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id="toc-Other_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Other issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_liberties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_liberties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Civil liberties</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Civil_liberties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Civil liberties subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Civil_liberties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Freedom_of_speech_and_of_the_press" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freedom_of_speech_and_of_the_press"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Freedom of speech and of the press</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freedom_of_speech_and_of_the_press-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Internet_freedom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internet_freedom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Internet freedom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internet_freedom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freedom_of_peaceful_assembly_and_association" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freedom_of_peaceful_assembly_and_association"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Freedom of peaceful assembly and association</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freedom_of_peaceful_assembly_and_association-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freedom_of_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freedom_of_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Freedom of religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freedom_of_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freedom_of_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freedom_of_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Freedom of movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freedom_of_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Political rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discrimination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discrimination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Discrimination</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Discrimination-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Discrimination subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Discrimination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gender_identity_harassment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_identity_harassment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Gender identity harassment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_identity_harassment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Violence_against_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Violence_against_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Violence against women</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Violence_against_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Rape</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comfort_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comfort_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Comfort women</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comfort_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage_and_divorce" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage_and_divorce"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Marriage and divorce</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Marriage_and_divorce-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Marriage and divorce subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Marriage_and_divorce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Custody" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Custody"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Custody</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Custody-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Abduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corporal_punishments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corporal_punishments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Corporal punishments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corporal_punishments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rights_of_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rights_of_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Rights of children</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rights_of_children-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Rights of children subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rights_of_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Child_abuse_and_neglect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Child_abuse_and_neglect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Child abuse and neglect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Child_abuse_and_neglect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trafficking_in_persons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trafficking_in_persons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Trafficking in persons</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Trafficking_in_persons-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Trafficking in persons subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Trafficking_in_persons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sexual_exploitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_exploitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Sexual exploitation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual_exploitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rights_of_persons_with_disabilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rights_of_persons_with_disabilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Rights of persons with disabilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rights_of_persons_with_disabilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minorities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minorities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Minorities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minorities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Worker_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Worker_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Worker rights</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Worker_rights-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Worker rights subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Worker_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Right_of_association" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Right_of_association"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Right of association</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Right_of_association-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexual_harassment_law_in_the_workplace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_harassment_law_in_the_workplace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>Sexual harassment law in the workplace</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual_harassment_law_in_the_workplace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Right_to_organize_and_bargain_collectively" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Right_to_organize_and_bargain_collectively"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.3</span> <span>Right to organize and bargain collectively</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Right_to_organize_and_bargain_collectively-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prohibition_of_forced_or_compulsory_labor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prohibition_of_forced_or_compulsory_labor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.4</span> <span>Prohibition of forced or compulsory labor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prohibition_of_forced_or_compulsory_labor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prohibition_of_child_labor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prohibition_of_child_labor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.5</span> <span>Prohibition of child labor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prohibition_of_child_labor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acceptable_work_conditions_and_minimum_wage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acceptable_work_conditions_and_minimum_wage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.6</span> <span>Acceptable work conditions and minimum