Southern Christian Leadership Conference</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Albany_Movement">4.1 Albany Movement</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Birmingham_campaign">4.2 Birmingham campaign</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#St._Augustine.2C_Florida">4.3 St. Augustine, Florida</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Selma.2C_Alabama">4.4 Selma, Alabama</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#New_York_City">4.5 New York City</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#March_on_Washington.2C_1963">5 March on Washington, 1963</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Selma_Voting_Rights_Movement_and_.22Bloody_Sunday.22.2C_1965">6 Selma Voting Rights Movement and "Bloody Sunday", 1965</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Chicago_Open_Housing_Movement.2C_1966">7 Chicago Open Housing Movement, 1966</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Opposition_to_the_Vietnam_War">8 Opposition to the Vietnam War</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Poor_People.27s_Campaign.2C_1968">9 Poor People's Campaign, 1968</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#After_King.27s_death">9.1 After King's death</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Assassination_and_aftermath">10 Assassination and aftermath</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Aftermath">10.1 Aftermath</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Allegations_of_conspiracy">10.2 Allegations of conspiracy</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#FBI_and_King.27s_personal_life">11 FBI and King's personal life</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#FBI_surveillance_and_wiretapping">11.1 FBI surveillance and wiretapping</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#NSA_monitoring_of_King.27s_communications">11.2 NSA monitoring of King's communications</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Allegations_of_communism">11.3 Allegations of communism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Adultery">11.4 Adultery</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Police_observation_during_the_assassination">11.5 Police observation during the assassination</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#Legacy">12 Legacy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day">12.1 Martin Luther King Jr. Day</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Liturgical_commemorations">12.2 Liturgical commemorations</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#Awards_and_recognition">13 Awards and recognition</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Eponymous_places_and_buildings">13.1 Eponymous places and buildings</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#Bibliography">14 Bibliography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="#See_also">15 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="#References">16 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#Notes">16.1 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="#Citations">16.2 Citations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="#Sources">16.3 Sources</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42"><a href="#Further_reading">16.4 Further reading</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-43"><a href="#External_links">17 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2>Early life and education</h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Atlanta_Trip_130.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Atlanta_Trip_130.JPG/220px-Atlanta_Trip_130.JPG" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Atlanta_Trip_130.JPG/330px-Atlanta_Trip_130.JPG 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Atlanta_Trip_130.JPG/440px-Atlanta_Trip_130.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Atlanta_Trip_130.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> King's high school alma mater was named after African-American scholar <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a></div> </div> </div> King was born on January 15, 1929, in <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia" title="Atlanta, Georgia" class="mw-redirect">Atlanta, Georgia</a>, to Reverend <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Sr." title="Martin Luther King, Sr.">Martin Luther King, Sr.</a> and <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta_Williams_King" title="Alberta Williams King">Alberta Williams King</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> King's legal name at birth was Michael King,<a href="#cite_note-The_King_Center-2">[2]</a> and his father was also born Michael King, but the elder King changed his and his son's names following a 1934 trip to <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a> to attend the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptist_World_Alliance" title="Baptist World Alliance">Fifth Baptist World Alliance Congress</a> in <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>. It was during this time he chose to be called Martin Luther King in honor of the German reformer <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> King had <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_American" title="Irish American">Irish</a> ancestry through his paternal great-grandfather.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Martin Jr., was a middle child, between an older sister, <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_King_Farris" title="Christine King Farris">Willie Christine King</a>, and a younger brother, <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Daniel_Williams_King" title="Alfred Daniel Williams King">Alfred Daniel Williams King</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing199276-7">[7]</a> King sang with his church choir at the 1939 Atlanta premiere of the movie <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gone_with_the_Wind_(film)" title="Gone with the Wind (film)">Gone with the Wind</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> King liked singing and music. King's mother, an accomplished organist and choir leader, took him to various churches to sing. He received attention for singing "I Want to Be More and More Like Jesus." King later became a member of the junior choir in his church.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> King said his father regularly whipped him until he was fifteen and a neighbor reported hearing the elder King telling his son "he would make something of him even if he had to beat him to death." King saw his father's proud and unafraid protests in relation to segregation, such as Martin, Sr. refusing to listen to a traffic policeman after being referred to as "boy" or stalking out of a store with his son when being told by a shoe clerk that they would have to move to the rear to be served.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> When King was a child, he befriended a white boy whose father owned a business near his family's home. When the boys were 6, they attended different schools, with King attending a segregated school for African-Americans. King then lost his friend because the child's father no longer wanted them to play together.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> King suffered from depression throughout much of his life. In his adolescent years, he initially felt some resentment against whites due to the "racial humiliation" that he, his family, and his neighbors often had to endure in the segregated South.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> At age 12, shortly after his maternal grandmother died, King blamed himself and jumped out of a second story window, but survived.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> King was originally skeptical of many of Christianity's claims.<a href="#cite_note-tikkun.org-14">[14]</a> At the age of thirteen, he denied the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">bodily resurrection of Jesus</a> during <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_school" title="Sunday school">Sunday school</a>. From this point, he stated, "doubts began to spring forth unrelentingly".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing19986-15">[15]</a> However, he later concluded that the Bible has "many profound truths which one cannot escape" and decided to enter the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminary" title="Seminary">seminary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tikkun.org-14">[14]</a> Growing up in Atlanta, King attended <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booker_T._Washington_High_School_(Atlanta,_Georgia)" title="Booker T. Washington High School (Atlanta, Georgia)" class="mw-redirect">Booker T. Washington High School</a>. He became known for his public speaking ability and was part of the school's debate team.<a href="#cite_note-Fleming9-16">[16]</a> King became the youngest assistant manager of a newspaper delivery station for the Atlanta Journal in 1942 at age 13.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> During his junior year, he won first prize in an oratorical contest sponsored by the Negro Elks Club in Dublin, Georgia. Returning home to Atlanta by bus, he and his teacher were ordered by the driver to stand so white passengers could sit down. King refused initially, but complied after his teacher informed him that he would be breaking the law if he did not go along with the order. He later characterized this incident as "the angriest I have ever been in my life".<a href="#cite_note-Fleming9-16">[16]</a> A precocious student, he skipped both the ninth and the twelfth grades of high school.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> It was during King's junior year that <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morehouse_College" title="Morehouse College">Morehouse College</a> announced it would accept any high school juniors who could pass its entrance exam. At that time, most of the students had abandoned their studies to participate in <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Due to this, the school became desperate to fill in classrooms. At age 15, King passed the exam and entered Morehouse.<a href="#cite_note-Fleming9-16">[16]</a> The summer before his last year at Morehouse, in 1947, an eighteen-year old King made the choice to enter the ministry after he concluded the church offered the most assuring way to answer "an inner urge to serve humanity". King's "inner urge" had begun developing and he made peace with the Baptist Church, as he believed he would be a "rational" minister with sermons that were "a respectful force for ideas, even social protest."<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> In 1948, he graduated from Morehouse with a <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">B.A.</a> degree in <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>, and enrolled in <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crozer_Theological_Seminary" title="Crozer Theological Seminary">Crozer Theological Seminary</a> in <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester,_Pennsylvania" title="Chester, Pennsylvania">Chester, Pennsylvania</a>, from which he graduated with a <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Divinity" title="Bachelor of Divinity">B.Div.</a> degree in 1951.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> King's father fully supported his decision to continue his education. King was joined in attending Crozer by Walter McCall, a former classmate at Morehouse.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> At Crozer, King was elected president of the student body.<a href="#cite_note-Frady20-22-23">[23]</a> The African-American students of Crozer for the most part conducted their social activity on Edwards Street. King was endeared to the street due to a classmate having an aunt that prepared the two collard greens, which they both relished.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> King once called out a student for keeping beer in his room because of their shared responsibility as African-Americans to bear "the burdens of the Negro race." For a time, he was interested in <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Rauschenbusch" title="Walter Rauschenbusch">Walter Rauschenbusch</a>'s "social gospel".<a href="#cite_note-Frady20-22-23">[23]</a> In his third year there, he became romantically involved with the daughter of an immigrant German woman working as a cook in the cafeteria. The daughter had been involved with a professor prior to her relationship with King. King had plans of marrying her, but was advised not to by friends due to the reaction an interracial relationship would spark from both blacks and whites, as well as the chances of it destroying his chances of ever pastoring a church in the South. King tearfully told a friend that he could not endure his mother's pain over the marriage and broke the relationship off around six months later. He would continue to have lingering feelings, with one friend being quoted as saying, "He never recovered."<a href="#cite_note-Frady20-22-23">[23]</a> King married <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott</a>, on June 18, 1953, on the lawn of her parents' house in her hometown of <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heiberger,_Alabama" title="Heiberger, Alabama">Heiberger, Alabama</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> They became the parents of four children: <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yolanda_King" title="Yolanda King">Yolanda King</a> (b. 1955), <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_III" title="Martin Luther King III">Martin Luther King III</a> (b. 1957), <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexter_Scott_King" title="Dexter Scott King">Dexter Scott King</a> (b. 1961), and <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernice_King" title="Bernice King">Bernice King</a> (b. 1963).<a href="#cite_note-fam-26">[26]</a> During their marriage, King limited Coretta's role in the civil rights movement, expecting her to be a housewife and mother.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <h3>Doctoral studies</h3> <div class="hatnote boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._authorship_issues" title="Martin Luther King Jr. authorship issues">Martin Luther King Jr. authorship issues</a></div> King then began doctoral studies in <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematic_theology" title="Systematic theology">systematic theology</a> at <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston University</a> and received his <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">Ph.D.</a> degree on June 5, 1955, with a <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissertation" title="Dissertation" class="mw-redirect">dissertation</a> on "A Comparison of the Conceptions of God in the Thinking of <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Paul Tillich</a> and <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Nelson_Wieman" title="Henry Nelson Wieman">Henry Nelson Wieman</a>". An academic inquiry concluded in October 1991 that portions of his dissertation had been <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiarism" title="Plagiarism">plagiarized</a> and he had acted improperly. However, "[d]espite its finding, the committee said that 'no thought should be given to the revocation of Dr. King's doctoral degree,' an action that the panel said would serve no purpose."<a href="#cite_note-Radin-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-snopes-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The committee also found that the dissertation still "makes an intelligent contribution to scholarship." However, a letter is now attached to King's dissertation in the university library, noting that numerous passages were included without the appropriate quotations and citations of sources.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <h2>Ideas, influences, and political stances</h2> <h3>Religion</h3> King became pastor of the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexter_Avenue_Baptist_Church" title="Dexter Avenue Baptist Church">Dexter Avenue Baptist Church</a> in <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery, Alabama</a>, when he was twenty-five years old, in 1954.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> As a <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian" title="Christian">Christian</a> minister, his main influence was <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_Christ" title="Jesus Christ" class="mw-redirect">Jesus Christ</a> and the Christian gospels, which he would almost always quote in his religious meetings, speeches at church, and in public discourses. King's faith was strongly based in Jesus' commandment of <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Rule" title="Golden Rule">loving your neighbor as yourself</a>, loving God above all, and loving your enemies, praying for them and blessing them. His <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">nonviolent</a> thought was also based in the injuction to <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turn_the_other_cheek" title="Turn the other cheek" class="mw-redirect">turn the other cheek</a> in the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a>, and Jesus' teaching of putting the sword back into its place (Matthew 26:52).<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> In his famous <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_from_Birmingham_Jail" title="Letter from Birmingham Jail">Letter from Birmingham Jail</a>, King urged action consistent with what he describes as Jesus' "extremist" love, and also quoted numerous other <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Christian pacifist</a> authors, which was very usual for him. In another sermon, he stated: <blockquote class="templatequote"> "Before I was a civil rights leader, I was a preacher of the Gospel. This was my first calling and it still remains my greatest commitment. You know, actually all that I do in civil rights I do because I consider it a part of my ministry. I have no other ambitions in life but to achieve excellence in the Christian ministry. I don't plan to run for any political office. I don't plan to do anything but remain a preacher. And what I'm doing in this struggle, along with many others, grows out of my feeling that the preacher must be concerned about the whole man." <div class="templatequotecite">—King, 1967<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></div> </blockquote> In his speech "<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27ve_Been_to_the_Mountaintop" title="I've Been to the Mountaintop">I've Been to the Mountaintop</a>", he stated that he just wanted to do <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God%27s_will" title="God's will" class="mw-redirect">God's will</a>. <h3>Nonviolence</h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Civil_Rights_March_on_Washington,_D.C._(Dr._Martin_Luther_King,_Jr._and_Mathew_Ahmann_in_a_crowd.)_-_NARA_-_542015.tif" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Civil_Rights_March_on_Washington%2C_D.C._%28Dr._Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr._and_Mathew_Ahmann_in_a_crowd.%29_-_NARA_-_542015.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Civil_Rights_March_on_Washington%2C_D.C._%28Dr._Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr._and_Mathew_Ahmann_in_a_crowd.%29_-_NARA_-_542015.tif.jpg" width="220" height="176" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Civil_Rights_March_on_Washington%2C_D.C._%28Dr._Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr._and_Mathew_Ahmann_in_a_crowd.%29_-_NARA_-_542015.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Civil_Rights_March_on_Washington%2C_D.C._%28Dr._Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr._and_Mathew_Ahmann_in_a_crowd.%29_-_NARA_-_542015.tif.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Civil_Rights_March_on_Washington%2C_D.C._%28Dr._Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr._and_Mathew_Ahmann_in_a_crowd.%29_-_NARA_-_542015.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Civil_Rights_March_on_Washington%2C_D.C._%28Dr._Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr._and_Mathew_Ahmann_in_a_crowd.%29_-_NARA_-_542015.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1596"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Civil_Rights_March_on_Washington,_D.C._(Dr._Martin_Luther_King,_Jr._and_Mathew_Ahmann_in_a_crowd.)_-_NARA_-_542015.tif" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> King at a Civil Rights March on Washington, D.C.</div> </div> </div> Veteran African-American civil rights activist <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayard_Rustin" title="Bayard Rustin">Bayard Rustin</a> served as King's main advisor and mentor in the late 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Rustin came from the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_pacifist" title="Christian pacifist" class="mw-redirect">Christian pacifist</a> tradition; he had also studied <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a>'s teachings and applied them with the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journey_of_Reconciliation" title="Journey of Reconciliation">Journey of Reconciliation</a> campaign in the 1940s.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> King had initially known little about <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a> and rarely used the term "nonviolence" during his early years of activism in the early 1950s. King also believed in and practiced self-defense, even obtaining guns in his household as a means of defense against possible attackers. Rustin guided King by showing him the alternative of nonviolent resistance, arguing that this would be a better means to accomplish his goals of civil rights than self-defense.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Rustin counseled King to dedicate himself to the principles of nonviolence.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Inspired by <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>'s success with nonviolent activism, King had "for a long time...wanted to take a trip to India".<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> With assistance from the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaker" title="Quaker" class="mw-redirect">Quaker</a> group the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Friends_Service_Committee" title="American Friends Service Committee">American Friends Service Committee</a>, he was able to make the journey in April 1959.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing199213-41">[41]</a> The trip to India affected King, deepening his understanding of <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonviolent_resistance" title="Nonviolent resistance">nonviolent resistance</a> and his commitment to America's struggle for civil rights. In a radio address made during his final evening in India, King reflected, "Since being in India, I am more convinced than ever before that the method of nonviolent resistance is the most potent weapon available to oppressed people in their struggle for justice and human dignity". Bayard Rustin's open homosexuality, support of <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">democratic socialism</a>, and his former ties to the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party USA</a> caused many white and African-American leaders to demand King distance himself from Rustin,<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> which King agreed to do.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrady200242-43">[43]</a> However, King agreed that Rustin should be one of the main organizers of the 1963 March on Washington.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> King's admiration of Gandhi's nonviolence did not diminish in later years. He went so far as to hold up his example when receiving the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964, hailing the "successful precedent" of using nonviolence "in a magnificent way by Mohandas K. Gandhi to challenge the might of the British Empire... He struggled only with the weapons of truth, soul force, non-injury and courage."<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Gandhi seemed to have influenced him with certain moral principles,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing1992135.E2.80.9336-46">[46]</a> though Gandhi himself had been influenced by <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kingdom_of_God_Is_Within_You" title="The Kingdom of God Is Within You">The Kingdom of God Is Within You</a>, a nonviolent classic written by Christian anarchist <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a>. In turn, both Gandhi and Martin Luther King had read Tolstoy, and King, Gandhi and Tolstoy had been strongly influenced by <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>' Sermon on the Mount. King quoted Tolstoy's <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_and_Peace" title="War and Peace">War and Peace</a> in 1959.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Another influence for King's nonviolent method was <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a>'s essay <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Disobedience_(Thoreau)" title="Civil Disobedience (Thoreau)">On Civil Disobedience</a>, which King read in his student days. He was influenced by the idea of refusing to cooperate with an evil system.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> He also was greatly influenced by the works of Protestant theologians <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Reinhold Niebuhr</a> and Paul Tillich,<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> as well as Walter Rauschenbusch's Christianity and the Social Crisis. King also sometimes used the concept of "<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agape" title="Agape">agape</a>" (brotherly Christian love).<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> However, after 1960, he ceased employing it in his writings.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <h3>Politics</h3> As the leader of the SCLC, King maintained a policy of not publicly endorsing a U.S. political party or candidate: "I feel someone must remain in the position of non-alignment, so that he can look objectively at both parties and be the conscience of both—not the servant or master of either."<a href="#cite_note-Oates1993-52">[52]</a> In a 1958 interview, he expressed his view that neither party was perfect, saying, "I don't think the Republican party is a party full of the almighty God nor is the Democratic party. They both have weaknesses ... And I'm not inextricably bound to either party."<a href="#cite_note-King-Carson2000p364-53">[53]</a> King critiqued both parties' performance on promoting racial equality: <blockquote class="templatequote"> Actually, the Negro has been betrayed by both the Republican and the Democratic party. The Democrats have betrayed him by capitulating to the whims and caprices of the Southern Dixiecrats. The Republicans have betrayed him by capitulating to the blatant hypocrisy of reactionary right wing northern Republicans. And this coalition of southern Dixiecrats and right wing reactionary northern Republicans defeats every bill and every move towards liberal legislation in the area of civil rights.<a href="#cite_note-King-Carson2000p84-54">[54]</a> </blockquote> Although King never publicly supported a political party or candidate for president, in a letter to a civil rights supporter in October 1956 he said that he was undecided as to whether he would vote for <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson</a> or <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_Eisenhower" title="Dwight Eisenhower" class="mw-redirect">Dwight Eisenhower</a>, but that "In the past I always voted the Democratic ticket."<a href="#cite_note-King-Carson1992p384-55">[55]</a> In his autobiography, King says that in 1960 he privately voted for Democratic candidate <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>: "I felt that Kennedy would make the best president. I never came out with an endorsement. My father did, but I never made one." King adds that he likely would have made an exception to his non-endorsement policy for a second Kennedy term, saying "Had President Kennedy lived, I would probably have endorsed him in 1964."<a href="#cite_note-King-Carson1998p187-56">[56]</a> King supported the ideals of democratic socialism, although he was reluctant to speak directly of this support due to the anti-communist sentiment being projected throughout America at the time, and the association of socialism with communism. King believed that capitalism could not adequately provide the basic necessities of many American people, particularly the African American community.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <h3>Compensation</h3> King stated that black Americans, as well as other disadvantaged Americans, should be compensated for historical wrongs. In an interview conducted for <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playboy" title="Playboy">Playboy</a> in 1965, he said that granting black Americans only equality could not realistically close the economic gap between them and whites. King said that he did not seek a full restitution of wages lost to slavery, which he believed impossible, but proposed a government compensatory program of $50 billion over ten years to all disadvantaged groups.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWashington1991-58">[58]</a> He posited that "the money spent would be more than amply justified by the benefits that would accrue to the nation through a spectacular decline in school dropouts, family breakups, crime rates, illegitimacy, swollen relief rolls, rioting and other social evils".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWashington1991365.E2.80.9367-59">[59]</a> He presented this idea as an application of the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> regarding settlement of unpaid labor, but clarified that he felt that the money should not be spent exclusively on blacks. He stated, "It should benefit the disadvantaged of all races".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWashington1991367.E2.80.9368-60">[60]</a> <h3>The lack of attention given to family planning</h3> On being awarded the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_Parenthood_Federation_of_America" title="Planned Parenthood Federation of America" class="mw-redirect">Planned Parenthood Federation of America</a>'s <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Sanger_Awards" title="Margaret Sanger Awards">Margaret Sanger Award</a> on <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sermons_and_speeches_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr.#cite_note-8" title="Sermons and speeches of Martin Luther King Jr.">5th May, 1966</a>, King said: <blockquote> Recently, the press has been filled with reports of sightings of <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_saucers" title="Flying saucers" class="mw-redirect">flying saucers</a>. While we need not give credence to these stories, they allow our imagination to speculate on how visitors from outer space would judge us. I am afraid they would be stupefied at our conduct. They would observe that for death planning we spend billions to create <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_engine#Modern_siege_engines" title="Siege engine">engines</a> and <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">strategies</a> for war. They would also observe that we spend millions to prevent death by <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">disease</a> and other causes. Finally they would observe that we spend paltry sums for <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_planning" title="Population planning" class="mw-redirect">population planning</a>, even though its <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">spontaneous growth</a> is an urgent threat to life on our planet. Our visitors from outer space could be forgiven if they reported home that our planet is inhabited by a race of insane men whose future is bleak and uncertain. There is no human circumstance more tragic than the persisting existence of a harmful condition for which a remedy is readily available. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a>, to relate population to <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">world resources</a>, is possible, practical and necessary. Unlike <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plague_(disease)#First_Pandemic:_Early_Middle_Ages_.28Plague_of_Justinian.29" title="Plague (disease)">plagues of the</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Ages_(historiography)" title="Dark Ages (historiography)">dark ages</a> or contemporary diseases we do not yet understand, the modern plague of <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">overpopulation</a> is soluble by means we have discovered and with resources we possess. What is lacking is not sufficient knowledge of the solution but universal consciousness of the gravity of the problem and education of the billions who are its victims. ...<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> </blockquote> <h2>Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955</h2> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery_Bus_Boycott" title="Montgomery Bus Boycott">Montgomery Bus Boycott</a> and <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws#Public_arena" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws § Public arena</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rosa_Parks_(detail).tiff" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Rosa_Parks_%28detail%29.tiff/lossless-page1-220px-Rosa_Parks_%28detail%29.tiff.png" width="220" height="148" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Rosa_Parks_%28detail%29.tiff/lossless-page1-330px-Rosa_Parks_%28detail%29.tiff.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Rosa_Parks_%28detail%29.tiff/lossless-page1-440px-Rosa_Parks_%28detail%29.tiff.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="377"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rosa_Parks_(detail).tiff" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a> with King, 1955</div> </div> </div> In March 1955, a fifteen-year-old school girl in Montgomery, <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudette_Colvin" title="Claudette Colvin">Claudette Colvin</a>, refused to give up her bus seat to a white man in compliance with <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws#Public_arena" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a>, laws in the US South that enforced <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial segregation</a>. King was on the committee from the Birmingham African-American community that looked into the case; because Colvin was pregnant and unmarried, <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Nixon" title="Edgar Nixon">E.D. Nixon</a> and <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Durr" title="Clifford Durr">Clifford Durr</a> decided to wait for a better case to pursue.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> On December 1, 1955, <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a> was arrested for refusing to give up her seat.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> The Montgomery Bus Boycott, urged and planned by Nixon and led by King, soon followed.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> The boycott lasted for 385 days,<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> and the situation became so tense that <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King#House_bombing" title="Coretta Scott King">King's house was bombed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> King was arrested during this campaign, which concluded with a United States District Court ruling in <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Browder_v._Gayle" title="Browder v. Gayle">Browder v. Gayle</a> that ended racial segregation on all Montgomery public buses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing19929-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200653-69">[69]</a> King's role in the bus boycott transformed him into a national figure and the best-known spokesman of the civil rights movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrady200252-70">[70]</a> <h2>Southern Christian Leadership Conference</h2> In 1957, King, <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy">Ralph Abernathy</a>, <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Shuttlesworth" title="Fred Shuttlesworth">Fred Shuttlesworth</a>, <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lowery" title="Joseph Lowery">Joseph Lowery</a>, and other civil rights activists founded the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference</a> (SCLC). The group was created to harness the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_authority" title="Moral authority">moral authority</a> and organizing power of black churches to conduct nonviolent protests in the service of civil rights reform. King led the SCLC until his death.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> The SCLC's 1957 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prayer_Pilgrimage_for_Freedom" title="Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom">Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom</a> was the first time King addressed a national audience.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> On September 20, 1958, while signing copies of his book <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stride_Toward_Freedom" title="Stride Toward Freedom" class="mw-redirect">Stride Toward Freedom</a> in Blumstein's department store in Harlem,<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> King narrowly escaped death when <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izola_Curry" title="Izola Curry">Izola Curry</a>, a mentally ill black woman who believed he was conspiring against her with communists, stabbed him in the chest with a letter opener. After emergency surgery, King was hospitalized for several weeks, while Curry was found mentally incompetent to stand trial.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> In 1959, he published a short book called The Measure of A Man, which contained his sermons "<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Is_Man%3F_(essay)" title="What Is Man? (essay)">What is Man?</a>" and "The Dimensions of a Complete Life". The sermons argued for man's need for God's love and criticized the racial injustices of Western civilization.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Harry Wachtel—who joined King's legal advisor Clarence B. Jones in defending four ministers of the SCLC in a libel suit over a newspaper advertisement (<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times_Co._v._Sullivan" title="New York Times Co. v. Sullivan">New York Times Co. v. Sullivan</a>)—founded a tax-exempt fund to cover the expenses of the suit and to assist the nonviolent civil rights movement through a more effective means of fundraising. This organization was named the "Gandhi Society for Human Rights". King served as honorary president for the group. Displeased with the pace of President Kennedy's addressing the issue of segregation, King and the Gandhi Society produced a document in 1962 calling on the President to follow in the footsteps of <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> and use an Executive Order to deliver a blow for Civil Rights as a kind of <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Second Emancipation Proclamation">Second Emancipation Proclamation</a> - Kennedy did not execute the order.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Photograph_of_White_House_Meeting_with_Civil_Rights_Leaders._June_22,_1963_-_NARA_-_194190_(no_border).tif" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Photograph_of_White_House_Meeting_with_Civil_Rights_Leaders._June_22%2C_1963_-_NARA_-_194190_%28no_border%29.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Photograph_of_White_House_Meeting_with_Civil_Rights_Leaders._June_22%2C_1963_-_NARA_-_194190_%28no_border%29.tif.jpg" width="220" height="174" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Photograph_of_White_House_Meeting_with_Civil_Rights_Leaders._June_22%2C_1963_-_NARA_-_194190_%28no_border%29.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Photograph_of_White_House_Meeting_with_Civil_Rights_Leaders._June_22%2C_1963_-_NARA_-_194190_%28no_border%29.tif.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Photograph_of_White_House_Meeting_with_Civil_Rights_Leaders._June_22%2C_1963_-_NARA_-_194190_%28no_border%29.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Photograph_of_White_House_Meeting_with_Civil_Rights_Leaders._June_22%2C_1963_-_NARA_-_194190_%28no_border%29.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2975" data-file-height="2357"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Photograph_of_White_House_Meeting_with_Civil_Rights_Leaders._June_22,_1963_-_NARA_-_194190_(no_border).tif" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_Johnson" title="Lyndon Johnson" class="mw-redirect">Lyndon Johnson</a> and <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Kennedy" title="Robert Kennedy" class="mw-redirect">Robert Kennedy</a> with Civil Rights leaders, June 22, 1963</div> </div> </div> The <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a>, under written directive from Attorney General <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a>, began <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_tapping" title="Telephone tapping">tapping</a> King's telephone in the fall of 1963.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Concerned that allegations of communists in the SCLC, if made public, would derail the administration's civil rights initiatives, Kennedy warned King to discontinue the suspect associations, and later felt compelled to issue the written directive authorizing the FBI to wiretap King and other SCLC leaders.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> J. Edgar Hoover feared Communists were trying to infiltrate the Civil Rights movement, but when no such evidence emerged, the bureau used the incidental details caught on tape over the next five years in attempts to force King out of the preeminent leadership position.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-80">[80]</a> King believed that organized, nonviolent protest against the system of southern segregation known as <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a> would lead to extensive media coverage of the struggle for black equality and voting rights. Journalistic accounts and televised footage of the daily deprivation and indignities suffered by southern blacks, and of segregationist violence and harassment of civil rights workers and marchers, produced a wave of sympathetic public opinion that convinced the majority of Americans that the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights" title="Civil rights" class="mw-redirect">Civil Rights</a> Movement was the most important issue in American politics in the early 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> King organized and led marches for blacks' right to <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting" title="Voting">vote</a>, <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desegregation" title="Desegregation">desegregation</a>, <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">labor rights</a> and other basic civil rights.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200653-69">[69]</a> Most of these rights were successfully enacted into the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States" title="Law of the United States">law of the United States</a> with the passage of the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a> and the 1965 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act" title="Voting Rights Act" class="mw-redirect">Voting Rights Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> King and the SCLC put into practice many of the principles of the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Left" title="Christian Left" class="mw-redirect">Christian Left</a> and applied the tactics of nonviolent protest with great success by strategically choosing the method of protest and the places in which protests were carried out. There were often dramatic stand-offs with segregationist authorities. Sometimes these confrontations turned violent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlisson2006190-85">[85]</a> Throughout his participation in the civil rights movement, King was criticized by many groups. This included opposition by more militant blacks such as <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation_of_Islam_(religious_movement)" title="Nation of Islam (religious movement)" class="mw-redirect">Nation of Islam</a> member <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stokely_Carmichael" title="Stokely Carmichael">Stokely Carmichael</a> was a <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separatist" title="Separatist" class="mw-redirect">separatist</a> and disagreed with King's plea for <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">racial integration</a> because he considered it an insult to a uniquely African-American culture.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omali_Yeshitela" title="Omali Yeshitela">Omali Yeshitela</a> urged Africans to remember the history of violent European <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonization" title="Colonization">colonization</a> and how power was not secured by Europeans through integration, but by violence and force.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <h3>Albany Movement</h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany_Movement" title="Albany Movement">Albany Movement</a></div> The Albany Movement was a desegregation coalition formed in <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_Georgia" title="Albany, Georgia">Albany, Georgia</a>, in November 1961. In December, King and the SCLC became involved. The movement mobilized thousands of citizens for a broad-front nonviolent attack on every aspect of segregation within the city and attracted nationwide attention. When King first visited on December 15, 1961, he "had planned to stay a day or so and return home after giving counsel."<a href="#cite_note-Hatchette-89">[89]</a> The following day he was swept up in a <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_arrest" title="Mass arrest">mass arrest</a> of peaceful demonstrators, and he declined bail until the city made concessions. According to King, "that agreement was dishonored and violated by the city" after he left town.<a href="#cite_note-Hatchette-89">[89]</a> King returned in July 1962, and was sentenced to forty-five days in jail or a $178 fine. He chose jail. Three days into his sentence, Police Chief Laurie Pritchett discreetly arranged for King's fine to be paid and ordered his release. "We had witnessed persons being kicked off lunch counter stools ... ejected from churches ... and thrown into jail ... But for the first time, we witnessed being kicked out of jail."<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> It was later acknowledged by the King Center that prominent evangelical preacher <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham">Billy Graham</a>, who claimed in his autobiography that he had developed a close friendship with King after he accepted an invitation to appear at his 1957 New York City crusade,<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> was the one who bailed King out of jail during this time.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> After nearly a year of intense activism with few tangible results, the movement began to deteriorate. King requested a halt to all demonstrations and a "Day of Penance" to promote nonviolence and maintain the moral high ground. Divisions within the black community and the canny, low-key response by local government defeated efforts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlisson2006190.E2.80.9393-93">[93]</a> Though the Albany effort proved a key lesson in tactics for Dr. King and the national civil rights movement,<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> the national media was highly critical of King's role in the defeat, and the SCLC's lack of results contributed to a growing gulf between the organization and the more radical SNCC. After Albany, King sought to choose engagements for the SCLC in which he could control the circumstances, rather than entering into pre-existing situations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrady200296-95">[95]</a> <h3>Birmingham campaign</h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_campaign" title="Birmingham campaign">Birmingham campaign</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MLK_mugshot_birmingham.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4e/MLK_mugshot_birmingham.jpg/170px-MLK_mugshot_birmingham.jpg" width="170" height="112" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4e/MLK_mugshot_birmingham.jpg/255px-MLK_mugshot_birmingham.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4e/MLK_mugshot_birmingham.jpg/340px-MLK_mugshot_birmingham.jpg 2x" data-file-width="544" data-file-height="357"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MLK_mugshot_birmingham.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> King following his arrest in Birmingham</div> </div> </div> In April 1963, the SCLC began a campaign against racial segregation and economic injustice in <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham, Alabama</a>. The campaign used nonviolent but intentionally confrontational tactics, developed in part by Rev. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyatt_Tee_Walker" title="Wyatt Tee Walker">Wyatt Tee Walker</a>. Black people in Birmingham, organizing with the SCLC, occupied public spaces with marches and <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sit-in" title="Sit-in">sit-ins</a>, openly violating laws that they considered unjust. King's intent was to provoke mass arrests and "create a situation so crisis-packed that it will inevitably open the door to negotiation".<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> However, the campaign's early volunteers did not succeed in shutting down the city, or in drawing media attention to the police's actions. Over the concerns of an uncertain King, SCLC strategist <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bevel" title="James Bevel">James Bevel</a> changed the course of the campaign by recruiting children and young adults to join in the demonstrations.<a href="#cite_note-McWhorter_2001-97">[97]</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a> called this strategy a <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_Crusade" title="Children's Crusade">Children's Crusade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Harrell_2005_1055-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-newsweek5-13-99">[99]</a> During the protests, the Birmingham Police Department, led by <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_%22Bull%22_Connor" title="Eugene "Bull" Connor" class="mw-redirect">Eugene "Bull" Connor</a>, used high-pressure water jets and police dogs against protesters, including children. Footage of the police response was broadcast on national television news and dominated the nation's attention, shocking many white Americans and consolidating black Americans behind the movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrady2002113.E2.80.9314-100">[100]</a> Not all of the demonstrators were peaceful, despite the avowed intentions of the SCLC. In some cases, bystanders attacked the police, who responded with force. King and the SCLC were criticized for putting children in harm's way. But the campaign was a success: Connor lost his job, the "Jim Crow" signs came down, and public places became more open to blacks. King's reputation improved immensely.<a href="#cite_note-Harrell_2005_1055-98">[98]</a> King was arrested and jailed early in the campaign—his 13th arrest<a href="#cite_note-newsweek4-22-101">[101]</a> out of 29.<a href="#cite_note-C.S._King_-_King_Holiday-102">[102]</a> From his cell, he composed the now-famous <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_from_Birmingham_Jail" title="Letter from Birmingham Jail">Letter from Birmingham Jail</a> which responds to <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Call_for_Unity" title="A Call for Unity">calls on the movement</a> to pursue legal channels for social change. King argues that the crisis of racism is too urgent, and the current system too entrenched: "We know through painful experience that freedom is never voluntarily given by the oppressor; it must be demanded by the oppressed."<a href="#cite_note-LetterFromBirmJail-103">[103]</a> He points out that the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a>, a celebrated act of rebellion in the American colonies, was illegal civil disobedience, and that, conversely, "everything <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> did in Germany was 'legal'".<a href="#cite_note-LetterFromBirmJail-103">[103]</a> King also expresses his frustration with white moderates and clergymen too timid to oppose an unjust system: <blockquote> I have almost reached the regrettable conclusion that the Negro's great stumbling block in his stride toward freedom is not the White Citizen's Councilor or the Ku Klux Klanner, but the white moderate, who is more devoted to "order" than to justice; who prefers a negative peace which is the absence of tension to a positive peace which is the presence of justice; who constantly says: "I agree with you in the goal you seek, but I cannot agree with your methods of direct action"; who paternalistic-ally believes he can set the timetable for another man's freedom; who lives by a mythical concept of time and who constantly advises the Negro to wait for a "more convenient season".<a href="#cite_note-LetterFromBirmJail-103">[103]</a> </blockquote> <h3>St. Augustine, Florida</h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Augustine_movement" title="St. Augustine movement">St. Augustine movement</a></div> In March 1964, King and the SCLC joined forces with Robert Hayling's then-controversial movement in St. Augustine, Florida. Hayling's group had been affiliated with the NAACP but was forced out of the organization for advocating armed self-defense alongside nonviolent tactics. Ironically, the pacifist SCLC accepted them.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> King and the SCLC worked to bring white Northern activists to <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Augustine,_Florida" title="St. Augustine, Florida">St. Augustine</a>, including a delegation of rabbis and the 72-year-old mother of the governor of Massachusetts, all of whom were arrested.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> During June, the movement marched nightly through the city, "often facing counter demonstrations by the Klan, and provoking violence that garnered national media attention." Hundreds of the marchers were arrested and jailed. During the course of this movement, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed.<a href="#cite_note-KOE_-_St._Augustine_movement-107">[107]</a> <h3>Selma, Alabama</h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma to Montgomery marches</a></div> In December 1964, King and the SCLC joined forces with the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee</a> (SNCC) in <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selma,_Alabama" title="Selma, Alabama">Selma</a>, Alabama, where the SNCC had been working on voter registration for several months.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> A local judge issued an injunction that barred any gathering of 3 or more people affiliated with the SNCC, SCLC, DCVL, or any of 41 named civil rights leaders. This injunction temporarily halted civil rights activity until King defied it by speaking at <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Chapel_A.M.E._Church_(Selma,_Alabama)" title="Brown Chapel A.M.E. Church (Selma, Alabama)">Brown Chapel</a> on January 2, 1965.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <h3>New York City</h3> On February 6, 1964, King delivered the inaugural speech of a lecture series initiated at the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_School" title="New School" class="mw-redirect">New School</a> called "The American Race Crisis". No audio record of his speech has been found, but in August 2013, almost 50 years later, the school discovered an audiotape with 15 minutes of a question-and-answer session that followed King's address. In these remarks, King referred to a conversation he had recently had with <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> in which he compared the sad condition of many African Americans to that of India's <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">untouchables</a>.<a href="#cite_note-El_Naggar-110">[110]</a> <h2>March on Washington, 1963</h2> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:272px;"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:March_on_Washington_edit.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/March_on_Washington_edit.jpg/270px-March_on_Washington_edit.jpg" width="270" height="405" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/March_on_Washington_edit.jpg/406px-March_on_Washington_edit.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/March_on_Washington_edit.jpg/541px-March_on_Washington_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1271" data-file-height="1902"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:March_on_Washington_edit.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom</a></div> </div> </div> King, representing the SCLC, was among the leaders of the so-called "Big Six" civil rights organizations who were instrumental in the organization of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, which took place on August 28, 1963. The other leaders and organizations comprising the Big Six were <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Wilkins" title="Roy Wilkins">Roy Wilkins</a> from the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People" title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People">National Association for the Advancement of Colored People</a>; <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitney_Young" title="Whitney Young">Whitney Young</a>, <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League">National Urban League</a>; <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">A. Philip Randolph</a>, <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brotherhood_of_Sleeping_Car_Porters" title="Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters">Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters</a>; <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lewis_(politician)" title="John Lewis (politician)">John Lewis</a>, SNCC; and <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_L._Farmer_Jr." title="James L. Farmer Jr." class="mw-redirect">James L. Farmer Jr.</a> of the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">Congress of Racial Equality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> The primary logistical and strategic organizer was King's colleague Bayard Rustin.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> For King, this role was another which courted controversy, since he was one of the key figures who acceded to the wishes of President John F. Kennedy in changing the focus of the march.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Kennedy initially opposed the march outright, because he was concerned it would negatively impact the drive for passage of civil rights legislation. However, the organizers were firm that the march would proceed.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> With the march going forward, the Kennedys decided it was important to work to ensure its success. President Kennedy was concerned the turnout would be less than 100,000. Therefore, he enlisted the aid of additional church leaders and the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Auto_Workers" title="United Auto Workers" class="mw-redirect">UAW</a> union to help mobilize demonstrators for the cause.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:263px;"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martin_Luther_King_-_March_on_Washington.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Martin_Luther_King_-_March_on_Washington.jpg/261px-Martin_Luther_King_-_March_on_Washington.jpg" width="261" height="283" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Martin_Luther_King_-_March_on_Washington.jpg/393px-Martin_Luther_King_-_March_on_Washington.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Martin_Luther_King_-_March_on_Washington.jpg/523px-Martin_Luther_King_-_March_on_Washington.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="1403"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martin_Luther_King_-_March_on_Washington.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> King is most famous for his "I Have a Dream" speech, given in front of the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Memorial" title="Lincoln Memorial">Lincoln Memorial</a> during the 1963 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom</a>.</div> </div> </div> The march originally was conceived as an event to dramatize the desperate condition of blacks in the southern U.S. and an opportunity to place organizers' concerns and grievances squarely before the seat of power in the nation's capital. Organizers intended to denounce the federal government for its failure to safeguard the civil rights and physical safety of civil rights workers and blacks. However, the group acquiesced to presidential pressure and influence, and the event ultimately took on a far less strident tone.<a href="#cite_note-farce-117">[117]</a> As a result, some civil rights activists felt it presented an inaccurate, sanitized pageant of racial harmony; Malcolm X called it the "Farce on Washington", and the Nation of Islam forbade its members from attending the march.<a href="#cite_note-farce-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> <table class="mbox-small" style="border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9;"> <tr> <td style="width:1px"></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist" style="line-height:1.1em"> <div class="haudio"> <div style="padding:4px 0"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:I_Have_A_Dream_sample.ogg" title="File:I Have A Dream sample.ogg">I Have a Dream</a></div> <div> <div class="mediaContainer" style="position:relative;display:block;width:220px"><audio id="mwe_player_0" style="width:220px" poster="//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.25wmf20/resources/assets/file-type-icons/fileicon-ogg.png" controls="" preload="none" class="kskin" data-durationhint="30" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="I_Have_A_Dream_sample.ogg" data-mwprovider="local"><source src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/61/I_Have_A_Dream_sample.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-title="Original Ogg file (51 kbps)" data-shorttitle="Ogg source" data-width="0" data-height="0" data-bandwidth="51053"></source><track kind="subtitles" data-mwtitle="TimedText:I_Have_A_Dream_sample.ogg.en-gb.srt" data-mwprovider="local" type="text/x-srt" src="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TimedText:I_Have_A_Dream_sample.ogg.en-gb.srt&action=raw&ctype=text%2Fx-srt" srclang="en-gb" data-dir="ltr" label="British English (en-gb) subtitles"></track><track kind="subtitles" data-mwtitle="TimedText:I_Have_A_Dream_sample.ogg.en.srt" data-mwprovider="local" type="text/x-srt" src="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TimedText:I_Have_A_Dream_sample.ogg.en.srt&action=raw&ctype=text%2Fx-srt" srclang="en" data-dir="ltr" label="English (en) subtitles"></track>Sorry, your browser either has JavaScript disabled or does not have any supported player. You can <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/61/I_Have_A_Dream_sample.ogg">download the clip</a> or <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/Client_download">download a player</a> to play the clip in your browser.