wage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acceptable_work_conditions_and_minimum_wage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_worker_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_worker_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.7</span> <span>Foreign worker issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_worker_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Passport_confiscation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Passport_confiscation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.7.1</span> <span>Passport confiscation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Passport_confiscation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hak_asasi_manusia_di_Jepang" title="Hak asasi manusia di Jepang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hak asasi manusia di Jepang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98_%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98" title="ადამიანის უფლებები იაპონიაში – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ადამიანის უფლებები იაპონიაში" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%87_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%DB%90_%D8%A8%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87" title="په جاپان کې بشري حقونه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="په جاپان کې بشري حقونه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A2n_quy%E1%BB%81n_t%E1%BA%A1i_Nh%E1%BA%ADt_B%E1%BA%A3n" title="Nhân quyền tại Nhật Bản – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhân quyền tại Nhật Bản" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist" style="width:20em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Japan" title="Category:Politics of Japan">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Japan" title="Politics of Japan">Politics of Japan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/250px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="125" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="990" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan" title="Constitution of Japan">Constitution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Japan" title="Law of Japan">Laws</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan" title="Constitution of Japan">Constitution of Japan (1947–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Constitution" title="Meiji Constitution">Meiji Constitution (1890–1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Japan" title="Law of Japan">Laws</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">The Monarchy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Japanese_Emperor.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_the_Japanese_Emperor.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Japanese_Emperor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_the_Japanese_Emperor.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Japanese_Emperor.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">The Emperor</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_Japan" title="List of emperors of Japan">List</a>)</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Naruhito" title="Naruhito">Naruhito</a> </p><p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Japanese_Crown_Prince.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_the_Japanese_Crown_Prince.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Japanese_Crown_Prince.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_the_Japanese_Crown_Prince.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Japanese_Crown_Prince.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_the_Japanese_throne" title="Succession to the Japanese throne">Crown Prince</a></b></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Fumihito,_Crown_Prince_of_Japan" title="Fumihito, Crown Prince of Japan">Fumihito</a> </p> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_House_of_Japan" title="Imperial House of Japan">Imperial House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysanthemum_Throne" title="Chrysanthemum Throne">Chrysanthemum Throne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_the_Japanese_throne" title="Succession to the Japanese throne">Imperial Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Household_Agency" title="Imperial Household Agency">Imperial Household Agency</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Japan" title="Government of Japan">Government</a></b></li></ul> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Japan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Emblem_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Japan.svg/40px-Emblem_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Emblem_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Japan.svg/60px-Emblem_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="188" /></a></span> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime Minister</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Japan" title="List of prime ministers of Japan">List</a>)<br /></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Ishiba" title="Shigeru Ishiba">Shigeru Ishiba</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Japan)" title="Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)">LDP</a>)<br /> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Japan" title="Cabinet of Japan">Cabinet</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_cabinets" title="List of Japanese cabinets">List</a>)<br /></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Second_Ishiba_Cabinet" title="Second Ishiba Cabinet">Second Ishiba Cabinet</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Japan)" title="Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)">LDP</a>–<a href="/wiki/Komeito" title="Komeito">Komeito</a> <a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">coalition</a>)<br /> </p> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministries_of_Japan" title="Ministries of Japan">Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Administrative_Institution" title="Independent Administrative Institution">Administrative Agencies</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Legislature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/National_Diet" title="National Diet">National Diet</a></b></li></ul> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Go-shichi_no_kiri_crest_2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Go-shichi_no_kiri_crest_2.svg/20px-Go-shichi_no_kiri_crest_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Go-shichi_no_kiri_crest_2.svg/30px-Go-shichi_no_kiri_crest_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Go-shichi_no_kiri_crest_2.svg/40px-Go-shichi_no_kiri_crest_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="231" data-file-height="154" /></a></span> </p> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Japan)" title="House of Representatives (Japan)">House of Representatives</a></b></li></ul> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jap%C3%B3n_C%C3%A1mara_de_Representantes_2021.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Jap%C3%B3n_C%C3%A1mara_de_Representantes_2021.svg/50px-Jap%C3%B3n_C%C3%A1mara_de_Representantes_2021.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Jap%C3%B3n_C%C3%A1mara_de_Representantes_2021.svg/75px-Jap%C3%B3n_C%C3%A1mara_de_Representantes_2021.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Jap%C3%B3n_C%C3%A1mara_de_Representantes_2021.svg/100px-Jap%C3%B3n_C%C3%A1mara_de_Representantes_2021.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Representatives_(Japan)" title="Speaker of the House of Representatives (Japan)">Speaker</a></b></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Fukushiro_Nukaga" title="Fukushiro Nukaga">Fukushiro Nukaga</a> </p> <ul><li><b>Vice Speaker</b></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dichir%C5%8D_Genba" title="Kōichirō Genba">Kōichirō Genba</a> </p> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Councillors" title="House of Councillors">House of Councillors</a></b></li></ul> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Japan_House_of_Councillors_seat_composition_2022.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Japan_House_of_Councillors_seat_composition_2022.svg/60px-Japan_House_of_Councillors_seat_composition_2022.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Japan_House_of_Councillors_seat_composition_2022.svg/120px-Japan_House_of_Councillors_seat_composition_2022.