</audio></div> </div> <div class="description" style="padding:2px 0 0 0">30-second sample from "<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Have_a_Dream" title="I Have a Dream">I Have a Dream</a>" speech by Martin Luther King Jr. at the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom</a> on August 28, 1963</div> </div> <hr/></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="mbox-text" style="line-height:1.1em">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" title="Wikipedia:Media help">media help</a>.</td> </tr> </table> The march did, however, make specific demands: an end to racial segregation in public schools; meaningful civil rights legislation, including a law prohibiting racial discrimination in employment; protection of civil rights workers from police brutality; a $2 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">minimum wage</a> for all workers; and self-government for <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, then governed by congressional committee.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Despite tensions, the march was a resounding success.<a href="#cite_note-Powers_1997_313-122">[122]</a> More than a quarter of a million people of diverse ethnicities attended the event, sprawling from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial onto the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Mall" title="National Mall">National Mall</a> and around the reflecting pool. At the time, it was the largest gathering of protesters in Washington, D.C.'s history.<a href="#cite_note-Powers_1997_313-122">[122]</a> King delivered a 17-minute speech, later known as "<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Have_a_Dream" title="I Have a Dream">I Have a Dream</a>". In the speech's most famous passage—in which he departed from his prepared text, possibly at the prompting of <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahalia_Jackson" title="Mahalia Jackson">Mahalia Jackson</a>, who shouted behind him, "Tell them about the dream!"<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a>—King said: <blockquote> I say to you today, my friends, so even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream. I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: 'We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal.' I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood. I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice. I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. I have a dream today. I have a dream that one day, down in Alabama, with its vicious racists, with its governor having his lips dripping with the words of interposition and nullification; one day right there in Alabama, little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers. I have a dream today.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a></blockquote> "I Have a Dream" came to be regarded as one of the finest speeches in the history of American oratory.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> The March, and especially King's speech, helped put civil rights at the top of the agenda of reformers in the United States and facilitated passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> The original, typewritten copy of the speech, including Dr. King's handwritten notes on it, was discovered in 1984 to be in the hands of <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Raveling" title="George Raveling">George Raveling</a>, the first African-American basketball coach of the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Iowa" title="University of Iowa">University of Iowa</a>. In 1963, Raveling, then 26, was standing near the podium, and immediately after the oration, impulsively asked King if he could have his copy of the speech. He got it.<a href="#cite_note-CBS-129">[129]</a> <h2>Selma Voting Rights Movement and "Bloody Sunday", 1965</h2> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma to Montgomery marches</a></div> Acting on James Bevel's call for a march from Selma to Montgomery, King, Bevel, and the SCLC, in partial collaboration with SNCC, attempted to organize the march to the state's capital. The first attempt to march on March 7, 1965, was aborted because of mob and police violence against the demonstrators. This day has become known as <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Bloody Sunday</a>, and was a major turning point in the effort to gain public support for the Civil Rights Movement. It was the clearest demonstration up to that time of the dramatic potential of King's nonviolence strategy. King, however, was not present.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing1998-130">[130]</a> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Selma_to_Montgomery_Marches_protesters.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Selma_to_Montgomery_Marches_protesters.jpg/220px-Selma_to_Montgomery_Marches_protesters.jpg" width="220" height="150" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Selma_to_Montgomery_Marches_protesters.jpg/330px-Selma_to_Montgomery_Marches_protesters.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Selma_to_Montgomery_Marches_protesters.jpg/440px-Selma_to_Montgomery_Marches_protesters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="899" data-file-height="611"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Selma_to_Montgomery_Marches_protesters.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> The civil rights <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">march from Selma to Montgomery</a>, Alabama in 1965</div> </div> </div> King met with officials in the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_Administration" title="Lyndon B. Johnson Administration" class="mw-redirect">Lyndon B. Johnson Administration</a> on March 5 in order to request an <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injunction" title="Injunction">injunction</a> against any prosecution of the demonstrators. He did not attend the march due to church duties, but he later wrote, "If I had any idea that the state troopers would use the kind of brutality they did, I would have felt compelled to give up my church duties altogether to lead the line."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing1998276.E2.80.9379-131">[131]</a> Footage of <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">police brutality</a> against the protesters was broadcast extensively and aroused national public outrage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2006222.E2.80.9323-132">[132]</a> King next attempted to organize a march for March 9. The SCLC petitioned for an injunction in federal court against the State of Alabama; this was denied and the judge issued an order blocking the march until after a hearing. Nonetheless, King led marchers on March 9 to the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Pettus_Bridge" title="Edmund Pettus Bridge">Edmund Pettus Bridge</a> in Selma, then held a short prayer session before turning the marchers around and asking them to disperse so as not to violate the court order. The unexpected ending of this second march aroused the surprise and anger of many within the local movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2006223-133">[133]</a> The march finally went ahead fully on March 25, 1965.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> At the conclusion of the march on the steps of the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_State_Capitol" title="Alabama State Capitol">state capitol</a>, King delivered a speech that became known as "<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_Long,_Not_Long" title="How Long, Not Long">How Long, Not Long</a>". In it, King stated that equal rights for African Americans could not be far away, "because the arc of the moral universe is long, but it bends toward justice".<a href="#cite_note-137">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-NPR-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> <h2>Chicago Open Housing Movement, 1966</h2> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Freedom_Movement" title="Chicago Freedom Movement">Chicago Freedom Movement</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martin_Luther_King,_Jr._and_Lyndon_Johnson_2.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr._and_Lyndon_Johnson_2.jpg/220px-Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr._and_Lyndon_Johnson_2.jpg" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr._and_Lyndon_Johnson_2.jpg/330px-Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr._and_Lyndon_Johnson_2.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr._and_Lyndon_Johnson_2.jpg/440px-Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr._and_Lyndon_Johnson_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2002"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martin_Luther_King,_Jr._and_Lyndon_Johnson_2.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> King with President <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_Johnson" title="Lyndon Johnson" class="mw-redirect">Lyndon Johnson</a> in 1966</div> </div> </div> In 1966, after several successes in the South, King, Bevel, and others in the civil rights organizations tried to spread the movement to the North, with <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> as their first destination. King and Ralph Abernathy, both from the middle class, moved into a building at 1550 S. Hamlin Ave., in the slums of <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Lawndale" title="North Lawndale" class="mw-redirect">North Lawndale</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> on Chicago's West Side, as an educational experience and to demonstrate their support and empathy for the poor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen2000360.E2.80.9362-140">[139]</a> The SCLC formed a coalition with CCCO, Coordinating Council of Community Organizations, an organization founded by <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Raby" title="Albert Raby">Albert Raby</a>, and the combined organizations' efforts were fostered under the aegis of the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Freedom_Movement" title="Chicago Freedom Movement">Chicago Freedom Movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ralph-141">[140]</a> During that spring, several white couple / black couple tests of real estate offices uncovered <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_steering" title="Racial steering">racial steering</a>: discriminatory processing of housing requests by couples who were exact matches in income, background, number of children, and other attributes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen2000347-142">[141]</a> Several larger marches were planned and executed: in Bogan, <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belmont_Cragin,_Chicago" title="Belmont Cragin, Chicago">Belmont Cragin</a>, <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Park,_Chicago" title="Jefferson Park, Chicago">Jefferson Park</a>, <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergreen_Park,_Illinois" title="Evergreen Park, Illinois">Evergreen Park</a> (a suburb southwest of Chicago), <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gage_Park,_Chicago" title="Gage Park, Chicago">Gage Park</a>, <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquette_Park_(Chicago)" title="Marquette Park (Chicago)">Marquette Park</a>, and others.<a href="#cite_note-Ralph-141">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen2000416-143">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> Abernathy later wrote that the movement received a worse reception in Chicago than in the South. Marches, especially the one through Marquette Park on August 5, 1966, were met by thrown bottles and screaming throngs. Rioting seemed very possible.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> King's beliefs militated against his staging a violent event, and he negotiated an agreement with Mayor <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_J._Daley" title="Richard J. Daley">Richard J. Daley</a> to cancel a march in order to avoid the violence that he feared would result.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> King was hit by a brick during one march but continued to lead marches in the face of personal danger.<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> When King and his allies returned to the South, they left <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a>, a seminary student who had previously joined the movement in the South, in charge of their organization.<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> Jackson continued their struggle for civil rights by organizing the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Breadbasket" title="Operation Breadbasket">Operation Breadbasket</a> movement that targeted chain stores that did not deal fairly with blacks.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> <h2>Opposition to the Vietnam War</h2> <div class="hatnote boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposition_to_the_U.S._involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Opposition to the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War" class="mw-redirect">Opposition to the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War</a></div> <table class="infobox" style="width:22em;float: right; clear: right; margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em"> <caption>External audio</caption> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align: left"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nuvola_apps_arts.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_arts.svg.png" width="16" height="16" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nuvola_apps_arts.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_arts.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nuvola_apps_arts.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_arts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"/> You may watch the speech, "Why I Am Opposed to the War in Vietnam", by Martin Luther King <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://archive.org/details/MartinLutherKingJr.whyIAmOpposedToTheWarInVietnam">here</a>.</td> </tr> </table> King long opposed American involvement in the Vietnam War,<a href="#cite_note-kingandvietnam1-151">[150]</a> but at first avoided the topic in public speeches in order to avoid the interference with civil rights goals that criticism of President Johnson's policies might have created.<a href="#cite_note-kingandvietnam1-151">[150]</a> However, at the urging of aide James Bevel,<a href="#cite_note-kingandvietnam2-152">[151]</a> King eventually agreed to publicly oppose the war as opposition was growing among the American public.<a href="#cite_note-kingandvietnam1-151">[150]</a> In an April 4, 1967, appearance at the New York City <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverside_Church" title="Riverside Church">Riverside Church</a>—exactly one year before his death—King delivered a speech titled "<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_Vietnam:_A_Time_to_Break_Silence" title="Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence">Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence</a>".<a href="#cite_note-vwar29-153">[152]</a> He spoke strongly against the U.S.'s role in the war, arguing that the U.S. was in Vietnam "to occupy it as an American colony"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobbins2007107-154">[153]</a> and calling the U.S. government "the greatest purveyor of violence in the world today".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobbins2007102-155">[154]</a> He also connected the war with economic injustice, arguing that the country needed serious moral change: <blockquote class="templatequote"> A true revolution of values will soon look uneasily on the glaring contrast of poverty and wealth. With righteous indignation, it will look across the seas and see individual capitalists of the West investing huge sums of money in Asia, Africa and South America, only to take the profits out with no concern for the social betterment of the countries, and say: "This is not just."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobbins2007109-156">[155]</a> </blockquote> King also opposed the Vietnam War because it took money and resources that could have been spent on <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_welfare" title="Social welfare" class="mw-redirect">social welfare</a> at home. The <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> was spending more and more on the military and less and less on <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_reduction" title="Poverty reduction">anti-poverty programs</a> at the same time. He summed up this aspect by saying, "A nation that continues year after year to spend more money on military defense than on programs of social uplift is approaching spiritual death".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobbins2007109-156">[155]</a> He stated that North Vietnam "did not begin to send in any large number of supplies or men until American forces had arrived in the tens of thousands",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobbins2007106-157">[156]</a> and accused the U.S. of having killed a million Vietnamese, "mostly children".<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> King also criticized American opposition to North Vietnam's land reforms.<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> King's opposition cost him significant support among white allies, including President Johnson, union leaders and powerful publishers.<a href="#cite_note-MED08-160">[159]</a> "The press is being stacked against me", King said,<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> complaining of what he described as a double standard that applauded his nonviolence at home, but deplored it when applied "toward little brown Vietnamese children".<a href="#cite_note-Pierre2011-162">[161]</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a> magazine called the speech "demagogic slander that sounded like a script for <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Hanoi" title="Radio Hanoi">Radio Hanoi</a>",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobbins2007109-156">[155]</a> and <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> declared that King had "diminished his usefulness to his cause, his country, his people".<a href="#cite_note-Pierre2011-162">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson2006148-163">[162]</a> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martin_Luther_King_Jr_St_Paul_Campus_U_MN.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Martin_Luther_King_Jr_St_Paul_Campus_U_MN.jpg/220px-Martin_Luther_King_Jr_St_Paul_Campus_U_MN.jpg" width="220" height="151" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Martin_Luther_King_Jr_St_Paul_Campus_U_MN.jpg/330px-Martin_Luther_King_Jr_St_Paul_Campus_U_MN.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Martin_Luther_King_Jr_St_Paul_Campus_U_MN.jpg/440px-Martin_Luther_King_Jr_St_Paul_Campus_U_MN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="439"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martin_Luther_King_Jr_St_Paul_Campus_U_MN.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> King speaking to an anti-Vietnam war rally at the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a>, St. Paul on April 27, 1967</div> </div> </div> The "Beyond Vietnam" speech reflected King's evolving political advocacy in his later years, which paralleled the teachings of the progressive <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highlander_Research_and_Education_Center" title="Highlander Research and Education Center">Highlander Research and Education Center</a>, with which he was affiliated.<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> King began to speak of the need for fundamental changes in the political and economic life of the nation, and more frequently expressed his opposition to the war and his desire to see a redistribution of resources to correct racial and economic injustice.<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> He guarded his language in public to avoid being linked to <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> by his enemies, but in private he sometimes spoke of his support for democratic socialism.<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> In a 1952 letter to Coretta Scott, he said "I imagine you already know that I am much more socialistic in my economic theory than capitalistic..."<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> In one speech, he stated that "something is wrong with capitalism" and claimed, "There must be a better distribution of wealth, and maybe America must move toward a democratic socialism."<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> King had read <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a> while at Morehouse, but while he rejected "traditional capitalism", he also rejected communism because of its "materialistic interpretation of history" that denied religion, its "ethical relativism", and its "political totalitarianism".<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a> King also stated in "Beyond Vietnam" that "true compassion is more than flinging a coin to a beggar ... it comes to see that an edifice which produces beggars needs restructuring".<a href="#cite_note-Zinn_2002-171">[170]</a> King quoted a United States official who said that, from Vietnam to Latin America, the country was "on the wrong side of a world revolution".<a href="#cite_note-Zinn_2002-171">[170]</a> King condemned America's "alliance with the landed gentry of Latin America", and said that the U.S. should support "the shirtless and barefoot people" in the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a> rather than suppressing their attempts at revolution.<a href="#cite_note-Zinn_2002-171">[170]</a> On April 15, 1967, King participated in and spoke at an anti-war march from New York's Central Park to the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> organized by the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_Mobilization_Committee_to_End_the_War_in_Vietnam" title="Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam" class="mw-redirect">Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam</a> and initiated by its chairman, James Bevel. At the U.N. King also brought up issues of civil rights and the draft. <blockquote class="templatequote"> I have not urged a mechanical fusion of the civil rights and peace movements. There are people who have come to see the moral imperative of equality, but who cannot yet see the moral imperative of world brotherhood. I would like to see the fervor of the civil-rights movement imbued into the peace movement to instill it with greater strength. And I believe everyone has a duty to be in both the civil-rights and peace movements. But for those who presently choose but one, I would hope they will finally come to see the moral roots common to both.<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> </blockquote> Seeing an opportunity to unite civil rights activists and anti-war activists,<a href="#cite_note-kingandvietnam2-152">[151]</a> Bevel convinced King to become even more active in the anti-war effort.<a href="#cite_note-kingandvietnam2-152">[151]</a> Despite his growing public opposition towards the Vietnam War, King was also not fond of the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterculture_movement" title="Counterculture movement" class="mw-redirect">hippie culture</a> which developed from the anti-war movement.<a href="#cite_note-kingandvietnam3-173">[172]</a> In his 1967 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massey_Lectures" title="Massey Lectures">Massey Lecture</a>, King stated: <blockquote class="templatequote"> The importance of the hippies is not in their unconventional behavior, but in the fact that hundreds of thousands of young people, in turning to a flight from reality, are expressing a profoundly discrediting view on the society they emerge from.<a href="#cite_note-kingandvietnam3-173">[172]</a> </blockquote> On January 13, 1968, the day after President Johnson's <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_the_Union_Address" title="State of the Union Address" class="mw-redirect">State of the Union Address</a>, King called for a large march on Washington against "one of history's most cruel and senseless wars".<a href="#cite_note-kurlansky2004-174">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-13jan1968-175">[174]</a> <blockquote class="templatequote"> We need to make clear in this political year, to congressmen on both sides of the aisle and to the president of the United States, that we will no longer tolerate, we will no longer vote for men who continue to see the killings of Vietnamese and Americans as the best way of advancing the goals of freedom and self-determination in Southeast Asia.<a href="#cite_note-kurlansky2004-174">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-13jan1968-175">[174]</a> </blockquote> <h2>Poor People's Campaign, 1968</h2> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poor_People%27s_Campaign" title="Poor People's Campaign">Poor People's Campaign</a></div> In 1968, King and the SCLC organized the "Poor People's Campaign" to address issues of economic justice. King traveled the country to assemble "a multiracial army of the poor" that would march on Washington to engage in nonviolent civil disobedience at the Capitol until Congress created an "economic bill of rights" for poor Americans.<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-lied-177">[176]</a> The campaign was preceded by King's final book, <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Where_Do_We_Go_from_Here:_Chaos_or_Community%3F" title="Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community?">Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community?</a>, which laid out his view of how to address social issues and poverty. King quoted from <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">Henry George</a> and George's book, <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progress_and_Poverty" title="Progress and Poverty">Progress and Poverty</a>, particularly in support of a <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_income" title="Basic income">guaranteed basic income</a>.<a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a> The campaign culminated in a march on Washington, D.C., demanding economic aid to the poorest communities of the United States. King and the SCLC called on the government to invest in rebuilding America's cities. He felt that Congress had shown "hostility to the poor" by spending "military funds with alacrity and generosity". He contrasted this with the situation faced by poor Americans, claiming that Congress had merely provided "poverty funds with miserliness".<a href="#cite_note-lied-177">[176]</a> His vision was for change that was more revolutionary than mere reform: he cited systematic flaws of "racism, poverty, militarism and materialism", and argued that "reconstruction of society itself is the real issue to be faced".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson2006148.E2.80.9349-181">[180]</a> The Poor People's Campaign was controversial even within the civil rights movement. Rustin resigned from the march, stating that the goals of the campaign were too broad, that its demands were unrealizable, and that he thought that these campaigns would accelerate the backlash and repression on the poor and the black.<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a> <h3>After King's death</h3> The plan to set up a <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shantytown" title="Shantytown" class="mw-redirect">shantytown</a> in Washington, D.C., was carried out soon after the April 4 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">assassination</a>. Criticism of King's plan was subdued in the wake of his death, and the SCLC received an unprecedented wave of donations for the purpose of carrying it out. The campaign officially began in Memphis, on May 2, at the hotel where King was murdered.<a href="#cite_note-McKnight-183">[182]</a> Thousands of demonstrators arrived on the National Mall and established a camp they called "Resurrection City". They stayed for six weeks.<a href="#cite_note-Engler15Jan10-184">[183]</a> <h2>Assassination and aftermath</h2> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martin_Luther_King_was_shot_here_Small_Web_view.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Martin_Luther_King_was_shot_here_Small_Web_view.jpg/220px-Martin_Luther_King_was_shot_here_Small_Web_view.jpg" width="220" height="164" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Martin_Luther_King_was_shot_here_Small_Web_view.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Martin_Luther_King_was_shot_here_Small_Web_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="239"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martin_Luther_King_was_shot_here_Small_Web_view.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> The Lorraine Motel, where King was assassinated, is now the site of the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Civil_Rights_Museum" title="National Civil Rights Museum">National Civil Rights Museum</a>.</div> </div> </div> <table class="mbox-small" style="border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9;"> <tr> <td style="width:1px"></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist" style="line-height:1.1em"> <div class="haudio"> <div style="padding:4px 0"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:I%27ve_Been_To_The_Mountaintop.ogg" title="File:I've Been To The Mountaintop.ogg">I've Been to the Mountaintop</a></div> <div> <div class="mediaContainer" style="position:relative;display:block;width:220px"><audio id="mwe_player_1" style="width:220px" poster="//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.25wmf20/resources/assets/file-type-icons/fileicon-ogg.png" controls="" preload="none" class="kskin" data-durationhint="30" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="I've_Been_To_The_Mountaintop.ogg" data-mwprovider="local"><source src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/ea/I%27ve_Been_To_The_Mountaintop.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-title="Original Ogg file (57 kbps)" data-shorttitle="Ogg source" data-width="0" data-height="0" data-bandwidth="57259"></source><track kind="subtitles" data-mwtitle="TimedText:I've_Been_To_The_Mountaintop.ogg.en.srt" data-mwprovider="local" type="text/x-srt" src="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TimedText:I%27ve_Been_To_The_Mountaintop.ogg.en.srt&action=raw&ctype=text%2Fx-srt" srclang="en" data-dir="ltr" label="English (en) subtitles"></track>Sorry, your browser either has JavaScript disabled or does not have any supported player. You can <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/ea/I%27ve_Been_To_The_Mountaintop.ogg">download the clip</a> or <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/Client_download">download a player</a> to play the clip in your browser.</audio></div> </div> <div class="description" style="padding:2px 0 0 0">Final 30 seconds of "<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27ve_Been_to_the_Mountaintop" title="I've Been to the Mountaintop">I've Been to the Mountaintop</a>" speech by Martin Luther King Jr.</div> </div> <hr/></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="mbox-text" style="line-height:1.1em">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" title="Wikipedia:Media help">media help</a>.</td> </tr> </table> On March 29, 1968, King went to Memphis, Tennessee, in support of the black sanitary public works employees, represented by <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Federation_of_State,_County_and_Municipal_Employees" title="American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees">AFSCME</a> Local 1733, who had been <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Sanitation_Strike" title="Memphis Sanitation Strike">on strike</a> since March 12 for higher wages and better treatment. In one incident, black street repairmen received pay for two hours when they were sent home because of bad weather, but white employees were paid for the full day.<a href="#cite_note-AFSCME-WEB1-185">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-AFSCME-WEB2-186">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a> On April 3, King addressed a rally and delivered his "I've Been to the Mountaintop" address at <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mason_Temple" title="Mason Temple">Mason Temple</a>, the world headquarters of the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_God_in_Christ" title="Church of God in Christ">Church of God in Christ</a>. King's flight to Memphis had been delayed by a bomb threat against his plane.<a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a> In the close of the last speech of his career, in reference to the bomb threat, King said the following: <blockquote class="templatequote"> And then I got to Memphis. And some began to say the threats, or talk about the threats that were out. What would happen to me from some of our sick white brothers? Well, I don't know what will happen now. We've got some difficult days ahead. But it doesn't matter with me now. Because I've been to the mountaintop. And I don't mind. Like anybody, I would like to live a long life. Longevity has its place. But I'm not concerned about that now. I just want to do God's will. And He's allowed me to go up to the mountain. And I've looked over. And I've seen the promised land. I may not get there with you. But I want you to know tonight, that we, as a people, will get to the promised land. So I'm happy, tonight. I'm not worried about anything. I'm not fearing any man. Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord.<a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a> </blockquote> King was booked in room 306 at the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorraine_Motel" title="Lorraine Motel" class="mw-redirect">Lorraine Motel</a>, owned by Walter Bailey, in Memphis. Abernathy, who was present at the assassination, testified to the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Select_Committee_on_Assassinations" title="United States House Select Committee on Assassinations">United States House Select Committee on Assassinations</a> that King and his entourage stayed at room 306 at the Lorraine Motel so often it was known as the "King-Abernathy suite".<a href="#cite_note-usdoj-190">[189]</a> According to Jesse Jackson, who was present, King's last words on the balcony before his assassination were spoken to musician <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Branch" title="Ben Branch">Ben Branch</a>, who was scheduled to perform that night at an event King was attending: "Ben, make sure you play '<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_My_Hand,_Precious_Lord" title="Take My Hand, Precious Lord">Take My Hand, Precious Lord</a>' in the meeting tonight. Play it real pretty."<a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a> Then, at 6:01 p.m., April 4, 1968, a shot rang out as King stood on the motel's second-floor balcony. The bullet entered through his right cheek, smashing his jaw, then traveled down his spinal cord before lodging in his shoulder.<a href="#cite_note-CHI-192">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a> Abernathy heard the shot from inside the motel room and ran to the balcony to find King on the floor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrady2005204.E2.80.9305-194">[193]</a> Jackson stated after the shooting that he cradled King's head as King lay on the balcony, but this account was disputed by other colleagues of King's; Jackson later changed his statement to say that he had "reached out" for King.<a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a> After emergency chest surgery, King died at <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_Hospital_(Memphis,_Tennessee)" title="St. Joseph's Hospital (Memphis, Tennessee)">St. Joseph's Hospital</a> at 7:05 p.m.<a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a> According to biographer <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Branch" title="Taylor Branch">Taylor Branch</a>, King's autopsy revealed that though only 39 years old, he "had the heart of a 60 year old", which Branch attributed to the stress of 13 years in the civil rights movement.<a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a> <h3>Aftermath</h3> <div class="hatnote">Further information: <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_assassination_riots" title="King assassination riots">King assassination riots</a></div> The assassination led to a nationwide wave of <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_racial_violence_in_the_United_States" title="Mass racial violence in the United States">race riots</a> in <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Washington,_D.C._riots" title="1968 Washington, D.C. riots" class="mw-redirect">Washington, D.C.</a>; <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Chicago_riots" title="1968 Chicago riots">Chicago</a>; <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_riot_of_1968" title="Baltimore riot of 1968">Baltimore</a>; <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville_riots_of_1968" title="Louisville riots of 1968">Louisville</a>; <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Kansas_City_riot" title="1968 Kansas City riot" class="mw-redirect">Kansas City</a>; and dozens of other cities.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-198">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a> Presidential candidate Robert F. "Bobby" Kennedy was on his way to <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a> for a campaign rally when he was informed of King's death. He gave <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy%27s_speech_on_the_assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Robert F. Kennedy's speech on the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">a short speech</a> to the gathering of supporters informing them of the tragedy and urging them to continue King's ideal of nonviolence.<a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Farmer_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Farmer Jr. (page does not exist)">James Farmer Jr.</a> and other civil rights leaders also called for nonviolent action, while the more militant Stokely Carmichael called for a more forceful response.<a href="#cite_note-1968_Year_In_Review.2C_UPI.com-201">[200]</a> The city of Memphis quickly settled the strike on terms favorable to the sanitation workers.<a href="#cite_note-AFSCME-WEB3-202">[201]</a> President Lyndon B. Johnson declared April 7 a national day of mourning for the civil rights leader.<a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a> Vice President <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> attended King's funeral on behalf of the President, as there were fears that Johnson's presence might incite protests and perhaps violence.<a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a> At his widow's request, King's last sermon at <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebenezer_Baptist_Church_(Atlanta,_Georgia)" title="Ebenezer Baptist Church (Atlanta, Georgia)" class="mw-redirect">Ebenezer Baptist Church</a> was played at the funeral,<a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a> a recording of his "Drum Major" sermon, given on February 4, 1968. In that sermon, King made a request that at his funeral no mention of his awards and honors be made, but that it be said that he tried to "feed the hungry", "clothe the naked", "be right on the [Vietnam] war question", and "love and serve humanity".<a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a> His good friend Mahalia Jackson sang his favorite hymn, "Take My Hand, Precious Lord", at the funeral.<a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a> Two months after King's death, escaped convict <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Earl_Ray" title="James Earl Ray">James Earl Ray</a> was captured at <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Heathrow_Airport" title="London Heathrow Airport">London Heathrow Airport</a> while trying to leave the United Kingdom on a false Canadian passport in the name of Ramon George Sneyd on his way to white-ruled <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a> Ray was quickly extradited to Tennessee and charged with King's murder. He confessed to the assassination on March 10, 1969, though he recanted this confession three days later.<a href="#cite_note-extradite-209">[208]</a> On the advice of his attorney <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Foreman" title="Percy Foreman">Percy Foreman</a>, Ray pled guilty to avoid a trial conviction and thus the possibility of receiving the death penalty. He was sentenced to a 99-year prison term.<a href="#cite_note-extradite-209">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-cbs-210">[209]</a> Ray later claimed a man he met in <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, Quebec, with the alias "Raoul" was involved and that the assassination was the result of a conspiracy.<a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-davis-212">[211]</a> He spent the remainder of his life attempting, unsuccessfully, to withdraw his guilty plea and secure the trial he never had.<a href="#cite_note-cbs-210">[209]</a> <h3>Allegations of conspiracy</h3> Ray's lawyers maintained he was a <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scapegoat" title="Scapegoat">scapegoat</a> similar to the way that John F. Kennedy assassin <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Harvey_Oswald" title="Lee Harvey Oswald">Lee Harvey Oswald</a> is seen by conspiracy theorists.<a href="#cite_note-CNN1-213">[212]</a> Supporters of this assertion say that Ray's confession was given under pressure and that he had been threatened with the death penalty.<a href="#cite_note-cbs-210">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a> They admit Ray was a thief and burglar, but claim he had no record of committing violent crimes with a weapon.<a href="#cite_note-davis-212">[211]</a> However, prison records in different U.S. cities have shown that he was incarcerated on numerous occasions for charges of armed robbery.<a href="#cite_note-mlkassassin-215">[214]</a> In a 2008 interview with CNN, Jerry Ray, the younger brother of James Earl Ray, claimed that James was smart and was sometimes able to get away with armed robbery. Jerry Ray said that he had assisted his brother on one such robbery. "I never been with nobody as bold as he is," Jerry said. "He just walked in and put that gun on somebody, it was just like it's an everyday thing."<a href="#cite_note-mlkassassin-215">[214]</a> Those suspecting a conspiracy in the assassination point to the two successive <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballistics" title="Ballistics">ballistics</a> tests which proved that a rifle similar to Ray's <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remington_Arms" title="Remington Arms">Remington</a> Gamemaster had been the murder weapon. Those tests did not implicate Ray's specific rifle.<a href="#cite_note-cbs-210">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC-WEB1-216">[215]</a> Witnesses near King at the moment of his death said that the shot came from another location. They said that it came from behind thick shrubbery near the boarding house—which had been cut away in the days following the assassination—and not from the boarding house window.<a href="#cite_note-Gerold-217">[216]</a> However, Ray's fingerprints were found on various objects (a rifle, a pair of binoculars, articles of clothing, a newspaper) that were left in the bathroom where it was determined the gunfire came from.<a href="#cite_note-mlkassassin-215">[214]</a> An examination of the rifle containing Ray's fingerprints also determined that at least one shot was fired from the firearm at the time of the assassination.<a href="#cite_note-mlkassassin-215">[214]</a> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martin_Luther_King_Jr_Coretta_Scott_King_Tomb.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Martin_Luther_King_Jr_Coretta_Scott_King_Tomb.jpg/220px-Martin_Luther_King_Jr_Coretta_Scott_King_Tomb.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Martin_Luther_King_Jr_Coretta_Scott_King_Tomb.jpg/330px-Martin_Luther_King_Jr_Coretta_Scott_King_Tomb.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Martin_Luther_King_Jr_Coretta_Scott_King_Tomb.jpg/440px-Martin_Luther_King_Jr_Coretta_Scott_King_Tomb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martin_Luther_King_Jr_Coretta_Scott_King_Tomb.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Martin Luther King and Coretta Scott King's tomb, located on the grounds of the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._National_Historic_Site" title="Martin Luther King Jr. National Historic Site">Martin Luther King Jr. National Historic Site</a> in <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta, Georgia</a></div> </div> </div> In 1997, King's son Dexter Scott King met with Ray, and publicly supported Ray's efforts to obtain a <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_trial" title="New trial">new trial</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CNN2-218">[217]</a> Two years later, Coretta Scott King, King's widow, along with the rest of King's family, won a <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrongful_death_claim" title="Wrongful death claim">wrongful death claim</a> against <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyd_Jowers" title="Loyd Jowers">Loyd Jowers</a> and "other unknown co-conspirators". Jowers claimed to have received $100,000 to arrange King's assassination. The jury of six whites and six blacks found in favor of the King family, finding Jowers to be complicit in a conspiracy against King and that government agencies were party to the assassination.<a href="#cite_note-219">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[219]</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Pepper" title="William F. Pepper" class="mw-redirect">William F. Pepper</a> represented the King family in the trial.<a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a> In 2000, the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Justice" title="U.S. Department of Justice" class="mw-redirect">U.S. Department of Justice</a> completed the investigation into Jowers' claims but did not find evidence to support allegations about conspiracy. The investigation report recommended no further investigation unless some new reliable facts are presented.<a href="#cite_note-usdoj2-222">[221]</a> A sister of Jowers admitted that he had fabricated the story so he could make $300,000 from selling the story, and she in turn corroborated his story in order to get some money to pay her income tax.<a href="#cite_note-223">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[223]</a> In 2002, <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> reported that a church minister, Rev. Ronald Denton Wilson, claimed his father, Henry Clay Wilson—not James Earl Ray—assassinated King. He stated, "It wasn't a racist thing; he thought Martin Luther King was connected with communism, and he wanted to get him out of the way." Wilson provided no evidence to back up his claims.<a href="#cite_note-NYTORIG-225">[224]</a> King researchers <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Garrow" title="David Garrow">David Garrow</a> and <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Posner" title="Gerald Posner">Gerald Posner</a> disagreed with William F. Pepper's claims that the government killed King.<a href="#cite_note-226">[225]</a> In 2003, William Pepper published a book about the long investigation and trial, as well as his representation of James Earl Ray in his bid for a trial, laying out the evidence and criticizing other accounts.<a href="#cite_note-227">[226]</a> King's friend and colleague, James Bevel, also disputed the argument that Ray acted alone, stating, "There is no way a ten-cent white boy could develop a plan to kill a million-dollar black man."<a href="#cite_note-228">[227]</a> In 2004, Jesse Jackson stated: <blockquote class="templatequote"> The fact is there were saboteurs to disrupt the march. And within our own organization, we found a very key person who was on the government payroll. So infiltration within, saboteurs from without and the press attacks. ... I will never believe that James Earl Ray had the motive, the money and the mobility to have done it himself. Our government was very involved in setting the stage for and I think the escape route for James Earl Ray.<a href="#cite_note-Demo-229">[228]</a> </blockquote> <h2>FBI and King's personal life</h2> <h3>FBI surveillance and wiretapping</h3> FBI director <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">J. Edgar Hoover</a> personally ordered surveillance of King, with the intent to undermine his power as a civil rights leader.<a href="#cite_note-MED08-160">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-Honey2007ch4-230">[229]</a> According to the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Committee" title="Church Committee">Church Committee</a>, a 1975 investigation by the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Congress" title="U.S. Congress" class="mw-redirect">U.S. Congress</a>, "From December 1963 until his death in 1968, Martin Luther King Jr. was the target of an intensive campaign by the Federal Bureau of Investigation to 'neutralize' him as an effective civil rights leader."<a href="#cite_note-Church-231">[230]</a> The Bureau received authorization to proceed with wiretapping from Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy in the fall of 1963<a href="#cite_note-the_atlantic-232">[231]</a> and informed President John F. Kennedy, both of whom unsuccessfully tried to persuade King to dissociate himself from <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Levison" title="Stanley Levison">Stanley Levison</a>, a New York lawyer who had been involved with Communist Party USA.<a href="#cite_note-right-233">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKotz2005-234">[233]</a> Although Robert Kennedy only gave written approval for limited wiretapping of King's phones "on a trial basis, for a month or so",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerst2007372-235">[234]</a> Hoover extended the clearance so his men were "unshackled" to look for evidence in any areas of King's life they deemed worthy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerst2007372.E2.80.9374-236">[235]</a> The Bureau placed wiretaps on Levison's and King's home and office phones, and bugged King's rooms in hotels as he traveled across the country.<a href="#cite_note-right-233">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-track-237">[236]</a> In 1967, Hoover listed the SCLC as a black nationalist hate group, with the instructions: "No opportunity should be missed to exploit through counterintelligence techniques the organizational and personal conflicts of the leaderships of the groups ... to insure the targeted group is disrupted, ridiculed, or discredited."<a href="#cite_note-Honey2007ch4-230">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[237]</a> <h3>NSA monitoring of King's communications</h3> In a secret operation code-named "<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_MINARET" title="Project MINARET">Minaret</a>", the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a> (NSA) monitored the communications of leading Americans, including King, who criticized the U.S. war in Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-theguardian.com-239">[238]</a> A review by the NSA itself concluded that Minaret was "disreputable if not outright illegal."<a href="#cite_note-theguardian.com-239">[238]</a> <h3>Allegations of communism</h3> For years, Hoover had been suspicious about potential influence of communists in social movements such as labor unions and civil rights.<a href="#cite_note-240">[239]</a> Hoover directed the FBI to track King in 1957, and the SCLC as it was established (it did not have a full-time executive director until 1960).<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-80">[80]</a> The investigations were largely superficial until 1962, when the FBI learned that one of King's most trusted advisers was New York City lawyer Stanley Levison.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKotz2005233-241">[240]</a> The FBI feared Levison was working as an "agent of influence" over King, in spite of its own reports in 1963 that Levison had left the Party and was no longer associated in business dealings with them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKotz200570.E2.80.9374-242">[241]</a> Another King lieutenant, <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_Pitts_O%27Dell" title="Hunter Pitts O'Dell">Hunter Pitts O'Dell</a>, was also linked to the Communist Party by sworn testimony before the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_Un-American_Activities_Committee" title="House Un-American Activities Committee">House Un-American Activities Committee</a> (HUAC).<a href="#cite_note-243">[242]</a> However, by 1976 the FBI had acknowledged that it had not obtained any evidence that King himself or the SCLC were actually involved with any communist organizations.<a href="#cite_note-Church-231">[230]</a> For his part, King adamantly denied having any connections to communism, stating in a 1965 Playboy interview that "there are as many Communists in this freedom movement as there are Eskimos in Florida".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWashington1991362-244">[243]</a> He argued that Hoover was "following the path of appeasement of political powers in the South" and that his concern for communist infiltration of the civil rights movement was meant to "aid and abet the salacious claims of southern racists and the extreme right-wing elements".<a href="#cite_note-Church-231">[230]</a> Hoover did not believe King's pledge of innocence and replied by saying that King was "the most notorious liar in the country".<a href="#cite_note-245">[244]</a> After King gave his "I Have A Dream" speech during the March on Washington on August 28, 1963, the FBI described King as "the most dangerous and effective Negro leader in the country".<a href="#cite_note-track-237">[236]</a> It alleged that he was "knowingly, willingly and regularly cooperating with and taking guidance from communists".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKotz200583-246">[245]</a> The attempt to prove that King was a communist was related to the feeling of many segregationists that blacks in the South were happy with their lot but had been stirred up by "communists" and "outside agitators".<a href="#cite_note-247">[246]</a> However, the civil rights movement arose from activism within the black community dating back to before World War I. King said that "the Negro revolution is a genuine revolution, born from the same womb that produces all massive social upheavals—the womb of intolerable conditions and unendurable situations."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWashington1991363-248">[247]</a> <h3>Adultery</h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MLK_and_Malcolm_X_USNWR_cropped.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/MLK_and_Malcolm_X_USNWR_cropped.jpg/220px-MLK_and_Malcolm_X_USNWR_cropped.jpg" width="220" height="241" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/MLK_and_Malcolm_X_USNWR_cropped.jpg/330px-MLK_and_Malcolm_X_USNWR_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/MLK_and_Malcolm_X_USNWR_cropped.jpg/440px-MLK_and_Malcolm_X_USNWR_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2183" data-file-height="2392"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MLK_and_Malcolm_X_USNWR_cropped.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Martin Luther King Jr. and <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a>, March 26, 1964</div> </div> </div> Having concluded that King was dangerous due to communist infiltration, the FBI shifted to attempting to discredit King through revelations regarding his private life. FBI surveillance of King, some of it since made public, attempted to demonstrate that he also engaged in numerous extramarital affairs.<a href="#cite_note-track-237">[236]</a> Lyndon Johnson once said that King was a "hypocritical preacher".<a href="#cite_note-249">[248]</a> Ralph Abernathy stated in his 1989 autobiography And the Walls Came Tumbling Down that King had a "weakness for women", although they "all understood and believed in the biblical prohibition against sex outside of marriage. It was just that he had a particularly difficult time with that temptation".<a href="#cite_note-250">[249]</a> In a later interview, Abernathy said that he only wrote the term "womanizing", that he did not specifically say King had <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extramarital_sex" title="Extramarital sex">extramarital sex</a> and that the infidelities King had were <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_affair" title="Emotional affair">emotional</a> rather than sexual.<a href="#cite_note-abertappva-251">[250]</a> Abernathy criticized the media for sensationalizing the statements he wrote about King's affairs,<a href="#cite_note-abertappva-251">[250]</a> such as the allegation that he admitted in his book that King had a sexual affair the night before he was assassinated.<a href="#cite_note-abertappva-251">[250]</a> In his original wording, Abernathy had claimed he saw King coming out of his room with a lady when he awoke the next morning and later claimed that "he may have been in there discussing and debating and trying to get her to go along with the movement, I don't know."<a href="#cite_note-abertappva-251">[250]</a> In his 1986 book Bearing the Cross, David Garrow wrote about a number of extramarital affairs, including one woman King saw almost daily. According to Garrow, "that relationship ... increasingly became the emotional centerpiece of King's life, but it did not eliminate the incidental couplings ... of King's travels." He alleged that King explained his extramarital affairs as "a form of anxiety reduction". Garrow asserted that King's supposed promiscuity caused him "painful and at times overwhelming guilt".<a href="#cite_note-252">[251]</a> King's wife Coretta appeared to have accepted his affairs with equanimity, saying once that "all that other business just doesn't have a place in the very high level relationship we enjoyed."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrady200267-253">[252]</a> Shortly after Bearing the Cross was released, civil rights author <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howell_Raines" title="Howell Raines">Howell Raines</a> gave the book a positive review but opined that Garrow's allegations about King's sex life were "sensational" and stated that Garrow was "amassing facts rather than analyzing them".<a href="#cite_note-254">[253]</a> The FBI distributed reports regarding such affairs to the executive branch, friendly reporters, potential coalition partners and funding sources of the SCLC, and King's family.<a href="#cite_note-255">[254]</a> The Bureau also sent anonymous letters to King threatening to reveal information if he did not cease his civil rights work.<a href="#cite_note-256">[255]</a> One anonymous letter sent to King just before he received the Nobel Peace Prize read, in part: <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mlk-uncovered-letter.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Mlk-uncovered-letter.png/220px-Mlk-uncovered-letter.png" width="220" height="268" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Mlk-uncovered-letter.png/330px-Mlk-uncovered-letter.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Mlk-uncovered-letter.png/440px-Mlk-uncovered-letter.png 2x" data-file-width="513" data-file-height="626"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mlk-uncovered-letter.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> The so-called "suicide letter",<a href="#cite_note-suicide_letter-257">[256]</a> mailed anonymously by the FBI</div> </div> </div> <blockquote> The American public, the church organizations that have been helping—Protestants, Catholics and Jews will know you for what you are—an evil beast. So will others who have backed you. You are done. King, there is only one thing left for you to do. You know what it is. You have just 34 days in which to do (this exact number has been selected for a specific reason, it has definite practical significant [<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>]). You are done. There is but one way out for you. You better take it before your filthy fraudulent self is bared to the nation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKotz2005247-258">[257]</a> </blockquote> A tape recording of several of King's extramarital liaisons, excerpted from FBI wiretaps, accompanied the letter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrady2002158.E2.80.93159-259">[258]</a> King interpreted this package as an attempt to drive him to suicide,<a href="#cite_note-260">[259]</a> although William Sullivan, head of the Domestic Intelligence Division at the time, argued that it may have only been intended to "convince Dr. King to resign from the SCLC".<a href="#cite_note-Church-231">[230]</a> King refused to give in to the FBI's threats.<a href="#cite_note-track-237">[236]</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_district_court#United_States_district_judges" title="United States district court">Judge</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lewis_Smith_Jr." title="John Lewis Smith Jr." class="mw-redirect">John Lewis Smith Jr.</a> in 1977 ordered all known copies of the recorded audiotapes and written transcripts resulting from the FBI's electronic surveillance of King between 1963 and 1968 to be held in the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives</a> and sealed from public access until 2027.<a href="#cite_note-261">[260]</a> <h3>Police observation during the assassination</h3> Across from the Lorraine Motel, next to the boarding house in which Ray was staying, was a fire station. Police officers were stationed in the fire station to keep King under surveillance.<a href="#cite_note-262">[261]</a> Agents were watching King at the time he was shot.<a href="#cite_note-263">[262]</a> Immediately following the shooting, officers rushed out of the station to the motel. Marrell McCollough, an undercover police officer, was the first person to administer first aid to King.<a href="#cite_note-264">[263]</a> The antagonism between King and the FBI, the lack of an <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_points_bulletin" title="All points bulletin" class="mw-redirect">all points bulletin</a> to find the killer, and the police presence nearby led to speculation that the FBI was involved in the assassination.<a href="#cite_note-265">[264]</a> <h2>Legacy</h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lyndon_Johnson_signing_Civil_Rights_Act,_July_2,_1964.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Lyndon_Johnson_signing_Civil_Rights_Act%2C_July_2%2C_1964.jpg/220px-Lyndon_Johnson_signing_Civil_Rights_Act%2C_July_2%2C_1964.jpg" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Lyndon_Johnson_signing_Civil_Rights_Act%2C_July_2%2C_1964.jpg/330px-Lyndon_Johnson_signing_Civil_Rights_Act%2C_July_2%2C_1964.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Lyndon_Johnson_signing_Civil_Rights_Act%2C_July_2%2C_1964.jpg/440px-Lyndon_Johnson_signing_Civil_Rights_Act%2C_July_2%2C_1964.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7000" data-file-height="4687"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lyndon_Johnson_signing_Civil_Rights_Act,_July_2,_1964.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> President Johnson signs the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a>. Among the guests behind him is Martin Luther King.</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martin_Luther_King_memorial_Westminster_Abbey.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Martin_Luther_King_memorial_Westminster_Abbey.jpg/170px-Martin_Luther_King_memorial_Westminster_Abbey.jpg" width="170" height="392" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Martin_Luther_King_memorial_Westminster_Abbey.jpg/255px-Martin_Luther_King_memorial_Westminster_Abbey.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Martin_Luther_King_memorial_Westminster_Abbey.jpg/340px-Martin_Luther_King_memorial_Westminster_Abbey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="1074"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martin_Luther_King_memorial_Westminster_Abbey.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Martin Luther King Jr. statue over the west entrance of <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>, installed in 1998.</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%27Today_capitalism_has_outlived_its_usefulness%27_MLK.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/%27Today_capitalism_has_outlived_its_usefulness%27_MLK.jpg/220px-%27Today_capitalism_has_outlived_its_usefulness%27_MLK.jpg" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/%27Today_capitalism_has_outlived_its_usefulness%27_MLK.jpg/330px-%27Today_capitalism_has_outlived_its_usefulness%27_MLK.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/%27Today_capitalism_has_outlived_its_usefulness%27_MLK.jpg/440px-%27Today_capitalism_has_outlived_its_usefulness%27_MLK.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%27Today_capitalism_has_outlived_its_usefulness%27_MLK.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Protestors at the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Republican_National_Convention" title="2012 Republican National Convention">2012 Republican National Convention</a> display Dr. King's words and image on a banner.</div> </div> </div> King's main legacy was to secure progress on civil rights in the U.S. Just days after King's assassination, Congress passed the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">Civil Rights Act of 1968</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HUDHistory-266">[265]</a> Title VIII of the Act, commonly known as the Fair Housing Act, prohibited discrimination in housing and housing-related transactions on the basis of race, religion, or national origin (later expanded to include sex, familial status, and disability). This legislation was seen as a tribute to King's struggle in his final years to combat residential discrimination in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-HUDHistory-266">[265]</a> Internationally, King's legacy includes influences on the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Consciousness_Movement" title="Black Consciousness Movement">Black Consciousness Movement</a> and Civil Rights Movement in South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-267">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[267]</a> King's work was cited by and served as an inspiration for South African leader <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Lutuli" title="Albert Lutuli">Albert Lutuli</a>, who fought for racial justice in his country and was later awarded the Nobel Prize.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing1992307.E2.80.9308-269">[268]</a> The day following King's assassination, school teacher <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Elliott" title="Jane Elliott">Jane Elliott</a> conducted her first "Blue Eyes/Brown Eyes" exercise with her class of elementary school students in <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riceville,_Iowa" title="Riceville, Iowa">Riceville</a>, Iowa. Her purpose was to help them understand King's death as it related to racism, something they little understood as they lived in a predominately white community.<a href="#cite_note-270">[269]</a> King has become a national icon in the history of <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_progressivism" title="American progressivism" class="mw-redirect">American progressivism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-271">[270]</a> King's wife, Coretta Scott King, followed in her husband's footsteps and was active in matters of social justice and civil rights until her death in 2006. The same year that Martin Luther King was assassinated, she established the King Center in Atlanta, Georgia, dedicated to preserving his legacy and the work of championing nonviolent conflict resolution and tolerance worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-KC-WEB1-272">[271]</a> Their son, Dexter King, serves as the center's chairman.<a href="#cite_note-273">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-274">[273]</a> Daughter Yolanda King, who died in 2007, was a motivational speaker, author and founder of Higher Ground Productions, an organization specializing in diversity training.<a href="#cite_note-275">[274]</a> Even within the King family, members disagree about his religious and political views about gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender people. King's widow Coretta said publicly that she believed her husband would have supported <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_rights" title="Gay rights" class="mw-redirect">gay rights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-276">[275]</a> However, his youngest child, Bernice King, has said publicly that he would have been opposed to <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_marriage" title="Gay marriage" class="mw-redirect">gay marriage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MPR-WEB1-277">[276]</a> On February 4, 1968, at the Ebenezer Baptist Church, in speaking about how he wished to be remembered after his death, King stated: <blockquote class="templatequote"> I'd like somebody to mention that day that Martin Luther King Jr. tried to give his life serving others. I'd like for somebody to say that day that Martin Luther King Jr. tried to love somebody. I want you to say that day that I tried to be right on the war question. I want you to be able to say that day that I did try to feed the hungry. I want you to be able to say that day that I did try in my life to clothe those who were naked. I want you to say on that day that I did try in my life to visit those who were in prison. And I want you to say that I tried to love and serve humanity. Yes, if you want to say that I was a drum major. Say that I was a drum major for justice. Say that I was a drum major for peace. I was a drum major for righteousness. And all of the other shallow things will not matter. I won't have any money to leave behind. I won't have the fine and luxurious things of life to leave behind. But I just want to leave a committed life behind.<a href="#cite_note-1968_Year_In_Review.2C_UPI.com-201">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[277]</a> </blockquote> <h3>Martin Luther King Jr. Day</h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Day" class="mw-redirect">Martin Luther King Jr. Day</a></div> Beginning in 1971, cities such as <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" title="St. Louis, Missouri" class="mw-redirect">St. Louis, Missouri</a>, and states established annual holidays to honor King.<a href="#cite_note-stlouis-279">[278]</a> At the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> Rose Garden on November 2, 1983, President <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> signed a bill creating a federal holiday to honor King. Observed for the first time on January 20, 1986, it is called <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Day" class="mw-redirect">Martin Luther King Jr. Day</a>. Following President <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>'s 1992 proclamation, the holiday is observed on the third Monday of January each year, near the time of King's birthday.<a href="#cite_note-280">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-281">[280]</a> On January 17, 2000, for the first time, Martin Luther King Jr. Day was officially observed in all fifty U.S. states.<a href="#cite_note-282">[281]</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> (1992), <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> (1999) and <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a> (2000) were the last three states to recognized the holiday. Utah previously celebrated the holiday at the same time but under the name Human Rights Day.<a href="#cite_note-283">[282]</a> <h3>Liturgical commemorations</h3> King is remembered as a martyr by the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Episcopal_Church)" title="Calendar of saints (Episcopal Church)">Episcopal Church in the United States of America</a> with an annual <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feast_day" title="Feast day" class="mw-redirect">feast day</a> on the anniversary of his death, April 4.<a href="#cite_note-284">[283]</a> The <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_of_Saints_(Lutheran)" title="Calendar of Saints (Lutheran)">Evangelical Lutheran Church in America</a> commemorates King liturgically on the anniversary of his birth, January 15.<a href="#cite_note-285">[284]</a> <h2>Awards and recognition</h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KellyIngramMLKStatue.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/KellyIngramMLKStatue.jpg/170px-KellyIngramMLKStatue.jpg" width="170" height="355" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/KellyIngramMLKStatue.jpg/255px-KellyIngramMLKStatue.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/KellyIngramMLKStatue.jpg/340px-KellyIngramMLKStatue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="836"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KellyIngramMLKStatue.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Statue of King in Birmingham's <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Ingram_Park" title="Kelly Ingram Park">Kelly Ingram Park</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dexter_Avenue_Baptist.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Dexter_Avenue_Baptist.jpg/170px-Dexter_Avenue_Baptist.jpg" width="170" height="247" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Dexter_Avenue_Baptist.jpg/255px-Dexter_Avenue_Baptist.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Dexter_Avenue_Baptist.jpg/340px-Dexter_Avenue_Baptist.jpg 2x" data-file-width="434" data-file-height="631"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dexter_Avenue_Baptist.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Dexter Avenue Baptist Church where King ministered was renamed Dexter Avenue King Memorial Baptist Church in 1978</div> </div> </div> King was awarded at least fifty honorary degrees from colleges and universities.<a href="#cite_note-merv-286">[285]</a> On October 14, 1964, King became the youngest recipient of the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a>, which was awarded to him for leading nonviolent resistance to racial prejudice in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-287">[286]</a> In 1965, he was awarded the American Liberties Medallion by the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Jewish_Committee" title="American Jewish Committee">American Jewish Committee</a> for his "exceptional advancement of the principles of human liberty".<a href="#cite_note-merv-286">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-288">[287]</a> In his acceptance remarks, King said, "Freedom is one thing. You have it all or you are not free."<a href="#cite_note-289">[288]</a> In 1957, he was awarded the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spingarn_Medal" title="Spingarn Medal">Spingarn Medal</a> from the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP" class="mw-redirect">NAACP</a>.<a href="#cite_note-290">[289]</a> Two years later, he won the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anisfield-Wolf_Book_Award" title="Anisfield-Wolf Book Award">Anisfield-Wolf Book Award</a> for his book Stride Toward Freedom: The Montgomery Story.<a href="#cite_note-291">[290]</a> In 1966, the Planned Parenthood Federation of America awarded King the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Margaret Sanger</a> Award for "his courageous resistance to bigotry and his lifelong dedication to the advancement of social justice and human dignity".<a href="#cite_note-PP-292">[291]</a> Also in 1966, King was elected as a fellow of the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>.<a href="#cite_note-King_AAAS_fellow-293">[292]</a> In 1971 he was posthumously awarded a <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Spoken_Word_Album" title="Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album">Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album</a> for his Why I Oppose the War in Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-294">[293]</a> In 1977, the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a> was posthumously awarded to King by President <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>. The citation read: <blockquote> Martin Luther King Jr. was the conscience of his generation. He gazed upon the great wall of segregation and saw that the power of love could bring it down. From the pain and exhaustion of his fight to fulfill the promises of our founding fathers for our humblest citizens, he wrung his eloquent statement of his dream for America. He made our nation stronger because he made it better. His dream sustains us yet.<a href="#cite_note-295">[294]</a> </blockquote> King and his wife were also awarded the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Gold_Medal" title="Congressional Gold Medal">Congressional Gold Medal</a> in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-296">[295]</a> King was second in <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallup%27s_List_of_Most_Widely_Admired_People_of_the_20th_Century" title="Gallup's List of Most Widely Admired People of the 20th Century">Gallup's List of Most Widely Admired People of the 20th Century</a>.<a href="#cite_note-297">[296]</a> In 1963, he was named <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year" title="Time Person of the Year">Time Person of the Year</a>, and in 2000, he was voted sixth in an online "Person of the Century" poll by the same magazine.<a href="#cite_note-298">[297]</a> King placed third in the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest_American" title="Greatest American" class="mw-redirect">Greatest American</a> contest conducted by the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_Channel" title="Discovery Channel">Discovery Channel</a> and <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_Online" title="America Online" class="mw-redirect">AOL</a>.<a href="#cite_note-299">[298]</a> <h3>Eponymous places and buildings</h3> More than 730 cities in the United States have <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streets_named_after_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Streets named after Martin Luther King Jr." class="mw-redirect">streets named after King</a>.<a href="#cite_note-300">[299]</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_County,_Washington" title="King County, Washington">King County</a>, Washington rededicated its name in his honor in 1986, and changed its logo to an image of his face in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-301">[300]</a> The city government center in <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Harrisburg, Pennsylvania">Harrisburg</a>, Pennsylvania, is named in honor of King.<a href="#cite_note-302">[301]</a> In 1980, the U.S. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_the_Interior" title="Department of the Interior" class="mw-redirect">Department of the Interior</a> designated King's boyhood home in Atlanta and several nearby buildings the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._National_Historic_Site" title="Martin Luther King Jr. National Historic Site">Martin Luther King Jr. National Historic Site</a>. In 1996, Congress authorized the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Phi_Alpha" title="Alpha Phi Alpha">Alpha Phi Alpha</a> fraternity, of which King is still a member, to establish a foundation to manage fund raising and design of a national <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Memorial" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial" class="mw-redirect">Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial</a> on the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Mall" title="National Mall">National Mall</a> in Washington, D.C.<a href="#cite_note-303">[302]</a> King was the first African American and the fourth non-president honored with his own memorial in the National Mall area.<a href="#cite_note-304">[303]</a> The memorial opened in August 2011<a href="#cite_note-305">[304]</a> and is administered by the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>.<a href="#cite_note-306">[305]</a> The address of the monument, 1964 Independence Avenue, S.W., commemorates the year that the Civil Rights Act of 1964 became law.<a href="#cite_note-307">[306]</a> <h2>Bibliography</h2> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stride_Toward_Freedom:_The_Montgomery_Story" title="Stride Toward Freedom: The Montgomery Story">Stride Toward Freedom: The Montgomery Story</a> (1958) <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780062504906" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-06-250490-6</a></li> <li>The Measure of a Man (1959) <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780800608774" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-8006-0877-4</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strength_to_Love" title="Strength to Love">Strength to Love</a> (1963) <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780800697402" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-8006-9740-2</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why_We_Can%27t_Wait" title="Why We Can't Wait">Why We Can't Wait</a> (1964) <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807001127" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-8070-0112-7</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Where_Do_We_Go_from_Here:_Chaos_or_Community%3F" title="Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community?">Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community?</a> (1967) <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807005712" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-8070-0571-2</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscience_for_Change" title="Conscience for Change">The Trumpet of Conscience</a> (1968) <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807001707" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-8070-0170-7</a></li> <li>A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writings and Speeches of Martin Luther King Jr. (1986) <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780062509314" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-06-250931-4</a></li> <li>The Autobiography of Martin Luther King Jr. (1998), ed. Clayborne Carson <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780446676502" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-446-67650-2</a></li> <li>"All Labor Has Dignity" (2011) ed. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Honey" title="Michael Honey">Michael Honey</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807086001" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-8070-8600-1</a></li> <li>"Thou, Dear God": Prayers That Open Hearts and Spirits Collection of Dr. King's prayers. (2011), ed. Dr. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Baldwin" title="Lewis Baldwin" class="mw-redirect">Lewis Baldwin</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807086032" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-8070-8603-2</a></li> <li>MLK: A Celebration in Word and Image Photographed by <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Adelman" title="Bob Adelman">Bob Adelman</a>, introduced by Charles Johnson <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807003169" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-8070-0316-9</a></li> </ul> <h2>See also</h2> <div class="noprint portal tright" style="border:solid #aaa 1px;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em"> <table style="background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;max-width:175px"> <tr style="vertical-align:middle"> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AmericaAfrica.svg" class="image"><img alt="Portal icon" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/AmericaAfrica.svg/32px-AmericaAfrica.svg.png" width="32" height="20" class="noviewer" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/AmericaAfrica.svg/48px-AmericaAfrica.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/AmericaAfrica.svg/64px-AmericaAfrica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="927" data-file-height="592"/></a></td> <td style="padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:middle;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:African_American" title="Portal:African American">African American portal</a></td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align:middle"> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AtlantaPhoenix.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Portal icon" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/AtlantaPhoenix.jpg/18px-AtlantaPhoenix.jpg" width="18" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/AtlantaPhoenix.jpg/28px-AtlantaPhoenix.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/AtlantaPhoenix.jpg/37px-AtlantaPhoenix.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1954" data-file-height="2959"/></a></td> <td style="padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:middle;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Atlanta" title="Portal:Atlanta">Atlanta portal</a></td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align:middle"> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_vip.svg" class="image"><img alt="Portal icon" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" width="28" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944"/></a></td> <td style="padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:middle;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align:middle"> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gloriole_blur.svg" class="image"><img alt="Portal icon" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/32px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png" width="32" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/48px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/64px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28"/></a></td> <td style="padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:middle;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Saints" title="Portal:Saints">Saints portal</a></td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align:middle"> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peace_sign.svg" class="image"><img alt="Portal icon" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Peace_sign.svg/28px-Peace_sign.svg.png" width="28" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Peace_sign.svg/42px-Peace_sign.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Peace_sign.svg/56px-Peace_sign.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250"/></a></td> <td style="padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:middle;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Social_movements" title="Portal:Social movements">Social movements portal</a></td> </tr> </table> </div> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._authorship_issues" title="Martin Luther King Jr. authorship issues">Martin Luther King Jr. authorship issues</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sermons_and_speeches_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Sermons and speeches of Martin Luther King Jr.">Sermons and speeches of Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Meeting_(play)" title="The Meeting (play)">The Meeting</a></li> </ul> Concepts <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Equality before the law</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violence_begets_violence" title="Violence begets violence">Violence begets violence</a></li> </ul> General <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_philosophers" title="List of American philosophers">List of American philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_civil_rights_leaders" title="List of civil rights leaders">List of civil rights leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_peace_activists" title="List of peace activists">List of peace activists</a></li> </ul> After Martin Luther King <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post%E2%80%93Civil_Rights_era_in_African-American_history" title="Post–Civil Rights era in African-American history">Post–Civil Rights era in African-American history</a></li> </ul> <h2>References</h2> <h3>Notes</h3> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: lower-alpha;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> Though commonly attributed to King, this expression originated with 19th-century abolitionist <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Parker" title="Theodore Parker">Theodore Parker</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NPR-136">[136]</a></li> </ol> </div> <h3>Citations</h3> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Ogletree, Charles J. (2004). All Deliberate Speed: Reflections on the First Half Century of Brown v. Board of Education. W W Norton & Co. p. 138. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-05897-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-05897-2">0-393-05897-2</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Charles+J.&rft.aulast=Ogletree&rft.au=Ogletree%2C+Charles+J.&rft.btitle=All+Deliberate+Speed%3A+Reflections+on+the+First+Half+Century+of+Brown+v.+Board+of+Education&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-393-05897-2&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=W+W+Norton+%26+Co&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_King_Center-2"><a href="#cite_ref-The_King_Center_2-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.thekingcenter.org/upbringing-studies">"Upbringing & Studies"</a>. The King Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.webcitation.org/6DXsUy7f3">Archived</a> from the original on January 9, 2013. Retrieved September 2, 2012.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.btitle=Upbringing+%26+Studies&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thekingcenter.org%2Fupbringing-studies&rft.pub=The+King+Center&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Mohn, Tanya (January 12, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.forbes.com/sites/tanyamohn/2012/01/12/martin-luther-king-jr-the-german-connection-and-how-he-got-his-name/">"Martin Luther King Jr.: The German Connection and How He Got His Name"</a>. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes.com" title="Forbes.com" class="mw-redirect">Forbes.com</a>. Retrieved January 16, 2012.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.atitle=Martin+Luther+King+Jr.%3A+The+German+Connection+and+How+He+Got+His+Name&rft.aufirst=Tanya&rft.aulast=Mohn&rft.au=Mohn%2C+Tanya&rft.date=January+12%2C+2012&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Ftanyamohn%2F2012%2F01%2F12%2Fmartin-luther-king-jr-the-german-connection-and-how-he-got-his-name%2F&rft.jtitle=Forbes.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.german-way.com/famous-mlk-german.html">"Martin Luther King Jr. name change"</a>. German-way.com. Retrieved July 9, 2013.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.btitle=Martin+Luther+King+Jr.+name+change&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.german-way.com%2Ffamous-mlk-german.html&rft.pub=German-way.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_king_james_albert_1864_1933/">"King, James Albert"</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.btitle=King%2C+James+Albert&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmlk-kpp01.stanford.edu%2Findex.php%2Fencyclopedia%2Fencyclopedia%2Fenc_king_james_albert_1864_1933%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Nsenga, Burton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.theroot.com/articles/culture/2011/01/africanancestrycom_reveals_roots_of_mlk_and_marcus_garvey.html">"AfricanAncestry.com Reveals Roots of MLK and Marcus Garvey"</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Burton&rft.aulast=Nsenga&rft.au=Nsenga%2C+Burton&rft.btitle=AfricanAncestry.com+Reveals+Roots+of+MLK+and+Marcus+Garvey&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theroot.com%2Farticles%2Fculture%2F2011%2F01%2Fafricanancestrycom_reveals_roots_of_mlk_and_marcus_garvey.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing199276-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing199276_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKing1992">King 1992</a>, p. 76.</li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Katznelson, Ira (2005). When Affirmative Action was White: An Untold History of Racial Inequality in Twentieth-Century America. WW Norton & Co. p. 5. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-05213-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-05213-3">0-393-05213-3</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Ira&rft.au=Katznelson%2C+Ira&rft.aulast=Katznelson&rft.btitle=When+Affirmative+Action+was+White%3A+An+Untold+History+of+Racial+Inequality+in+Twentieth-Century+America&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-393-05213-3&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=WW+Norton+%26+Co&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Millender, Dharathula H. (1986). Martin Luther King Jr.: Young Man with a Dream. Aladdin. pp. 45–46. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0020420101" title="Special:BookSources/978-0020420101">978-0020420101</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Dharathula+H.&rft.aulast=Millender&rft.au=Millender%2C+Dharathula+H.&rft.btitle=Martin+Luther+King+Jr.%3A+Young+Man+with+a+Dream&rft.date=1986&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0020420101&rft.pages=45-46.&rft.pub=Aladdin&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Frady, Marshall (2005). Martin Luther King, Jr: A Life. pp. 12–15. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0143036487" title="Special:BookSources/978-0143036487">978-0143036487</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Marshall&rft.au=Frady%2C+Marshall&rft.aulast=Frady&rft.btitle=Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr%3A+A+Life&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0143036487&rft.pages=12-15.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Pierce, Alan (2004). Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. Abdo Pub Co. p. 14. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1591977278" title="Special:BookSources/978-1591977278">978-1591977278</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.aulast=Pierce&rft.au=Pierce%2C+Alan&rft.btitle=Assassination+of+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1591977278&rft.pages=14.&rft.pub=Abdo+Pub+Co&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Blake, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.cnn.com/2013/04/16/us/king-birmingham-jail-letter-anniversary/">"How MLK became an angry black man"</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.au=Blake%2C+John&rft.aufirst=John&rft.aulast=Blake&rft.btitle=How+MLK+became+an+angry+black+man&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2013%2F04%2F16%2Fus%2Fking-birmingham-jail-letter-anniversary%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Carson, Clayborn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/318311/Martin-Luther-King-Jr">"Martin Luther King Jr."</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.au=Carson%2C+Clayborn&rft.aufirst=Clayborn&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.btitle=Martin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F318311%2FMartin-Luther-King-Jr&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tikkun.org-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tikkun.org_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tikkun.org_14-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.tikkun.org/article.php/nov_dec_09_scofield">"King's God: The Unknown Faith of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr"</a>. Tikkun. November 2, 2001. Retrieved February 8, 2010.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.atitle=King%27s+God%3A+The+Unknown+Faith+of+Dr.+Martin+Luther+King+Jr&rft.date=November+2%2C+2001&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tikkun.org%2Farticle.php%2Fnov_dec_09_scofield&rft.jtitle=Tikkun&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing19986-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing19986_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKing1998">King 1998</a>, p. 6.</li> <li id="cite_note-Fleming9-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fleming9_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fleming9_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fleming9_16-2">c</a> Fleming, Alice (2008). Martin Luther King Jr.: A Dream of Hope. Sterling. p. 9. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1402744396" title="Special:BookSources/978-1402744396">978-1402744396</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Alice&rft.au=Fleming%2C+Alice&rft.aulast=Fleming&rft.btitle=Martin+Luther+King+Jr.%3A+A+Dream+of+Hope&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1402744396&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Sterling&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> King, Martin Luther (1992). The Papers of Martin Luther King, Jr, Volume 1. University of California Press. p. 82. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520079502" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520079502">978-0520079502</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Martin+Luther&rft.au=King%2C+Martin+Luther&rft.aulast=King&rft.btitle=The+Papers+of+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr%2C+Volume+1&rft.date=1992&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0520079502&rft.pages=82.&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Ching, Jacqueline (2002). The Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. Rosen Publishing. p. 18. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8239-3543-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8239-3543-4">0-8239-3543-4</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.au=Ching%2C+Jacqueline&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline&rft.aulast=Ching&rft.btitle=The+Assassination+of+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8239-3543-4&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Rosen+Publishing&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Frady, p. 18.</li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Downing, Frederick L. (1986). To See the Promised Land: The Faith Pilgrimage of Martin Luther King, Jr. Mercer University Press. p. 150. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86554-207-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-86554-207-4">0-86554-207-4</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.au=Downing%2C+Frederick+L.&rft.aufirst=Frederick+L.&rft.aulast=Downing&rft.btitle=To+See+the+Promised+Land%3A+The+Faith+Pilgrimage+of+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr&rft.date=1986&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-86554-207-4&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Nojeim, Michael J. (2004). Gandhi and King: The Power of Nonviolent Resistance. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 179. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-96574-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-96574-0">0-275-96574-0</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft.aulast=Nojeim&rft.au=Nojeim%2C+Michael+J.&rft.btitle=Gandhi+and+King%3A+The+Power+of+Nonviolent+Resistance&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-275-96574-0&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_King_Farris" title="Christine King Farris">Farris, Christine King</a> (2009). Through It All: Reflections on My Life, My Family, and My Faith. Atria Books. pp. 44–47. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1416548812" title="Special:BookSources/978-1416548812">978-1416548812</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.au=Farris%2C+Christine+King&rft.aufirst=Christine+King&rft.aulast=Farris&rft.btitle=Through+It+All%3A+Reflections+on+My+Life%2C+My+Family%2C+and+My+Faith&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1416548812&rft.pages=44-47.&rft.pub=Atria+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frady20-22-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frady20-22_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frady20-22_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frady20-22_23-2">c</a> Frady, pp. 20-22.</li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> L. Lewis, David (2013). King: A Biography. University of Illinois Press. p. 27.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=David&rft.aulast=L.+Lewis&rft.au=L.+Lewis%2C+David&rft.btitle=King%3A+A+Biography&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=27.&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1509338/Coretta-Scott-King.html">"Coretta Scott King"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. February 1, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.webcitation.org/6DXtM7XCQ">Archived</a> from the original on January 9, 2013. Retrieved September 8, 2008.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.atitle=Coretta+Scott+King&rft.date=February+1%2C+2006&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2F1509338%2FCoretta-Scott-King.html&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fam-26"><a href="#cite_ref-fam_26-0">^</a> Warren, Mervyn A. (2001). King Came Preaching: The Pulpit Power of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. InterVarsity Press. p. 35. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8308-2658-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8308-2658-0">0-8308-2658-0</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Mervyn+A.&rft.aulast=Warren&rft.au=Warren%2C+Mervyn+A.&rft.btitle=King+Came+Preaching%3A+The+Pulpit+Power+of+Dr.+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8308-2658-0&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://books.google.com/books?id=gwVbfvfYEZkC&pg=PA408&lpg=PA408&dq=rosa+parks+%22You've+said+enough%22&source=bl&ots=rOsSH_BAPw&sig=boOoZWgenR2iHSw50Ots6duyqcc&hl=en&sa=X&ei=aK2kUojKF6_gsATI5IH4Aw&ved=0CFMQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=rosa%20parks%20%22You've%20said%20enough%22&f=false">Civil Rights History from the Ground Up: Local Struggles, a National Movement</a>. University of Georgia Press. p. 410.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.btitle=Civil+Rights+History+from+the+Ground+Up%3A+Local+Struggles%2C+a+National+Movement&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgwVbfvfYEZkC%26pg%3DPA408%26lpg%3DPA408%26dq%3Drosa%2Bparks%2B%2522You%27ve%2Bsaid%2Benough%2522%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3DrOsSH_BAPw%26sig%3DboOoZWgenR2iHSw50Ots6duyqcc%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ei%3DaK2kUojKF6_gsATI5IH4Aw%26ved%3D0CFMQ6AEwBQ%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Drosa%2520parks%2520%2522You%27ve%2520said%2520enough%2522%26f%3Dfalse&rft.pages=410&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Radin-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Radin_28-0">^</a> Radin, Charles A. (October 11, 1991). "Panel Confirms Plagiarism by King at BU". The Boston Globe. p. 1.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.atitle=Panel+Confirms+Plagiarism+by+King+at+BU&rft.aufirst=Charles+A.&rft.aulast=Radin&rft.au=Radin%2C+Charles+A.&rft.date=October+11%2C+1991&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.pages=1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-snopes-29"><a href="#cite_ref-snopes_29-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.snopes.com/inboxer/outrage/mlking.asp">"Martin Luther King"</a>. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_Legends_Reference_Pages" title="Urban Legends Reference Pages" class="mw-redirect">Snopes</a>. Retrieved March 14, 2011.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.atitle=Martin+Luther+King&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.snopes.com%2Finboxer%2Foutrage%2Fmlking.asp&rft.jtitle=Snopes&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/11/us/boston-u-panel-finds-plagiarism-by-dr-king.html">"Boston U. Panel Finds Plagiarism by Dr. King"</a>. The New York Times. October 11, 1991. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.webcitation.org/6L6jeBjcA">Archived</a> from the original on November 13, 2013. Retrieved November 13, 2013.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.atitle=Boston+U.+Panel+Finds+Plagiarism+by+Dr.+King&rft.date=October+11%2C+1991&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F10%2F11%2Fus%2Fboston-u-panel-finds-plagiarism-by-dr-king.html&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/primarydocuments/Vol2/550415AComparisonOfTheConceptionsOfGod.pdf">"King's Ph.D. dissertation, with attached note"</a>. Retrieved November 7, 2014.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.btitle=King%27s+Ph.D.+dissertation%2C+with+attached+note&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmlk-kpp01.stanford.edu%2Fprimarydocuments%2FVol2%2F550415AComparisonOfTheConceptionsOfGod.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Fuller, Linda K. (2004). National Days, National Ways: Historical, Political, And Religious Celebrations around the World. Greenwood Publishing. p. 314. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-97270-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-97270-4">0-275-97270-4</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Linda+K.&rft.au=Fuller%2C+Linda+K.&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.btitle=National+Days%2C+National+Ways%3A+Historical%2C+Political%2C+And+Religious+Celebrations+around+the+World&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-275-97270-4&rft.pages=314&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/resources/article/king_quotes_on_war_and_peace/">"Martin Luther King Jr., Justice Without Violence- April 3, 1957"</a>. Mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu. Retrieved July 9, 2013.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.btitle=Martin+Luther+King+Jr.%2C+Justice+Without+Violence-+April+3%2C+1957&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmlk-kpp01.stanford.edu%2Findex.php%2Fresources%2Farticle%2Fking_quotes_on_war_and_peace%2F&rft.pub=Mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> The Martin Luther King Jr. Research and Education Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/kingpapers/article/why_jesus_called_a_man_a_fool/">Why Jesus Called A Man A Fool</a>. Delivered at Mount Pisgah Missionary Baptist Church, Chicago, Illinois, on 27 August 1967.</li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Huffington_Post" title="The Huffington Post">The Huffington Post</a>. 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/21/a-gift-of-love-martin-luther-king-sermons-from-strength-to-love-excerpt_n_2499321.html">'A Gift Of Love': Martin Luther King's Sermons From Strength To Love (EXCERPT)</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Farrell, James J. (1997). The Spirit of the Sixties: Making Postwar Radicalism. Routledge. p. 90. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-91385-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-91385-3">0-415-91385-3</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.au=Farrell%2C+James+J.&rft.aufirst=James+J.&rft.aulast=Farrell&rft.btitle=The+Spirit+of+the+Sixties%3A+Making+Postwar+Radicalism&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-415-91385-3&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Kahlenberg, Richard D. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1316/is_n4_v29/ai_19279952">"Book Review: Bayard Rustin: Troubles I've Seen"</a>. Washington Monthly. Retrieved June 12, 2008.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.atitle=Book+Review%3A+Bayard+Rustin%3A+Troubles+I%27ve+Seen&rft.aufirst=Richard+D.&rft.au=Kahlenberg%2C+Richard+D.&rft.aulast=Kahlenberg&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_m1316%2Fis_n4_v29%2Fai_19279952&rft.jtitle=Washington+Monthly&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Enger, Mark and Paul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.salon.com/2014/01/20/when_martin_luther_king_jr_gave_up_his_guns_partner/">"When Martin Luther King Jr. gave up his guns"</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.au=Enger%2C+Mark+and+Paul&rft.aufirst=Mark+and+Paul&rft.aulast=Enger&rft.btitle=When+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.+gave+up+his+guns&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2F2014%2F01%2F20%2Fwhen_martin_luther_king_jr_gave_up_his_guns_partner%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Bennett, Scott H. (2003). Radical Pacifism: The War Resisters League and Gandhian Nonviolence in America, 1915–1963. Syracuse University Press. p. 217. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8156-3003-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8156-3003-4">0-8156-3003-4</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.au=Bennett%2C+Scott+H.&rft.aufirst=Scott+H.&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.btitle=Radical+Pacifism%3A+The+War+Resisters+League+and+Gandhian+Nonviolence+in+America%2C+1915%E2%80%931963&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8156-3003-4&rft.pages=217&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> King Jr., Martin Luther; Clayborne Carson; et al (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/primarydocuments/Vol5/July1959_MyTriptotheLandofGandhi.pdf">The Papers of Martin Luther King, Jr., Volume V: Threshold of a New Decade, January 1959 – December 1960</a>. University of California Press. p. 231. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-24239-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-24239-4">0-520-24239-4</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.au=Clayborne+Carson&rft.au=et+al&rft.aufirst=Martin+Luther&rft.au=King+Jr.%2C+Martin+Luther&rft.aulast=King+Jr.&rft.btitle=The+Papers+of+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr.%2C+Volume+V%3A+Threshold+of+a+New+Decade%2C+January+1959%26nbsp%3B%E2%80%93+December+1960&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmlk-kpp01.stanford.edu%2Fprimarydocuments%2FVol5%2FJuly1959_MyTriptotheLandofGandhi.pdf&rft.isbn=0-520-24239-4&rft.pages=231&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing199213-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing199213_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKing1992">King 1992</a>, p. 13.</li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Arsenault, Raymond (2006). Freedom Riders: 1961 and the Struggle for Racial Justice. Oxford University Press. p. 62. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513674-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-513674-8">0-19-513674-8</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.au=Arsenault%2C+Raymond&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft.aulast=Arsenault&rft.btitle=Freedom+Riders%3A+1961+and+the+Struggle+for+Racial+Justice&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-19-513674-8&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrady200242-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrady200242_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrady2002">Frady 2002</a>, p. 42.</li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> De Leon, David (1994). Leaders from the 1960s: a biographical sourcebook of American activism. Greenwood Publishing. p. 138. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-27414-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-27414-2">0-313-27414-2</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.au=De+Leon%2C+David&rft.aufirst=David&rft.aulast=De+Leon&rft.btitle=Leaders+from+the+1960s%3A+a+biographical+sourcebook+of+American+activism&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-313-27414-2&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Dr. Martin Luther King (December 11, 1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.thekingcenter.org/archive/document/nobel-lecture-mlk">"Nobel Lecture by MLK"</a>. The King Center. p. 12.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.au=Dr.+Martin+Luther+King&rft.aulast=Dr.+Martin+Luther+King&rft.btitle=Nobel+Lecture+by+MLK&rft.date=December+11%2C+1964&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thekingcenter.org%2Farchive%2Fdocument%2Fnobel-lecture-mlk&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=The+King+Center&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing1992135.E2.80.9336-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing1992135.E2.80.9336_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKing1992">King 1992</a>, pp. 135–36.</li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> King Jr., Martin Luther; Clayborne Carson; et al (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://books.google.com/books?id=TU_HozbJSC8C&pg=PA269">The Papers of Martin Luther King, Jr., Volume V: Threshold of a New Decade, January 1959 – December 1960</a>. University of California Press. pp. 149, 269, 248. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-24239-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-24239-4">0-520-24239-4</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.au=Clayborne+Carson&rft.au=et+al&rft.aufirst=Martin+Luther&rft.au=King+Jr.%2C+Martin+Luther&rft.aulast=King+Jr.&rft.btitle=The+Papers+of+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr.%2C+Volume+V%3A+Threshold+of+a+New+Decade%2C+January+1959%26nbsp%3B%E2%80%93+December+1960&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTU_HozbJSC8C%26pg%3DPA269&rft.isbn=0-520-24239-4&rft.pages=149%2C+269%2C+248&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> King, M. L. Morehouse College (Chapter 2 of The Autobiography of Martin Luther King Jr.)</li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Reinhold Niebuhr and Contemporary Politics: God and Power</li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_agape/">"Agape"</a>. Martin Luther King Jr. and the Global Freedom Struggle. The Martin Luther King Jr. Research and Education Institute. Retrieved January 19, 2015.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.atitle=Agape&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmlk-kpp01.stanford.edu%2Findex.php%2Fencyclopedia%2Fencyclopedia%2Fenc_agape%2F&rft.jtitle=Martin+Luther+King+Jr.+and+the+Global+Freedom+Struggle&rft.pub=The+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.+Research+and+Education+Institute&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Wang, Lisa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~expose/issues/issue_2011/pdf/2010_wang.pdf">"Martin Luther King Jr.'s Troubled Attitude toward Nonviolent Resistance"</a> (PDF). Exposé. Harvard College Writing Program. Retrieved January 19, 2015.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.atitle=Martin+Luther+King+Jr.%27s+Troubled+Attitude+toward+Nonviolent+Resistance&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.au=Wang%2C+Lisa&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.people.fas.harvard.edu%2F~expose%2Fissues%2Fissue_2011%2Fpdf%2F2010_wang.pdf&rft.jtitle=Expos%C3%A9&rft.pub=Harvard+College+Writing+Program&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oates1993-52"><a href="#cite_ref-Oates1993_52-0">^</a> Oates, Stephen B. (December 13, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://books.google.com/books?id=85fOOMQaNaQC&pg=PA159">Let the Trumpet Sound: A Life of Martin Luther King, Jr</a>. HarperCollins. p. 159. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-092473-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-092473-7">978-0-06-092473-7</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Stephen+B.&rft.aulast=Oates&rft.au=Oates%2C+Stephen+B.&rft.btitle=Let+the+Trumpet+Sound%3A+A+Life+of+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr&rft.date=December+13%2C+1993&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D85fOOMQaNaQC%26pg%3DPA159&rft.isbn=978-0-06-092473-7&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-King-Carson2000p364-53"><a href="#cite_ref-King-Carson2000p364_53-0">^</a> King Jr., Martin Luther (2000). Carson, Clayborne; Holloran, Peter; Luker, Ralph; Russell, Penny A., eds. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://books.google.com/books?id=qW-NYdIefPgC&pg=PA364">The Papers of Martin Luther King, Jr: Symbol of the Movement, January 1957 – December 1958</a>. University of California Press. p. 364. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22231-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22231-1">978-0-520-22231-1</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Martin+Luther&rft.au=King+Jr.%2C+Martin+Luther&rft.aulast=King+Jr.&rft.btitle=The+Papers+of+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr%3A+Symbol+of+the+Movement%2C+January+1957%26nbsp%3B%E2%80%93+December+1958&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqW-NYdIefPgC%26pg%3DPA364&rft.isbn=978-0-520-22231-1&rft.pages=364&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-King-Carson2000p84-54"><a href="#cite_ref-King-Carson2000p84_54-0">^</a> King Jr., Martin Luther (2000). Carson, Clayborne; Holloran, Peter; Luker, Ralph; Russell, Penny A., eds. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://books.google.com/books?id=qW-NYdIefPgC&pg=PA84">The Papers of Martin Luther King, Jr: Symbol of the Movement, January 1957 – December 1958</a>. University of California Press. p. 84. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22231-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22231-1">978-0-520-22231-1</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Martin+Luther&rft.au=King+Jr.%2C+Martin+Luther&rft.aulast=King+Jr.&rft.btitle=The+Papers+of+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr%3A+Symbol+of+the+Movement%2C+January+1957%26nbsp%3B%E2%80%93+December+1958&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqW-NYdIefPgC%26pg%3DPA84&rft.isbn=978-0-520-22231-1&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-King-Carson1992p384-55"><a href="#cite_ref-King-Carson1992p384_55-0">^</a> King Jr., Martin Luther (1992). Carson, Clayborne; Holloran, Peter; Luker, Ralph; Russell, Penny A., eds. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://books.google.com/books?id=4ysIWgsSr9AC&pg=PA384">The papers of Martin Luther King Jr.</a> University of California Press. p. 384. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07951-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07951-9">978-0-520-07951-9</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Martin+Luther&rft.au=King+Jr.%2C+Martin+Luther&rft.aulast=King+Jr.&rft.btitle=The+papers+of+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.date=1992&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4ysIWgsSr9AC%26pg%3DPA384&rft.isbn=978-0-520-07951-9&rft.pages=384&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-King-Carson1998p187-56"><a href="#cite_ref-King-Carson1998p187_56-0">^</a> King Jr., Martin Luther; Carson, Clayborne (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://books.google.com/books?id=pynSnGuC964C&pg=PT187">The Autobiography of Martin Luther King Jr.</a> Hachette Digital. p. 187. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-446-52412-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-446-52412-4">978-0-446-52412-4</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.au=Carson%2C+Clayborne&rft.aufirst=Martin+Luther&rft.au=King+Jr.%2C+Martin+Luther&rft.aulast=King+Jr.&rft.btitle=The+Autobiography+of+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpynSnGuC964C%26pg%3DPT187&rft.isbn=978-0-446-52412-4&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=Hachette+Digital&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Hendricks Jr., Obery M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/obery-m-hendricks-jr-phd/the-uncompromising-anti-capitalism-of-martin-luther-king-jr_b_4629609.html">"The Uncompromising Anti-Capitalism of Martin Luther King Jr."</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Obery+M.&rft.au=Hendricks+Jr.%2C+Obery+M.&rft.aulast=Hendricks+Jr.&rft.btitle=The+Uncompromising+Anti-Capitalism+of+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fobery-m-hendricks-jr-phd%2Fthe-uncompromising-anti-capitalism-of-martin-luther-king-jr_b_4629609.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWashington1991-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWashington1991_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWashington1991">Washington 1991</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWashington1991365.E2.80.9367-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWashington1991365.E2.80.9367_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWashington1991">Washington 1991</a>, pp. 365–67.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWashington1991367.E2.80.9368-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWashington1991367.E2.80.9368_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWashington1991">Washington 1991</a>, pp. 367–68.</li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.worldpopulationbalance.org/quotes">"Quotes"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.worldpopulationbalance.org/">http://www.worldpopulationbalance.org/</a>. Retrieved 9 July 2014.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.atitle=Quotes&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldpopulationbalance.org%2Fquotes&rft.jtitle=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldpopulationbalance.org%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.plannedparenthood.org/planned-parenthood-gulf-coast/mlk-acceptance-speech">"Family Planning - A Special and Urgent Concern"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.plannedparenthood.org/">http://www.plannedparenthood.org/</a>. Retrieved 9 July 2014.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.atitle=Family+Planning+-+A+Special+and+Urgent+Concern&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plannedparenthood.org%2Fplanned-parenthood-gulf-coast%2Fmlk-acceptance-speech&rft.jtitle=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plannedparenthood.org%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Manheimer, Ann S. (2004). Martin Luther King Jr.: Dreaming of Equality. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 103. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57505-627-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-57505-627-5">1-57505-627-5</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Ann+S.&rft.aulast=Manheimer&rft.au=Manheimer%2C+Ann+S.&rft.btitle=Martin+Luther+King+Jr.%3A+Dreaming+of+Equality&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-57505-627-5&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Twenty-First+Century+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.cnn.com/2003/US/03/10/sprj.80.1955.parks/">"December 1, 1955: Rosa Parks arrested"</a>. CNN. March 11, 2003. Retrieved June 8, 2008.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.btitle=December+1%2C+1955%3A+Rosa+Parks+arrested&rft.date=March+11%2C+2003&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2003%2FUS%2F03%2F10%2Fsprj.80.1955.parks%2F&rft.pub=CNN&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Walsh, Frank (2003). The Montgomery Bus Boycott. Gareth Stevens. p. 24. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8368-5403-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8368-5403-9">0-8368-5403-9</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.au=Walsh%2C+Frank&rft.btitle=The+Montgomery+Bus+Boycott&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8368-5403-9&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Gareth+Stevens&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> McMahon, Thomas F. (2004). Ethical Leadership Through Transforming Justice. University Press of America. p. 25. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7618-2908-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7618-2908-3">0-7618-2908-3</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Thomas+F.&rft.aulast=McMahon&rft.au=McMahon%2C+Thomas+F.&rft.btitle=Ethical+Leadership+Through+Transforming+Justice&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-7618-2908-3&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Fisk, Larry J.; Schellenberg, John (1999). Patterns of Conflict, Paths to Peace. Broadview Press. p. 115. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55111-154-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-55111-154-3">1-55111-154-3</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Larry+J.&rft.au=Fisk%2C+Larry+J.&rft.aulast=Fisk&rft.au=Schellenberg%2C+John&rft.btitle=Patterns+of+Conflict%2C+Paths+to+Peace&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-55111-154-3&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Broadview+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing19929-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing19929_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKing1992">King 1992</a>, p. 9.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200653-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson200653_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson200653_69-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJackson2006">Jackson 2006</a>, p. 53.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrady200252-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrady200252_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrady2002">Frady 2002</a>, p. 52.</li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Marable, Manning; Mullings, Leith (2000). Let Nobody Turn Us Around: Voices of Resistance, Reform, and Renewal: an African American Anthology. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 391–2. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8476-8346-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8476-8346-X">0-8476-8346-X</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Manning&rft.aulast=Marable&rft.au=Marable%2C+Manning&rft.au=Mullings%2C+Leith&rft.btitle=Let+Nobody+Turn+Us+Around%3A+Voices+of+Resistance%2C+Reform%2C+and+Renewal%3A+an+African+American+Anthology&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8476-8346-X&rft.pages=391-2&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://crdl.usg.edu/events/prayer_pilgrimage/?Welcome">"Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom"</a>. Civil Rights Digital Library. Retrieved October 25, 2013.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.btitle=Prayer+Pilgrimage+for+Freedom&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcrdl.usg.edu%2Fevents%2Fprayer_pilgrimage%2F%3FWelcome&rft.pub=Civil+Rights+Digital+Library&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Pearson, Hugh (2002). When Harlem Nearly Killed King: The 1958 Stabbing of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Seven Stories Press. p. 37. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781583226148" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-58322-614-8</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Graham, Renee (February 4, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-7694472.html">"'King' is a Deft Exploration of the Civil Rights Leader's Stabbing"</a>. The Boston Globe.  – via <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HighBeam_Research" title="HighBeam Research">HighBeam Research</a> (subscription required). Retrieved January 20, 2013.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.atitle=%27King%27+is+a+Deft+Exploration+of+the+Civil+Rights+Leader%27s+Stabbing&rft.au=Graham%2C+Renee&rft.aulast=Graham%2C+Renee&rft.date=February+4%2C+2002&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1P2-7694472.html&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.pub=%26nbsp%3B%E2%80%93%26nbsp%3Bvia%26nbsp%3BHighBeam+Research+%3Cspan+style%3D%22font-size%3A0.95em%3B+font-size%3A+90%25%3B+color%3A+%23555%22%3E%28subscription+required%29%3C%2Fspan%3E+Category%3ASubscription+required+using+viaCategory%3APages+containing+links+to+subscription-only+content&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1A1-51d3eceac5094ac7a08d8dd326287c79.html">"Today in History, September 20"</a>.  – via <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HighBeam_Research" title="HighBeam Research">HighBeam Research</a> (subscription required). Associated Press. September 19, 2012. Retrieved January 20, 2013.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.btitle=Today+in+History%2C+September+20&rft.date=September+19%2C+2012&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1A1-51d3eceac5094ac7a08d8dd326287c79.html&rft.pub=%26nbsp%3B%E2%80%93%26nbsp%3Bvia%26nbsp%3BHighBeam+Research+%3Cspan+style%3D%22font-size%3A0.95em%3B+font-size%3A+90%25%3B+color%3A+%23555%22%3E%28subscription+required%29%3C%2Fspan%3E+Category%3ASubscription+required+using+viaCategory%3APages+containing+links+to+subscription-only+content&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_the_measure_of_man_1959/">"Measure of a Man, The (1959)"</a>. Martin Luther King Jr. and the Global Freedom Struggle. Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.webcitation.org/6DukPjX2x">Archived</a> from the original on January 24, 2013. Retrieved January 24, 2013.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.atitle=Measure+of+a+Man%2C+The+%281959%29&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmlk-kpp01.stanford.edu%2Findex.php%2Fencyclopedia%2Fencyclopedia%2Fenc_the_measure_of_man_1959%2F&rft.jtitle=Martin+Luther+King+Jr.+and+the+Global+Freedom+Struggle&rft.pub=Stanford+University&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_gandhi_society_for_human_rights/">"Martin Luther King Jr. and the Global Freedom Struggle: Gandhi Society for Human Rights"</a>. Stanford University.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.btitle=Martin+Luther+King+Jr.+and+the+Global+Freedom+Struggle%3A+Gandhi+Society+for+Human+Rights&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmlk-kpp01.stanford.edu%2Findex.php%2Fencyclopedia%2Fencyclopedia%2Fenc_gandhi_society_for_human_rights%2F&rft.pub=Stanford+University&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Theoharis, Athan G.; Poveda, Tony G.; Powers, Richard Gid; Rosenfeld, Susan (1999). The FBI: A Comprehensive Reference Guide. Greenwood Publishing. p. 148. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89774-991-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-89774-991-X">0-89774-991-X</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Athan+G.&rft.aulast=Theoharis&rft.au=Poveda%2C+Tony+G.&rft.au=Powers%2C+Richard+Gid&rft.au=Rosenfeld%2C+Susan&rft.au=Theoharis%2C+Athan+G.&rft.btitle=The+FBI%3A+A+Comprehensive+Reference+Guide&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-89774-991-X&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Frum, David (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://books.google.com/books?id=8EUtP_lvCqIC&q=tapping">How We Got Here: The '70s</a>. Basic Books. p. 41. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-04195-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-04195-7">0-465-04195-7</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Frum%2C+David&rft.aulast=Frum&rft.btitle=How+We+Got+Here%3A+The+%2770s&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8EUtP_lvCqIC%26q%3Dtapping&rft.isbn=0-465-04195-7&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_80-1">b</a> Theoharis, Athan G.; Poveda, Tony G.; Powers, Richard Gid; Rosenfeld, Susan (1999). The FBI: A Comprehensive Reference Guide. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 123. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89774-991-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-89774-991-X">0-89774-991-X</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Athan+G.&rft.aulast=Theoharis&rft.au=Poveda%2C+Tony+G.&rft.au=Powers%2C+Richard+Gid&rft.au=Rosenfeld%2C+Susan&rft.au=Theoharis%2C+Athan+G.&rft.btitle=The+FBI%3A+A+Comprehensive+Reference+Guide&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-89774-991-X&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Wilson, Joseph; Marable, Manning; Ness, Immanuel (2006). Race and Labor Matters in the New U.S. Economy. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 47. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-4691-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7425-4691-8">0-7425-4691-8</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.au=Marable%2C+Manning&rft.au=Ness%2C+Immanuel&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Joseph&rft.btitle=Race+and+Labor+Matters+in+the+New+U.S.+Economy&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-7425-4691-8&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Schofield, Norman (2006). Architects of Political Change: Constitutional Quandaries and Social Choice Theory. Cambridge University Press. p. 189. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-83202-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-83202-0">0-521-83202-0</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft.aulast=Schofield&rft.au=Schofield%2C+Norman&rft.btitle=Architects+of+Political+Change%3A+Constitutional+Quandaries+and+Social+Choice+Theory&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-521-83202-0&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Shafritz, Jay M. (1998). International Encyclopedia of Public Policy and Administration. Westview Press. p. 1242. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-9974-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8133-9974-2">0-8133-9974-2</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Jay+M.&rft.aulast=Shafritz&rft.au=Shafritz%2C+Jay+M.&rft.btitle=International+Encyclopedia+of+Public+Policy+and+Administration&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8133-9974-2&rft.pages=1242&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Loevy, Robert D.; Humphrey, Hubert H.; Stewart, John G. (1997). The Civil Rights Act of 1964: The Passage of the Law that Ended Racial Segregation. SUNY Press. p. 337. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-3361-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-3361-7">0-7914-3361-7</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&rft.au=Humphrey%2C+Hubert+H.&rft.aulast=Loevy&rft.au=Loevy%2C+Robert+D.&rft.au=Stewart%2C+John+G.&rft.btitle=The+Civil+Rights+Act+of+1964%3A+The+Passage+of+the+Law+that+Ended+Racial+Segregation&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-7914-3361-7&rft.pages=337&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlisson2006190-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlisson2006190_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGlisson2006">Glisson 2006</a>, p. 190.</li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Bobbitt, David (2007). The Rhetoric of Redemption: Kenneth Burke's Redemption Drama and Martin Luther King Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" Speech. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 105. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-2928-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7425-2928-2">0-7425-2928-2</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.au=Bobbitt%2C+David&rft.aufirst=David&rft.aulast=Bobbitt&rft.btitle=The+Rhetoric+of+Redemption%3A+Kenneth+Burke%27s+Redemption+Drama+and+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.%27s+%22I+Have+a+Dream%22+Speech&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-7425-2928-2&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Ling, Peter J. (2002). Martin Luther King, Jr. Routledge. pp. 250–1. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-21664-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-21664-8">0-415-21664-8</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rft.aulast=Ling&rft.au=Ling%2C+Peter+J.&rft.btitle=Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-415-21664-8&rft.pages=250-1&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Yeshitela, Omali. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://web.archive.org/web/20080517082245/http://www.apspuhuru.org/publications/repnow/ReparationsNow-OCR.txt">"Abbreviated Report from the International Tribunal on Reparations for Black People in the U.S."</a>. African People's Socialist Party. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.apspuhuru.org/publications/repnow/ReparationsNow-OCR.txt">the original</a> on May 17, 2008. Retrieved June 15, 2008.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Omali&rft.aulast=Yeshitela&rft.au=Yeshitela%2C+Omali&rft.btitle=Abbreviated+Report+from+the+International+Tribunal+on+Reparations+for+Black+People+in+the+U.S.&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apspuhuru.org%2Fpublications%2Frepnow%2FReparationsNow-OCR.txt&rft.pub=African+People%27s+Socialist+Party&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hatchette-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hatchette_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hatchette_89-1">b</a> King, Martin Luther. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://books.google.com/books?id=pynSnGuC964C&pg=PT147">The Autobiography of Martin Luther King Jr.</a> Hatchette Digital. 2001. Accessed January 4, 2013.</li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> King, Martin Luther (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://books.google.com/?id=qnoc3JhV5iUC&pg=PA106">A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writings and Speeches of Martin Luther King Jr.</a> Harper Collins. p. 105. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-064691-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-064691-2">978-0-06-064691-2</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Martin+Luther&rft.au=King%2C+Martin+Luther&rft.aulast=King&rft.btitle=A+Testament+of+Hope%3A+The+Essential+Writings+and+Speeches+of+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.date=1990&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Dqnoc3JhV5iUC%26pg%3DPA106&rft.isbn=978-0-06-064691-2&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.billygraham.org/articlepage.asp?articleid=8423">Remembering Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.:Gun Fire 45 Years Ago Kills Man that Billy Graham Considered a Friend</a> Billy Graham.com, April 4, 2013, accessed September 15, 2014</li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.thekingcenter.org/archive/theme/2179">King Center:Billy Graham</a> Accessed September 15, 2014</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlisson2006190.E2.80.9393-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlisson2006190.E2.80.9393_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGlisson2006">Glisson 2006</a>, pp. 190–93.</li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.crmvet.org/tim/timhis61.htm#1961albany">"Albany, GA Movement"</a>. Civil Rights Movement Veterans. Retrieved September 8, 2008.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.btitle=Albany%2C+GA+Movement&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crmvet.org%2Ftim%2Ftimhis61.htm%231961albany&rft.pub=Civil+Rights+Movement+Veterans&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrady200296-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrady200296_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrady2002">Frady 2002</a>, p. 96.</li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Garrow, (1986) p. 246.</li> <li id="cite_note-McWhorter_2001-97"><a href="#cite_ref-McWhorter_2001_97-0">^</a> McWhorter, Diane (2001). "Two Mayors and a King". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://books.google.com/books?id=7jnr8GdvSZcC">Carry Me Home: Birmingham, Alabama: The Climactic Battle of the Civil Rights Revolution</a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-2648-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-2648-6">978-0-7432-2648-6</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.atitle=Two+Mayors+and+a+King&rft.aufirst=Diane&rft.aulast=McWhorter&rft.au=McWhorter%2C+Diane&rft.btitle=Carry+Me+Home%3A+Birmingham%2C+Alabama%3A+The+Climactic+Battle+of+the+Civil+Rights+Revolution&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7jnr8GdvSZcC&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-2648-6&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harrell_2005_1055-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harrell_2005_1055_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrell_2005_1055_98-1">b</a> Harrell, David Edwin; Gaustad, Edwin S.; Miller, Randall M.; Boles, John B.; Woods, Randall Bennett; Griffith, Sally Foreman (2005). Unto a Good Land: A History of the American People, Volume 2. Wm B Eerdmans Publishing. p. 1055. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-2945-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-2945-7">0-8028-2945-7</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.au=Boles%2C+John+B.&rft.aufirst=David+Edwin&rft.au=Gaustad%2C+Edwin+S.&rft.au=Griffith%2C+Sally+Foreman&rft.au=Harrell%2C+David+Edwin&rft.aulast=Harrell&rft.au=Miller%2C+Randall+M.&rft.au=Woods%2C+Randall+Bennett&rft.btitle=Unto+a+Good+Land%3A+A+History+of+the+American+People%2C+Volume+2&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8028-2945-7&rft.pages=1055&rft.pub=Wm+B+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-newsweek5-13-99"><a href="#cite_ref-newsweek5-13_99-0">^</a> "Birmingham USA: Look at Them Run". <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a>:  27. May 13, 1963.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.atitle=Birmingham+USA%3A+Look+at+Them+Run&rft.date=May+13%2C+1963&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.pages=-27&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrady2002113.E2.80.9314-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrady2002113.E2.80.9314_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrady2002">Frady 2002</a>, pp. 113–14.</li> <li id="cite_note-newsweek4-22-101"><a href="#cite_ref-newsweek4-22_101-0">^</a> "Integration: Connor and King". <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a>:  28, 33. April 22, 1963.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.atitle=Integration%3A+Connor+and+King&rft.date=April+22%2C+1963&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.pages=-28%2C-33&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-C.S._King_-_King_Holiday-102"><a href="#cite_ref-C.S._King_-_King_Holiday_102-0">^</a> King, Coretta Scott. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.thekingcenter.org/meaning-king-holiday">"The Meaning of The King Holiday"</a>. The King Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.webcitation.org/6DXtPnY4E">Archived</a> from the original on January 9, 2013. Retrieved August 22, 2012.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Coretta+Scott&rft.au=King%2C+Coretta+Scott&rft.aulast=King&rft.btitle=The+Meaning+of+The+King+Holiday&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thekingcenter.org%2Fmeaning-king-holiday&rft.pub=The+King+Center&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LetterFromBirmJail-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LetterFromBirmJail_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LetterFromBirmJail_103-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LetterFromBirmJail_103-2">c</a> King, Martin Luther (April 16, 1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/resources/article/annotated_letter_from_birmingham/">"Letter from Birmingham Jail"</a>. The Martin Luther King Jr. Research and Education Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.webcitation.org/6DXtUBxxX">Archived</a> from the original on January 9, 2013. Retrieved August 22, 2012.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Martin+Luther&rft.au=King%2C+Martin+Luther&rft.aulast=King&rft.btitle=Letter+from+Birmingham+Jail&rft.date=April+16%2C+1963&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmlk-kpp01.stanford.edu%2Findex.php%2Fresources%2Farticle%2Fannotated_letter_from_birmingham%2F&rft.pub=The+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.+Research+and+Education+Institute&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  King began writing the letter on newspaper margins and continued on bits of paper brought by friends.</li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.augustine.com/history/black_history/dr_robert_hayling/">Augustine.com - "Black History: Dr. Robert B. Hayling"</a> ; David J. Garrow, Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (Harper Collins, 1987) p 316-318</li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/civilrights/f1.htm">"We Shall Overcome—Lincolnville Historic District"</a>. nps.gov.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.atitle=We+Shall+Overcome%E2%80%94Lincolnville+Historic+District&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fhistory%2Fnr%2Ftravel%2Fcivilrights%2Ff1.htm&rft.jtitle=nps.gov&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Jones, Maxine D.; McCarthy, Kevin M. (1993). African Americans in Florida: An Illustrated History. Pineapple Press. pp. 113–5. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56164-031-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-56164-031-X">1-56164-031-X</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Maxine+D.&rft.au=Jones%2C+Maxine+D.&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.au=McCarthy%2C+Kevin+M.&rft.btitle=African+Americans+in+Florida%3A+An+Illustrated+History&rft.date=1993&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-56164-031-X&rft.pages=113-5&rft.pub=Pineapple+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KOE_-_St._Augustine_movement-107"><a href="#cite_ref-KOE_-_St._Augustine_movement_107-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_st_augustine_movement/">"St. Augustine Movement"</a>. King Online Encyclopedia. Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.webcitation.org/6DXtaBV4v">Archived</a> from the original on January 9, 2013. Retrieved August 22, 2012.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.atitle=St.+Augustine+Movement&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmlk-kpp01.stanford.edu%2Findex.php%2Fencyclopedia%2Fencyclopedia%2Fenc_st_augustine_movement%2F&rft.jtitle=King+Online+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr.%2C+Research+and+Education+Institute&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Haley" title="Alex Haley">Haley, Alex</a> (January 1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.alex-haley.com/alex_haley_martin_luther_king_interview.htm">"Martin Luther King"</a>. Interview (<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playboy" title="Playboy">Playboy</a>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.webcitation.org/6DXtex9A3">Archived</a> from the original on January 9, 2013. Retrieved June 10, 2012.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.atitle=Martin+Luther+King&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft.au=Haley%2C+Alex&rft.aulast=Haley&rft.date=January+1965&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alex-haley.com%2Falex_haley_martin_luther_king_interview.htm&rft.jtitle=Interview&rft.pub=Playboy&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.crmvet.org/tim/timhis64.htm#1964selmainj">"The Selma Injunction"</a>. Civil Rights Movement Veterans. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.webcitation.org/6DXtiFr13">Archived</a> from the original on January 9, 2013. Retrieved September 8, 2008.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.btitle=The+Selma+Injunction&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crmvet.org%2Ftim%2Ftimhis64.htm%231964selmainj&rft.pub=Civil+Rights+Movement+Veterans&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-El_Naggar-110"><a href="#cite_ref-El_Naggar_110-0">^</a> El Naggar, Mona (August 22, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/08/22/found-after-decades-a-forgotten-tape-of-king-thinking-on-his-feet/">"Found After Decades, a Forgotten Tape of King 'Thinking on His Feet'"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved August 31, 2013.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.atitle=Found+After+Decades%2C+a+Forgotten+Tape+of+King+%27Thinking+on+His+Feet%3Cspan+style%3D%22padding-right%3A0.2em%3B%22%3E%26%2339%3B%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.au=El+Naggar%2C+Mona&rft.aufirst=Mona&rft.aulast=El+Naggar&rft.date=August+22%2C+2013&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcityroom.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F08%2F22%2Ffound-after-decades-a-forgotten-tape-of-king-thinking-on-his-feet%2F&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Gates, Henry Louis; Appiah, Anthony (1999). Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience. Basic Civitas Books. p. 1251. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-00071-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-00071-1">0-465-00071-1</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.au=Appiah%2C+Anthony&rft.aufirst=Henry+Louis&rft.au=Gates%2C+Henry+Louis&rft.aulast=Gates&rft.btitle=Africana%3A+The+Encyclopedia+of+the+African+and+African+American+Experience&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-465-00071-1&rft.pages=1251&rft.pub=Basic+Civitas+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Cashman, Sean Dennis (1991). African-Americans and the Quest for Civil Rights, 1900–1990. NYU Press. p. 162. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8147-1441-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8147-1441-2">0-8147-1441-2</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.au=Cashman%2C+Sean+Dennis&rft.aufirst=Sean+Dennis&rft.aulast=Cashman&rft.btitle=African-Americans+and+the+Quest+for+Civil+Rights%2C+1900%E2%80%931990&rft.date=1991&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8147-1441-2&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Schlesinger Jr., Arthur M. (2002) [1978]. Robert Kennedy and His Times. Houghton Mifflin Books. p. 351. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-618-21928-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-618-21928-5">0-618-21928-5</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Arthur+M.&rft.aulast=Schlesinger+Jr.&rft.au=Schlesinger+Jr.%2C+Arthur+M.&rft.btitle=Robert+Kennedy+and+His+Times&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-618-21928-5&rft.pages=351&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Marable, Manning (1991). Race, Reform, and Rebellion: The Second Reconstruction in Black America, 1945–1990. Univ. Press of Mississippi. p. 74. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87805-493-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-87805-493-6">0-87805-493-6</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Manning&rft.aulast=Marable&rft.au=Marable%2C+Manning&rft.btitle=Race%2C+Reform%2C+and+Rebellion%3A+The+Second+Reconstruction+in+Black+America%2C+1945%E2%80%931990&rft.date=1991&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-87805-493-6&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Univ.+Press+of+Mississippi&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Rosenberg, Jonathan; Karabell, Zachary (2003). Kennedy, Johnson, and the Quest for Justice: The Civil Rights Tapes. WW Norton & Co. p. 130. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-05122-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-05122-6">0-393-05122-6</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Karabell%2C+Zachary&rft.aulast=Rosenberg&rft.au=Rosenberg%2C+Jonathan&rft.btitle=Kennedy%2C+Johnson%2C+and+the+Quest+for+Justice%3A+The+Civil+Rights+Tapes&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-393-05122-6&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=WW+Norton+%26+Co&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Schlesinger Jr., Arthur M. (2002) [1978]. Robert Kennedy and His Times. Houghton Mifflin Books. pp. 350, 351. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-618-21928-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-618-21928-5">0-618-21928-5</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Arthur+M.&rft.aulast=Schlesinger+Jr.&rft.au=Schlesinger+Jr.%2C+Arthur+M.&rft.btitle=Robert+Kennedy+and+His+Times&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-618-21928-5&rft.pages=350%2C+351&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-farce-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-farce_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-farce_117-1">b</a> Boggs, Grace Lee (1998). Living for Change: An Autobiography. U of Minnesota Press. p. 127. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8166-2955-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8166-2955-2">0-8166-2955-2</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.au=Boggs%2C+Grace+Lee&rft.aufirst=Grace+Lee&rft.aulast=Boggs&rft.btitle=Living+for+Change%3A+An+Autobiography&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8166-2955-2&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=U+of+Minnesota+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Aron, Paul (2005). Mysteries in History: From Prehistory to the Present. ABC-CLIO. p. 399. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85109-899-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-85109-899-2">1-85109-899-2</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.au=Aron%2C+Paul&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.aulast=Aron&rft.btitle=Mysteries+in+History%3A+From+Prehistory+to+the+Present&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-85109-899-2&rft.pages=399&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Singleton, Carl; Wildin, Rowena (1999). The Sixties in America. Salem Press. p. 454. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89356-982-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-89356-982-8">0-89356-982-8</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft.aulast=Singleton&rft.au=Singleton%2C+Carl&rft.au=Wildin%2C+Rowena&rft.btitle=The+Sixties+in+America&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-89356-982-8&rft.pages=454&rft.pub=Salem+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Bennett, Scott H. (2003). Radical Pacifism: The War Resisters League and Gandhian Nonviolence in America, 1915–1963. Syracuse University Press. p. 225. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8156-3003-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8156-3003-4">0-8156-3003-4</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.au=Bennett%2C+Scott+H.&rft.aufirst=Scott+H.&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.btitle=Radical+Pacifism%3A+The+War+Resisters+League+and+Gandhian+Nonviolence+in+America%2C+1915%E2%80%931963&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8156-3003-4&rft.pages=225&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_K._Davis" title="Danny K. Davis">Davis, Danny</a> (January 16, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?r110:H16JA7-0046:">"Celebrating the Birthday and Public Holiday for Martin Luther King, Jr"</a>. Congressional Record (Library of Congress). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.webcitation.org/6DXuOq6kv">Archived</a> from the original on January 9, 2013. Retrieved July 11, 2011.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.atitle=Celebrating+the+Birthday+and+Public+Holiday+for+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr&rft.au=Davis%2C+Danny&rft.aufirst=Danny&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.date=January+16%2C+2007&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthomas.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fz%3Fr110%3AH16JA7-0046%3A&rft.jtitle=Congressional+Record&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Powers_1997_313-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Powers_1997_313_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Powers_1997_313_122-1">b</a> Powers, Roger S.; Vogele, William B.; Kruegler, Christopher; McCarthy, Ronald M. (1997). Protest, power, and change: an encyclopedia of nonviolent action from ACT-UP to Women's Suffrage. Taylor & Francis. p. 313. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8153-0913-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8153-0913-9">0-8153-0913-9</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Roger+S.&rft.au=Kruegler%2C+Christopher&rft.aulast=Powers&rft.au=McCarthy%2C+Ronald+M.&rft.au=Powers%2C+Roger+S.&rft.au=Vogele%2C+William+B.&rft.btitle=Protest%2C+power%2C+and+change%3A+an+encyclopedia+of+nonviolent+action+from+ACT-UP+to+Women%27s+Suffrage&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8153-0913-9&rft.pages=313&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Younge, Gary (August 21, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2003/aug/21/usa.comment">"I have a dream"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.webcitation.org/6DXt7UL2D">Archived</a> from the original on January 9, 2013. Retrieved January 9, 2013.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.atitle=I+have+a+dream&rft.aulast=Younge%2C+Gary&rft.au=Younge%2C+Gary&rft.date=August+21%2C+2003&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fworld%2F2003%2Faug%2F21%2Fusa.comment&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Hansen, Drew (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://books.google.com/?id=sUWP_SM7IrEC&pg=PA98">The Dream: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Speech that Inspired a Nation</a>. HarperCollins. p. 98. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-008477-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-008477-6">978-0-06-008477-6</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Drew&rft.au=Hansen%2C+Drew&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.btitle=The+Dream%3A+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr.%2C+and+the+Speech+that+Inspired+a+Nation&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DsUWP_SM7IrEC%26pg%3DPA98&rft.isbn=978-0-06-008477-6&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> King, Martin Luther; King, Coretta Scott (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://books.google.com/?id=irMxJS36904C&pg=PA95">The Words of Martin Luther King Jr.: Second Edition</a>. Newmarket Press. p. 95. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55704-815-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55704-815-8">978-1-55704-815-8</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Martin+Luther&rft.au=King%2C+Coretta+Scott&rft.au=King%2C+Martin+Luther&rft.aulast=King&rft.btitle=The+Words+of+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.%3A+Second+Edition&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DirMxJS36904C%26pg%3DPA95&rft.isbn=978-1-55704-815-8&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Newmarket+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Moore, Lucinda (August 1, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/dream-speech.html">"Dream Assignment"</a>. Smithsonian. Retrieved August 27, 2008.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.atitle=Dream+Assignment&rft.aufirst=Lucinda&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.au=Moore%2C+Lucinda&rft.date=August+1%2C+2003&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Farts-culture%2Fdream-speech.html&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> James T. Patterson, Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945–1974 (Oxford University Press 1996) pp 482–85, 542–46</li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Harvard Sitkoff, The Struggle for Black Equality (Hill and Wang; 2008) pp 152–53</li> <li id="cite_note-CBS-129"><a href="#cite_ref-CBS_129-0">^</a> Patrick, Alvin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-3445_162-57596990/guardian-of-history-mlks-i-have-a-dream-speech-lives-on/">"Guardian of history: MLK's "I have a dream speech" lives on"</a>. CBS News. CBS Interactive Inc. Retrieved August 31, 2013.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.atitle=Guardian+of+history%3A+MLK%27s+%22I+have+a+dream+speech%22+lives+on&rft.aufirst=Alvin&rft.aulast=Patrick&rft.au=Patrick%2C+Alvin&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2F8301-3445_162-57596990%2Fguardian-of-history-mlks-i-have-a-dream-speech-lives-on%2F&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.pub=CBS+Interactive+Inc&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing1998-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing1998_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKing1998">King 1998</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing1998276.E2.80.9379-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing1998276.E2.80.9379_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKing1998">King 1998</a>, pp. 276–79.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2006222.E2.80.9323-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2006222.E2.80.9323_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJackson2006">Jackson 2006</a>, pp. 222–23.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2006223-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2006223_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJackson2006">Jackson 2006</a>, p. 223.</li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Isserman, Maurice; Kazin, Michael (2000). America Divided: The Civil War of the 1960s. Oxford University Pressk. p. 175. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-509190-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-509190-6">0-19-509190-6</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft.au=Isserman%2C+Maurice&rft.au=Kazin%2C+Michael&rft.aulast=Isserman&rft.btitle=America+Divided%3A+The+Civil+War+of+the+1960s&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-19-509190-6&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Pressk&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Azbell, Joe (1968). The Riotmakers. Oak Tree Books. p. 176.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.au=Azbell%2C+Joe&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft.aulast=Azbell&rft.btitle=The+Riotmakers&rft.date=1968&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=Oak+Tree+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPR-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NPR_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPR_136-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=129609461">"Theodore Parker And The 'Moral Universe'"</a>. National Public Radio. September 2, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.webcitation.org/6DumX05kw">Archived</a> from the original on January 24, 2013. Retrieved January 24, 2013.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.btitle=Theodore+Parker+And+The+%27Moral+Universe%27&rft.date=September+2%2C+2010&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D129609461&rft.pub=National+Public+Radio&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Leeman, Richard W. (1996). African-American Orators: A Bio-critical Sourcebook. Greenwood Publishing. p. 220. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-29014-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-29014-8">0-313-29014-8</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Richard+W.&rft.aulast=Leeman&rft.au=Leeman%2C+Richard+W.&rft.btitle=African-American+Orators%3A+A+Bio-critical+Sourcebook&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-313-29014-8&rft.pages=220&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/901.html">"North Lawndale"</a>. Encyclopedia. Chicago History. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.webcitation.org/6DXxKlutX">Archived</a> from the original on January 9, 2013. Retrieved September 8, 2008.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.atitle=North+Lawndale&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org%2Fpages%2F901.html&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Chicago+History&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen2000360.E2.80.9362-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen2000360.E2.80.9362_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCohen2000">Cohen 2000</a>, pp. 360–62.</li> <li id="cite_note-Ralph-141">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ralph_141-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ralph_141-1">b</a> Ralph, James (1993). Northern Protest: Martin Luther King, Jr., Chicago, and the Civil Rights Movement. Harvard University Press. p. 1. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-62687-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-62687-7">0-674-62687-7</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=James&rft.aulast=Ralph&rft.au=Ralph%2C+James&rft.btitle=Northern+Protest%3A+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr.%2C+Chicago%2C+and+the+Civil+Rights+Movement&rft.date=1993&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-674-62687-7&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen2000347-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen2000347_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCohen2000">Cohen 2000</a>, p. 347.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen2000416-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen2000416_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCohen2000">Cohen 2000</a>, p. 416.</li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> Fairclough, Adam (1987). To Redeem the Soul of America: The Southern Christian Leadership Conference & Martin Luther King Jr. University of Georgia Press. p. 299. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8203-2346-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8203-2346-2">0-8203-2346-2</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.au=Fairclough%2C+Adam&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft.aulast=Fairclough&rft.btitle=To+Redeem+the+Soul+of+America%3A+The+Southern+Christian+Leadership+Conference+%26+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.date=1987&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8203-2346-2&rft.pages=299&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> Baty, Chris (2004). Chicago: City Guide. Lonely Planet. p. 52. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-74104-032-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-74104-032-9">1-74104-032-9</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.au=Baty%2C+Chris&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.aulast=Baty&rft.btitle=Chicago%3A+City+Guide&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-74104-032-9&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Stone, Eddie (1988). Jesse Jackson. Holloway House Publishing. pp. 59–60. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87067-840-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87067-840-X">0-87067-840-X</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Eddie&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.au=Stone%2C+Eddie&rft.btitle=Jesse+Jackson&rft.date=1988&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-87067-840-X&rft.pages=59-60&rft.pub=Holloway+House+Publishing&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> Lentz, Richard (1990). Symbols, the News Magazines, and Martin Luther King. LSU Press. p. 230. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8071-2524-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8071-2524-5">0-8071-2524-5</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.aulast=Lentz&rft.au=Lentz%2C+Richard&rft.btitle=Symbols%2C+the+News+Magazines%2C+and+Martin+Luther+King&rft.date=1990&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8071-2524-5&rft.pages=230&rft.pub=LSU+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> Isserman, Maurice; Kazin, Michael (2000). America Divided: The Civil War of the 1960s. Oxford University Press. p. 200. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-509190-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-509190-6">0-19-509190-6</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft.au=Isserman%2C+Maurice&rft.au=Kazin%2C+Michael&rft.aulast=Isserman&rft.btitle=America+Divided%3A+The+Civil+War+of+the+1960s&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-19-509190-6&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  See also: Miller, Keith D. (1998). Voice of Deliverance: The Language of Martin Luther King, Jr., and Its Sources. University of Georgia Press. p. 139. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8203-2013-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8203-2013-7">0-8203-2013-7</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Keith+D.&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.au=Miller%2C+Keith+D.&rft.btitle=Voice+of+Deliverance%3A+The+Language+of+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr.%2C+and+Its+Sources&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8203-2013-7&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> Mis, Melody S. (2008). Meet Martin Luther King, Jr. Rosen Publishing Group. p. 20. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4042-4209-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-4042-4209-0">1-4042-4209-0</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Melody+S.&rft.aulast=Mis&rft.au=Mis%2C+Melody+S.&rft.btitle=Meet+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-4042-4209-0&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> Slessarev, Helene (1997). The Betrayal of the Urban Poor. Temple University Press. p. 140. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56639-543-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-56639-543-7">1-56639-543-7</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Helene&rft.aulast=Slessarev&rft.au=Slessarev%2C+Helene&rft.btitle=The+Betrayal+of+the+Urban+Poor&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-56639-543-7&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kingandvietnam1-151">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kingandvietnam1_151-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kingandvietnam1_151-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kingandvietnam1_151-2">c</a> Peter Braunstein (2004). The Sixties Chronicle. Legacy Publishing. p. 311. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/141271009X" title="Special:BookSources/141271009X">141271009X</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aulast=Peter+Braunstein&rft.au=Peter+Braunstein&rft.btitle=The+Sixties+Chronicle&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=141271009X&rft.pages=311&rft.pub=Legacy+Publishing&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kingandvietnam2-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kingandvietnam2_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kingandvietnam2_152-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kingandvietnam2_152-2">c</a> Alexander Remington (December 24, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-me-bevel25-2008dec25-story.html">"The Rev. James L. Bevel dies at 72; civil rights activist and top lieutenant to King"</a>. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 15, 2014.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.au=Alexander+Remington&rft.aulast=Alexander+Remington&rft.btitle=The+Rev.+James+L.+Bevel+dies+at+72%3B+civil+rights+activist+and+top+lieutenant+to+King&rft.date=December+24%2C+2008&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Flocal%2Fobituaries%2Fla-me-bevel25-2008dec25-story.html&rft.pub=Los+Angeles+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vwar29-153"><a href="#cite_ref-vwar29_153-0">^</a> Krenn, Michael L. (1998). The African American Voice in U.S. Foreign Policy Since World War II. Taylor & Francis. p. 29. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8153-3418-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8153-3418-4">0-8153-3418-4</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Michael+L.&rft.au=Krenn%2C+Michael+L.&rft.aulast=Krenn&rft.btitle=The+African+American+Voice+in+U.S.+Foreign+Policy+Since+World+War+II&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8153-3418-4&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobbins2007107-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobbins2007107_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobbins2007">Robbins 2007</a>, p. 107.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobbins2007102-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobbins2007102_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobbins2007">Robbins 2007</a>, p. 102.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobbins2007109-156">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobbins2007109_156-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobbins2007109_156-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobbins2007109_156-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobbins2007">Robbins 2007</a>, p. 109.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobbins2007106-157"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobbins2007106_157-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobbins2007">Robbins 2007</a>, p. 106.</li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> Baldwin, Lewis V. (1992). To Make the Wounded Whole: The Cultural Legacy of Martin Luther King, Jr. Fortress Press. p. 273. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8006-2543-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8006-2543-9">0-8006-2543-9</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.au=Baldwin%2C+Lewis+V.&rft.aufirst=Lewis+V.&rft.aulast=Baldwin&rft.btitle=To+Make+the+Wounded+Whole%3A+The+Cultural+Legacy+of+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr&rft.date=1992&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8006-2543-9&rft.pages=273&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> Long, Michael G. (2002). Against Us, But for Us: Martin Luther King Jr. and the State. Mercer University Press. p. 199. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86554-768-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-86554-768-8">0-86554-768-8</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Michael+G.&rft.aulast=Long&rft.au=Long%2C+Michael+G.&rft.btitle=Against+Us%2C+But+for+Us%3A+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.+and+the+State&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-86554-768-8&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MED08-160">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MED08_160-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MED08_160-1">b</a> Dyson, Michael Eric (2008). "Facing Death". April 4, 1968: Martin Luther King Jr.'s death and how it changed America. Basic Civitas Books. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00212-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00212-2">978-0-465-00212-2</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.atitle=Facing+Death&rft.au=Dyson%2C+Michael+Eric&rft.aufirst=Michael+Eric&rft.aulast=Dyson&rft.btitle=April+4%2C+1968%3A+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.%27s+death+and+how+it+changed+America&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-465-00212-2&rft.pub=Basic+Civitas+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> David J. Garrow, Bearing the Cross (1986), pp. 440, 445.</li> <li id="cite_note-Pierre2011-162">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pierre2011_162-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pierre2011_162-1">b</a> Pierre, Robert E. (October 16, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/therootdc/post/martin-luther-king-jr-made-our-nation-uncomfortable/2011/10/16/gIQA78NPoL_blog.html">"Martin Luther King Jr. made our nation uncomfortable"</a>. The Washington Post. Retrieved August 17, 2012.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.atitle=Martin+Luther+King+Jr.+made+our+nation+uncomfortable&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft.aulast=Pierre&rft.au=Pierre%2C+Robert+E.&rft.date=October+16%2C+2011&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fblogs%2Ftherootdc%2Fpost%2Fmartin-luther-king-jr-made-our-nation-uncomfortable%2F2011%2F10%2F16%2FgIQA78NPoL_blog.html&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson2006148-163"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2006148_163-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLawson2006">Lawson 2006</a>, p. 148.</li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> Harding, James M.; Rosenthal, Cindy (2006). Restaging the Sixties: Radical Theaters and Their Legacies. University of Michigan Press. p. 297. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-06954-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-472-06954-3">0-472-06954-3</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rft.au=Harding%2C+James+M.&rft.aulast=Harding&rft.au=Rosenthal%2C+Cindy&rft.btitle=Restaging+the+Sixties%3A+Radical+Theaters+and+Their+Legacies&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-472-06954-3&rft.pages=297&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> Lentz, Richard (1990). Symbols, the News Magazines, and Martin Luther King. LSU Press. p. 64. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8071-2524-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8071-2524-5">0-8071-2524-5</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.aulast=Lentz&rft.au=Lentz%2C+Richard&rft.btitle=Symbols%2C+the+News+Magazines%2C+and+Martin+Luther+King&rft.date=1990&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8071-2524-5&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=LSU+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> Ling, Peter J. (2002). Martin Luther King, Jr. Routledge. p. 277. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-21664-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-21664-8">0-415-21664-8</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rft.aulast=Ling&rft.au=Ling%2C+Peter+J.&rft.btitle=Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-415-21664-8&rft.pages=277&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> Sturm, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.jstor.org/stable/40015109">"Martin Luther King, Jr., as Democratic Socialist."</a> The Journal of Religious Ethics, 18, no. 2 (1990): 79-105. Retrieved March 11, 2014.</li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> Obery M. Hendricks Jr., Ph.D. (January 20, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/obery-m-hendricks-jr-phd/the-uncompromising-anti-capitalism-of-martin-luther-king-jr_b_4629609.html">The Uncompromising Anti-Capitalism of Martin Luther King Jr.</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Huffington_Post" title="The Huffington Post">The Huffington Post</a>. Retrieved January 21, 2014.</li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> Franklin, Robert Michael (1990). Liberating Visions: Human Fulfillment and Social Justice in African-American Thought. Fortress Press. p. 125. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8006-2392-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8006-2392-4">0-8006-2392-4</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Robert+Michael&rft.au=Franklin%2C+Robert+Michael&rft.aulast=Franklin&rft.btitle=Liberating+Visions%3A+Human+Fulfillment+and+Social+Justice+in+African-American+Thought&rft.date=1990&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8006-2392-4&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> King Jr., Martin Luther; King, Coretta Scott; King, Dexter Scott (1998). The Martin Luther King Jr. Companion: Quotations from the Speeches, Essays, and Books of Martin Luther King, Jr. St. Martin's Press. p. 39. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-19990-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-19990-2">0-312-19990-2</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Martin+Luther&rft.au=King%2C+Coretta+Scott&rft.au=King%2C+Dexter+Scott&rft.au=King+Jr.%2C+Martin+Luther&rft.aulast=King+Jr.&rft.btitle=The+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.+Companion%3A+Quotations+from+the+Speeches%2C+Essays%2C+and+Books+of+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-312-19990-2&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zinn_2002-171">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zinn_2002_171-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zinn_2002_171-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zinn_2002_171-2">c</a> Zinn, Howard (2002). The Power of Nonviolence: Writings by Advocates of Peace. Beacon Press. pp. 122–123. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8070-1407-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8070-1407-9">0-8070-1407-9</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft.aulast=Zinn&rft.au=Zinn%2C+Howard&rft.btitle=The+Power+of+Nonviolence%3A+Writings+by+Advocates+of+Peace&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8070-1407-9&rft.pages=122-123&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1967/Protests/12303074818188-15/">"1967 Year In Review"</a>. United Press International. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.webcitation.org/6DQCktVvP">Archived</a> from the original on January 4, 2013. Retrieved November 30, 2010.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.btitle=1967+Year+In+Review&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FAudio%2FYear_in_Review%2FEvents-of-1967%2FProtests%2F12303074818188-15%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kingandvietnam3-173">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kingandvietnam3_173-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kingandvietnam3_173-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://bltnotjustasandwich.com/2013/01/17/martin-l-king-on-hippies/">Martin L. King on hippies</a>, A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writings and Speeches of Martin Luther King, Jr., Accessed September 15, 2014</li> <li id="cite_note-kurlansky2004-174">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kurlansky2004_174-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kurlansky2004_174-1">b</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Kurlansky" title="Mark Kurlansky">Kurlansky, Mark</a> (2004). 1968. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Cape" title="Jonathan Cape">Jonathan Cape</a> (<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>). p. 46. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-224-06251-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-224-06251-4">0-224-06251-4</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Kurlansky%2C+Mark&rft.aulast=Kurlansky&rft.btitle=1968&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-224-06251-4&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape+%28Random+House%29&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-13jan1968-175">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-13jan1968_175-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-13jan1968_175-1">b</a> Robinson, Douglas (January 13, 1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0B1EFD3C5E1A7B93C1A8178AD85F4C8685F9">"Dr. King Calls for Antiwar Rally in Capital February 5–6"</a>. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. p. 4. Retrieved April 22, 2010.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.atitle=Dr.+King+Calls+for+Antiwar+Rally+in+Capital+February+5%E2%80%936&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Douglas&rft.date=January+13%2C+1968&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fselect.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3DFB0B1EFD3C5E1A7B93C1A8178AD85F4C8685F9&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.pages=4&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> Vigil, Ernesto B. (1999). The Crusade for Justice: Chicano Militancy and the Government's War on Dissent. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 54. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-299-16224-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-299-16224-9">0-299-16224-9</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Ernesto+B.&rft.aulast=Vigil&rft.au=Vigil%2C+Ernesto+B.&rft.btitle=The+Crusade+for+Justice%3A+Chicano+Militancy+and+the+Government%27s+War+on+Dissent&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-299-16224-9&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lied-177">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lied_177-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lied_177-1">b</a> Kick, Russell (2001). You are Being Lied to: The Disinformation Guide to Media Distortion, Historical Whitewashes and Cultural Myths. The Disinformation Campaign. p. 1991. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9664100-7-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-9664100-7-6">0-9664100-7-6</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Russell&rft.au=Kick%2C+Russell&rft.aulast=Kick&rft.btitle=You+are+Being+Lied+to%3A+The+Disinformation+Guide+to+Media+Distortion%2C+Historical+Whitewashes+and+Cultural+Myths&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-9664100-7-6&rft.pages=1991&rft.pub=The+Disinformation+Campaign&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> Sullivan, Dan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://savingcommunities.org/issues/race/king.martin.html">"Where Was Martin Luther King Heading?"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://savingcommunities.org/">http://savingcommunities.org/</a>. Retrieved January 20, 2015.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.atitle=Where+Was+Martin+Luther+King+Heading%3F&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.au=Sullivan%2C+Dan&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsavingcommunities.org%2Fissues%2Frace%2Fking.martin.html&rft.jtitle=http%3A%2F%2Fsavingcommunities.org%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.progress.org/tpr/martin-luther-king-final-advice/">"Martin Luther King — Final Advice"</a>. The Progress Report. January 9, 2007. Retrieved February 4, 2015.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.atitle=Martin+Luther+King+%E2%80%94+Final+Advice&rft.date=January+9%2C+2007&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.progress.org%2Ftpr%2Fmartin-luther-king-final-advice%2F&rft.jtitle=The+Progress+Report&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> Yglesias, Matthew (August 28, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.slate.com/blogs/moneybox/2013/08/28/martin_luther_king_guaranteed_basic_income.html">"Martin Luther King's Case for a Guaranteed Basic Income"</a>. Slate. Retrieved January 20, 2015.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft.aulast=Yglesias&rft.au=Yglesias%2C+Matthew&rft.btitle=Martin+Luther+King%27s+Case+for+a+Guaranteed+Basic+Income&rft.date=August+28%2C+2013&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Fblogs%2Fmoneybox%2F2013%2F08%2F28%2Fmartin_luther_king_guaranteed_basic_income.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson2006148.E2.80.9349-181"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2006148.E2.80.9349_181-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLawson2006">Lawson 2006</a>, p. 148–49.</li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> Isserman, Maurice (2001). The Other American: The Life of Michael Harrington. Public Affairs. p. 281. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58648-036-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-58648-036-7">1-58648-036-7</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft.au=Isserman%2C+Maurice&rft.aulast=Isserman&rft.btitle=The+Other+American%3A+The+Life+of+Michael+Harrington&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-58648-036-7&rft.pages=281&rft.pub=Public+Affairs&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McKnight-183"><a href="#cite_ref-McKnight_183-0">^</a> McKnight, Gerald D. (1998). "'The Poor People Are Coming!' 'The Poor People Are Coming!'". The last crusade: Martin Luther King, Jr., the FBI, and the poor people's campaign. Westview Press. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-3384-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8133-3384-9">0-8133-3384-9</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.atitle=%27The+Poor+People+Are+Coming%21%27+%27The+Poor+People+Are+Coming%21%27&rft.aufirst=Gerald+D.&rft.aulast=McKnight&rft.au=McKnight%2C+Gerald+D.&rft.btitle=The+last+crusade%3A+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr.%2C+the+FBI%2C+and+the+poor+people%27s+campaign&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=0-8133-3384-9&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Engler15Jan10-184"><a href="#cite_ref-Engler15Jan10_184-0">^</a> Engler, Mark (January 15, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.thenation.com/article/dr-martin-luther-kings-economics-through-jobs-freedom">"Dr. Martin Luther King's Economics: Through Jobs, Freedom"</a>. The Nation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.webcitation.org/6DXwtqifF">Archived</a> from the original on January 9, 2013. Retrieved July 19, 2012.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.atitle=Dr.+Martin+Luther+King%27s+Economics%3A+Through+Jobs%2C+Freedom&rft.au=Engler%2C+Mark&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.aulast=Engler&rft.date=January+15%2C+2010&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenation.com%2Farticle%2Fdr-martin-luther-kings-economics-through-jobs-freedom%23&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AFSCME-WEB1-185"><a href="#cite_ref-AFSCME-WEB1_185-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://web.archive.org/web/20061102004632/http://www.afscme.org/about/1529.cfm">"1,300 Members Participate in Memphis Garbage Strike"</a>. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFSCME" title="AFSCME" class="mw-redirect">AFSCME</a>. February 1968. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.afscme.org/about/1529.cfm">the original</a> on November 2, 2006. Retrieved January 16, 2012.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.btitle=1%2C300+Members+Participate+in+Memphis+Garbage+Strike&rft.date=February+1968&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afscme.org%2Fabout%2F1529.cfm&rft.pub=AFSCME&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AFSCME-WEB2-186"><a href="#cite_ref-AFSCME-WEB2_186-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://web.archive.org/web/20061102004516/http://www.afscme.org/about/1532.cfm">"Memphis Strikers Stand Firm"</a>. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFSCME" title="AFSCME" class="mw-redirect">AFSCME</a>. March 1968. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.afscme.org/about/1532.cfm">the original</a> on November 2, 2006. Retrieved January 16, 2012.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.btitle=Memphis+Strikers+Stand+Firm&rft.date=March+1968&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afscme.org%2Fabout%2F1532.cfm&rft.pub=AFSCME&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> Davis, Townsend (1998). Weary Feet, Rested Souls: A Guided History of the Civil Rights Movement. WW Norton & Co. p. 364. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-31819-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-31819-2">0-393-31819-2</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.au=Davis%2C+Townsend&rft.aufirst=Townsend&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.btitle=Weary+Feet%2C+Rested+Souls%3A+A+Guided+History+of+the+Civil+Rights+Movement&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-393-31819-2&rft.pages=364&rft.pub=WW+Norton+%26+Co&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> Thomas, Evan (November 19, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.newsweek.com/id/69542/page/2">"The Worst Week of 1968"</a>. Newsweek. p. 2. Retrieved August 27, 2008.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.atitle=The+Worst+Week+of+1968&rft.aufirst=Evan&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.au=Thomas%2C+Evan&rft.date=November+19%2C+2007&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fid%2F69542%2Fpage%2F2&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.pages=2&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> Montefiore, Simon Sebag (2006). Speeches that Changed the World: The Stories and Transcripts of the Moments that Made History. Quercus. p. 155. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-905204-16-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-905204-16-7">1-905204-16-7</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Simon+Sebag&rft.aulast=Montefiore&rft.au=Montefiore%2C+Simon+Sebag&rft.btitle=Speeches+that+Changed+the+World%3A+The+Stories+and+Transcripts+of+the+Moments+that+Made+History&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-905204-16-7&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Quercus&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-usdoj-190"><a href="#cite_ref-usdoj_190-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.justice.gov/crt/about/crm/mlk/part6.php#conspire">"King V. Jowers Conspiracy Allegations"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.justice.gov/crt/about/crm/mlk/part1.php">United States Department of Justice Investigation of Recent Allegations Regarding the Assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr</a>. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Justice" title="U.S. Department of Justice" class="mw-redirect">U.S. Department of Justice</a>. June 2000. Retrieved July 11, 2011.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.atitle=King+V.+Jowers+Conspiracy+Allegations&rft.btitle=United+States+Department+of+Justice+Investigation+of+Recent+Allegations+Regarding+the+Assassination+of+Dr.+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr&rft.date=June+2000&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov%2Fcrt%2Fabout%2Fcrm%2Fmlk%2Fpart1.php&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Justice&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> Pilkington, Ed (April 3, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/apr/03/usa.race">"40 years after King's death, Jackson hails first steps into promised land"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved June 11, 2008.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.atitle=40+years+after+King%27s+death%2C+Jackson+hails+first+steps+into+promised+land&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft.aulast=Pilkington&rft.au=Pilkington%2C+Ed&rft.date=April+3%2C+2008&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fworld%2F2008%2Fapr%2F03%2Fusa.race&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CHI-192"><a href="#cite_ref-CHI_192-0">^</a> Garner, Joe; Cronkite, Walter; Kurtis, Bill (2002). <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Interrupt_This_Broadcast" title="We Interrupt This Broadcast">We Interrupt This Broadcast</a>: The Events that Stopped Our Lives ... from the Hindenburg Explosion to the Attacks of September 11. Sourcebooks. p. 62. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57071-974-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-57071-974-8">1-57071-974-8</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.au=Cronkite%2C+Walter&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft.au=Garner%2C+Joe&rft.au=Kurtis%2C+Bill&rft.aulast=Garner&rft.btitle=We+Interrupt+This+Broadcast%3A+The+Events+that+Stopped+Our+Lives%26nbsp%3B...+from+the+Hindenburg+Explosion+to+the+Attacks+of+September+11&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-57071-974-8&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Sourcebooks&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> Pepper, William (2003). An Act of State: The Execution of Martin Luther King. Verso. p. 159. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85984-695-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-85984-695-5">1-85984-695-5</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=William&rft.aulast=Pepper&rft.au=Pepper%2C+William&rft.btitle=An+Act+of+State%3A+The+Execution+of+Martin+Luther+King&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-85984-695-5&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=Verso&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrady2005204.E2.80.9305-194"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrady2005204.E2.80.9305_194-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrady2005">Frady 2005</a>, pp. 204–05.</li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> Purnick, Joyce (April 18, 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DEED7133EF93BA25757C0A96E948260">"Koch Says Jackson Lied About Actions After Dr. King Was Slain"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.webcitation.org/6DQKbK1JD">Archived</a> from the original on January 4, 2013. Retrieved June 11, 2008.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.atitle=Koch+Says+Jackson+Lied+About+Actions+After+Dr.+King+Was+Slain&rft.aufirst=Joyce&rft.aulast=Purnick&rft.au=Purnick%2C+Joyce&rft.date=April+18%2C+1988&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D940DEED7133EF93BA25757C0A96E948260&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> Lokos, Lionel (1968). House Divided: The Life and Legacy of Martin Luther King. Arlington House. p. 48.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Lionel&rft.aulast=Lokos&rft.au=Lokos%2C+Lionel&rft.btitle=House+Divided%3A+The+Life+and+Legacy+of+Martin+Luther+King&rft.date=1968&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Arlington+House&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/mlk/filmmore/pt.html">"Citizen King Transcript"</a>. PBS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.webcitation.org/6DQGWuE6s">Archived</a> from the original on January 4, 2013. Retrieved June 12, 2008.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.btitle=Citizen+King+Transcript&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famex%2Fmlk%2Ffilmmore%2Fpt.html&rft.pub=PBS&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-198"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_198-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/4/newsid_2453000/2453987.stm">"1968: Martin Luther King shot dead"</a>. On this Day (BBC). April 4, 1968. Retrieved August 27, 2008.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.atitle=1968%3A+Martin+Luther+King+shot+dead&rft.date=April+4%2C+1968&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Fapril%2F4%2Fnewsid_2453000%2F2453987.stm&rft.jtitle=On+this+Day&rft.pub=BBC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> Risen, Clay (2009). A Nation on Fire: America in the Wake of the King Assassination. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-470-17710-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-470-17710-1">0-470-17710-1</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Clay&rft.aulast=Risen&rft.au=Risen%2C+Clay&rft.btitle=A+Nation+on+Fire%3A+America+in+the+Wake+of+the+King+Assassination&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-470-17710-1&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> Klein, Joe (2006). Politics Lost: How American Democracy was Trivialized by People Who Think You're Stupid. New York: Doubleday. p. 6. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780385510271" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-385-51027-1</a></li> <li id="cite_note-1968_Year_In_Review.2C_UPI.com-201">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1968_Year_In_Review.2C_UPI.com_201-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1968_Year_In_Review.2C_UPI.com_201-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1968/Martin-Luther-King-Assasination/12303153093431-4/">"1968 Year In Review"</a>. United Press International. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.webcitation.org/6DXw4ObQ7">Archived</a> from the original on January 9, 2013. Retrieved November 30, 2010.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.btitle=1968+Year+In+Review&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FAudio%2FYear_in_Review%2FEvents-of-1968%2FMartin-Luther-King-Assasination%2F12303153093431-4%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AFSCME-WEB3-202"><a href="#cite_ref-AFSCME-WEB3_202-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://web.archive.org/web/20061102004802/http://www.afscme.org/about/1533.cfm">"AFSCME Wins in Memphis"</a>. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFSCME" title="AFSCME" class="mw-redirect">AFSCME</a> The Public Employee. April 1968. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.afscme.org/about/1533.cfm">the original</a> on November 2, 2006. Retrieved January 16, 2012.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.btitle=AFSCME+Wins+in+Memphis&rft.date=April+1968&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afscme.org%2Fabout%2F1533.cfm&rft.pub=AFSCME+%27%27The+Public+Employee%27%27&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> Manheimer, Ann S. (2004). Martin Luther King Jr.: Dreaming of Equality. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 97. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57505-627-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-57505-627-5">1-57505-627-5</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Ann+S.&rft.aulast=Manheimer&rft.au=Manheimer%2C+Ann+S.&rft.btitle=Martin+Luther+King+Jr.%3A+Dreaming+of+Equality&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-57505-627-5&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Twenty-First+Century+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> Dickerson, James (1998). Dixie's Dirty Secret: The True Story of how the Government, the Media, and the Mob Conspired to Combat Immigration and the Vietnam Antiwar Movement. ME Sharpe. p. 169. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7656-0340-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7656-0340-3">0-7656-0340-3</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.au=Dickerson%2C+James&rft.aufirst=James&rft.aulast=Dickerson&rft.btitle=Dixie%27s+Dirty+Secret%3A+The+True+Story+of+how+the+Government%2C+the+Media%2C+and+the+Mob+Conspired+to+Combat+Immigration+and+the+Vietnam+Antiwar+Movement&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-7656-0340-3&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=ME+Sharpe&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> Hatch, Jane M.; Douglas, George William (1978). The American Book of Days. Wilson. p. 321.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.au=Douglas%2C+George+William&rft.aufirst=Jane+M.&rft.au=Hatch%2C+Jane+M.&rft.aulast=Hatch&rft.btitle=The+American+Book+of+Days&rft.date=1978&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=321&rft.pub=Wilson&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> King Jr., Martin Luther (2007). Dream: The Words and Inspiration of Martin Luther King, Jr. Blue Mountain Arts. p. 26. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59842-240-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-59842-240-5">1-59842-240-5</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Martin+Luther&rft.au=King+Jr.%2C+Martin+Luther&rft.aulast=King+Jr.&rft.btitle=Dream%3A+The+Words+and+Inspiration+of+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-59842-240-5&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Blue+Mountain+Arts&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> Werner, Craig (2006). A Change is Gonna Come: Music, Race & the Soul of America. University of Michigan Press. p. 9. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-03147-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-472-03147-3">0-472-03147-3</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft.aulast=Werner&rft.au=Werner%2C+Craig&rft.btitle=A+Change+is+Gonna+Come%3A+Music%2C+Race+%26+the+Soul+of+America&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-472-03147-3&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> Ling, Peter J. (2002). Martin Luther King, Jr. Routledge. p. 296. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-21664-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-21664-8">0-415-21664-8</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rft.aulast=Ling&rft.au=Ling%2C+Peter+J.&rft.btitle=Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-415-21664-8&rft.pages=296&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-extradite-209">^ <a href="#cite_ref-extradite_209-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-extradite_209-1">b</a> Flowers, R. Barri; Flowers, H. Loraine (2004). Murders in the United States: Crimes, Killers And Victims Of The Twentieth Century. McFarland. p. 38. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-2075-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-2075-8">0-7864-2075-8</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=R.+Barri&rft.au=Flowers%2C+H.+Loraine&rft.au=Flowers%2C+R.+Barri&rft.aulast=Flowers&rft.btitle=Murders+in+the+United+States%3A+Crimes%2C+Killers+And+Victims+Of+The+Twentieth+Century&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-7864-2075-8&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=McFarland&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cbs-210">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cbs_210-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cbs_210-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cbs_210-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cbs_210-3">d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/1998/04/23/national/main7900.shtml">"James Earl Ray Dead At 70"</a>. CBS. April 23, 1998. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.webcitation.org/6DXwIWuEs">Archived</a> from the original on January 9, 2013. Retrieved June 12, 2008.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.btitle=James+Earl+Ray+Dead+At+70&rft.date=April+23%2C+1998&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fstories%2F1998%2F04%2F23%2Fnational%2Fmain7900.shtml&rft.pub=CBS&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> House Select Committee on Assassinations (2001). Compilation of the Statements of James Earl Ray: Staff Report. The Minerva Group. p. 17. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89875-297-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-89875-297-3">0-89875-297-3</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.au=House+Select+Committee+on+Assassinations&rft.aulast=House+Select+Committee+on+Assassinations&rft.btitle=Compilation+of+the+Statements+of+James+Earl+Ray%3A+Staff+Report&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-89875-297-3&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=The+Minerva+Group&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-davis-212">^ <a href="#cite_ref-davis_212-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-davis_212-1">b</a> Davis, Lee (1995). Assassination: 20 Assassinations that Changed the World. JG Press. p. 105. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57215-235-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-57215-235-4">1-57215-235-4</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.au=Davis%2C+Lee&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.btitle=Assassination%3A+20+Assassinations+that+Changed+the+World&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-57215-235-4&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=JG+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNN1-213"><a href="#cite_ref-CNN1_213-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://edition.cnn.com/US/9804/03/james.ray.profile/">"From small-time criminal to notorious assassin"</a>. CNN. 1998. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.webcitation.org/6DXuo91SV">Archived</a> from the original on January 9, 2013. Retrieved September 17, 2006.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.btitle=From+small-time+criminal+to+notorious+assassin&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2FUS%2F9804%2F03%2Fjames.ray.profile%2F&rft.pub=CNN&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> Knight, Peter (2003). Conspiracy Theories in American History: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 402. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57607-812-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-57607-812-4">1-57607-812-4</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Knight%2C+Peter&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.btitle=Conspiracy+Theories+in+American+History%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-57607-812-4&rft.pages=402&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mlkassassin-215">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mlkassassin_215-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mlkassassin_215-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mlkassassin_215-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mlkassassin_215-3">d</a> James Polk (December 29, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.cnn.com/2008/US/03/28/mlk.ray.case/index.html">"The case against James Earl Ray"</a>. CNN. Retrieved July 12, 2014.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.au=James+Polk&rft.aulast=James+Polk&rft.btitle=The+case+against+James+Earl+Ray&rft.date=December+29%2C+2008&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2008%2FUS%2F03%2F28%2Fmlk.ray.case%2Findex.html&rft.pub=CNN&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-WEB1-216"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC-WEB1_216-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/82893.stm">"Questions left hanging by James Earl Ray's death"</a>. BBC. April 23, 1998. Retrieved August 27, 2008.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.btitle=Questions+left+hanging+by+James+Earl+Ray%27s+death&rft.date=April+23%2C+1998&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Famericas%2F82893.stm&rft.pub=BBC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gerold-217"><a href="#cite_ref-Gerold_217-0">^</a> Frank, Gerold (1972). An American Death: The True Story of the Assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Greatest Manhunt of our Time. Doubleday. p. 283.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Gerold&rft.au=Frank%2C+Gerold&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.btitle=An+American+Death%3A+The+True+Story+of+the+Assassination+of+Dr.+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr.%2C+and+the+Greatest+Manhunt+of+our+Time&rft.date=1972&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=283&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNN2-218"><a href="#cite_ref-CNN2_218-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://edition.cnn.com/US/9804/23/ray.obit/#2">"James Earl Ray, convicted King assassin, dies"</a>. CNN. April 23, 1998. Retrieved September 17, 2006.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.btitle=James+Earl+Ray%2C+convicted+King+assassin%2C+dies&rft.date=April+23%2C+1998&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2FUS%2F9804%2F23%2Fray.obit%2F%232&rft.pub=CNN&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://web.archive.org/web/20080506041106/http://www.thekingcenter.org/tkc/trial/Volume14.html">"Trial Transcript Volume XIV"</a>. The King Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.thekingcenter.org/tkc/trial/Volume14.html">the original</a> on May 6, 2008. Retrieved August 27, 2008.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.btitle=Trial+Transcript+Volume+XIV&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thekingcenter.org%2Ftkc%2Ftrial%2FVolume14.html&rft.pub=The+King+Center&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> Sack, Kevin; Yellin, Emily (December 10, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.nytimes.com/1999/12/10/us/dr-king-s-slaying-finally-draws-a-jury-verdict-but-to-little-effect.html">"Dr. King's Slaying Finally Draws A Jury Verdict, but to Little Effect"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.webcitation.org/6DofXtoVz">Archived</a> from the original on January 20, 2013. Retrieved January 20, 2013.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.atitle=Dr.+King%27s+Slaying+Finally+Draws+A+Jury+Verdict%2C+but+to+Little+Effect&rft.aulast=Sack%2C+Kevin%3B+Yellin%2C+Emily&rft.au=Sack%2C+Kevin%3B+Yellin%2C+Emily&rft.date=December+10%2C+1999&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1999%2F12%2F10%2Fus%2Fdr-king-s-slaying-finally-draws-a-jury-verdict-but-to-little-effect.html&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> Smith, Robert Charles; Seltzer, Richard (2000). Contemporary Controversies and the American Racial Divide. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 97. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-0025-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7425-0025-X">0-7425-0025-X</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Robert+Charles&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.au=Seltzer%2C+Richard&rft.au=Smith%2C+Robert+Charles&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Controversies+and+the+American+Racial+Divide&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-7425-0025-X&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-usdoj2-222"><a href="#cite_ref-usdoj2_222-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.justice.gov/crt/about/crm/mlk/part2.php#over">"Overview"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.justice.gov/crt/about/crm/mlk/part1.php">United States Department of Justice Investigation of Recent Allegations Regarding the Assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr</a>. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Justice" title="U.S. Department of Justice" class="mw-redirect">U.S. Department of Justice</a>. June 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.webcitation.org/6DXx6C0YY">Archived</a> from the original on January 9, 2013. Retrieved July 11, 2011.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.atitle=Overview&rft.btitle=United+States+Department+of+Justice+Investigation+of+Recent+Allegations+Regarding+the+Assassination+of+Dr.+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr&rft.date=June+2000&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov%2Fcrt%2Fabout%2Fcrm%2Fmlk%2Fpart1.php&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Justice&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/mlk/memphis/memphis2.htm">"Washingtonpost.com: Martin Luther King Jr.: The Legacy"</a>. The Washington Post. January 30, 1999.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.atitle=Washingtonpost.com%3A+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.%3A+The+Legacy&rft.date=January+30%2C+1999&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-srv%2Fnational%2Flongterm%2Fmlk%2Fmemphis%2Fmemphis2.htm&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/05/23/us/loyd-jowers-73-who-claimed-a-role-in-the-killing-of-dr-king.html">"Loyd Jowers, 73, Who Claimed A Role in the Killing of Dr. King"</a>. The New York Times. May 23, 2000.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.atitle=Loyd+Jowers%2C+73%2C+Who+Claimed+A+Role+in+the+Killing+of+Dr.+King&rft.date=May+23%2C+2000&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2000%2F05%2F23%2Fus%2Floyd-jowers-73-who-claimed-a-role-in-the-killing-of-dr-king.html&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTORIG-225"><a href="#cite_ref-NYTORIG_225-0">^</a> Canedy, Dana (April 5, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/05/us/a-minister-says-his-father-now-dead-killed-dr-king.html">"A Minister Says His Father, Now Dead, Killed Dr. King"</a>. The New York Times.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.atitle=A+Minister+Says+His+Father%2C+Now+Dead%2C+Killed+Dr.+King&rft.au=Canedy%2C+Dana&rft.aufirst=Dana&rft.aulast=Canedy&rft.date=April+5%2C+2002&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2002%2F04%2F05%2Fus%2Fa-minister-says-his-father-now-dead-killed-dr-king.html&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> Sargent, Frederic O. (2004). The Civil Rights Revolution: Events and Leaders, 1955–1968. McFarland. p. 129. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-1914-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-1914-8">0-7864-1914-8</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Frederic+O.&rft.aulast=Sargent&rft.au=Sargent%2C+Frederic+O.&rft.btitle=The+Civil+Rights+Revolution%3A+Events+and+Leaders%2C+1955%E2%80%931968&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-7864-1914-8&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=McFarland&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> Pepper, William (2003). An Act of State: The Execution of Martin Luther King. Verso. p. 182. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85984-695-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-85984-695-5">1-85984-695-5</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=William&rft.aulast=Pepper&rft.au=Pepper%2C+William&rft.btitle=An+Act+of+State%3A+The+Execution+of+Martin+Luther+King&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-85984-695-5&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=Verso&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> Branch, Taylor (2006). <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_Canaan%27s_Edge:_America_in_the_King_Years,_1965%E2%80%9368" title="At Canaan's Edge: America in the King Years, 1965–68" class="mw-redirect">At Canaan's Edge: America in the King Years, 1965–68</a>. Simon & Schuster. p. 770. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-85712-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-85712-1">978-0-684-85712-1</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.au=Branch%2C+Taylor&rft.aufirst=Taylor&rft.aulast=Branch&rft.btitle=At+Canaan%27s+Edge%3A+America+in+the+King+Years%2C+1965%E2%80%9368&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-684-85712-1&rft.pages=770&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Demo-229"><a href="#cite_ref-Demo_229-0">^</a> Goodman, Amy; Gonzalez, Juan (January 15, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.democracynow.org/2004/1/15/rev_jesse_jackson_on_mad_dean">"Jesse Jackson On 'Mad Dean Disease', the 2000 Elections and Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King"</a>. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy_Now!" title="Democracy Now!">Democracy Now!</a>. Retrieved September 18, 2006.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft.au=Gonzalez%2C+Juan&rft.au=Goodman%2C+Amy&rft.aulast=Goodman&rft.btitle=Jesse+Jackson+On+%27Mad+Dean+Disease%27%2C+the+2000+Elections+and+Rev.+Dr.+Martin+Luther+King&rft.date=January+15%2C+2004&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.democracynow.org%2F2004%2F1%2F15%2Frev_jesse_jackson_on_mad_dean&rft.pub=Democracy+Now%21&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Honey2007ch4-230">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Honey2007ch4_230-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Honey2007ch4_230-1">b</a> Honey, Michael K. (2007). "Standing at the Crossroads". Going down Jericho Road the Memphis strike, Martin Luther King's last campaign (1 ed.). Norton. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-04339-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-04339-6">978-0-393-04339-6</a>. <q>Hoover developed a round-the-clock surveillance campaign aimed at destroying King.</q><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.atitle=Standing+at+the+Crossroads&rft.aufirst=Michael+K.&rft.au=Honey%2C+Michael+K.&rft.aulast=Honey&rft.btitle=Going+down+Jericho+Road+the+Memphis+strike%2C+Martin+Luther+King%27s+last+campaign&rft.date=2007&rft.edition=1&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-393-04339-6&rft.pub=Norton&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Church-231">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Church_231-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Church_231-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Church_231-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Church_231-3">d</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Church" title="Frank Church">Church, Frank</a> (April 23, 1976), "Church Committee Book III", Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Case Study (<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Committee" title="Church Committee">Church Committee</a>)<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.atitle=Church+Committee+Book+III&rft.au=Church%2C+Frank&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft.aulast=Church&rft.date=April+23%2C+1976&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dr.+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr.%2C+Case+Study&rft.pub=Church+Committee&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-the_atlantic-232"><a href="#cite_ref-the_atlantic_232-0">^</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Garrow" title="David Garrow">Garrow, David J.</a> (July–August 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200207/garrow">"The FBI and Martin Luther King"</a>. The Atlantic Monthly.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.atitle=The+FBI+and+Martin+Luther+King&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft.au=Garrow%2C+David+J.&rft.aulast=Garrow&rft.date=July-August+2002&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fdoc%2F200207%2Fgarrow&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic+Monthly&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-right-233">^ <a href="#cite_ref-right_233-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-right_233-1">b</a> Ryskind, Allan H. (February 27, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3827/is_200602/ai_n17173432/pg_2">"JFK and RFK Were Right to Wiretap MLK"</a>. Human Events. Retrieved August 27, 2008.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.atitle=JFK+and+RFK+Were+Right+to+Wiretap+MLK&rft.aufirst=Allan+H.&rft.aulast=Ryskind&rft.au=Ryskind%2C+Allan+H.&rft.date=February+27%2C+2006&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_qa3827%2Fis_200602%2Fai_n17173432%2Fpg_2&rft.jtitle=Human+Events&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKotz2005-234"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKotz2005_234-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKotz2005">Kotz 2005</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerst2007372-235"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerst2007372_235-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHerst2007">Herst 2007</a>, p. 372.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerst2007372.E2.80.9374-236"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerst2007372.E2.80.9374_236-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHerst2007">Herst 2007</a>, pp. 372–74.</li> <li id="cite_note-track-237">^ <a href="#cite_ref-track_237-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-track_237-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-track_237-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-track_237-3">d</a> Christensen, Jen (April 7, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.cnn.com/2008/US/03/31/mlk.fbi.conspiracy/index.html">"FBI tracked King's every move"</a>. CNN. Retrieved June 14, 2008.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.au=Christensen%2C+Jen&rft.aufirst=Jen&rft.aulast=Christensen&rft.btitle=FBI+tracked+King%27s+every+move&rft.date=April+7%2C+2008&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2008%2FUS%2F03%2F31%2Fmlk.fbi.conspiracy%2Findex.html&rft.pub=CNN&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> Glick, Brian (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://books.google.com/?id=M4uvwy_C3egC&pg=PA77">War at Home: Covert Action Against U.S. Activists and What We Can Do About It</a>. South End Press. p. 77. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89608-349-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89608-349-3">978-0-89608-349-3</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.au=Glick%2C+Brian&rft.aulast=Glick&rft.btitle=War+at+Home%3A+Covert+Action+Against+U.S.+Activists+and+What+We+Can+Do+About+It&rft.date=1989&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DM4uvwy_C3egC%26pg%3DPA77&rft.isbn=978-0-89608-349-3&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=South+End+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-theguardian.com-239">^ <a href="#cite_ref-theguardian.com_239-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-theguardian.com_239-1">b</a> The Guardian, September 26, 2013, "Declassified NSA Files Show Agency Spied on Muhammad Ali and MLK Operation Minaret Set Up in 1960s to Monitor Anti-Vietnam Critics, Branded 'Disreputable If Not Outright Illegal' by NSA Itself," <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/26/nsa-surveillance-anti-vietnam-muhammad-ali-mlk">http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/26/nsa-surveillance-anti-vietnam-muhammad-ali-mlk</a></li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> Downing, Frederick L. (1986). To See the Promised Land: The Faith Pilgrimage of Martin Luther King, Jr. Mercer University Press. pp. 246–7. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86554-207-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-86554-207-4">0-86554-207-4</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.au=Downing%2C+Frederick+L.&rft.aufirst=Frederick+L.&rft.aulast=Downing&rft.btitle=To+See+the+Promised+Land%3A+The+Faith+Pilgrimage+of+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr&rft.date=1986&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-86554-207-4&rft.pages=246-7&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKotz2005233-241"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKotz2005233_241-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKotz2005">Kotz 2005</a>, p. 233.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKotz200570.E2.80.9374-242"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKotz200570.E2.80.9374_242-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKotz2005">Kotz 2005</a>, pp. 70–74.</li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> Woods, Jeff (2004). Black Struggle, Red Scare: Segregation and Anti-communism in the South, 1948–1968. LSU Press. p. 126. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8071-2926-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8071-2926-7">0-8071-2926-7</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft.aulast=Woods&rft.au=Woods%2C+Jeff&rft.btitle=Black+Struggle%2C+Red+Scare%3A+Segregation+and+Anti-communism+in+the+South%2C+1948%E2%80%931968&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8071-2926-7&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=LSU+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  See also: Wannall, Ray (2000). The Real J. Edgar Hoover: For the Record. Turner Publishing. p. 87. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56311-553-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-56311-553-0">1-56311-553-0</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Ray&rft.aulast=Wannall&rft.au=Wannall%2C+Ray&rft.btitle=The+Real+J.+Edgar+Hoover%3A+For+the+Record&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-56311-553-0&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Turner+Publishing&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWashington1991362-244"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWashington1991362_244-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWashington1991">Washington 1991</a>, p. 362.</li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> Bruns, Roger (2006). Martin Luther King Jr.: A Biography. Greenwood Publishing. p. 67. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-33686-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-33686-5">0-313-33686-5</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.au=Bruns%2C+Roger&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.aulast=Bruns&rft.btitle=Martin+Luther+King+Jr.%3A+A+Biography&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-313-33686-5&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKotz200583-246"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKotz200583_246-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKotz2005">Kotz 2005</a>, p. 83.</li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> Gilbert, Alan (1990). Democratic Individuality: A Theory of Moral Progress. Cambridge University Press. p. 435. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-38709-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-38709-4">0-521-38709-4</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Gilbert%2C+Alan&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.btitle=Democratic+Individuality%3A+A+Theory+of+Moral+Progress&rft.date=1990&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-521-38709-4&rft.pages=435&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWashington1991363-248"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWashington1991363_248-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWashington1991">Washington 1991</a>, p. 363.</li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> Sidey, Hugh (February 10, 1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://web.archive.org/web/20110921122310/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,912799-2,00.html">"L.B.J., Hoover and Domestic Spying"</a>. Time. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,912799-2,00.html">the original</a> on September 21, 2011. Retrieved June 14, 2008.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.atitle=L.B.J.%2C+Hoover+and+Domestic+Spying&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft.aulast=Sidey&rft.au=Sidey%2C+Hugh&rft.date=February+10%2C+1975&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C912799-2%2C00.html&rft.jtitle=Time&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> Abernathy, Ralph (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://books.google.com/?id=JFx2AAAAMAAJ&q=%22all+understood+and+believed+in+the+biblical+prohibition+against+sex+outside+of+marriage.+It+was+just+that+he+had+a+particularly+difficult+time+with+that+temptation%22&dq=%22all+understood+and+believed+in+the+biblical+prohibition+against+sex+outside+of+marriage.+It+was+just+that+he+had+a+particularly+difficult+time+with+that+temptation%22">And the walls came tumbling down: an autobiography</a>. Harper & Row. p. 471. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-016192-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-016192-7">978-0-06-016192-7</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.au=Abernathy%2C+Ralph&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rft.aulast=Abernathy&rft.btitle=And+the+walls+came+tumbling+down%3A+an+autobiography&rft.date=1989&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DJFx2AAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522all%2Bunderstood%2Band%2Bbelieved%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bbiblical%2Bprohibition%2Bagainst%2Bsex%2Boutside%2Bof%2Bmarriage.%2BIt%2Bwas%2Bjust%2Bthat%2Bhe%2Bhad%2Ba%2Bparticularly%2Bdifficult%2Btime%2Bwith%2Bthat%2Btemptation%2522%26dq%3D%2522all%2Bunderstood%2Band%2Bbelieved%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bbiblical%2Bprohibition%2Bagainst%2Bsex%2Boutside%2Bof%2Bmarriage.%2BIt%2Bwas%2Bjust%2Bthat%2Bhe%2Bhad%2Ba%2Bparticularly%2Bdifficult%2Btime%2Bwith%2Bthat%2Btemptation%2522&rft.isbn=978-0-06-016192-7&rft.pages=471&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-abertappva-251">^ <a href="#cite_ref-abertappva_251-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-abertappva_251-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-abertappva_251-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-abertappva_251-3">d</a> Abernathy, Ralph David (October 29, 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://web.archive.org/web/20071211111242/http://www.booknotes.org/Transcript/index_print.asp?ProgramID=1442">"And the Walls Came Tumbling Down"</a>. Booknotes. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.booknotes.org/Transcript/index_print.asp?ProgramID=1442">the original</a> on December 11, 2007. Retrieved June 14, 2008.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.au=Abernathy%2C+Ralph+David&rft.aufirst=Ralph+David&rft.aulast=Abernathy&rft.btitle=And+the+Walls+Came+Tumbling+Down&rft.date=October+29%2C+1989&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.booknotes.org%2FTranscript%2Findex_print.asp%3FProgramID%3D1442&rft.pub=Booknotes&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. William Morrow & Co. 1986. pp. 375–6.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.btitle=Bearing+the+Cross%3A+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.+and+the+Southern+Christian+Leadership+Conference&rft.date=1986&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=375-6&rft.pub=William+Morrow+%26+Co&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrady200267-253"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrady200267_253-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrady2002">Frady 2002</a>, p. 67.</li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> Raines, Howell (November 30, 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.nytimes.com/books/99/02/07/nnp/garrow.html">"Driven to Martyrdom"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved July 12, 2013.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.atitle=Driven+to+Martyrdom&rft.aulast=Raines%2C+Howell&rft.au=Raines%2C+Howell&rft.date=November+30%2C+1986&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2F99%2F02%2F07%2Fnnp%2Fgarrow.html&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> Burnett, Thom (2005). <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_Encyclopedia" title="Conspiracy Encyclopedia">Conspiracy Encyclopedia</a>. Collins & Brown. p. 58. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84340-287-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-84340-287-4">1-84340-287-4</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.au=Burnett%2C+Thom&rft.aufirst=Thom&rft.aulast=Burnett&rft.btitle=Conspiracy+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-84340-287-4&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Collins+%26+Brown&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> Thragens, William C. (1988). Popular Images of American Presidents. Greenwood Publishing. p. 532. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-22899-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-22899-X">0-313-22899-X</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=William+C.&rft.aulast=Thragens&rft.au=Thragens%2C+William+C.&rft.btitle=Popular+Images+of+American+Presidents&rft.date=1988&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-313-22899-X&rft.pages=532&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-suicide_letter-257"><a href="#cite_ref-suicide_letter_257-0">^</a> Gage, Beverly (November 11, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/16/magazine/what-an-uncensored-letter-to-mlk-reveals.html">"What an Uncensored Letter to M.L.K. Reveals"</a>. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved January 9, 2015.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.atitle=What+an+Uncensored+Letter+to+M.L.K.+Reveals&rft.aufirst=Beverly&rft.au=Gage%2C+Beverly&rft.aulast=Gage&rft.date=November+11%2C+2014&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F11%2F16%2Fmagazine%2Fwhat-an-uncensored-letter-to-mlk-reveals.html&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKotz2005247-258"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKotz2005247_258-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKotz2005">Kotz 2005</a>, p. 247.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrady2002158.E2.80.93159-259"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrady2002158.E2.80.93159_259-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrady2002">Frady 2002</a>, pp. 158–159.</li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> Wilson, Sondra K. (1999). In Search of Democracy: The NAACP Writings of James Weldon Johnson, Walter White, and Roy Wilkins (1920–1977). Oxford University Press. p. 466. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-511633-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-511633-X">0-19-511633-X</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Sondra+K.&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Sondra+K.&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Democracy%3A+The+NAACP+Writings+of+James+Weldon+Johnson%2C+Walter+White%2C+and+Roy+Wilkins+%281920%E2%80%931977%29&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-19-511633-X&rft.pages=466&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> Phillips, Geraldine N. (Summer 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/1997/summer/equality-in-the-sixties.html#f3">"Documenting the Struggle for Racial Equality in the Decade of the Sixties"</a>. Prologue (The National Archives and Records Administration). Retrieved June 15, 2008.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.atitle=Documenting+the+Struggle+for+Racial+Equality+in+the+Decade+of+the+Sixties&rft.aufirst=Geraldine+N.&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.au=Phillips%2C+Geraldine+N.&rft.date=Summer+1997&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fpublications%2Fprologue%2F1997%2Fsummer%2Fequality-in-the-sixties.html%23f3&rft.jtitle=Prologue&rft.pub=The+National+Archives+and+Records+Administration&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://archive.is/8urD">"Eyewitness to Murder: The King Assassination Featured Individuals"</a>. Black in America. CNN. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.hvc-inc.com/clients/cnn/bia/featured.html">the original</a> on September 6, 2012. Retrieved June 16, 2008.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.atitle=Eyewitness+to+Murder%3A+The+King+Assassination+Featured+Individuals&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hvc-inc.com%2Fclients%2Fcnn%2Fbia%2Ffeatured.html&rft.jtitle=Black+in+America&rft.pub=CNN&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> McKnight, Gerald (1998). The Last Crusade: Martin Luther King, Jr., the FBI, and the Poor People's Crusade. Westview Press. p. 76. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-3384-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8133-3384-9">0-8133-3384-9</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft.aulast=McKnight&rft.au=McKnight%2C+Gerald&rft.btitle=The+Last+Crusade%3A+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr.%2C+the+FBI%2C+and+the+Poor+People%27s+Crusade&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8133-3384-9&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> Martin Luther King Jr.: The FBI Files. Filiquarian Publishing. 2007. pp. 40–2. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59986-253-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-59986-253-0">1-59986-253-0</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.btitle=Martin+Luther+King+Jr.%3A+The+FBI+Files&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-59986-253-0&rft.pages=40-2&rft.pub=Filiquarian+Publishing&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  See also: Polk, James (April 7, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.cnn.com/2008/US/03/28/conspiracy.theories/">"King conspiracy theories still thrive 40 years later"</a>. CNN. Retrieved June 16, 2008.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=James&rft.aulast=Polk&rft.au=Polk%2C+James&rft.btitle=King+conspiracy+theories+still+thrive+40+years+later&rft.date=April+7%2C+2008&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2008%2FUS%2F03%2F28%2Fconspiracy.theories%2F&rft.pub=CNN&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://vault.fbi.gov/Martin%20Luther%20King,%20Jr./Martin%20Luther%20King,%20Jr.%20Part%201%20of%202/view">"King's FBI file Part 1 of 2"</a> (PDF). FBI. Retrieved January 16, 2012.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.btitle=King%27s+FBI+file+Part+1+of+2&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvault.fbi.gov%2FMartin%2520Luther%2520King%2C%2520Jr.%2FMartin%2520Luther%2520King%2C%2520Jr.%2520Part%25201%2520of%25202%2Fview&rft.pub=FBI&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://vault.fbi.gov/Martin%20Luther%20King,%20Jr./Martin%20Luther%20King,%20Jr.%20Part%202%20of%202/view">"King's FBI file Part 2 of 2"</a> (PDF). FBI. Retrieved January 16, 2012.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.btitle=King%27s+FBI+file+Part+2+of+2&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvault.fbi.gov%2FMartin%2520Luther%2520King%2C%2520Jr.%2FMartin%2520Luther%2520King%2C%2520Jr.%2520Part%25202%2520of%25202%2Fview&rft.pub=FBI&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> Knight, Peter (2003). Conspiracy Theories in American History: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 408–9. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57607-812-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-57607-812-4">1-57607-812-4</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Knight%2C+Peter&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.btitle=Conspiracy+Theories+in+American+History%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-57607-812-4&rft.pages=408-9&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HUDHistory-266">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HUDHistory_266-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HUDHistory_266-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://portal.hud.gov/hudportal/HUD?src=/program_offices/fair_housing_equal_opp/aboutfheo/history">"The History of Fair Housing"</a>. U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. Retrieved April 19, 2012.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Fair+Housing&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportal.hud.gov%2Fhudportal%2FHUD%3Fsrc%3D%2Fprogram_offices%2Ffair_housing_equal_opp%2Faboutfheo%2Fhistory&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Housing+and+Urban+Development&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> Ansell, Gwen (2005). Soweto Blues: Jazz, Popular Music, and Politics in South Africa. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 139. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-1753-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-1753-1">0-8264-1753-1</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.au=Ansell%2C+Gwen&rft.aufirst=Gwen&rft.aulast=Ansell&rft.btitle=Soweto+Blues%3A+Jazz%2C+Popular+Music%2C+and+Politics+in+South+Africa&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8264-1753-1&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> Clinton, Hillary Rodham (2007). It Takes a Village: And Other Lessons Children Teach Us. Simon & Schuster. p. 137. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4165-4064-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-4165-4064-4">1-4165-4064-4</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.au=Clinton%2C+Hillary+Rodham&rft.aufirst=Hillary+Rodham&rft.aulast=Clinton&rft.btitle=It+Takes+a+Village%3A+And+Other+Lessons+Children+Teach+Us&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-4165-4064-4&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing1992307.E2.80.9308-269"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing1992307.E2.80.9308_269-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKing1992">King 1992</a>, pp. 307–08.</li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> Peters, William. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/divided/etc/friday.html">"A Class Divided: One Friday in April, 1968"</a>. Frontline. PBS. Retrieved June 15, 2008.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.atitle=A+Class+Divided%3A+One+Friday+in+April%2C+1968&rft.aufirst=William&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.au=Peters%2C+William&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fpages%2Ffrontline%2Fshows%2Fdivided%2Fetc%2Ffriday.html&rft.jtitle=Frontline&rft.pub=PBS&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> Krugman, Paul R. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://books.google.com/books?id=AHgZib2fngIC&q=Martin+Luther+King">The Conscience of a Liberal</a>. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 84. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-33313-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-33313-8">978-0-393-33313-8</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft.au=Krugman%2C+Paul+R.&rft.aulast=Krugman&rft.btitle=The+Conscience+of+a+Liberal&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAHgZib2fngIC%26q%3DMartin%2BLuther%2BKing&rft.isbn=978-0-393-33313-8&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KC-WEB1-272"><a href="#cite_ref-KC-WEB1_272-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://web.archive.org/web/20080412114756/http://www.thekingcenter.org/tkc/mission.asp">"The King Center's Mission"</a>. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._National_Historic_Site" title="Martin Luther King Jr. National Historic Site">The King Center</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.thekingcenter.org/tkc/mission.asp">the original</a> on April 12, 2008. Retrieved June 15, 2008.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.btitle=The+King+Center%27s+Mission&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thekingcenter.org%2Ftkc%2Fmission.asp&rft.pub=The+King+Center&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> Copeland, Larry (February 1, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2006-01-31-king-center_x.htm">"Future of Atlanta's King Center in limbo"</a>. USA Today. Retrieved August 27, 2008.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.atitle=Future+of+Atlanta%27s+King+Center+in+limbo&rft.au=Copeland%2C+Larry&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft.aulast=Copeland&rft.date=February+1%2C+2006&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2006-01-31-king-center_x.htm&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://web.archive.org/web/20080118102950/http://www.thekingcenter.org/tkc/chairman.asp">"Chairman's Message: Introduction to the King Center and its Mission"</a>. The King Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.thekingcenter.org/tkc/chairman.asp">the original</a> on January 18, 2008. Retrieved June 15, 2008.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.btitle=Chairman%27s+Message%3A+Introduction+to+the+King+Center+and+its+Mission&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thekingcenter.org%2Ftkc%2Fchairman.asp&rft.pub=The+King+Center&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.highergroundproductions.com/index2.htm">"Welcome"</a>. Higher Ground Productions. Retrieved June 15, 2008.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.btitle=Welcome&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highergroundproductions.com%2Findex2.htm&rft.pub=Higher+Ground+Productions&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://web.archive.org/web/20080803150448/http://www.thekingcenter.org/misc/triple_evils.htm">"The Triple Evils"</a>. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_King_Center" title="The King Center" class="mw-redirect">The King Center</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.thekingcenter.org/misc/triple_evils.htm">the original</a> on August 3, 2008. Retrieved August 27, 2008.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.btitle=The+Triple+Evils&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thekingcenter.org%2Fmisc%2Ftriple_evils.htm&rft.pub=The+King+Center&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MPR-WEB1-277"><a href="#cite_ref-MPR-WEB1_277-0">^</a> Williams, Brandt (January 16, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/2005/01/17_williamsb_wwmlkd/">"What would Martin Luther King do?"</a>. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Public_Radio" title="Minnesota Public Radio">Minnesota Public Radio</a>. Retrieved August 27, 2008.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Brandt&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.au=Williams%2C+Brandt&rft.btitle=What+would+Martin+Luther+King+do%3F&rft.date=January+16%2C+2005&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.minnesota.publicradio.org%2Ffeatures%2F2005%2F01%2F17_williamsb_wwmlkd%2F&rft.pub=Minnesota+Public+Radio&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> "IBM advertisement". <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dallas_Morning_News" title="The Dallas Morning News">The Dallas Morning News</a>. January 14, 1985. p. 13A.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.atitle=IBM+advertisement&rft.date=January+14%2C+1985&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Dallas+Morning+News&rft.pages=13A&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-stlouis-279"><a href="#cite_ref-stlouis_279-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://news.stlpublicradio.org/post/st-louis-remains-stronghold-dr-kings-dream">Joseph Leahy, "St. Louis Remains A Stronghold For Dr. King's Dream"</a>, News for St. Louis, St. Louis Public Radio, January 20, 2014</li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=47329">"Proclamation 6401 – Martin Luther King, Jr., Federal Holiday"</a>. The American Presidency Project. 1992. Retrieved September 8, 2008.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.btitle=Proclamation+6401%26nbsp%3B%E2%80%93+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr.%2C+Federal+Holiday&rft.date=1992&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fws%2Findex.php%3Fpid%3D47329&rft.pub=The+American+Presidency+Project&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://web.archive.org/web/20080328081425/http://exchanges.state.gov/education/engteaching/mlkbday.htm">"Martin Luther King Day"</a>. U.S. Department of State. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://exchanges.state.gov/education/engteaching/mlkbday.htm">the original</a> on March 28, 2008. Retrieved June 15, 2008.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.btitle=Martin+Luther+King+Day&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fexchanges.state.gov%2Feducation%2Fengteaching%2Fmlkbday.htm&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> Goldberg, Carey (May 26, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A07E0DC1031F935A15756C0A96F958260">"Contrarian New Hampshire To Honor Dr. King, at Last"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved June 15, 2008.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.atitle=Contrarian+New+Hampshire+To+Honor+Dr.+King%2C+at+Last&rft.aufirst=Carey&rft.au=Goldberg%2C+Carey&rft.aulast=Goldberg&rft.date=May+26%2C+1999&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9A07E0DC1031F935A15756C0A96F958260&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.infoplease.com/spot/mlkhistory1.html">"The History of Martin Luther King Day"</a>. Infoplease. 2007. Retrieved July 4, 2011.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Martin+Luther+King+Day&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoplease.com%2Fspot%2Fmlkhistory1.html&rft.pub=Infoplease&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.episcopalchurch.org/sites/default/files/downloads/bi011512_half_0.pdf">"Martin Luther King Day Weekend 2012"</a> (PDF). Episcopal Church. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.webcitation.org/6DQHJtiDM">Archived</a> from the original on January 4, 2013. Retrieved January 4, 2013.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.btitle=Martin+Luther+King+Day+Weekend+2012&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.episcopalchurch.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdownloads%2Fbi011512_half_0.pdf&rft.pub=Episcopal+Church&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.stbartlutheran.org/churchyearcalendar.htm">"Church Year and Calendar"</a>. St. Bartholomew Lutheran Church. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.webcitation.org/6DZHr7pzU">Archived</a> from the original on January 10, 2013. Retrieved January 10, 2013.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.btitle=Church+Year+and+Calendar&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stbartlutheran.org%2Fchurchyearcalendar.htm&rft.pub=St.+Bartholomew+Lutheran+Church&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-merv-286">^ <a href="#cite_ref-merv_286-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-merv_286-1">b</a> Warren, Mervyn A. (2001). King Came Preaching: The Pulpit Power of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. InterVarsity Press. p. 79. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8308-2658-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8308-2658-0">0-8308-2658-0</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Mervyn+A.&rft.aulast=Warren&rft.au=Warren%2C+Mervyn+A.&rft.btitle=King+Came+Preaching%3A+The+Pulpit+Power+of+Dr.+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8308-2658-0&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> Wintle, Justin (2001). Makers of Modern Culture: Makers of Culture. Routledge. p. 272. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-26583-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-26583-5">0-415-26583-5</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft.aulast=Wintle&rft.au=Wintle%2C+Justin&rft.btitle=Makers+of+Modern+Culture%3A+Makers+of+Culture&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-415-26583-5&rft.pages=272&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> Engel, Irving M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.ajc.org/site/apps/nl/content3.asp?c=ijITI2PHKoG&b=843719&ct=1052921">"Commemorating Martin Luther King Jr.: Presentation of American Liberties Medallion"</a>. American Jewish Committee. Retrieved June 13, 2008.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.au=Engel%2C+Irving+M&rft.aufirst=Irving+M&rft.aulast=Engel&rft.btitle=Commemorating+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.%3A+Presentation+of+American+Liberties+Medallion&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajc.org%2Fsite%2Fapps%2Fnl%2Fcontent3.asp%3Fc%3DijITI2PHKoG%26b%3D843719%26ct%3D1052921&rft.pub=American+Jewish+Committee&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> King Jr., Martin Luther. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.ajc.org/site/apps/nl/content3.asp?c=ijITI2PHKoG&b=843719&ct=1052923">"Commemorating Martin Luther King Jr.: Response to Award of American Liberties Medallion"</a>. American Jewish Committee. Retrieved June 13, 2008.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Martin+Luther&rft.au=King+Jr.%2C+Martin+Luther&rft.aulast=King+Jr.&rft.btitle=Commemorating+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.%3A+Response+to+Award+of+American+Liberties+Medallion&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajc.org%2Fsite%2Fapps%2Fnl%2Fcontent3.asp%3Fc%3DijITI2PHKoG%26b%3D843719%26ct%3D1052923&rft.pub=American+Jewish+Committee&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.naacp.org/pages/spingarn-medal-winners">"Spingarn Medal Winners: 1915 to Today"</a>. NAACP. Retrieved January 16, 2013.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.btitle=Spingarn+Medal+Winners%3A+1915+to+Today&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naacp.org%2Fpages%2Fspingarn-medal-winners&rft.pub=NAACP&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.anisfield-wolf.org/books/stride-toward-freedom-the-montgomery-story/?sortby=author&auth=KINGJR.MARTINLUTHER">"Martin Luther King Jr."</a>. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anisfield-Wolf_Book_Award" title="Anisfield-Wolf Book Award">Anisfield-Wolf Book Awards</a>. Retrieved October 2, 2011.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.btitle=Martin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anisfield-wolf.org%2Fbooks%2Fstride-toward-freedom-the-montgomery-story%2F%3Fsortby%3Dauthor%26auth%3DKINGJR.MARTINLUTHER&rft.pub=Anisfield-Wolf+Book+Awards&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PP-292"><a href="#cite_ref-PP_292-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://web.archive.org/web/20080224104928/http://www.plannedparenthood.org/about-us/who-we-are/the-reverend-martin-luther-king-jr.htm">"The Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. upon accepting The Planned Parenthood Federation Of America Margaret Sanger Award"</a>. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_Parenthood" title="Planned Parenthood">PPFA</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.plannedparenthood.org/about-us/who-we-are/the-reverend-martin-luther-king-jr.htm">the original</a> on February 24, 2008. Retrieved August 27, 2008.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.btitle=The+Reverend+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.+upon+accepting+The+Planned+Parenthood+Federation+Of+America+Margaret+Sanger+Award&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plannedparenthood.org%2Fabout-us%2Fwho-we-are%2Fthe-reverend-martin-luther-king-jr.htm&rft.pub=PPFA&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-King_AAAS_fellow-293"><a href="#cite_ref-King_AAAS_fellow_293-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.thekingcenter.org/archive/document/sclc-press-release">"SCLC Press Release"</a>. SCLC via the King Center. May 16, 1966. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.webcitation.org/6DXxViq3n">Archived</a> from the original on January 9, 2013. Retrieved August 31, 2012.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.btitle=SCLC+Press+Release&rft.date=May+16%2C+1966&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thekingcenter.org%2Farchive%2Fdocument%2Fsclc-press-release&rft.pub=SCLC+via+the+King+Center&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> Gates, Henry Louis; Appiah, Anthony (1999). Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience. Basic Civitas Books. p. 1348. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-00071-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-00071-1">0-465-00071-1</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.au=Appiah%2C+Anthony&rft.aufirst=Henry+Louis&rft.au=Gates%2C+Henry+Louis&rft.aulast=Gates&rft.btitle=Africana%3A+The+Encyclopedia+of+the+African+and+African+American+Experience&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-465-00071-1&rft.pages=1348&rft.pub=Basic+Civitas+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> Carter, Jimmy (July 11, 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=7784">"Presidential Medal of Freedom Remarks on Presenting the Medal to Dr. Jonas E. Salk and to Martin Luther King Jr."</a>. The American Presidency Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.webcitation.org/6DQRPr4NK">Archived</a> from the original on January 4, 2013. Retrieved January 4, 2013.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.au=Carter%2C+Jimmy&rft.aulast=Carter%2C+Jimmy&rft.btitle=Presidential+Medal+of+Freedom+Remarks+on+Presenting+the+Medal+to+Dr.+Jonas+E.+Salk+and+to+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.date=July+11%2C+1977&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fws%2Findex.php%3Fpid%3D7784&rft.pub=The+American+Presidency+Project&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://clerk.house.gov/art_history/house_history/goldMedal.html">"Congressional Gold Medal Recipients (1776 to Present)"</a>. Office of the Clerk: U.S. House of Representatives. Retrieved June 16, 2008.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.btitle=Congressional+Gold+Medal+Recipients+%281776+to+Present%29&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclerk.house.gov%2Fart_history%2Fhouse_history%2FgoldMedal.html&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Clerk%3A+U.S.+House+of+Representatives&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> Gallup, George; Gallup Jr., Alec (2000). The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion 1999. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 249. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8420-2699-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8420-2699-1">0-8420-2699-1</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Gallup%2C+George&rft.au=Gallup+Jr.%2C+Alec&rft.aulast=Gallup&rft.btitle=The+Gallup+Poll%3A+Public+Opinion+1999&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8420-2699-1&rft.pages=249&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> Harpaz, Beth J. (December 27, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-24394267.html">"Time Names Einstein as Person of the Century"</a>.  – via <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HighBeam_Research" title="HighBeam Research">HighBeam Research</a> (subscription required). Associated Press. Retrieved January 20, 2013.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.au=Harpaz%2C+Beth+J.&rft.aulast=Harpaz%2C+Beth+J.&rft.btitle=Time+Names+Einstein+as+Person+of+the+Century&rft.date=December+27%2C+1999&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1P1-24394267.html&rft.pub=%26nbsp%3B%E2%80%93%26nbsp%3Bvia%26nbsp%3BHighBeam+Research+%3Cspan+style%3D%22font-size%3A0.95em%3B+font-size%3A+90%25%3B+color%3A+%23555%22%3E%28subscription+required%29%3C%2Fspan%3E+Category%3ASubscription+required+using+viaCategory%3APages+containing+links+to+subscription-only+content&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4631421.stm">"Reagan voted 'greatest American'"</a>. BBC. June 28, 2005. Retrieved August 27, 2008.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.btitle=Reagan+voted+%27greatest+American%27&rft.date=June+28%2C+2005&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Famericas%2F4631421.stm&rft.pub=BBC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> Alderman, Derek H. (February 13, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://personal.ecu.edu/aldermand/pubs/alderman_chapter.pdf">"Naming Streets for Martin Luther King Jr.: No Easy Road"</a>. Landscape and Race in the United States. Routledge Press. Retrieved July 4, 2011.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.atitle=Naming+Streets+for+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.%3A+No+Easy+Road&rft.au=Alderman%2C+Derek+H.&rft.aufirst=Derek+H.&rft.aulast=Alderman&rft.date=February+13%2C+2006&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpersonal.ecu.edu%2Faldermand%2Fpubs%2Falderman_chapter.pdf&rft.jtitle=Landscape+and+Race+in+the+United+States&rft.pub=Routledge+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> [<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>]</li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19980118&slug=2729257">"King County Was Rededicated For MLK"</a>. The Seattle Times. January 18, 1998. Retrieved June 13, 2008.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.atitle=King+County+Was+Rededicated+For+MLK&rft.date=January+18%2C+1998&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcommunity.seattletimes.nwsource.com%2Farchive%2F%3Fdate%3D19980118%26slug%3D2729257&rft.jtitle=The+Seattle+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  See also: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.kingcounty.gov/operations/logo.aspx">"New logo is an image of civil rights leader"</a>. King County. Retrieved June 13, 2008.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.btitle=New+logo+is+an+image+of+civil+rights+leader&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kingcounty.gov%2Foperations%2Flogo.aspx&rft.pub=King+County&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://web.archive.org/web/20071207045944/http://www.harrisburgpa.gov/pressReleases/prArchives/2003/01/20030119_mlkEssay.html">"Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Essay Competition Winners Announced"</a>. City of Harrisburg. January 19, 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.harrisburgpa.gov/pressReleases/prArchives/2003/01/20030119_mlkEssay.html">the original</a> on December 7, 2007. Retrieved August 27, 2008.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.btitle=Rev.+Dr.+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.+Essay+Competition+Winners+Announced&rft.date=January+19%2C+2003&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.harrisburgpa.gov%2FpressReleases%2FprArchives%2F2003%2F01%2F20030119_mlkEssay.html&rft.pub=City+of+Harrisburg&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://archive.is/Wicn">"Washington, DC Martin Luther King Jr. National Memorial Project Foundation Breaks Ground On Historic $100 Million Memorial On The National Mall In Washington, D.C."</a>. Washington, DC Martin Luther King Jr. National Memorial Project Foundation. November 6, 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.mlkmemorial.org/site/apps/nlnet/content2.aspx?c=hkIUL9MVJxE&b=1601407&ct=3612187">the original</a> on September 8, 2012. Retrieved August 27, 2008.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.btitle=Washington%2C+DC+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.+National+Memorial+Project+Foundation+Breaks+Ground+On+Historic+%24100+Million+Memorial+On+The+National+Mall+In+Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.date=November+6%2C+2006&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mlkmemorial.org%2Fsite%2Fapps%2Fnlnet%2Fcontent2.aspx%3Fc%3DhkIUL9MVJxE%26b%3D1601407%26ct%3D3612187&rft.pub=Washington%2C+DC+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.+National+Memorial+Project+Foundation&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> Tobias, Randall L. (January 18, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://web.archive.org/web/20071115141138/http://www.state.gov/f/releases/remarks2007/87649.htm">"Celebrating the Birthday of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr."</a>. U.S. Department of State. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.state.gov/f/releases/remarks2007/87649.htm">the original</a> on November 15, 2007. Retrieved January 16, 2012.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Randall+L.&rft.aulast=Tobias&rft.au=Tobias%2C+Randall+L.&rft.btitle=Celebrating+the+Birthday+of+Dr.+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.date=January+18%2C+2007&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Ff%2Freleases%2Fremarks2007%2F87649.htm&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> Tavernise, Sabrina (August 23, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/23/us/23mlk.html?_r=1&smid=fb-nytimes&WT.mc_id=US-SM-E-FB-SM-LIN-ADF-082311-NYT-NA&WT.mc_ev=click">"A Dream Fulfilled, Martin Luther King Memorial Opens"</a>. New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.webcitation.org/6DQEaTSBT">Archived</a> from the original on January 4, 2013.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.atitle=A+Dream+Fulfilled%2C+Martin+Luther+King+Memorial+Opens&rft.aufirst=Sabrina&rft.aulast=Tavernise&rft.au=Tavernise%2C+Sabrina&rft.date=August+23%2C+2011&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F08%2F23%2Fus%2F23mlk.html%3F_r%3D1%26smid%3Dfb-nytimes%26WT.mc_id%3DUS-SM-E-FB-SM-LIN-ADF-082311-NYT-NA%26WT.mc_ev%3Dclick&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.nps.gov/mlkm/index.htm">"Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial"</a>. National Park Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.webcitation.org/6DQPYa1Eo">Archived</a> from the original on January 4, 2013. Retrieved January 4, 2013.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.btitle=Martin+Luther+King+Jr.+Memorial&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fmlkm%2Findex.htm&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> Guevara, Brittni (July 26, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.washingtonlife.com/2011/07/26/fyidc-paying-tribute-to-dr-king/">"FYIDC: Paying Tribute To Dr. King"</a>. Washington Life. Retrieved January 20, 2013.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.atitle=FYIDC%3A+Paying+Tribute+To+Dr.+King&rft.au=Guevara%2C+Brittni&rft.aulast=Guevara%2C+Brittni&rft.date=July+26%2C+2011&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonlife.com%2F2011%2F07%2F26%2Ffyidc-paying-tribute-to-dr-king%2F&rft.jtitle=Washington+Life&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol> </div> <h3>Sources</h3> <div class="refbegin columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy">Abernathy, Ralph</a> (1989). And the Walls Came Tumbling Down: An Autobiography. Harper & Row. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-016192-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-016192-2">0-06-016192-2</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.au=Abernathy%2C+Ralph&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rft.aulast=Abernathy&rft.btitle=And+the+Walls+Came+Tumbling+Down%3A+An+Autobiography&rft.date=1989&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-06-016192-2&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Branch" title="Taylor Branch">Branch, Taylor</a> (2006). At Canaan's Edge: America In the King Years, 1965–1968. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-85712-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-85712-X">0-684-85712-X</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.au=Branch%2C+Taylor&rft.aufirst=Taylor&rft.aulast=Branch&rft.btitle=At+Canaan%27s+Edge%3A+America+In+the+King+Years%2C+1965%E2%80%931968&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-684-85712-X&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Cohen, Adam Seth; Taylor, Elizabeth (2000). Pharaoh: Mayor Richard J. Daley: His Battle for Chicago and the Nation. Back Bay. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-316-83489-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-316-83489-0">0-316-83489-0</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.au=Cohen%2C+Adam+Seth&rft.aufirst=Adam+Seth&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Elizabeth&rft.btitle=Pharaoh%3A+Mayor+Richard+J.+Daley%3A+His+Battle+for+Chicago+and+the+Nation&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-316-83489-0&rft.pub=Back+Bay&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Frady" title="Marshall Frady">Frady, Marshall</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://books.google.com/books/about/Martin_Luther_King_Jr.html?id=dOR4QpEE0g8C">Martin Luther King Jr.: A Life</a>. Penguin. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303648-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303648-7">978-0-14-303648-7</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Marshall&rft.au=Frady%2C+Marshall&rft.aulast=Frady&rft.btitle=Martin+Luther+King+Jr.%3A+A+Life&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FMartin_Luther_King_Jr.html%3Fid%3DdOR4QpEE0g8C&rft.isbn=978-0-14-303648-7&rft.pub=Penguin&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Garrow" title="David Garrow">Garrow, David J.</a> (1981). The FBI and Martin Luther King, Jr. Penguin Books. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-006486-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-006486-9">0-14-006486-9</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft.au=Garrow%2C+David+J.&rft.aulast=Garrow&rft.btitle=The+FBI+and+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr&rft.date=1981&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-14-006486-9&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Garrow, David. Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1989). Pulitzer Prize. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780060566920" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-06-056692-0</a></li> <li>"James L. Bevel, The Strategist of the 1960s Civil Rights Movement", a 1984 paper by Randy Kryn, published with a 1988 addendum by Kryn in Prof. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Garrow" title="David Garrow">David Garrow</a>'s We Shall Overcome, Volume II (Carlson Publishing Company, 1989).</li> <li>Glisson, Susan M. (2006). The Human Tradition in the Civil Rights Movement. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-4409-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7425-4409-5">0-7425-4409-5</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Susan+M.&rft.au=Glisson%2C+Susan+M.&rft.aulast=Glisson&rft.btitle=The+Human+Tradition+in+the+Civil+Rights+Movement&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-7425-4409-5&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Herst, Burton (2007). Bobby and J. Edger. Carroll & Graf. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7867-1982-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7867-1982-6">0-7867-1982-6</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Burton&rft.au=Herst%2C+Burton&rft.aulast=Herst&rft.btitle=Bobby+and+J.+Edger&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-7867-1982-6&rft.pub=Carroll+%26+Graf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Jackson, Thomas F. (2006). From Civil Rights to Human Rights: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Struggle for Economic Justice. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3969-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3969-0">978-0-8122-3969-0</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Thomas+F.&rft.au=Jackson%2C+Thomas+F.&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.btitle=From+Civil+Rights+to+Human+Rights%3A+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr.%2C+and+the+Struggle+for+Economic+Justice&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-3969-0&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>King Jr., Martin Luther (1998). Carson, Clayborne, ed. Autobiography. Warner Books. p. 6. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-446-52412-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-446-52412-3">0-446-52412-3</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Martin+Luther&rft.au=King+Jr.%2C+Martin+Luther&rft.aulast=King+Jr.&rft.btitle=Autobiography&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-446-52412-3&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Warner+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>King Jr., Martin Luther; Carson, Clayborne; Holloran, Peter; Luker, Ralph; Russell, Penny A. (1992). The papers of Martin Luther King, Jr. University of California Press. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-07950-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-07950-7">0-520-07950-7</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.au=Carson%2C+Clayborne&rft.aufirst=Martin+Luther&rft.au=Holloran%2C+Peter&rft.au=King+Jr.%2C+Martin+Luther&rft.aulast=King+Jr.&rft.au=Luker%2C+Ralph&rft.au=Russell%2C+Penny+A.&rft.btitle=The+papers+of+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr&rft.date=1992&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-520-07950-7&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Kotz, Nick (2005). Judgment Days: Lyndon Baines Johnson, Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Laws that Changed America. Houghton Mifflin Books. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-618-08825-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-618-08825-3">0-618-08825-3</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft.au=Kotz%2C+Nick&rft.aulast=Kotz&rft.btitle=Judgment+Days%3A+Lyndon+Baines+Johnson%2C+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr.%2C+and+the+Laws+that+Changed+America&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-618-08825-3&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Lawson, Steven F.; Payne, Charles M.; Patterson, James T. (2006). Debating the Civil Rights Movement, 1945–1968. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-5109-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7425-5109-1">0-7425-5109-1</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Steven+F.&rft.aulast=Lawson&rft.au=Lawson%2C+Steven+F.&rft.au=Patterson%2C+James+T.&rft.au=Payne%2C+Charles+M.&rft.btitle=Debating+the+Civil+Rights+Movement%2C+1945%E2%80%931968&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-7425-5109-1&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Robbins, Mary Susannah (2007). Against the Vietnam War: Writings by Activists. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-5914-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7425-5914-9">0-7425-5914-9</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Mary+Susannah&rft.aulast=Robbins&rft.au=Robbins%2C+Mary+Susannah&rft.btitle=Against+the+Vietnam+War%3A+Writings+by+Activists&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-7425-5914-9&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Washington, James M. (1991). A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writings and Speeches of Martin Luther King, Jr. HarperCollins. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-064691-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-064691-8">0-06-064691-8</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rft.aulast=Washington&rft.au=Washington%2C+James+M.&rft.btitle=A+Testament+of+Hope%3A+The+Essential+Writings+and+Speeches+of+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr&rft.date=1991&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-06-064691-8&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> </ul> </div> <h3>Further reading</h3> <div class="refbegin columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;"> <ul> <li>Ayton, Mel (2005). A Racial Crime: James Earl Ray And The Murder Of Martin Luther King Jr. Archebooks Publishing. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59507-075-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-59507-075-3">1-59507-075-3</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.au=Ayton%2C+Mel&rft.aufirst=Mel&rft.aulast=Ayton&rft.btitle=A+Racial+Crime%3A+James+Earl+Ray+And+The+Murder+Of+Martin+Luther+King+Jr&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-59507-075-3&rft.pub=Archebooks+Publishing&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Branch" title="Taylor Branch">Branch, Taylor</a> (1988). Parting the Waters: America in the King Years, 1954–1963. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-46097-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-46097-8">0-671-46097-8</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.au=Branch%2C+Taylor&rft.aufirst=Taylor&rft.aulast=Branch&rft.btitle=Parting+the+Waters%3A+America+in+the+King+Years%2C+1954%E2%80%931963&rft.date=1988&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-671-46097-8&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Branch, Taylor (1998). Pillar of Fire: America in the King Years, 1963–1965. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-80819-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-80819-6">0-684-80819-6</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.au=Branch%2C+Taylor&rft.aufirst=Taylor&rft.aulast=Branch&rft.btitle=Pillar+of+Fire%3A+America+in+the+King+Years%2C+1963%E2%80%931965&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-684-80819-6&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">King, Coretta Scott</a> (1993) [1969]. My Life with Martin Luther King, Jr. Henry Holth & Co. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-2445-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8050-2445-X">0-8050-2445-X</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Coretta+Scott&rft.au=King%2C+Coretta+Scott&rft.aulast=King&rft.btitle=My+Life+with+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr&rft.date=1993&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8050-2445-X&rft.pub=Henry+Holth+%26+Co&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Kirk, John A., ed. Martin Luther King Jr. and the Civil Rights Movement: Controversies and Debates (2007). pp. 224</li> <li>Schulke, Flip; McPhee, Penelope. King Remembered, Foreword by Jesse Jackson (1986). <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781403996541" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-4039-9654-1</a></li> <li>Waldschmidt-Nelson, Britta. Dreams and Nightmares: Martin Luther King Jr. Malcolm X, and the Struggle for Black Equality. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 2012. <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0813037239" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8130-3723-9</a>.</li> </ul> </div> <h2>External links</h2> General <table class="metadata plainlinks mbox-small" style="padding:0.25em 0.5em 0.5em 0.75em;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#f9f9f9;"> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-bottom:0.75em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;"> <div style="clear:both;">Find more about Martin Luther King Jr. at Wikipedia's <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Search Commons"><img alt="Search Commons" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="18" height="25" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/37px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"/></a></td> <td><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." class="extiw" title="commons:Martin Luther King Jr.">Media</a> from Commons</td> </tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Search Wikiquote"><img alt="Search Wikiquote" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/21px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" width="21" height="25" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/42px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"/></a></td> <td><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." class="extiw" title="q:Martin Luther King Jr.">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</td> </tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Search Wikisource"><img alt="Search Wikisource" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" width="24" height="25" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/48px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"/></a></td> <td><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Martin_Luther_King_Jr." class="extiw" title="s:Author:Martin Luther King Jr.">Source texts</a> from Wikisource</td> </tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Nonkilling_Leadership_Lessons_from_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Search Wikiversity"><img alt="Search Wikiversity" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/25px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png" width="25" height="23" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/38px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/50px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="900"/></a></td> <td><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Nonkilling_Leadership_Lessons_from_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." class="extiw" title="v:Nonkilling Leadership Lessons from Martin Luther King Jr.">Learning resources</a> from Wikiversity</td> </tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8027" title="Search Wikidata"><img alt="Search Wikidata" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/25px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" width="25" height="14" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/38px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/50px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590"/></a></td> <td><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8027" class="extiw" title="d:Q8027">Database entry Q8027</a> on Wikidata</td> </tr> </table> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.thekingcenter.org/">The King Center</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.auctr.edu/mlkcollection/">"Martin Luther King Jr. Collection"</a>, Morehouse College, RWWL</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.kinginstitute.info/">The Martin Luther King Jr. Papers Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://vault.fbi.gov/Martin%20Luther%20King%2C%20Jr.">FBI file on Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.vox.com/xpress/2014/11/12/7204453/martin-luther-king-fbi-letter">FBI letter sent MLK to convince him to kill himself</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_(website)" title="Vox (website)">Vox</a>, 2015.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://crdl.usg.edu/events/mlk_nobel_prize/">Martin Luther King Jr.'s Nobel Peace Prize</a>, Civil Rights Digital Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.gutenberg.org/author/King,+Martin+Luther,+Jr.">Works by Martin Luther King Jr.</a> at <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28subject%3A%22Jr.%2C%20Martin%20Luther%20King%2C%201929-1968%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Martin%20Luther%20King%20Jr.%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Jr.%2C%20Martin%20Luther%20King%2C%201929-1968%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Martin%20Luther%20King%20Jr.%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Jr.%2C%20M%2E%20L%2E%20K%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Martin%20Luther%20King%20Jr.%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Martin%20Luther%20King%20Jr.%22%20OR%20Martin+Luther+King+Jr.%29">Works by or about Martin Luther King Jr.</a> at <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> </ul> Speeches and interviews <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://saidatsouthern.com/martin-luther-king-mp3/">Audio from April 1961 King, "The Church on the Frontier of Racial Tensions"</a>, speech at Southern Seminary</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.dalnet.lib.mi.us/king/">"Martin Luther King Jr. Historic Speeches and Interviews"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://archive.org/movies/movies-details-db.php?collection=open_mind&collectionid=openmind_ep727">The New Negro</a>, King interviewed by <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Waites_Waring" title="J. Waites Waring" class="mw-redirect">J. Waites Waring</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/mlk/sfeature/sf_video_pop_02_tr_qry.html">"Interview with Dr. Kenneth Clark"</a>, PBS</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/mlkatimetobreaksilence.htm">"Beyond Vietnam" speech text and audio</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/multimedia_contents">King Institute Encyclopedia multimedia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.therealnews.com/t2/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=31&Itemid=74&jumival=4731">"Why I Am Opposed to the War in Vietnam"</a>, sermon at the Ebenezer Baptist Church on April 30, 1967 (audio of speech with video 23:31)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://reuther.wayne.edu/audio/user">"Walk to Freedom", Detroit, June 23, 1963.</a> Walter P. Reuther Library of Labor and Urban Affairs. Wayne State University.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.davidicchiasmus.com/blog/authors-non-lds/martin-luther-king-jr-dream">Chiastic outline of Martin Luther King, Junior's "I Have a Dream" speech</a></li> </ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:95%;clear:both;"> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF179;">Awards and achievements</th> </tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a> and <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Societies" title="International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies">League of Red Cross Societies</a></td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize Laureate</a> 1964</td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a></td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Martin_Luther_King" title="Template:Martin Luther King">v</a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Martin_Luther_King" title="Template talk:Martin Luther King">t</a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Martin_Luther_King&action=edit">e</a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%">Martin Luther King Jr.</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";">  <div style="font-size:110%">Speeches, Movements, and protests</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sermons_and_speeches_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Sermons and speeches of Martin Luther King Jr.">Speeches</a></div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li>"<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prayer_Pilgrimage_for_Freedom" title="Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom">Give Us the Ballot</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Have_a_Dream" title="I Have a Dream">I Have a Dream</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_Long,_Not_Long" title="How Long, Not Long">How Long, Not Long</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_Vietnam:_A_Time_to_Break_Silence" title="Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence">Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27ve_Been_to_the_Mountaintop" title="I've Been to the Mountaintop">I've Been to the Mountaintop</a>"</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Writings</div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stride_Toward_Freedom:_The_Montgomery_Story" title="Stride Toward Freedom: The Montgomery Story">Stride Toward Freedom: The Montgomery Story</a></li> <li>The Measure of a Man <ul> <li>"<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Is_Man%3F_(essay)" title="What Is Man? (essay)">What Is Man?</a>"</li> </ul> </li> <li>"<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Second Emancipation Proclamation">Second Emancipation Proclamation</a>"</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strength_to_Love" title="Strength to Love">Strength to Love</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_from_Birmingham_Jail" title="Letter from Birmingham Jail">Letter from Birmingham Jail</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why_We_Can%27t_Wait" title="Why We Can't Wait">Why We Can't Wait</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscience_for_Change" title="Conscience for Change">Conscience for Change</a> (<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscience_for_Change" title="Conscience for Change">The Trumpet of Conscience</a>)</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;;line-height:1.2em;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_Civil_Rights_Movement_(1954%E2%80%9368)" title="African-American Civil Rights Movement (1954–68)">Movements and protests</a></div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery_Bus_Boycott" title="Montgomery Bus Boycott">Montgomery Bus Boycott</a> (1955–1956)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany_Movement" title="Albany Movement">Albany Movement</a> (1961–1962)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_campaign" title="Birmingham campaign">Birmingham campaign</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Augustine_movement" title="St. Augustine movement">St. Augustine movement</a> (1963–1964)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma Voting Rights Movement</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Freedom_Movement" title="Chicago Freedom Movement">Chicago Open Housing Movement</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_Against_Fear" title="March Against Fear">Mississippi March Against Fear</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Vietnam_War_Movement" title="Anti-Vietnam War Movement" class="mw-redirect">Anti-Vietnam</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Mobilization_Committee_to_End_the_War_in_Vietnam#April_15.2C_1967_Anti-Vietnam_war_demonstrations" title="National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam">War Movement</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Sanitation_Strike" title="Memphis Sanitation Strike">Memphis Sanitation Strike</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poor_People%27s_Campaign" title="Poor People's Campaign">Poor People's Campaign</a> (1968)</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> <td class="navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;padding: 0.25em 0.0em 0.25em 0.25em;"> <div><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martin-Luther-King-1964-leaning-on-a-lectern.jpg" class="image" title="Martin Luther King in 1964"><img alt="Head and shoulders of a black man in a dark suit leaning on a lecturn, with his hands grasping the lecturn's top. Light comes from above and leaves the lower half of his round face in deep shadow. His hair is closely cropped and he has a pencil-thin mustache. He looks up over the reader's right shoulder, his full lips barely open, as if thinking what his next words will be." src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Martin-Luther-King-1964-leaning-on-a-lectern.jpg/100px-Martin-Luther-King-1964-leaning-on-a-lectern.jpg" width="100" height="138" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Martin-Luther-King-1964-leaning-on-a-lectern.jpg/150px-Martin-Luther-King-1964-leaning-on-a-lectern.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Martin-Luther-King-1964-leaning-on-a-lectern.jpg/200px-Martin-Luther-King-1964-leaning-on-a-lectern.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3327" data-file-height="4590"/></a></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";">  <div style="font-size:110%">People</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Family</div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Sr." title="Martin Luther King, Sr.">Martin Luther King, Sr.</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta_Williams_King" title="Alberta Williams King">Alberta Williams King</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_King_Farris" title="Christine King Farris">Christine King Farris</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Daniel_Williams_King" title="Alfred Daniel Williams King">Alfred Daniel Williams King</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yolanda_King" title="Yolanda King">Yolanda King</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_III" title="Martin Luther King III">Martin Luther King III</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexter_Scott_King" title="Dexter Scott King">Dexter Scott King</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernice_King" title="Bernice King">Bernice King</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveda_King" title="Alveda King">Alveda King</a> (niece)</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Other leaders</div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy">Ralph Abernathy</a> (colleague)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Baker" title="Ella Baker">Ella Baker</a> (colleague)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bevel" title="James Bevel">James Bevel</a> (strategist / colleague)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Cotton" title="Dorothy Cotton">Dorothy Cotton</a> (colleague)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Lafayette" title="Bernard Lafayette">Bernard Lafayette</a> (colleague))</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Lawson_(American_activist)" title="James Lawson (American activist)">James Lawson</a> (colleague)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lowery" title="Joseph Lowery">Joseph Lowery</a> (colleague)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lewis_(U.S._politician)" title="John Lewis (U.S. politician)" class="mw-redirect">John Lewis</a> (colleague)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a> (protégé)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Mays" title="Benjamin Mays">Benjamin Mays</a> (mentor)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diane_Nash" title="Diane Nash">Diane Nash</a> (colleague)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Orange" title="James Orange">James Orange</a> (colleague)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayard_Rustin" title="Bayard Rustin">Bayard Rustin</a> (advisor)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Shuttlesworth" title="Fred Shuttlesworth">Fred Shuttlesworth</a> (colleague)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._T._Vivian" title="C. T. Vivian">C. T. Vivian</a> (colleague)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyatt_Tee_Walker" title="Wyatt Tee Walker">Wyatt Walker</a> (colleague)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosea_Williams" title="Hosea Williams">Hosea Williams</a> (colleague)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a> (colleague)</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";">  <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">Assassination</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Earl_Ray" title="James Earl Ray">James Earl Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Civil_Rights_Museum" title="National Civil Rights Museum">Lorraine Motel</a> (now National Civil Rights Museum)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyd_Jowers" title="Loyd Jowers">Loyd Jowers</a> (restaurant owner)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funeral_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Funeral of Martin Luther King Jr.">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Records_Collection_Act" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Records Collection Act" class="mw-redirect">MLK Records Act</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_assassination_riots" title="King assassination riots">Riots</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";">  <div style="font-size:110%">Media</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Film</div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King:_A_Filmed_Record..._Montgomery_to_Memphis" title="King: A Filmed Record... Montgomery to Memphis">King: A Filmed Record... Montgomery to Memphis</a> (1970 documentary)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Friend,_Martin" title="Our Friend, Martin">Our Friend, Martin</a> (1999 animated)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boycott_(2001_film)" title="Boycott (2001 film)">Boycott</a> (2001 film)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Witness:_From_the_Balcony_of_Room_306" title="The Witness: From the Balcony of Room 306">The Witness: From the Balcony of Room 306</a> (2008 documentary)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Man:_The_Brotherhood_of_MLK" title="Alpha Man: The Brotherhood of MLK">Alpha Man: The Brotherhood of MLK</a> (2011 documentary)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selma_(film)" title="Selma (film)">Selma</a> (2014 film)</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Television</div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_(miniseries)" title="King (miniseries)">King</a> (1978 miniseries)</li> <li>"<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_First_Store" title="The First Store">The First Store</a>" (The Jeffersons episode, 1980)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_X-Pectations" title="Great X-Pectations">"Great X-Pectations"</a> (A Different World episode, 1993)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Promised_Land_(New_York_Undercover)" title="The Promised Land (New York Undercover)">"The Promised Land"</a> (New York Undercover episode, 1997)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_of_the_King_(The_Boondocks)" title="Return of the King (The Boondocks)">"Return of the King"</a> (The Boondocks episode, 2006)</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Plays</div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Meeting_(play)" title="The Meeting (play)">The Meeting (1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mountaintop" title="The Mountaintop">The Mountaintop (2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_the_Way_(play)" title="All the Way (play)">All the Way (2012)</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Songs</div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li>"<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham,_Martin_and_John" title="Abraham, Martin and John">Abraham, Martin and John</a>" (Dion)</li> <li>"<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Yellow_Princess_(album)#Track_listing" title="The Yellow Princess (album)">March! For Martin Luther King</a>" (John Fahey)</li> <li>"<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_a_Collection_of_Antiques_and_Curios#Track_listing" title="Just a Collection of Antiques and Curios">Martin Luther King's Dream</a>" (Strawbs)</li> <li>"<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_Birthday_(Stevie_Wonder_song)" title="Happy Birthday (Stevie Wonder song)">Happy Birthday</a>" (Stevie Wonder)</li> <li>"<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride_(In_the_Name_of_Love)" title="Pride (In the Name of Love)">Pride (In the Name of Love)</a>" (U2)</li> <li>"<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLK_(song)" title="MLK (song)">MLK</a>" (U2)</li> <li>"<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Holiday" title="King Holiday">King Holiday</a>" (King Dream Chorus and Holiday Crew)</li> <li>"<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Moon_Shine" title="New Moon Shine">Shed a Little Light</a>" (James Taylor)</li> <li>"<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up_to_the_Mountain_(MLK_Song)" title="Up to the Mountain (MLK Song)">Up to the Mountain</a>" (Patti Griffin)</li> <li>"Never Alone Martin" (<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Upton" title="Jason Upton">Jason Upton</a>)</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";">  <div style="font-size:110%">Related topics</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr._Day" title="Martin Luther King, Jr. Day">Martin Luther King, Jr. Day</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr._Memorial" title="Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial">Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee%E2%80%93Jackson%E2%80%93King_Day" title="Lee–Jackson–King Day">Lee–Jackson–King Day</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Season_for_Nonviolence" title="Season for Nonviolence">Season for Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Center_for_Nonviolent_Social_Change" title="King Center for Nonviolent Social Change">King Center for Nonviolent Social Change</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._National_Historic_Site" title="Martin Luther King Jr. National Historic Site">National Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Civil_Rights_Museum" title="National Civil Rights Museum">National Civil Rights Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexter_Avenue_Baptist_Church" title="Dexter Avenue Baptist Church">Dexter Avenue Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landmark_for_Peace_Memorial" title="Landmark for Peace Memorial">Landmark for Peace Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homage_to_King" title="Homage to King">Homage to King sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_streets_named_after_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="List of streets named after Martin Luther King Jr." class="mw-redirect">Eponymous streets</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._authorship_issues" title="Martin Luther King Jr. authorship issues">Authorship issues</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_in_the_King_Years" title="America in the King Years">America in the King Years</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_Civil_Rights_Movement_(1954%E2%80%9368)_in_popular_culture" title="African-American Civil Rights Movement (1954–68) in popular culture">Civil Rights Movement in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Phi_Alpha" title="Alpha Phi Alpha">Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"> <div> <ul> <li><img alt="Commons page" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" title="Commons page" width="12" height="16" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"/> <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr." class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Martin Luther King, Jr.">Commons</a></li> <li><img alt="Wikibooks page" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" title="Wikibooks page" width="16" height="16" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"/> <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr." class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Special:Search/Martin Luther King, Jr.">Wikibooks</a></li> <li><img alt="Wikiquote page" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" title="Wikiquote page" width="13" height="16" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"/> <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr." class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Martin Luther King, Jr.">Wikiquote</a></li> <li><img alt="Wikisource page" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" title="Wikisource page" width="15" height="16" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"/> <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Author:Martin_Luther_King,_Jr." class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/Author:Martin Luther King, Jr.">Wikisource texts</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:SCLC_presidents" title="Template:SCLC presidents">v</a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:SCLC_presidents" title="Template talk:SCLC presidents">t</a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:SCLC_presidents&action=edit">e</a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President" title="President">Presidents</a> of the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li>Martin Luther King Jr. (1957-68)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy">Ralph Abernathy</a> (1968-77)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lowery" title="Joseph Lowery">Joseph Lowery</a> (1977-97)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_III" title="Martin Luther King III">Martin Luther King III</a> (1997-2004)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Shuttlesworth" title="Fred Shuttlesworth">Fred Shuttlesworth</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Steele,_Jr." title="Charles Steele, Jr.">Charles Steele, Jr.</a> (2004-09)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_W._Creecy,_Jr." title="Howard W. Creecy, Jr." class="mw-redirect">Howard W. Creecy, Jr.</a> (2009-11)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Steele,_Jr." title="Charles Steele, Jr.">Charles Steele, Jr.</a> (2012-present)</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:African-American_Civil_Rights_Movement" title="Template:African-American Civil Rights Movement">v</a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:African-American_Civil_Rights_Movement" title="Template talk:African-American Civil Rights Movement">t</a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:African-American_Civil_Rights_Movement&action=edit">e</a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_Civil_Rights_Movement_(1954%E2%80%9368)" title="African-American Civil Rights Movement (1954–68)">African-American Civil Rights Movement (1954–68)</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Events (<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_African-American_Civil_Rights_Movement" title="Timeline of the African-American Civil Rights Movement">timeline</a>)</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Keys_v._Carolina_Coach_Company" title="Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company" class="mw-redirect">Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmett_Till" title="Emmett Till">Emmett Till</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery_Bus_Boycott" title="Montgomery Bus Boycott">Montgomery Bus Boycott</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery_Improvement_Association" title="Montgomery Improvement Association">Montgomery Improvement Association</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexter_Avenue_Baptist_Church" title="Dexter Avenue Baptist Church">Dexter Avenue Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Browder_v._Gayle" title="Browder v. Gayle">Browder v. Gayle</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansfield_school_desegregation_incident" title="Mansfield school desegregation incident">Mansfield school desegregation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prayer_Pilgrimage_for_Freedom" title="Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom">1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Rock_Nine" title="Little Rock Nine">Little Rock Nine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kissing_Case" title="Kissing Case">Kissing Case</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greensboro_sit-ins" title="Greensboro sit-ins">Greensboro sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville_sit-ins" title="Nashville sit-ins">Nashville sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomillion_v._Lightfoot" title="Gomillion v. Lightfoot">Gomillion v. Lightfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boynton_v._Virginia" title="Boynton v. Virginia">Boynton v. Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Riders" title="Freedom Riders">Freedom Rides</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greyhound_Bus_Station_(Montgomery,_Alabama)" title="Greyhound Bus Station (Montgomery, Alabama)">attacks</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garner_v._Louisiana" title="Garner v. Louisiana">Garner v. Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany_Movement" title="Albany Movement">Albany Movement</a></li> <li>"<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Second Emancipation Proclamation">Second Emancipation Proclamation</a>"</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Summer" title="Freedom Summer">Mississippi Movement</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Schools" title="Freedom Schools">Freedom Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Federated_Organizations" title="Council of Federated Organizations">COFO</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_civil_rights_workers%27_murders" title="Mississippi civil rights workers' murders">workers' murders</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_campaign" title="Birmingham campaign">1963 Birmingham Movement</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_Crusade_(civil_rights)" title="Children's Crusade (civil rights)">and Children's Crusade</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_from_Birmingham_Jail" title="Letter from Birmingham Jail">Letter from Birmingham Jail</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_Street_Baptist_Church" title="16th Street Baptist Church">16th Street Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Ingram_Park" title="Kelly Ingram Park">Kelly Ingram Park</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_riot_of_1963" title="Birmingham riot of 1963">Birmingham riot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_Street_Baptist_Church_bombing" title="16th Street Baptist Church bombing">16th Street Baptist Church bombing</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stand_in_the_Schoolhouse_Door" title="Stand in the Schoolhouse Door">University of Alabama integration</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Address" title="Civil Rights Address">John F. Kennedy's Civil Rights address</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Have_a_Dream" title="I Have a Dream">"I Have a Dream"</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Six_(civil_rights)" title="Big Six (civil rights)">"Big Six"</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Freedom_Democratic_Party" title="Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party">Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Augustine_movement" title="St. Augustine movement">St. Augustine movement</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-fourth Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">1965 Selma to Montgomery marches</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Chapel_A.M.E._Church_(Selma,_Alabama)" title="Brown Chapel A.M.E. Church (Selma, Alabama)">Brown Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Pettus_Bridge" title="Edmund Pettus Bridge">Edmund Pettus Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCOPE_Project" title="SCOPE Project">SCOPE</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Freedom_Movement" title="Chicago Freedom Movement">Chicago Freedom/Open Housing Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper_v._Virginia_State_Board_of_Elections" title="Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections">Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_Against_Fear" title="March Against Fear">March Against Fear</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Power" title="Black Power">Black Power</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Conference_on_Civil_Rights" title="White House Conference on Civil Rights">White House Conference on Civil Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Sanitation_Strike" title="Memphis Sanitation Strike">Memphis Sanitation Strike</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King,_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr." class="mw-redirect">King assassination</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funeral_of_Martin_Luther_King,_Jr." title="Funeral of Martin Luther King, Jr." class="mw-redirect">funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_assassination_riots" title="King assassination riots">riots</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poor_People%27s_Campaign" title="Poor People's Campaign">Poor People's Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_(disambiguation)" title="Civil Rights Act (disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect">Civil Rights Acts</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1957" title="Civil Rights Act of 1957">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1960" title="Civil Rights Act of 1960">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">1968</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Related</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" title="Plessy v. Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separate_but_equal" title="Separate but equal">Separate but equal</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hocutt_v._Wilson" title="Hocutt v. Wilson">Hocutt v. Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia" title="Loving v. Virginia">Loving v. Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_of_Atlanta_Motel_v._United_States" title="Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States" class="mw-redirect">Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katzenbach_v._McClung" title="Katzenbach v. McClung">Katzenbach v. McClung</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Circuit_Four" title="Fifth Circuit Four">Fifth Circuit Four</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_on_Washington_Movement" title="March on Washington Movement">March on Washington Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journey_of_Reconciliation" title="Journey of Reconciliation">Journey of Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protest_songs_in_the_United_States" title="Protest songs in the United States">Freedom Songs</a> <ul> <li>"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me Around"</li> <li>"I Love Everybody"</li> <li>"<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumbaya" title="Kumbaya">Kumbaya</a>"</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keep_Your_Eyes_on_the_Prize" title="Keep Your Eyes on the Prize">"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize"</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh,_Freedom" title="Oh, Freedom">"Oh, Freedom"</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Little_Light_of_Mine" title="This Little Light of Mine">"This Little Light of Mine"</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Shall_Not_Be_Moved" title="I Shall Not Be Moved">"We Shall Not Be Moved"</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Shall_Overcome" title="We Shall Overcome">"We Shall Overcome"</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Mobilization_Committee_to_End_the_War_in_Vietnam" title="National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam">Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watts_riots" title="Watts riots">Watts riots</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voter_Education_Project" title="Voter Education Project">Voter Education Project</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">1960s counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_Civil_Rights_Movement_(1954%E2%80%9368)_in_popular_culture" title="African-American Civil Rights Movement (1954–68) in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:African-American_Civil_Rights_Movement_(1954%E2%80%9368)_museums" title="Category:African-American Civil Rights Movement (1954–68) museums">Museums</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr._Memorial" title="Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial">King Memorial</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Activist groups</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_Christian_Movement_for_Human_Rights" title="Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights">Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Student_Movement" title="Atlanta Student Movement">Atlanta Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brotherhood_of_Sleeping_Car_Porters" title="Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters">Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_for_United_Civil_Rights_Leadership" title="Council for United Civil Rights Leadership">Council for United Civil Rights Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deacons_for_Defense_and_Justice" title="Deacons for Defense and Justice">Deacons for Defense and Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Council_on_Human_Relations" title="Georgia Council on Human Relations">Georgia Council on Human Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highlander_Folk_School" title="Highlander Folk School" class="mw-redirect">Highlander Folk School</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadership_Conference_on_Civil_Rights" title="Leadership Conference on Civil Rights" class="mw-redirect">Leadership Conference on Civil Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville_sit-ins" title="Nashville sit-ins">Nashville Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People" title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People">NAACP</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAACP_Youth_Council" title="NAACP Youth Council">Youth Council</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Student_Movement" title="Northern Student Movement">Northern Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_of_Negro_Women" title="National Council of Negro Women">National Council of Negro Women</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League">National Urban League</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Breadbasket" title="Operation Breadbasket">Operation Breadbasket</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Council_of_Negro_Leadership" title="Regional Council of Negro Leadership">Regional Council of Negro Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Regional_Council" title="Southern Regional Council">Southern Regional Council</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Freedom_Singers" title="The Freedom Singers">The Freedom Singers</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Political_Council" title="Women's Political Council">Women's Political Council</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Activists</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy">Ralph Abernathy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Gray_Adams" title="Victoria Gray Adams">Victoria Gray Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zev_Aelony" title="Zev Aelony">Zev Aelony</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathew_Ahmann" title="Mathew Ahmann">Mathew Ahmann</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_G._Anderson" title="William G. Anderson">William G. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwendolyn_Elaine_Armstrong" title="Gwendolyn Elaine Armstrong">Gwendolyn Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Baker" title="Ella Baker">Ella Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Barry" title="Marion Barry">Marion Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisy_Bates_(civil_rights_activist)" title="Daisy Bates (civil rights activist)">Daisy Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Belafonte" title="Harry Belafonte">Harry Belafonte</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bevel" title="James Bevel">James Bevel</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Black" title="Claude Black">Claude Black</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randolph_Blackwell" title="Randolph Blackwell">Randolph Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unita_Blackwell" title="Unita Blackwell">Unita Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezell_Blair,_Jr." title="Ezell Blair, Jr.">Ezell Blair, Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanne_Bland" title="Joanne Bland">Joanne Bland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Bond" title="Julian Bond">Julian Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_E._Boone" title="Joseph E. Boone">Joseph E. Boone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Holmes_Borders" title="William Holmes Borders">William Holmes Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raylawni_Branch" title="Raylawni Branch">Raylawni Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurelia_Browder" title="Aurelia Browder">Aurelia Browder</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._Rap_Brown" title="H. Rap Brown">H. Rap Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Carawan" title="Guy Carawan">Guy Carawan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stokely_Carmichael" title="Stokely Carmichael">Stokely Carmichael</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnnie_Carr" title="Johnnie Carr">Johnnie Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Chaney" title="James Chaney">James Chaney</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._L._Chestnut" title="J. L. Chestnut">J. L. Chestnut</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsey_Clark" title="Ramsey Clark">Ramsey Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septima_Clark" title="Septima Clark" class="mw-redirect">Septima Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xernona_Clayton" title="Xernona Clayton">Xernona Clayton</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldridge_Cleaver" title="Eldridge Cleaver">Eldridge Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Neal_Cleaver" title="Kathleen Neal Cleaver">Kathleen Neal Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_E._Cobb,_Jr." title="Charles E. Cobb, Jr.">Charles E. Cobb, Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Lee_Cooper" title="Annie Lee Cooper">Annie Lee Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Cotton" title="Dorothy Cotton">Dorothy Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudette_Colvin" title="Claudette Colvin">Claudette Colvin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon_Dahmer" title="Vernon Dahmer">Vernon Dahmer</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Daniels" title="Jonathan Daniels">Jonathan Daniels</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_DeLaine" title="Joseph DeLaine">Joseph DeLaine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Devine" title="Annie Devine" class="mw-redirect">Annie Devine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Stephens_Due" title="Patricia Stephens Due">Patricia Stephens Due</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Evers" title="Charles Evers">Charles Evers</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medgar_Evers" title="Medgar Evers">Medgar Evers</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrlie_Evers-Williams" title="Myrlie Evers-Williams">Myrlie Evers-Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Fager" title="Chuck Fager">Chuck Fager</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Farmer" title="James Farmer">James Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_E._Fauntroy" title="Walter E. Fauntroy">Walter Fauntroy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Forman" title="James Forman">James Forman</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Foster" title="Marie Foster">Marie Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Frinks" title="Golden Frinks">Golden Frinks</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Goodman" title="Andrew Goodman">Andrew Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Gray_(attorney)" title="Fred Gray (attorney)">Fred Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Gregory" title="Dick Gregory">Dick Gregory</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Guyot" title="Lawrence Guyot">Lawrence Guyot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prathia_Hall" title="Prathia Hall">Prathia Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Fannie Lou Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_E._Harbour" title="William E. Harbour">William E. Harbour</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Height" title="Dorothy Height">Dorothy Height</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lola_Hendricks" title="Lola Hendricks">Lola Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Henry" title="Aaron Henry">Aaron Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Hill" title="Oliver Hill">Oliver Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_L._Hollowell" title="Donald L. Hollowell">Donald L. Hollowell</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hood" title="James Hood">James Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myles_Horton" title="Myles Horton">Myles Horton</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zilphia_Horton" title="Zilphia Horton">Zilphia Horton</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._R._M._Howard" title="T. R. M. Howard">T. R. M. Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_Hurley" title="Ruby Hurley">Ruby Hurley</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmie_Lee_Jackson" title="Jimmie Lee Jackson">Jimmie Lee Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richie_Jean_Jackson" title="Richie Jean Jackson">Richie Jean Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._J._Jemison" title="T. J. Jemison">T. J. Jemison</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esau_Jenkins" title="Esau Jenkins">Esau Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Rose_Johns" title="Barbara Rose Johns">Barbara Rose Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon_Johns" title="Vernon Johns">Vernon Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Minis_Johnson" title="Frank Minis Johnson">Frank Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_Johnson" title="Lyndon Johnson" class="mw-redirect">Lyndon Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Benjamin_Jones" title="Clarence Benjamin Jones">Clarence Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Jones_(civil_rights_activist)" title="Matthew Jones (civil rights activist)">Matthew Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon_Jordan" title="Vernon Jordan">Vernon Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Kahn" title="Tom Kahn">Tom Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde_Kennard" title="Clyde Kennard">Clyde Kennard</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Daniel_Williams_King" title="Alfred Daniel Williams King">A. D. King</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr." title="Martin Luther King, Jr." class="mw-redirect">Martin Luther King, Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Sr." title="Martin Luther King, Sr.">Martin Luther King, Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Lafayette" title="Bernard Lafayette">Bernard Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Lawson_(American_activist)" title="James Lawson (American activist)">James Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Lee_(Civil_Rights_Movement)" title="Bernard Lee (Civil Rights Movement)">Bernard Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanford_R._Leigh" title="Sanford R. Leigh">Sanford R. Leigh</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Levison" title="Stanley Levison">Stanley Levison</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lewis_(politician)" title="John Lewis (politician)">John Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola_Liuzzo" title="Viola Liuzzo">Viola Liuzzo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z._Alexander_Looby" title="Z. Alexander Looby">Z. Alexander Looby</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lowery" title="Joseph Lowery">Joseph Lowery</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Luper" title="Clara Luper">Clara Luper</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mae_Mallory" title="Mae Mallory">Mae Mallory</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivian_Malone_Jones" title="Vivian Malone Jones">Vivian Malone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_McCain" title="Franklin McCain">Franklin McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_McGill" title="Ralph McGill">Ralph McGill</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_McNeil" title="Joseph McNeil">Joseph McNeil</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Meredith" title="James Meredith">James Meredith</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Robert_Ming" title="William Robert Ming">William Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Minnis" title="Jack Minnis">Jack Minnis</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amzie_Moore" title="Amzie Moore">Amzie Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lewis_Moore" title="William Lewis Moore">William Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene_Morgan" title="Irene Morgan">Irene Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Parris_Moses" title="Robert Parris Moses">Bob Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Moyer" title="William Moyer">Bill Moyer</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diane_Nash" title="Diane Nash">Diane Nash</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Neblett" title="Charles Neblett">Charles Neblett</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Nixon" title="Edgar Nixon">E. D. Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_Pitts_O%27Dell" title="Hunter Pitts O'Dell">Jack O'Dell</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Orange" title="James Orange">James Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Peck_(pacifist)" title="James Peck (pacifist)">James Peck</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Person" title="Charles Person">Charles Person</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer_Plessy" title="Homer Plessy">Homer Plessy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Clayton_Powell,_Jr." title="Adam Clayton Powell, Jr.">Adam Clayton Powell, Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fay_Bellamy_Powell" title="Fay Bellamy Powell">Fay Bellamy Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Raby" title="Albert Raby">Al Raby</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Ragsdale" title="Lincoln Ragsdale">Lincoln Ragsdale</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">A. Philip Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Raymond_Jr." title="George Raymond Jr.">George Raymond Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernice_Johnson_Reagon" title="Bernice Johnson Reagon">Bernice Johnson Reagon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordell_Reagon" title="Cordell Reagon">Cordell Reagon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Reeb" title="James Reeb">James Reeb</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_D._Reese" title="Frederick D. Reese">Frederick D. Reese</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Richardson" title="Gloria Richardson">Gloria Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Richmond_(activist)" title="David Richmond (activist)">David Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amelia_Boynton_Robinson" title="Amelia Boynton Robinson">Amelia Boynton Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Ann_Robinson" title="Jo Ann Robinson">Jo Ann Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayard_Rustin" title="Bayard Rustin">Bayard Rustin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Schwerner" title="Michael Schwerner">Michael Schwerner</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Sellers" title="Cleveland Sellers">Cleveland Sellers</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sherrod" title="Charles Sherrod">Charles Sherrod</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_D._Shimkin" title="Alexander D. Shimkin">Alexander D. Shimkin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Shuttlesworth" title="Fred Shuttlesworth">Fred Shuttlesworth</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modjeska_Monteith_Simkins" title="Modjeska Monteith Simkins">Modjeska Monteith Simkins</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Miller_Smith" title="Kelly Miller Smith">Kelly Miller Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Louise_Smith_(civil_rights_activist)" title="Mary Louise Smith (civil rights activist)">Mary Louise Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_Doris_Smith-Robinson" title="Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson">Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Kenzie_Steele" title="Charles Kenzie Steele">Charles Kenzie Steele</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Tillman" title="Dorothy Tillman">Dorothy Tillman</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._P._Tureaud" title="A. P. Tureaud">A. P. Tureaud</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._T._Vivian" title="C. T. Vivian">C. T. Vivian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyatt_Tee_Walker" title="Wyatt Tee Walker">Wyatt Tee Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollis_Watkins" title="Hollis Watkins">Hollis Watkins</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Francis_White" title="Walter Francis White">Walter Francis White</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Wilkins" title="Roy Wilkins">Roy Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosea_Williams" title="Hosea Williams">Hosea Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Open_Housing_Movement" title="Chicago Open Housing Movement" class="mw-redirect">Kale Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Williams" title="Robert F. Williams">Robert F. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitney_Young" title="Whitney Young">Whitney Young</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammy_Younge_Jr." title="Sammy Younge Jr.">Sammy Younge Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Zwerg" title="James Zwerg">James Zwerg</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Influences</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padayatra" title="Padayatra">Padayatra</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_K._Gandhi" title="Mohandas K. Gandhi" class="mw-redirect">Mohandas K. Gandhi</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Noted historians</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Branch" title="Taylor Branch">Taylor Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayborne_Carson" title="Clayborne Carson">Clayborne Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dittmer" title="John Dittmer">John Dittmer</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Eric_Dyson" title="Michael Eric Dyson">Michael Eric Dyson</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Fager" title="Chuck Fager">Chuck Fager</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Fairclough" title="Adam Fairclough">Adam Fairclough</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Garrow" title="David Garrow">David Garrow</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Halberstam" title="David Halberstam">David Halberstam</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_F._Lawson" title="Steven F. Lawson">Steven F. Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_McAdam" title="Doug McAdam">Doug McAdam</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diane_McWhorter" title="Diane McWhorter">Diane McWhorter</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Tyson" title="Timothy Tyson">Timothy Tyson</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akinyele_Umoja" title="Akinyele Umoja">Akinyele Umoja</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographers_of_the_African-American_Civil_Rights_Movement" title="Photographers of the African-American Civil Rights Movement">Movement photographers</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:African_American_topics" title="Template:African American topics">v</a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:African_American_topics" title="Template talk:African American topics">t</a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:African_American_topics&action=edit">e</a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American" title="African American">African American</a> topics</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_history" title="African-American history">History</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maafa" title="Maafa">Maafa</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_era_of_the_United_States" title="Reconstruction era of the United States" class="mw-redirect">Reconstruction Era</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans" title="Military history of African Americans">Military history of African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_Civil_Rights_Movement_(1865%E2%80%9395)" title="African-American Civil Rights Movement (1865–95)">Civil Rights Movement 1865-1895</a> / <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_Civil_Rights_Movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="African-American Civil Rights Movement (1896–1954)">1896–1954</a> / <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_Civil_Rights_Movement_(1955%E2%80%931968)" title="African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955–1968)" class="mw-redirect">1955–1968</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Second Great Migration (African American)">Second Great Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrocentrism" title="Afrocentrism">Afrocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Great_Migration" title="New Great Migration">New Great Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Civil_Rights_era_in_African-American_history" title="Post-Civil Rights era in African-American history" class="mw-redirect">Post-Civil Rights era</a></li> <li>Inauguration of Barack Obama (<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="First inauguration of Barack Obama">2009</a> / <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="Second inauguration of Barack Obama">2013</a>)</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_culture" title="African-American culture">Culture</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_studies" title="African American studies" class="mw-redirect">African American studies</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_art" title="African American art" class="mw-redirect">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_names" title="African American names" class="mw-redirect">African American names</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_mecca" title="Black mecca">Black mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities" title="Historically black colleges and universities">Black colleges and universities</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_school" title="Black school">Black schools</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_dance" title="African-American dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwanzaa" title="Kwanzaa">Kwanzaa</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_literature" title="African-American literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_museums_focused_on_African_Americans" title="List of museums focused on African Americans">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_neighborhood" title="African-American neighborhood">Neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_culture_and_sexual_orientation" title="African-American culture and sexual orientation">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">Soul food</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Religion</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">Black church</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_liberation_theology" title="Black liberation theology">Black liberation theology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_theology" title="Black theology">Black theology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctrine_of_Father_Divine" title="Doctrine of Father Divine">Doctrine of Father Divine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Muslims" title="American Society of Muslims">American Society of Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites" title="Black Hebrew Israelites">Black Hebrew Israelites</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Political movements</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Power" title="Black Power">Black Power</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_fist" title="Black fist" class="mw-redirect">Black fist</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_capitalism" title="Black capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_populism" title="Black populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_leftism" title="African-American leftism">Leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garveyism" title="Garveyism">Garveyism</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Civic and economic groups</div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People" title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People">National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League">National Urban League (NUL)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:African_Americans%27_rights_organizations" title="Category:African Americans' rights organizations">Rights organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_the_Study_of_African_American_Life_and_History" title="Association for the Study of African American Life and History">Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall_College_Fund" title="Thurgood Marshall College Fund">Thurgood Marshall College Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Negro_College_Fund" title="United Negro College Fund">United Negro College Fund (UNCF)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Black_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="National Black Chamber of Commerce">National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Pan-Hellenic_Council" title="National Pan-Hellenic Council">National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Links,_Incorporated" title="The Links, Incorporated">The Links</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_of_Negro_Women" title="National Council of Negro Women">National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Sports</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negro_league_baseball" title="Negro league baseball">Negro league baseball</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_color_line" title="Baseball color line">Baseball color line</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_players_in_American_professional_football" title="Black players in American professional football">Black players in American professional football</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_the_Canadian_Football_League" title="History of African Americans in the Canadian Football League">African Americans in the Canadian Football League</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_players_in_ice_hockey" title="Black players in ice hockey">Black players in ice hockey</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="font-weight:normal;"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Athletic associations and conferences</div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Association" title="Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association">Central (CIAA)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Conference" title="Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference">Southern (SIAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Eastern_Athletic_Conference" title="Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference">Mid-Eastern (MEAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference" title="Southwestern Athletic Conference">Southwestern (SWAC)</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Ethnic subdivisions</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Black Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gullah" title="Gullah">Gullah</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fula_American" title="Fula American">Fula</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo_American" title="Igbo American">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_American" title="Yoruba American">Yoruba</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Languages</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English" title="African American Vernacular English">African American Vernacular English</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gullah_language" title="Gullah language">Gullah</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_French" title="Louisiana Creole French">Louisiana Creole French</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Diaspora</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Caribbean" title="History of the Caribbean">Caribbean history</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americo-Liberian" title="Americo-Liberian">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotians" title="Black Nova Scotians">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole_people" title="Sierra Leone Creole people">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans_in_France" title="African Americans in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_emigration" title="Haitian emigration">Haiti</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Lists</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_African_Americans" title="Lists of African Americans">African Americans</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_African-American_visual_artists" title="List of African-American visual artists">visual artists</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_African-American_Republicans" title="List of African-American Republicans">Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_Senators" title="List of African-American United States Senators">US senators</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_African-American_firsts" title="List of African-American firsts">African-American firsts</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_first_African-American_mayors" title="List of first African-American mayors">mayors</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_African-American_U.S._state_firsts" title="List of African-American U.S. state firsts">US state firsts</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_landmark_African-American_legislation" title="List of landmark African-American legislation">Landmark African-American legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_African_Americans" title="Index of articles related to African Americans">African American-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_topics_related_to_the_African_diaspora" title="List of topics related to the African diaspora">Topics related to the African diaspora</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"> <div> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:African_American" title="Category:African American">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:African_American" title="Portal:African American">Portal</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Coretta_Scott_King" title="Template:Coretta Scott King">v</a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Coretta_Scott_King&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Coretta Scott King (page does not exist)">t</a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Coretta_Scott_King&action=edit">e</a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"> <div>April 27, 1927 – January 30, 2006</div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Life</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King#Childhood_and_education" title="Coretta Scott King">Childhood and education</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King#Civil_rights_movement" title="Coretta Scott King">Civil rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Mobilization_Committee_to_End_the_War_in_Vietnam#April_15.2C_1967_Anti-Vietnam_war_demonstrations" title="National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam">1967 San Francisco anti-war march</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Center_for_Nonviolent_Social_Change" title="King Center for Nonviolent Social Change">King Center for Nonviolent Social Change</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhi_Peace_Prize" title="Gandhi Peace Prize">2004 Gandhi Peace Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_and_funeral_of_Coretta_Scott_King" title="Death and funeral of Coretta Scott King">Death and funeral</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Books</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li>My Life with Martin Luther King, Jr. (1969 autobiography)</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Other</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr._Day" title="Martin Luther King, Jr. Day">Martin Luther King, Jr. Day</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Reaction</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King#Recognition_and_tributes" title="Coretta Scott King">Recognition and tributes</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Namesakes</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King_Award" title="Coretta Scott King Award">Coretta Scott King Award</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King_Young_Women%27s_Leadership_Academy" title="Coretta Scott King Young Women's Leadership Academy">Coretta Scott King Young Women's Leadership Academy</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Family</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li>Martin Luther King Jr. (husband)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yolanda_King" title="Yolanda King">Yolanda King</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_III" title="Martin Luther King III">Martin Luther King III</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexter_Scott_King" title="Dexter Scott King">Dexter Scott King</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernice_King" title="Bernice King">Bernice King</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edythe_Scott_Bagley" title="Edythe Scott Bagley">Edythe Scott Bagley</a> (sister)</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Cultural depictions</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_(miniseries)" title="King (miniseries)">King (1978 miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Friend,_Martin" title="Our Friend, Martin">Our Friend, Martin (1999 animated)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selma_(film)" title="Selma (film)">Selma (2014 film)</a></li> <li>Betty and Coretta (2013 film)</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"> <div> <ul> <li><img alt="Commons page" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" title="Commons page" width="12" height="16" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"/> <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Coretta_Scott_King" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Coretta Scott King">Commons</a></li> <li><img alt="Wikiquote page" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" title="Wikiquote page" width="13" height="16" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"/> <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Coretta_Scott_King" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Coretta Scott King">Wikiquote</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Mohandas_K._Gandhi" title="Template:Mohandas K. Gandhi">v</a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Mohandas_K._Gandhi" title="Template talk:Mohandas K. Gandhi">t</a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Mohandas_K._Gandhi&action=edit">e</a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Life events and movements</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ambulance_Corps" title="Indian Ambulance Corps">Indian Ambulance Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi#Civil_rights_movement_in_South_Africa_.281893.E2.80.931914.29" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Civil rights movement in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardoli_Satyagraha" title="Bardoli Satyagraha">Bardoli Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champaran_and_Kheda_Satyagraha" title="Champaran and Kheda Satyagraha">Champaran and Kheda Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_independence_movement#Gandhi_arrives_in_India" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhi_cap" title="Gandhi cap">Gandhi cap</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement" title="Non-cooperation movement">Non-cooperation Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chauri_Chaura_incident" title="Chauri Chaura incident">Chauri Chaura incident</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purna_Swaraj" title="Purna Swaraj">Purna Swaraj</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_India" title="Flag of India">flag</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_March" title="Salt March">Salt March</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharasana_Satyagraha" title="Dharasana Satyagraha">Dharasana Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaikom_Satyagraha" title="Vaikom Satyagraha">Vaikom Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aundh_Experiment" title="Aundh Experiment">Aundh Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhi%E2%80%93Irwin_Pact" title="Gandhi–Irwin Pact">Gandhi–Irwin Pact</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_Table_Conferences_(India)#Second_Round_Table_Conference_.28September_.E2.80.93_December_1931.29" title="Round Table Conferences (India)">Second Round Table Conference</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padayatra" title="Padayatra">Padayatra</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poona_Pact" title="Poona Pact">Poona Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natal_Indian_Congress" title="Natal Indian Congress">Natal Indian Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quit_India_speech" title="Quit India speech">speech</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat_Vidyapith" title="Gujarat Vidyapith">Gujarat Vidyapith University</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harijan_Sevak_Sangh" title="Harijan Sevak Sangh">Harijan Sevak Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kochrab_Ashram" title="Kochrab Ashram">Ashrams (Kochrab</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolstoyan_movement#African" title="Tolstoyan movement">Tolstoy Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabarmati_Ashram" title="Sabarmati Ashram">Sabarmati</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevagram" title="Sevagram">Sevagram)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fasts_undertaken_by_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="List of fasts undertaken by Mahatma Gandhi">List of fasts</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi">Assassination</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Philosophy</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhism" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhian_economics" title="Gandhian economics">Economics</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusteeship_(Gandhism)" title="Trusteeship (Gandhism)">trusteeship</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nai_Talim" title="Nai Talim">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarvodaya" title="Sarvodaya">Sarvodaya</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swadeshi_movement" title="Swadeshi movement">Swadeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaraj" title="Swaraj">Swaraj</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhi_Heritage_Portal" title="Gandhi Heritage Portal">Publications</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harijan" title="Harijan">Harijan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hind_Swaraj_or_Indian_Home_Rule" title="Hind Swaraj or Indian Home Rule">Hind Swaraj (Indian Home Rule)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Opinion" title="Indian Opinion">Indian Opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Story_of_My_Experiments_with_Truth" title="The Story of My Experiments with Truth">The Story of My Experiments with Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_India" title="Young India">Young India</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Social_Sins" title="Seven Social Sins">Seven Social Sins</a></li> <li>(<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhi_Heritage_Portal" title="Gandhi Heritage Portal">Gandhi Heritage Portal</a>)</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Influences</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Letter_to_a_Hindu" title="A Letter to a Hindu">A Letter to a Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">nonviolence</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Disobedience_(Thoreau)" title="Civil Disobedience (Thoreau)">Civil Disobedience (essay)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Civil disobedience</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harishchandra" title="Harishchandra">Harishchandra</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kingdom_of_God_Is_Within_You" title="The Kingdom of God Is Within You">The Kingdom of God Is Within You</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Masque_of_Anarchy" title="The Masque of Anarchy">The Masque of Anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shravan" title="Shravan">Shravan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrimad_Rajchandra" title="Shrimad Rajchandra">Shrimad Rajchandra</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Stephens_Salt" title="Henry Stephens Salt">Henry Stephens Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unto_This_Last" title="Unto This Last">Unto This Last</a></li> <li>"<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishnava_Jana_To" title="Vaishnava Jana To">Vaishnava Jana To</a>"</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Associates</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swami_Anand" title="Swami Anand">Swami Anand</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Freer_Andrews" title="Charles Freer Andrews">C. F. Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamnalal_Bajaj" title="Jamnalal Bajaj">Jamnalal Bajaj</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shankarlal_Banker" title="Shankarlal Banker">Shankarlal Banker</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarla_Behn" title="Sarla Behn">Sarla Behn</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinoba_Bhave" title="Vinoba Bhave">Vinoba Bhave</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brij_Krishna_Chandiwala" title="Brij Krishna Chandiwala">Brij Krishna Chandiwala</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugatram_Dave" title="Jugatram Dave">Jugatram Dave</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahadev_Desai" title="Mahadev Desai">Mahadev Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dada_Dharmadhikari" title="Dada Dharmadhikari">Dada Dharmadhikari</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanu_Gandhi" title="Kanu Gandhi">Kanu Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiv_Prasad_Gupta" title="Shiv Prasad Gupta">Shiv Prasad Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar_Hajee_Ahmed_Jhaveri" title="Umar Hajee Ahmed Jhaveri">Umar Hajee Ahmed Jhaveri</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._C._Kumarappa" title="J. C. Kumarappa">J. C. Kumarappa</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Kallenbach" title="Hermann Kallenbach">Hermann Kallenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khan_Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" title="Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._B._Kripalani" title="J. B. Kripalani">Acharya Kripalani</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirabehn" title="Mirabehn">Mirabehn</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohanlal_Pandya" title="Mohanlal Pandya">Mohanlal Pandya</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narhari_Parikh" title="Narhari Parikh">Narhari Parikh</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">Chakravarti Rajagopalachari</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibi_Amtus_Salam" title="Bibi Amtus Salam">Bibi Amtus Salam</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonja_Schlesin" title="Sonja Schlesin">Sonja Schlesin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anugrah_Narayan_Sinha" title="Anugrah Narayan Sinha">Anugrah Narayan Sinha</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Krishna_Sinha" title="Sri Krishna Sinha" class="mw-redirect">Sri Krishna Sinha</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rettamalai_Srinivasan" title="Rettamalai Srinivasan">Rettamalai Srinivasan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._A._Sundaram" title="V. A. Sundaram">V. A. Sundaram</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbas_Tyabji" title="Abbas Tyabji">Abbas Tyabji</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_Vyas" title="Ravi Shankar Vyas">Ravi Shankar Vyas</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Legacy</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_artistic_depictions_of_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="List of artistic depictions of Mahatma Gandhi">Artistic depictions</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhigiri" title="Gandhigiri">Gandhigiri</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhi_Peace_Award" title="Gandhi Peace Award">Gandhi Peace Award</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhi_Peace_Prize" title="Gandhi Peace Prize">Gandhi Peace Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_Kashi_Vidyapith" title="Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith">Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_Series_(banknotes)" title="Mahatma Gandhi Series (banknotes)">Indian currency</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Family</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasturba_Gandhi" title="Kasturba Gandhi">Kasturba (wife)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harilal_Gandhi" title="Harilal Gandhi">Harilal (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manilal_Gandhi" title="Manilal Gandhi">Manilal (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramdas_Gandhi" title="Ramdas Gandhi">Ramdas (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devdas_Gandhi" title="Devdas Gandhi">Devdas (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maganlal_Gandhi" title="Maganlal Gandhi">Maganlal (cousin)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaldas_Gandhi" title="Samaldas Gandhi">Samaldas (nephew)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arun_Manilal_Gandhi" title="Arun Manilal Gandhi">Arun (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ela_Gandhi" title="Ela Gandhi">Ela (granddaughter)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajmohan_Gandhi" title="Rajmohan Gandhi">Rajmohan (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopalkrishna_Gandhi" title="Gopalkrishna Gandhi">Gopalkrishna (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramchandra_Gandhi" title="Ramchandra Gandhi">Ramchandra (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanu_Gandhi" title="Kanu Gandhi">Kanu (grandnephew)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tushar_Gandhi" title="Tushar Gandhi">Tushar (great-grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leela_Gandhi" title="Leela Gandhi">Leela (great-granddaughter)</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Influenced</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bevel" title="James Bevel">James Bevel</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Biko" title="Steve Biko">Steve Biko</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopaldas_Ambaidas_Desai" title="Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai">Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eknath_Easwaran" title="Eknath Easwaran">Eknath Easwaran</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Lacerda_de_Moura" title="Maria Lacerda de Moura">Maria Lacerda de Moura</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Lawson_(American_activist)" title="James Lawson (American activist)">James Lawson</a></li> <li>Martin Luther King Jr.</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brajkishore_Prasad" title="Brajkishore Prasad">Brajkishore Prasad</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramjee_Singh" title="Ramjee Singh">Ramjee Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" title="Aung San Suu Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanza_del_Vasto" title="Lanza del Vasto">Lanza del Vasto</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhay_Bang" title="Abhay Bang" class="mw-redirect">Abhay Bang</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sane_Guruji" title="Sane Guruji" class="mw-redirect">Sane Guruji</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Memorials_to_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Category:Memorials to Mahatma Gandhi">Memorials</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Physical</div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aga_Khan_Palace" title="Aga Khan Palace">Aga Khan Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhi_Bhawan,_Chandigarh" title="Gandhi Bhawan, Chandigarh">Gandhi Bhawan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhi_Mandapam_(Chennai)" title="Gandhi Mandapam (Chennai)">Gandhi Mandapam</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhi_Promenade" title="Gandhi Promenade" class="mw-redirect">Gandhi Promenade</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhi_Smriti" title="Gandhi Smriti">Gandhi Smriti</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanyakumari#Tourist_sites" title="Kanyakumari">Gandhi Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhi_Memorial_Museum,_Madurai" title="Gandhi Memorial Museum, Madurai">Gandhi Memorial Museum, Madurai</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaba_Gandhi_No_Delo" title="Kaba Gandhi No Delo">Kaba Gandhi No Delo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirti_Mandir,_Porbandar" title="Kirti Mandir, Porbandar">Kirti Mandir</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_College" title="Mahatma Gandhi College">Mahatma Gandhi College</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_High_School_(Rajkot)" title="Alfred High School (Rajkot)">Mohandas Gandhi High School</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gandhi_Museum" title="National Gandhi Museum">National Gandhi Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietermaritzburg#Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Pietermaritzburg">Pietermaritzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raj_Ghat_and_associated_memorials" title="Raj Ghat and associated memorials">Raj Ghat</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabarmati_Ashram" title="Sabarmati Ashram">Sabarmati Ashram</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyagraha_House" title="Satyagraha House">Satyagraha House</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_roads_named_after_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="List of roads named after Mahatma Gandhi">Roads named for Gandhi</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Observances</div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhi_Jayanti" title="Gandhi Jayanti">Gandhi Jayanti</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Day_of_Non-Violence" title="International Day of Non-Violence">International Day of Non-Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyrs%27_Day_(India)" title="Martyrs' Day (India)">Martyrs' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Season_for_Nonviolence" title="Season for Nonviolence">Season for Nonviolence</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"> <div> <ul> <li><img alt="Category" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31"/> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Category:Mahatma Gandhi">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="12" height="16" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"/> <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mohandas_K._Gandhi" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mohandas K. Gandhi">Commons</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" width="13" height="16" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"/> <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi">Wikiquotes</a></li> <li><img alt="Wikisource page" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" title="Wikisource page" width="15" height="16" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"/> <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Author:Mohandas_Gandhi" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/Author:Mohandas Gandhi">Wikisource texts</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Leo_Tolstoy" title="Template:Leo Tolstoy">v</a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Leo_Tolstoy" title="Template talk:Leo Tolstoy">t</a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Leo_Tolstoy&action=edit">e</a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"> <div> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy#Biography" title="Leo Tolstoy">Biography</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy_bibliography" title="Leo Tolstoy bibliography">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Works_by_Leo_Tolstoy" title="Category:Works by Leo Tolstoy">Works</a></li> <li><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Leo_Tolstoy" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Leo Tolstoy">Texts</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Novels_by_Leo_Tolstoy" title="Category:Novels by Leo Tolstoy">Novels and novellas</a></div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhood_(novel)" title="Childhood (novel)">Childhood</a> (1852)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyhood_(novel)" title="Boyhood (novel)">Boyhood</a> (1854)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_(Leo_Tolstoy_novel)" title="Youth (Leo Tolstoy novel)">Youth</a> (1856)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Happiness" title="Family Happiness">Family Happiness</a> (1859)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cossacks_(novel)" title="The Cossacks (novel)">The Cossacks</a> (1863)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_and_Peace" title="War and Peace">War and Peace</a> (1869)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Karenina" title="Anna Karenina">Anna Karenina</a> (1877)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Death_of_Ivan_Ilyich" title="The Death of Ivan Ilyich">The Death of Ivan Ilyich</a> (1886)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kreutzer_Sonata" title="The Kreutzer Sonata">The Kreutzer Sonata</a> (1889)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resurrection_(novel)" title="Resurrection (novel)">Resurrection</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Forged_Coupon" title="The Forged Coupon">The Forged Coupon</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadji_Murat_(novel)" title="Hadji Murat (novel)">Hadji Murat</a> (1912)</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Short_stories_by_Leo_Tolstoy" title="Category:Short stories by Leo Tolstoy">Short stories</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li>"<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Raid_(story)" title="The Raid (story)">The Raid</a>" (1852)</li> <li>"The Wood-Felling" (1855)</li> <li>"Sevastopol in December 1854" (1855)</li> <li>"Sevastopol in May 1855" (1855)</li> <li>"Sevastopol in August 1855" (1856)</li> <li>"A Billiard-Marker's Notes" (1855)</li> <li>"<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Snowstorm" title="The Snowstorm">The Snowstorm</a>" (1856)</li> <li>"Two Hussars" (1856)</li> <li>"A Landlord's Morning" (1856)</li> <li>"Meeting a Moscow Acquaintance in the Detachment" (1856)</li> <li>"Lucerne" (1857)</li> <li>"<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_(short_story)" title="Albert (short story)">Albert</a>" (1858)</li> <li>"<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Deaths" title="Three Deaths">Three Deaths</a>" (1859)</li> <li>"The Porcelain Doll" (1863)</li> <li>"Polikúshka" (1863)</li> <li>"<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_Sees_the_Truth,_But_Waits" title="God Sees the Truth, But Waits">God Sees the Truth, But Waits</a>" (1872)</li> <li>"<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Prisoner_of_the_Caucasus_(story)" title="The Prisoner of the Caucasus (story)">The Prisoner in the Caucasus</a>" (1872)</li> <li>"The Bear-Hunt" (1872)</li> <li>"<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Men_Live_By" title="What Men Live By">What Men Live By</a>" (1881)</li> <li>"Memoirs of a Madman" (1884)</li> <li>"<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quench_the_Spark" title="Quench the Spark">Quench the Spark</a>" (1885)</li> <li>"Two Old Men" (1885)</li> <li>"<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Where_Love_Is,_God_Is" title="Where Love Is, God Is">Where Love Is, God Is</a>" (1885)</li> <li>"<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_the_Fool_(story)" title="Ivan the Fool (story)">Ivan the Fool</a>" (1885)</li> <li>"Evil Allures, But Good Endures" (1885)</li> <li>"<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisdom_of_Children" title="Wisdom of Children">Wisdom of Children</a>" (1885)</li> <li>"Ilyás" (1885)</li> <li>"<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Three_Hermits" title="The Three Hermits">The Three Hermits</a>" (1886)</li> <li>"<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promoting_a_Devil" title="Promoting a Devil">Promoting a Devil</a>" (1886)</li> <li>"<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_Much_Land_Does_a_Man_Need%3F" title="How Much Land Does a Man Need?">How Much Land Does a Man Need?</a>" (1886)</li> <li>"<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grain" title="The Grain">The Grain</a>" (1886)</li> <li>"The Godson" (1886)</li> <li>"<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repentance_(story)" title="Repentance (story)">Repentance</a>" (1886)</li> <li>"<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croesus_and_Fate" title="Croesus and Fate">Croesus and Fate</a>" (1886)</li> <li>"<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kholstomer" title="Kholstomer">Kholstomer</a>" (1886)</li> <li>"<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Lost_Opportunity" title="A Lost Opportunity">A Lost Opportunity</a>" (1889)</li> <li>"The Empty Drum" (1891)</li> <li>"Françoise" (1892)</li> <li>"Mikhaïl" (1893)</li> <li>"A Talk Among Leisured People" (1893)</li> <li>"Walk in the Light While There is Light" (1893)</li> <li>"The Coffee-House of Surrat" (1893)</li> <li>"<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_and_Man_(short_story)" title="Master and Man (short story)">Master and Man</a>" (1895)</li> <li>"<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Too_Dear!" title="Too Dear!">Too Dear!</a>" (1897)</li> <li>"<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father_Sergius" title="Father Sergius">Father Sergius</a>" (1898)</li> <li>"Esarhaddon, King of Assyria" (1903)</li> <li>"<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work,_Death,_and_Sickness" title="Work, Death, and Sickness">Work, Death, and Sickness</a>" (1903)</li> <li>"<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Three_Questions" title="The Three Questions">Three Questions</a>" (1903)</li> <li>"After the Ball" (1903)</li> <li>"Feodor Kuzmich" (1905)</li> <li>"<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alyosha_the_Pot" title="Alyosha the Pot">Alyosha the Pot</a>" (1905)</li> <li>"What For?" (1906)</li> <li>"<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Devil_(novel)" title="The Devil (novel)">The Devil</a>" (1911)</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Plays_by_Leo_Tolstoy" title="Category:Plays by Leo Tolstoy">Plays</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Power_of_Darkness" title="The Power of Darkness">The Power of Darkness</a> (1886)</li> <li>The First Distiller (1886)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fruits_of_Enlightenment" title="The Fruits of Enlightenment">The Fruits of Enlightenment</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Living_Corpse" title="The Living Corpse">The Living Corpse</a> (1900)</li> <li>The Cause of it All (1910)</li> <li>The Light Shines in Darkness</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Books_by_Leo_Tolstoy" title="Category:Books by Leo Tolstoy">Non-fiction</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Confession" title="A Confession">A Confession</a> (1882)</li> <li>What I Believe (1884)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Is_to_Be_Done%3F_(Tolstoy)" title="What Is to Be Done? (Tolstoy)">What Is to Be Done?</a> (1886)</li> <li>On Life (1887)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kingdom_of_God_Is_Within_You" title="The Kingdom of God Is Within You">The Kingdom of God Is Within You</a> (1894)</li> <li>The Gospel in Brief (1896)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Is_Art%3F" title="What Is Art?">What Is Art?</a> (1897)</li> <li>What Is Religion? (1902)</li> <li>"<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Letter_to_a_Hindu" title="A Letter to a Hindu">A Letter to a Hindu</a>" (1908)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Calendar_of_Wisdom" title="A Calendar of Wisdom">A Calendar of Wisdom</a> (1910)</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Tolstoy_family" title="Category:Tolstoy family">Family</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophia_Tolstaya" title="Sophia Tolstaya">Sophia</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Tolstaya" title="Alexandra Tolstaya">Alexandra</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilya_Tolstoy" title="Ilya Tolstoy">Ilya</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Lvovich_Tolstoy" title="Lev Lvovich Tolstoy">Lev Lvovich</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatyana_Sukhotina-Tolstaya" title="Tatyana Sukhotina-Tolstaya" class="mw-redirect">Tatyana</a> (daughter)</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Influenced</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bevel" title="James Bevel">James Bevel</a></li> <li>Martin Luther King Jr.</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Life and legacy</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasnaya_Polyana" title="Yasnaya Polyana">Yasnaya Polyana</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolstoyan_movement" title="Tolstoyan movement">Tolstoyan movement</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departure_of_a_Grand_Old_Man" title="Departure of a Grand Old Man">Departure of a Grand Old Man (1912 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Station_(novel)" title="The Last Station (novel)">The Last Station (1990 novel</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Station" title="The Last Station">2009 film)</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"> <div> <ul> <li><img alt="Commons page" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" title="Commons page" width="12" height="16" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"/> <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Leo_Tolstoi" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Leo Tolstoi">Commons</a></li> <li><img alt="Wikibooks page" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" title="Wikibooks page" width="16" height="16" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"/> <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Leo_Tolstoy" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Special:Search/Leo Tolstoy">Wikibooks</a></li> <li><img alt="Wikiquote page" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" title="Wikiquote page" width="13" height="16" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"/> <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Leo_Tolstoy" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Leo Tolstoy">Wikiquote</a></li> <li><img alt="Wikisource page" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" title="Wikisource page" width="15" height="16" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"/> <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Author:Leo_Tolstoy" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/Author:Leo Tolstoy">Wikisource texts</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="Template:Nobel Peace Prize laureates">v</a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="Template talk:Nobel Peace Prize laureates">t</a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates&action=edit">e</a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">1901–1925</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li>1901 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Dunant" title="Henry Dunant">Henry Dunant</a> / <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Passy" title="Frédéric Passy">Frédéric Passy</a></li> <li>1902 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lie_Ducommun" title="Élie Ducommun">Élie Ducommun</a> / <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Albert_Gobat" title="Charles Albert Gobat">Charles Gobat</a></li> <li>1903 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randal_Cremer" title="Randal Cremer">Randal Cremer</a></li> <li>1904 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_de_Droit_International" title="Institut de Droit International">Institut de Droit International</a></li> <li>1905 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertha_von_Suttner" title="Bertha von Suttner">Bertha von Suttner</a></li> <li>1906 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></li> <li>1907 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernesto_Teodoro_Moneta" title="Ernesto Teodoro Moneta">Ernesto Moneta</a> / <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Renault_(jurist)" title="Louis Renault (jurist)">Louis Renault</a></li> <li>1908 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klas_Pontus_Arnoldson" title="Klas Pontus Arnoldson">Klas Arnoldson</a> / <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredrik_Bajer" title="Fredrik Bajer">Fredrik Bajer</a></li> <li>1909 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Marie_Fran%C3%A7ois_Beernaert" title="Auguste Marie François Beernaert">A. M. F. Beernaert</a> / <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul-Henri-Benjamin_d%27Estournelles_de_Constant" title="Paul-Henri-Benjamin d'Estournelles de Constant">Paul Estournelles de Constant</a></li> <li>1910 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Peace_Bureau" title="International Peace Bureau">International Peace Bureau</a></li> <li>1911 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobias_Asser" title="Tobias Asser">Tobias Asser</a> / <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hermann_Fried" title="Alfred Hermann Fried">Alfred Fried</a></li> <li>1912 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root">Elihu Root</a></li> <li>1913 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_La_Fontaine" title="Henri La Fontaine">Henri La Fontaine</a></li> <li>1914</li> <li>1915</li> <li>1916</li> <li>1917 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a></li> <li>1918</li> <li>1919 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a></li> <li>1920 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bourgeois" title="Léon Bourgeois">Léon Bourgeois</a></li> <li>1921 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjalmar_Branting" title="Hjalmar Branting">Hjalmar Branting</a> / <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Lous_Lange" title="Christian Lous Lange">Christian Lange</a></li> <li>1922 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Fridtjof Nansen</a></li> <li>1923</li> <li>1924</li> <li>1925 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">Austen Chamberlain</a> / <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Charles Dawes</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">1926–1950</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li>1926 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Aristide Briand</a> / <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Stresemann" title="Gustav Stresemann">Gustav Stresemann</a></li> <li>1927 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Buisson" title="Ferdinand Buisson">Ferdinand Buisson</a> / <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Quidde" title="Ludwig Quidde">Ludwig Quidde</a></li> <li>1928</li> <li>1929 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_B._Kellogg" title="Frank B. Kellogg">Frank B. Kellogg</a></li> <li>1930 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_S%C3%B6derblom" title="Nathan Söderblom">Nathan Söderblom</a></li> <li>1931 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a> / <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Nicholas Butler</a></li> <li>1932</li> <li>1933 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Angell" title="Norman Angell">Norman Angell</a></li> <li>1934 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Arthur Henderson</a></li> <li>1935 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_von_Ossietzky" title="Carl von Ossietzky">Carl von Ossietzky</a></li> <li>1936 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Saavedra_Lamas" title="Carlos Saavedra Lamas">Carlos Saavedra Lamas</a></li> <li>1937 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cecil,_1st_Viscount_Cecil_of_Chelwood" title="Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood">Robert Cecil</a></li> <li>1938 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nansen_International_Office_for_Refugees" title="Nansen International Office for Refugees">Nansen International Office for Refugees</a></li> <li>1939</li> <li>1940</li> <li>1941</li> <li>1942</li> <li>1943</li> <li>1944 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a></li> <li>1945 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Cordell Hull</a></li> <li>1946 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Greene_Balch" title="Emily Greene Balch">Emily Balch</a> / <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mott" title="John Mott">John Mott</a></li> <li>1947 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaker_Peace_and_Social_Witness" title="Quaker Peace and Social Witness">Friends Service Council</a> / <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Friends_Service_Committee" title="American Friends Service Committee">American Friends Service Committee</a></li> <li>1948</li> <li>1949 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Boyd_Orr,_1st_Baron_Boyd-Orr" title="John Boyd Orr, 1st Baron Boyd-Orr">John Boyd Orr</a></li> <li>1950 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">1951–1975</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li>1951 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Jouhaux" title="Léon Jouhaux">Léon Jouhaux</a></li> <li>1952 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Schweitzer" title="Albert Schweitzer">Albert Schweitzer</a></li> <li>1953 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Marshall" title="George Marshall">George Marshall</a></li> <li>1954 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a></li> <li>1955</li> <li>1956</li> <li>1957 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Lester B. Pearson</a></li> <li>1958 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique_Pire" title="Dominique Pire">Georges Pire</a></li> <li>1959 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Noel-Baker,_Baron_Noel-Baker" title="Philip Noel-Baker, Baron Noel-Baker">Philip Noel-Baker</a></li> <li>1960 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Lutuli" title="Albert Lutuli">Albert Lutuli</a></li> <li>1961 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dag_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld" title="Dag Hammarskjöld">Dag Hammarskjöld</a></li> <li>1962 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a></li> <li>1963 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a> / <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Societies" title="International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies">League of Red Cross Societies</a></li> <li>1964 Martin Luther King Jr.</li> <li>1965 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a></li> <li>1966</li> <li>1967</li> <li>1968 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Cassin" title="René Cassin">René Cassin</a></li> <li>1969 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a></li> <li>1970 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Borlaug" title="Norman Borlaug">Norman Borlaug</a></li> <li>1971 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a></li> <li>1972</li> <li>1973 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AA_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_Th%E1%BB%8D" title="Lê Đức Thọ">Lê Đức Thọ</a> (declined award) / <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a></li> <li>1974 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_MacBride" title="Seán MacBride">Seán MacBride</a> / <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisaku_Sat%C5%8D" title="Eisaku Satō">Eisaku Satō</a></li> <li>1975 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Sakharov" title="Andrei Sakharov">Andrei Sakharov</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">1976–2000</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li>1976 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Williams_(Nobel_laureate)" title="Betty Williams (Nobel laureate)">Betty Williams</a> / <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mairead_Maguire" title="Mairead Maguire">Mairead Corrigan</a></li> <li>1977 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a></li> <li>1978 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a> / <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menachem_Begin" title="Menachem Begin">Menachem Begin</a></li> <li>1979 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></li> <li>1980 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolfo_P%C3%A9rez_Esquivel" title="Adolfo Pérez Esquivel">Adolfo Pérez Esquivel</a></li> <li>1981 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a></li> <li>1982 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alva_Myrdal" title="Alva Myrdal">Alva Myrdal</a> / <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_Garc%C3%ADa_Robles" title="Alfonso García Robles">Alfonso García Robles</a></li> <li>1983 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a></li> <li>1984 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu">Desmond Tutu</a></li> <li>1985 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Physicians_for_the_Prevention_of_Nuclear_War" title="International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War">International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War</a></li> <li>1986 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elie_Wiesel" title="Elie Wiesel">Elie Wiesel</a></li> <li>1987 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93scar_Arias" title="Óscar Arias">Óscar Arias</a></li> <li>1988 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_peacekeeping" title="United Nations peacekeeping">UN Peacekeeping Forces</a></li> <li>1989 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">Tenzin Gyatso (14th Dalai Lama)</a></li> <li>1990 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li> <li>1991 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" title="Aung San Suu Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a></li> <li>1992 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigoberta_Mench%C3%BA" title="Rigoberta Menchú">Rigoberta Menchú</a></li> <li>1993 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> / <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F. W. de Klerk</a></li> <li>1994 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimon_Peres" title="Shimon Peres">Shimon Peres</a> / <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> / <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a></li> <li>1995 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pugwash_Conferences_on_Science_and_World_Affairs" title="Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs">Pugwash Conferences</a> / <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Rotblat" title="Joseph Rotblat">Joseph Rotblat</a></li> <li>1996 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Filipe_Ximenes_Belo" title="Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo">Carlos Belo</a> / <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ramos-Horta" title="José Ramos-Horta">José Ramos-Horta</a></li> <li>1997 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Campaign_to_Ban_Landmines" title="International Campaign to Ban Landmines">International Campaign to Ban Landmines</a> / <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jody_Williams" title="Jody Williams">Jody Williams</a></li> <li>1998 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hume" title="John Hume">John Hume</a> / <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Trimble" title="David Trimble">David Trimble</a></li> <li>1999 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res" title="Médecins Sans Frontières">Médecins Sans Frontières</a></li> <li>2000 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Dae-jung" title="Kim Dae-jung">Kim Dae-jung</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">2001–present</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2001 Nobel Peace Prize">2001</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a> / <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2002 Nobel Peace Prize">2002</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2003 Nobel Peace Prize">2003</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirin_Ebadi" title="Shirin Ebadi">Shirin Ebadi</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2004 Nobel Peace Prize" class="mw-redirect">2004</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" title="Wangari Maathai">Wangari Maathai</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2005 Nobel Peace Prize">2005</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">International Atomic Energy Agency</a> / <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_ElBaradei" title="Mohamed ElBaradei">Mohamed ElBaradei</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2006 Nobel Peace Prize">2006</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grameen_Bank" title="Grameen Bank">Grameen Bank</a> / <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Yunus" title="Muhammad Yunus">Muhammad Yunus</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2007 Nobel Peace Prize">2007</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> / <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2008 Nobel Peace Prize">2008</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martti_Ahtisaari" title="Martti Ahtisaari">Martti Ahtisaari</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2009 Nobel Peace Prize">2009</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2010 Nobel Peace Prize">2010</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Xiaobo" title="Liu Xiaobo">Liu Xiaobo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2011 Nobel Peace Prize">2011</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Johnson_Sirleaf" title="Ellen Johnson Sirleaf">Ellen Johnson Sirleaf</a> / <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leymah_Gbowee" title="Leymah Gbowee">Leymah Gbowee</a> / <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawakkol_Karman" title="Tawakkol Karman">Tawakkol Karman</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2012 Nobel Peace Prize">2012</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2013 Nobel Peace Prize">2013</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_for_the_Prohibition_of_Chemical_Weapons" title="Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons">Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2014 Nobel Peace Prize">2014</a> <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kailash_Satyarthi" title="Kailash Satyarthi">Kailash Satyarthi</a> / <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malala_Yousafzai" title="Malala Yousafzai">Malala Yousafzai</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Time_Persons_of_the_Year_1951%E2%80%931975" title="Template:Time Persons of the Year 1951–1975">v</a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Time_Persons_of_the_Year_1951%E2%80%931975" title="Template talk:Time Persons of the Year 1951–1975">t</a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Time_Persons_of_the_Year_1951%E2%80%931975&action=edit">e</a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year" title="Time Person of the Year">Time Persons of the Year</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddegh" title="Mohammad Mosaddegh">Mohammad Mosaddegh</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">John Foster Dulles</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlow_Curtice" title="Harlow Curtice">Harlow Curtice</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Freedom Fighter</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_States" title="Science and technology in the United States">U.S. Scientists</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr." title="Martin Luther King, Jr." class="mw-redirect">Martin Luther King, Jr.</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Westmoreland" title="William Westmoreland">William Westmoreland</a> (1965)</li> <li>"<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_boomers" title="Baby boomers">The Inheritors</a>" (1966)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">The Apollo 8 Astronauts</a>: <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders" title="William Anders">William Anders</a> / <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Borman" title="Frank Borman">Frank Borman</a> / <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Lovell" title="Jim Lovell">Jim Lovell</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_America_(United_States)" title="Middle America (United States)">The Middle Americans</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> / <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sirica" title="John Sirica">John Sirica</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisal_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Faisal of Saudi Arabia">King Faisal</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">American Women</a> (1975)</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"> <div> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year#Persons_of_the_Year" title="Time Person of the Year">Complete roster</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Time_Persons_of_the_Year_1927%E2%80%931950" title="Template:Time Persons of the Year 1927–1950">1927–1950</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Time_Persons_of_the_Year_1951%E2%80%931975" title="Template:Time Persons of the Year 1951–1975">1951–1975</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Time_Persons_of_the_Year_1976%E2%80%932000" title="Template:Time Persons of the Year 1976–2000">1976–2000</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Time_Persons_of_the_Year_2001%E2%80%932025" title="Template:Time Persons of the Year 2001–2025">2001–present</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFFF66;"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Pacem_in_Terris_Award_laureates" title="Template:Pacem in Terris Award laureates">v</a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Pacem_in_Terris_Award_laureates" title="Template talk:Pacem in Terris Award laureates">t</a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Pacem_in_Terris_Award_laureates&action=edit">e</a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacem_in_Terris_Award" title="Pacem in Terris Award">Pacem in Terris Peace and Freedom Award</a> laureates</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFFF66;">1960s</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li>1964 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Howard_Griffin" title="John Howard Griffin">John Howard Griffin</a> / <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li>1965 Martin Luther King Jr.</li> <li>1966 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sargent_Shriver" title="Sargent Shriver">R. Sargent Shriver</a></li> <li>1967 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">A. Philip Randolph</a></li> <li>1968 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Groppi" title="James Groppi">James Groppi</a></li> <li>1969 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul_Alinsky" title="Saul Alinsky">Saul Alinsky</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFFF66;">1970s</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li>1971 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Dorothy Day</a></li> <li>1974 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Hughes" title="Harold Hughes">Harold Hughes</a></li> <li>1975 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9lder_C%C3%A2mara" title="Hélder Câmara">Hélder Câmara</a></li> <li>1976 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></li> <li>1979 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gumbleton" title="Thomas Gumbleton">Thomas Gumbleton</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFFF66;">1980s</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li>1980 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Lee_Sutton" title="Crystal Lee Sutton">Crystal Lee Sutton</a> / <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Leo_Unterkoefler" title="Ernest Leo Unterkoefler">Ernest Leo Unterkoefler</a></li> <li>1982 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_F._Kennan" title="George F. Kennan">George F. Kennan</a></li> <li>1983 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Caldicott" title="Helen Caldicott">Helen Caldicott</a></li> <li>1985 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Bernardin" title="Joseph Bernardin">Joseph Bernardin</a></li> <li>1986 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_John_Dingman" title="Maurice John Dingman">Maurice John Dingman</a></li> <li>1987 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu">Desmond Tutu</a></li> <li>1989 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eileen_Egan" title="Eileen Egan">Eileen Egan</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFFF66;">1990s</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li>1990 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mairead_Maguire" title="Mairead Maguire">Mairead Maguire</a></li> <li>1991 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Julia_Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="María Julia Hernández">María Julia Hernández</a></li> <li>1992 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesar_Chavez" title="Cesar Chavez">César Chávez</a></li> <li>1993 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Berrigan" title="Daniel Berrigan">Daniel Berrigan</a></li> <li>1995 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Wallis" title="Jim Wallis">Jim Wallis</a></li> <li>1996 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Ruiz" title="Samuel Ruiz">Samuel Ruiz</a> / <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odebrecht_Foundation" title="Odebrecht Foundation">Odebrecht Foundation</a> / <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Hannan" title="Philip Hannan">Philip Hannan</a></li> <li>1997 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_W._Douglass" title="James W. Douglass">Jim and Shelley Douglass</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFFF66;">2000s</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li>2000 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_G._Higgins" title="George G. Higgins">George G. Higgins</a></li> <li>2001 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a></li> <li>2002 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwen_Hennessey" title="Gwen Hennessey">Gwen Hennessey</a> / <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Hennessey" title="Dorothy Hennessey">Dorothy Hennessey</a></li> <li>2004 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Simon" title="Arthur Simon">Arthur Simon</a></li> <li>2005 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Mosley" title="Donald Mosley">Donald Mosley</a></li> <li>2007 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salim_Ghazal" title="Salim Ghazal">Salim Ghazal</a></li> <li>2008 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin_Mottet" title="Marvin Mottet">Marvin Mottet</a></li> <li>2009 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hildegard_Goss-Mayr" title="Hildegard Goss-Mayr">Hildegard Goss-Mayr</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFFF66;">2010s</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li>2010 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dear" title="John Dear">John Dear</a></li> <li>2011 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Leonel_Ramazzini_Imeri" title="Álvaro Leonel Ramazzini Imeri">Álvaro Leonel Ramazzini Imeri</a></li> <li>2012 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Bobo" title="Kim Bobo">Kim Bobo</a></li> <li>2013 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Vanier" title="Jean Vanier">Jean Vanier</a></li> <li>2014 <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simone_Campbell" title="Simone Campbell">Simone Campbell</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#cedff2;"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Grammy_Award_for_Best_Spoken_Word_Album_1970s" title="Template:Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album 1970s">v</a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Grammy_Award_for_Best_Spoken_Word_Album_1970s" title="Template talk:Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album 1970s">t</a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Grammy_Award_for_Best_Spoken_Word_Album_1970s&action=edit">e</a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Spoken_Word_Album" title="Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album">Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album</a> (1970s)</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <dl> <dt>1970</dt> <dd><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Linkletter" title="Art Linkletter">Art Linkletter</a>, <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diane_Linkletter" title="Diane Linkletter">Diane Linkletter</a> - We Love You Call Collect</dd> <dt>1971</dt> <dd>Martin Luther King Jr. - Why I Oppose the War in Vietnam</dd> <dt>1972</dt> <dd><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Crane" title="Les Crane">Les Crane</a> - <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desiderata_(Les_Crane_album)" title="Desiderata (Les Crane album)">Desiderata</a></dd> <dt>1973</dt> <dd><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Botnick" title="Bruce Botnick">Bruce Botnick</a> (producer) - Lenny performed by the original Broadway cast</dd> <dt>1974</dt> <dd><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Harris" title="Richard Harris">Richard Harris</a> - <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Livingston_Seagull" title="Jonathan Livingston Seagull">Jonathan Livingston Seagull</a></dd> <dt>1975</dt> <dd><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Cook" title="Peter Cook">Peter Cook</a>, <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudley_Moore" title="Dudley Moore">Dudley Moore</a> - Good Evening</dd> <dt>1976</dt> <dd><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Whitmore" title="James Whitmore">James Whitmore</a> - <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Give_%27em_Hell,_Harry!" title="Give 'em Hell, Harry!">Give 'em Hell, Harry!</a></dd> <dt>1977</dt> <dd><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Fonda" title="Henry Fonda">Henry Fonda</a>, <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Hayes" title="Helen Hayes">Helen Hayes</a>, <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Earl_Jones" title="James Earl Jones">James Earl Jones</a>, <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a> - Great American Documents</dd> <dt>1978</dt> <dd><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Harris" title="Julie Harris">Julie Harris</a> - <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Belle_of_Amherst" title="The Belle of Amherst">The Belle of Amherst</a></dd> <dt>1979</dt> <dd><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a> - <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_Kane" title="Citizen Kane">Citizen Kane</a> Original Motion Picture Soundtrack</dd> </dl> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#cedff2;;background: transparent; border-top: 1px solid #cedff2;"> <div> <div class="hlist" style="font-size:smaller"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Grammy_Award_for_Best_Spoken_Word_Album" title="Template:Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album">Complete list</a></li> <li>(<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Grammy_Award_for_Best_Spoken_Word_Album_1960s" title="Template:Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album 1960s">1959 & 1960s</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Grammy_Award_for_Best_Spoken_Word_Album_1970s" title="Template:Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album 1970s">1970s</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Grammy_Award_for_Best_Spoken_Word_Album_1980s" title="Template:Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album 1980s">1980s</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Grammy_Award_for_Best_Spoken_Word_Album_1990s" title="Template:Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album 1990s">1990s</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Grammy_Award_for_Best_Spoken_Word_Album_2000s" title="Template:Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album 2000s">2000s</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Grammy_Award_for_Best_Spoken_Word_Album_2010s" title="Template:Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album 2010s">2010s</a>)</li> </ul> </div> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authority_control" title="Authority control">Authority control</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n79-084324">WorldCat</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://viaf.org/viaf/100170140">100170140</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n79084324">n79084324</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">ISNI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://isni-url.oclc.nl/isni/0000000121450746">0000 0001 2145 0746</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://d-nb.info/gnd/118562215">118562215</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LIBRIS" title="LIBRIS">SELIBR</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://libris.kb.se/auth/201480">201480</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_universitaire_de_documentation" title="Système universitaire de documentation">SUDOC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://www.idref.fr/026949814">026949814</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11909768k">cb11909768k</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11909768k">(data)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MusicBrainz" title="MusicBrainz">MusicBrainz</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://musicbrainz.org/artist/80f23097-a035-4409-84d7-7caa855f53a8">80f23097-a035-4409-84d7-7caa855f53a8</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library_of_Australia" title="National Library of Australia">NLA</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35116159">35116159</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Diet_Library" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00469568">00469568</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000700891&CON_LNG=ENG">jn20000700891</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">NARA</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://research.archives.gov/person/1358262">1358262</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Biblioteca Nacional de España">BNE</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX879954">XX879954</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table id="persondata" class="persondata noprint" style="border:1px solid #aaa; display:none; speak:none;"> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Persondata" title="Wikipedia:Persondata">Persondata</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Name</td> <td>King, Martin Luther Jr.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Alternative names</td> <td>King, Martin Luther; MLK</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Short description</td> <td>Political activist</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Date of birth</td> <td>January 15, 1929</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Place of birth</td> <td><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, United States</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Date of death</td> <td>April 4, 1968</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Place of death</td> <td><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorraine_Motel" title="Lorraine Motel" class="mw-redirect">Lorraine Motel</a> in <a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis</a>, Tennessee, United States</td> </tr> </table>    <noscript><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" title="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"/></noscript></div> <div class="printfooter"> Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Luther_King_Jr.&oldid=651963871">http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Luther_King_Jr.&oldid=651963871</a>" </div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Martin_Luther_King,_Jr." title="Category:Martin Luther King, Jr.">Martin Luther King, Jr.</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1929_births" title="Category:1929 births">1929 births</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1968_deaths" title="Category:1968 deaths">1968 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_African-American_activists" title="Category:20th-century African-American activists">20th-century African-American activists</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_writers" title="Category:20th-century American writers">20th-century American writers</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_Baptist_ministers" title="Category:20th-century Baptist ministers">20th-century Baptist ministers</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:African-American_Baptist_ministers" title="Category:African-American Baptist ministers">African-American Baptist ministers</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:African-Americans%27_civil_rights_activists" title="Category:African-Americans' civil rights activists">African-Americans' civil rights activists</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:American_anti%E2%80%93Vietnam_War_activists" title="Category:American anti–Vietnam War activists">American anti–Vietnam War activists</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:American_Christian_pacifists" title="Category:American Christian pacifists">American Christian pacifists</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:American_Christian_socialists" title="Category:American Christian socialists">American Christian socialists</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:American_humanitarians" title="Category:American humanitarians">American humanitarians</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:American_Nobel_laureates" title="Category:American Nobel laureates">American Nobel laureates</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:American_people_of_Irish_descent" title="Category:American people of Irish descent">American people of Irish descent</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:American_prisoners_and_detainees" title="Category:American prisoners and detainees">American prisoners and detainees</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:American_theologians" title="Category:American theologians">American theologians</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Anglican_saints" title="Category:Anglican saints">Anglican saints</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Anti-racism_activists" title="Category:Anti-racism activists">Anti-racism activists</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Assassinated_American_civil_rights_activists" title="Category:Assassinated American civil rights activists">Assassinated American civil rights activists</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Assassinated_religious_leaders" title="Category:Assassinated religious leaders">Assassinated religious leaders</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Baptist_ministers_from_the_United_States" title="Category:Baptist ministers from the United States">Baptist ministers from the United States</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Baptist_writers" title="Category:Baptist writers">Baptist writers</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Boston_University_School_of_Theology_alumni" title="Category:Boston University School of Theology alumni">Boston University School of Theology alumni</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Burials_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Category:Burials in Georgia (U.S. state)">Burials in Georgia (U.S. state)</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Christian_radicals" title="Category:Christian radicals">Christian radicals</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:COINTELPRO_targets" title="Category:COINTELPRO targets">COINTELPRO targets</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Community_organizing" title="Category:Community organizing">Community organizing</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Congressional_Gold_Medal_recipients" title="Category:Congressional Gold Medal recipients">Congressional Gold Medal recipients</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Category:Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture of the 1960s</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Deaths_by_firearm_in_Tennessee" title="Category:Deaths by firearm in Tennessee">Deaths by firearm in Tennessee</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Democratic_socialists" title="Category:Democratic socialists">Democratic socialists</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Fellows_of_the_American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences">Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Gandhians" title="Category:Gandhians">Gandhians</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Grammy_Award-winning_artists" title="Category:Grammy Award-winning artists">Grammy Award-winning artists</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:International_opponents_of_apartheid_in_South_Africa" title="Category:International opponents of apartheid in South Africa">International opponents of apartheid in South Africa</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Morehouse_College_alumni" title="Category:Morehouse College alumni">Morehouse College alumni</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Murdered_African-American_people" title="Category:Murdered African-American people">Murdered African-American people</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="Category:Nobel Peace Prize laureates">Nobel Peace Prize laureates</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Nonviolence_advocates" title="Category:Nonviolence advocates">Nonviolence advocates</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_celebrated_in_the_Lutheran_liturgical_calendar" title="Category:People celebrated in the Lutheran liturgical calendar">People celebrated in the Lutheran liturgical calendar</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_from_Atlanta,_Georgia" title="Category:People from Atlanta, Georgia">People from Atlanta, Georgia</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_from_Montgomery,_Alabama" title="Category:People from Montgomery, Alabama">People from Montgomery, Alabama</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_murdered_in_Tennessee" title="Category:People murdered in Tennessee">People murdered in Tennessee</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_recipients" title="Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients">Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Prisoners_and_detainees_of_Alabama" title="Category:Prisoners and detainees of Alabama">Prisoners and detainees of Alabama</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Prisoners_and_detainees_of_Florida" title="Category:Prisoners and detainees of Florida">Prisoners and detainees of Florida</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Prisoners_and_detainees_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Category:Prisoners and detainees of Georgia (U.S. state)">Prisoners and detainees of Georgia (U.S. state)</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Revolutionary_martyrs" title="Category:Revolutionary martyrs">Revolutionary martyrs</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:American_social_democrats" title="Category:American social democrats">American social democrats</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Spingarn_Medal_winners" title="Category:Spingarn Medal winners">Spingarn Medal winners</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Stabbing_survivors" title="Category:Stabbing survivors">Stabbing survivors</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Jawaharlal_Nehru_Award_laureates" title="Category:Jawaharlal Nehru Award laureates">Jawaharlal Nehru Award laureates</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Subscription_required_using_via" title="Category:Subscription required using via">Subscription required using via</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_containing_links_to_subscription-only_content" title="Category:Pages containing links to subscription-only content">Pages containing links to subscription-only content</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Date_and_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: Date and year">CS1 maint: Date and year</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_September_2013" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from September 2013">Articles with dead external links from September 2013</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_February_2015" title="Category:Use mdy dates from February 2015">Use mdy dates from February 2015</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_semi-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia semi-protected pages">Wikipedia semi-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Biography_with_signature" title="Category:Biography with signature">Biography with signature</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards" title="Category:Articles with hCards">Articles with hCards</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hAudio_microformats" title="Category:Articles with hAudio microformats">Articles with hAudio microformats</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_VIAF_identifiers" title="Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers">Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_LCCN_identifiers" title="Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers">Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_ISNI_identifiers" title="Category:Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers">Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_GND_identifiers" title="Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers">Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_SELIBR_identifiers" title="Category:Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers">Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_BNF_identifiers" title="Category:Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers">Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_MusicBrainz_identifiers" title="Category:Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers">Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_NLA_identifiers" title="Category:Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers">Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers</a></li></ul></div></div> <div class="visualClear"></div> </div> </div> <div id="mw-navigation"> <h2>Navigation menu</h2> <div id="mw-head"> <div id="p-personal" role="navigation" class="" aria-labelledby="p-personal-label"> <h3 id="p-personal-label">Personal tools</h3> <ul> <li id="pt-createaccount"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Martin+Luther+King+Jr.&type=signup" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory">Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Martin+Luther+King+Jr." title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o">Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> <div id="left-navigation"> <div id="p-namespaces" role="navigation" class="vectorTabs" aria-labelledby="p-namespaces-label"> <h3 id="p-namespaces-label">Namespaces</h3> <ul> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li> <li id="ca-talk"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Discussion about the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> <div id="p-variants" role="navigation" class="vectorMenu emptyPortlet" aria-labelledby="p-variants-label"> <h3 id="p-variants-label">Variants<a href="#"></a></h3> <div class="menu"> <ul> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="right-navigation"> <div id="p-views" role="navigation" class="vectorTabs" aria-labelledby="p-views-label"> <h3 id="p-views-label">Views</h3> <ul> <li id="ca-view" class="selected"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr.">Read</a></li> <li id="ca-viewsource"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Luther_King_Jr.&action=edit" title="This page is protected. You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e">View source</a></li> <li id="ca-history" class="collapsible"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Luther_King_Jr.&action=history" title="Past versions of this page [h]" accesskey="h" rel="archives">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> <div id="p-cactions" role="navigation" class="vectorMenu emptyPortlet" aria-labelledby="p-cactions-label"> <h3 id="p-cactions-label">More<a href="#"></a></h3> <div class="menu"> <ul> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-search" role="search"> <h3> <label for="searchInput">Search</label> </h3> <form action="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php" id="searchform"> <div id="simpleSearch"> <input type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput"/><input type="hidden" value="Special:Search" name="title"/><input type="submit" name="fulltext" value="Search" title="Search Wikipedia for this text" id="mw-searchButton" class="searchButton mw-fallbackSearchButton"/><input type="submit" name="go" value="Go" title="Go to a page with this exact name if one exists" id="searchButton" class="searchButton"/> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div id="mw-panel"> <div id="p-logo" role="banner"><a class="mw-wiki-logo" href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page"></a></div> <div class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-navigation" aria-labelledby="p-navigation-label"> <h3 id="p-navigation-label">Navigation</h3> <div class="body"> <ul> <li id="n-mainpage-description"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li> <li id="n-contents"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li> <li id="n-featuredcontent"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Featured_content" title="Featured content – the best of Wikipedia">Featured content</a></li> <li id="n-currentevents"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Find background information on current events">Current events</a></li> <li id="n-randompage"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Random" title="Load a random article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li> <li id="n-sitesupport"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" title="Support us">Donate to Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="n-shoplink"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://shop.wikimedia.org/" title="Visit the Wikimedia Shop">Wikimedia Shop</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-interaction" aria-labelledby="p-interaction-label"> <h3 id="p-interaction-label">Interaction</h3> <div class="body"> <ul> <li id="n-help"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li> <li id="n-aboutsite"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Find out about Wikipedia">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="n-portal"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="About the project, what you can do, where to find things">Community portal</a></li> <li id="n-recentchanges"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes in the wiki [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li> <li id="n-contactpage"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact page</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-tb" aria-labelledby="p-tb-label"> <h3 id="p-tb-label">Tools</h3> <div class="body"> <ul> <li id="t-whatlinkshere"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li> <li id="t-recentchangeslinked"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li> <li id="t-upload"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li> <li id="t-specialpages"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li> <li id="t-permalink"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Luther_King_Jr.&oldid=651963871" title="Permanent link to this revision of the page">Permanent link</a></li> <li id="t-info"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Luther_King_Jr.&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li> <li id="t-wikibase"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8027" title="Link to connected data repository item [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> <li id="t-cite"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Martin_Luther_King_Jr.&id=651963871" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-coll-print_export" aria-labelledby="p-coll-print_export-label"> <h3 id="p-coll-print_export-label">Print/export</h3> <div class="body"> <ul> <li id="coll-create_a_book"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Martin+Luther+King+Jr.">Create a book</a></li> <li id="coll-download-as-rdf2latex"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&bookcmd=render_article&arttitle=Martin+Luther+King+Jr.&oldid=651963871&writer=rdf2latex">Download as PDF</a></li> <li id="t-print"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Luther_King_Jr.&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-lang" aria-labelledby="p-lang-label"> <h3 id="p-lang-label">Languages</h3> <div class="body"> <ul> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_jr." title="Martin Luther King jr. – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af">Afrikaans</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Alemannisch" lang="als" hreflang="als">Alemannisch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%B6/%E1%88%AD_%E1%88%9B%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B2%E1%8A%95_%E1%88%89%E1%8C%A0%E1%88%AD_%E1%8A%AA%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D" title="ዶ/ር ማርቲን ሉጠር ኪንግ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am">አማርኛ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AB%D8%B1_%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%BA" title="مارتن لوثر كينغ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr." title="Martin Luther King, Jr. – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an">Aragonés</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82,_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9C" title="মাৰ্টিন লুথাৰ কিং, অনুজ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as">অসমীয়া</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast">Asturianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn">Avañe'ẽ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay">Aymar aru</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_L%C3%BCter_Kinq" title="Martin Lüter Kinq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az">Azərbaycanca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82,_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%B0" title="মার্টিন লুথার কিং, জুনিয়র – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn">বাংলা</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Chinese (Min Nan)" lang="zh-min-nan" hreflang="zh-min-nan">Bân-lâm-gú</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Мартин Лютер Кинг – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba">Башҡортса</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80_%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Марцін Лютэр Кінг – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be">Беларуская</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://be-x-old.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80_%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Мартын Лютэр Кінг – беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎" lang="be-x-old" hreflang="be-x-old">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Мартин Лутър Кинг – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg">Български</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="མར་ཏིན་ལུ་ཏར་ཁིན། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo">བོད་ཡིག</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr. – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs">Bosanski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr." title="Martin Luther King, Jr. – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br">Brezhoneg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy">Cymraeg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle" title="good article"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – German" lang="de" hreflang="de">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et">Eesti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD_%CE%9B%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%81_%CE%9A%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA" title="Μάρτιν Λούθερ Κινγκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el">Ελληνικά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr." title="Martin Luther King, Jr. – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="eml" hreflang="eml">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1" title="مارتین لوتر کینگ جونیور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr." title="Martin Luther King, Jr. – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif">Fiji Hindi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo">Føroyskt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy">Frysk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga">Gaeilge</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr." title="Martin Luther King, Jr. – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd">Gàidhlig</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl">Galego</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%87%91" title="馬丁·路德·金 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan">贛語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A8_%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%82%E0%AA%A5%E0%AA%B0_%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%97" title="માર્ટિન લ્યૂથર કિંગ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu">ગુજરાતી</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%ED%8B%B4_%EB%A3%A8%ED%84%B0_%ED%82%B9_2%EC%84%B8" title="마틴 루터 킹 2세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D4%BC%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%A5%D6%80_%D5%94%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A3" title="Մարտին Լյութեր Քինգ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy">Հայերեն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="मार्टिन लूथर किंग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi">हिन्दी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr." title="Martin Luther King, Jr. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io">Ido</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr." title="Martin Luther King, Jr. – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig">Igbo</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr." title="Martin Luther King, Jr. – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo">Ilokano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr." title="Martin Luther King, Jr. – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr." title="Martin Luther King, Jr. – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia">Interlingua</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr." title="Martin Luther King, Jr. – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is">Íslenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%A8_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92" title="מרטין לותר קינג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr." title="Martin Luther King, Jr. – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv">Basa Jawa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%A5%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D" title="ಮಾರ್ಟಿನ್ ಲೂಥರ್ ಕಿಂಗ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="მარტინ ლუთერ კინგი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka">ქართული</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Мартин Лютер Кинг – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk">Қазақша</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr." title="Martin Luther King, Jr. – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw">Kernowek</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr." title="Martin Luther King, Jr. – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw">Kiswahili</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Haitian" lang="ht" hreflang="ht">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku">Kurdî</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinus_Lutherus_King_Jr." title="Martinus Lutherus King Jr. – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la">Latina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martins_Luters_Kings" title="Martins Luters Kings – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv">Latviešu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr." title="Martin Luther King, Jr. – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Мартин Лутер Кинг – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk">Македонски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg">Malagasy</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A5%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BC" title="മാർട്ടിൻ ലൂഥർ കിംഗ് ജൂനിയർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml">മലയാളം</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr. – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt">Malti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97,_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="मार्टिन ल्यूथर किंग, जुनियर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr">मराठी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AB%D8%B1_%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC" title="مارتين لوثر كينج – Egyptian Spoken Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz">مصرى</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF" title="مارتین لوتر کینگ – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn">مازِرونی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr." title="Martin Luther King, Jr. – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Мартин Лютер Кинг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn">Монгол</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B0%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC" title="မာတင်လူသာကင်း ဂျူနီယာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97(%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0)" title="मार्टिन लूथर किंग(जुनियर) – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne">नेपाली</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A5%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2" title="マーティン・ルーサー・キング・ジュニア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Кинг, Мартин Лютер – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce">Нохчийн</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_jr." title="Martin Luther King jr. – Norwegian (bokmål)" lang="no" hreflang="no">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_jr." title="Martin Luther King jr. – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn">Norsk nynorsk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc">Occitan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz">Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97,_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B0" title="ਮਾਰਟਿਨ ਲੂਥਰ ਕਿੰਗ, ਜੂਨੀਅਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%B9%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%AF" title="مارٹن لوتھر کنگ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb">پنجابی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%93_%E1%9E%A1%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%BA%E1%9E%9A_%E1%9E%83%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%84" title="ម៉ាទីន ឡូតធឺរ ឃីង – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms">Piemontèis</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr. – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm">Rumantsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu">Runa Simi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%BD%D2%91" title="Мартін Лутер Кінґ – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue">Русиньскый</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Кинг, Мартин Лютер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Кинг Мартин Лютер – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah">Саха тыла</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D_(%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82)" title="मार्टिन् लूथर् किङ्ग् (ज्यू) – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa">संस्कृतम्</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc">Sardu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr." title="Martin Luther King, Jr. – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco">Scots</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq">Shqip</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn">Sicilianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%82" title="මාර්ටින් ලූතර් කිං – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si">සිංහල</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr." title="Martin Luther King, Jr. – Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr." title="Martin Luther King, Jr. – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_mlaj%C5%A1i" title="Martin Luther King mlajši – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl">Slovenščina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King," title="Martin Luther King, – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so">Soomaaliga</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%B1_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF" title="مارتین لووتەر کینگ – Sorani Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb">کوردی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Мартин Лутер Кинг – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr." title="Martin Luther King, Jr. – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle" title="recommended article"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr." title="Martin Luther King, Jr. – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr." title="Martin Luther King, Jr. – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl">Tagalog</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D" title="மார்ட்டின் லூதர் கிங் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta">தமிழ்</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_L%C3%BCter_King" title="Martin Lüter King – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt">Татарча/tatarça</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D" title="మార్టిన్ లూథర్ కింగ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te">తెలుగు</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87_%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="มาร์ติน ลูเทอร์ คิง จูเนียร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th">ไทย</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Мартін Лютер Кінг – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%B9%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A6%D8%B1" title="مارٹن لوتھر کنگ جونیئر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur">اردو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%89%D8%B1_%D9%83%D9%89%DA%AD" title="مارتىن لوتىر كىڭ – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingi_Martin_Luther" title="Kingi Martin Luther – Võro" lang="fiu-vro" hreflang="fiu-vro">Võro</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa">Walon</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr." title="Martin Luther King, Jr. – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war">Winaray</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%87%91" title="马丁·路德·金 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu">吴语</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92" title="מארטין לוטער קינג – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi">ייִדיש</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr." title="Martin Luther King, Jr. – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo">Yorùbá</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E4%B8%81%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%91" title="馬丁路德金 – Cantonese" lang="zh-yue" hreflang="zh-yue">粵語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr." title="Martin Luther King, Jr. – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq">Zazaki</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Zeeuws" lang="zea" hreflang="zea">Zeêuws</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martins_Lioter%C4%97s_K%C4%97ngs" title="Martins Lioterės Kėngs – Samogitian" lang="bat-smg" hreflang="bat-smg">Žemaitėška</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%87%91" title="马丁·路德·金 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh">中文</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="मार्टिन लूथर किंग – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai">मैथिली</a></li> <li class="uls-p-lang-dummy"><a href="#"></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a action="edit" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8027#sitelinks-wikipedia" text="Edit links" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last modified on 18 March 2015, at 18:55.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a rel="license" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a><a rel="license" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/" style="display:none;"></a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Privacy_policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://www.wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Privacy_policy" title="wikimedia:Privacy policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimer"><a href="/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" title="Wikipedia:General disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/How_to_contribute">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Luther_King_Jr.&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"> <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://wikimediafoundation.org/"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://bits.wikimedia.org/images/wikimedia-button.png" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://bits.wikimedia.org/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://bits.wikimedia.org/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x" width="88" height="31" alt="Wikimedia Foundation"/></a> </li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"> <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528/https://www.mediawiki.org/"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.25wmf20/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki_88x31.png" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.25wmf20/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319234528im_/https://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.25wmf20/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x" width="88" height="31"/></a> </li> </ul> <div style="clear:both"></div> </div> <script>/*<![CDATA[*/window.jQuery && jQuery.ready();/*]]>*/</script><script>if(window.mw){ mw.loader.state({"ext.globalCssJs.site":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","mw.PopUpMediaTransform":"loading","site":"loading","user":"ready","user.groups":"ready"}); }</script> <script>if(window.mw){ document.write("\u003Cscript src=\"//bits.wikimedia.org/en.wikipedia.org/load.php?debug=false\u0026amp;lang=en\u0026amp;modules=mw.PopUpMediaTransform\u0026amp;only=scripts\u0026amp;skin=vector\u0026amp;*\"\u003E\u003C/script\u003E"); }</script> <script>if(window.mw){ mw.loader.load(["ext.cite","mediawiki.toc","mediawiki.action.view.postEdit","mediawiki.user","mediawiki.hidpi","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.searchSuggest","ext.gadget.teahouse","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.DRN-wizard","ext.gadget.charinsert","ext.gadget.refToolbar","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.featured-articles-links","mmv.bootstrap.autostart","ext.imageMetrics.loader","ext.eventLogging.subscriber","ext.wikimediaEvents.statsd","ext.navigationTiming","schema.UniversalLanguageSelector","ext.uls.eventlogger","ext.uls.interlanguage"],null,true); }</script> <script>if(window.mw){ document.write("\u003Cscript src=\"//bits.wikimedia.org/en.wikipedia.org/load.php?debug=false\u0026amp;lang=en\u0026amp;modules=site\u0026amp;only=scripts\u0026amp;skin=vector\u0026amp;*\"\u003E\u003C/script\u003E"); }</script> <script>if(window.mw){ mw.config.set({"wgBackendResponseTime":158,"wgHostname":"mw1217"}); }</script> </body> </html>