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_House_of_Councillors" title="President of the House of Councillors">President</a> </b></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Masakazu_Sekiguchi" title="Masakazu Sekiguchi">Masakazu Sekiguchi</a> </p> <ul><li><b>Vice President</b></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Hiroyuki_Nagahama" title="Hiroyuki Nagahama">Hiroyuki Nagahama</a><br /> </p> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Japan" title="Judicial system of Japan">Judiciary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Japan" title="Supreme Court of Japan">Supreme Court</a></b><br /></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Japan" title="Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Japan">Chief Justice</a></b></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Yukihiko_Imasaki" title="Yukihiko Imasaki">Yukihiko Imasaki</a> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Japan" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of Japan">Justices of the Supreme Court</a></b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_Property_High_Court" title="Intellectual Property High Court">Intellectual Property High Court</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Japan" title="Bank of Japan">Bank of Japan</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center"> <ul><li><b>Governor</b></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Kazuo_Ueda" title="Kazuo Ueda">Kazuo Ueda</a> </p> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_yen" title="Japanese yen">Japanese yen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_Japanese_yen" title="Banknotes of the Japanese yen">Banknotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_yen#Coins" title="Japanese yen">Coins</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Japan" title="Elections in Japan">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_the_House_of_Representatives_of_Japan" title="List of districts of the House of Representatives of Japan">List of districts of the House of Representatives of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_the_House_of_Councillors_of_Japan" title="List of districts of the House of Councillors of Japan">List of districts of the House of Councillors of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_House_of_Councillors_national_proportional_representation_block" title="Japanese House of Councillors national proportional representation block">Japanese House of Councillors national proportional representation block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Japan" title="List of political parties in Japan">Political parties</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="center"><b>Japanese general elections</b></div> <hr /> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/1890_Japanese_general_election" title="1890 Japanese general election">1890</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1892_Japanese_general_election" title="1892 Japanese general election">1892</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/March_1894_Japanese_general_election" title="March 1894 Japanese general election">1894 (Mar)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/September_1894_Japanese_general_election" title="September 1894 Japanese general election">1894 (Sep)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/March_1898_Japanese_general_election" title="March 1898 Japanese general election">1898 (Mar)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/August_1898_Japanese_general_election" title="August 1898 Japanese general election">1898 (Aug)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1902_Japanese_general_election" title="1902 Japanese general election">1902</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1903_Japanese_general_election" title="1903 Japanese general election">1903</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1904_Japanese_general_election" title="1904 Japanese general election">1904</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1908_Japanese_general_election" title="1908 Japanese general election">1908</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1912_Japanese_general_election" title="1912 Japanese general election">1912</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1915_Japanese_general_election" title="1915 Japanese general election">1915</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1917_Japanese_general_election" title="1917 Japanese general election">1917</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1920_Japanese_general_election" title="1920 Japanese general election">1920</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1924_Japanese_general_election" title="1924 Japanese general election">1924</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1928_Japanese_general_election" title="1928 Japanese general election">1928</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1930_Japanese_general_election" title="1930 Japanese general election">1930</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1932_Japanese_general_election" title="1932 Japanese general election">1932</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Japanese_general_election" title="1936 Japanese general election">1936</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1937_Japanese_general_election" title="1937 Japanese general election">1937</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1942_Japanese_general_election" title="1942 Japanese general election">1942</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Japanese_general_election" title="1946 Japanese general election">1946</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1947_Japanese_general_election" title="1947 Japanese general election">1947</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1949_Japanese_general_election" title="1949 Japanese general election">1949</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Japanese_general_election" title="1952 Japanese general election">1952</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1953_Japanese_general_election" title="1953 Japanese general election">1953</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1955_Japanese_general_election" title="1955 Japanese general election">1955</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1958_Japanese_general_election" title="1958 Japanese general election">1958</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Japanese_general_election" title="1960 Japanese general election">1960</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1963_Japanese_general_election" title="1963 Japanese general election">1963</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1967_Japanese_general_election" title="1967 Japanese general election">1967</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1969_Japanese_general_election" title="1969 Japanese general election">1969</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1972_Japanese_general_election" title="1972 Japanese general election">1972</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Japanese_general_election" title="1976 Japanese general election">1976</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1979_Japanese_general_election" title="1979 Japanese general election">1979</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Japanese_general_election" title="1980 Japanese general election">1980</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1983_Japanese_general_election" title="1983 Japanese general election">1983</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1986_Japanese_general_election" title="1986 Japanese general election">1986</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1990_Japanese_general_election" title="1990 Japanese general election">1990</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1993_Japanese_general_election" title="1993 Japanese general election">1993</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1996_Japanese_general_election" title="1996 Japanese general election">1996</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Japanese_general_election" title="2000 Japanese general election">2000</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2003_Japanese_general_election" title="2003 Japanese general election">2003</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2005_Japanese_general_election" title="2005 Japanese general election">2005</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2009_Japanese_general_election" title="2009 Japanese general election">2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Japanese_general_election" title="2012 Japanese general election">2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2014_Japanese_general_election" title="2014 Japanese general election">2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Japanese_general_election" title="2017 Japanese general election">2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Japanese_general_election" title="2021 Japanese general election">2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Japanese_general_election" title="2024 Japanese general election">2024</a></li></ul></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="center"><b>Japanese House of Councillors elections</b></div> <hr /> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947_Japanese_House_of_Councillors_election" title="1947 Japanese House of Councillors election">1947</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1950_Japanese_House_of_Councillors_election" title="1950 Japanese House of Councillors election">1950</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1953_Japanese_House_of_Councillors_election" title="1953 Japanese House of Councillors election">1953</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Japanese_House_of_Councillors_election" title="1956 Japanese House of Councillors election">1956</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1959_Japanese_House_of_Councillors_election" title="1959 Japanese House of Councillors election">1959</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1962_Japanese_House_of_Councillors_election" title="1962 Japanese House of Councillors election">1962</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1965_Japanese_House_of_Councillors_election" title="1965 Japanese House of Councillors election">1965</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Japanese_House_of_Councillors_election" title="1968 Japanese House of Councillors election">1968</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1971_Japanese_House_of_Councillors_election" title="1971 Japanese House of Councillors election">1971</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1974_Japanese_House_of_Councillors_election" title="1974 Japanese House of Councillors election">1974</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1977_Japanese_House_of_Councillors_election" title="1977 Japanese House of Councillors election">1977</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Japanese_House_of_Councillors_election" title="1980 Japanese House of Councillors election">1980</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1983_Japanese_House_of_Councillors_election" title="1983 Japanese House of Councillors election">1983</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1986_Japanese_House_of_Councillors_election" title="1986 Japanese House of Councillors election">1986</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1989_Japanese_House_of_Councillors_election" title="1989 Japanese House of Councillors election">1989</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Japanese_House_of_Councillors_election" title="1992 Japanese House of Councillors election">1992</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1995_Japanese_House_of_Councillors_election" title="1995 Japanese House of Councillors election">1995</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1998_Japanese_House_of_Councillors_election" title="1998 Japanese House of Councillors election">1998</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2001_Japanese_House_of_Councillors_election" title="2001 Japanese House of Councillors election">2001</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Japanese_House_of_Councillors_election" title="2004 Japanese House of Councillors election">2004</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2007_Japanese_House_of_Councillors_election" title="2007 Japanese House of Councillors election">2007</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2010_Japanese_House_of_Councillors_election" title="2010 Japanese House of Councillors election">2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2013_Japanese_House_of_Councillors_election" title="2013 Japanese House of Councillors election">2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Japanese_House_of_Councillors_election" title="2016 Japanese House of Councillors election">2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Japanese_House_of_Councillors_election" title="2019 Japanese House of Councillors election">2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2022_Japanese_House_of_Councillors_election" title="2022 Japanese House of Councillors election">2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2025_Japanese_House_of_Councillors_election" title="2025 Japanese House of Councillors election"><i>2025</i></a></li></ul></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="center"><b>Unified local elections</b></div> <hr /> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/2007_Japanese_unified_local_elections" title="2007 Japanese unified local elections">2007</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Japanese_unified_local_elections" title="2011 Japanese unified local elections">2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2015_Japanese_unified_local_elections" title="2015 Japanese unified local elections">2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Japanese_unified_local_elections" title="2019 Japanese unified local elections">2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Japanese_unified_local_elections" title="2023 Japanese unified local elections">2023</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Japan" title="Administrative divisions of Japan">Administrative divisions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_Japan" title="Prefectures of Japan">Prefectures</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_(Japan)" title="Governor (Japan)">Governors</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Japanese_governors" title="List of current Japanese governors">List</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subprefectures_of_Japan" title="Subprefectures of Japan">Subprefectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Japan" title="Districts of Japan">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Japan" title="Municipalities of Japan">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wards_of_Japan" title="Wards of Japan">Submunicipalities</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Japan" title="Foreign relations of Japan">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_Japan" title="Foreign policy of Japan">Foreign policy</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_foreign_relations" title="History of Japanese foreign relations">history</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Japan" title="List of diplomatic missions of Japan">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Japan" title="List of diplomatic missions in Japan">in Japan</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_passport" title="Japanese passport">Japanese passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Japanese_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Japanese citizens">Visa requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Japan" title="Visa policy of Japan">Visa policy</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Algeria–Japan relations">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angola%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Angola–Japan relations">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Djibouti–Japan relations">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Egypt–Japan relations">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Ethiopia–Japan relations">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Kenya_relations" title="Japan–Kenya relations">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Namibia_relations" title="Japan–Namibia relations">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Nigeria_relations" title="Japan–Nigeria relations">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Somalia_relations" title="Japan–Somalia relations">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Japan–South Africa relations">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Argentina–Japan relations">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Barbados–Japan relations">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Bolivia–Japan relations">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Brazil–Japan relations">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Canada–Japan relations">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Chile–Japan relations">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Colombia–Japan relations">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Ecuador–Japan relations">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Japan–Mexico relations">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Paraguay_relations" title="Japan–Paraguay relations">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Peru_relations" title="Japan–Peru relations">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Trinidad_and_Tobago_relations" title="Japan–Trinidad and Tobago relations">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Japan–United States relations">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Uruguay_relations" title="Japan–Uruguay relations">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Venezuela_relations" title="Japan–Venezuela relations">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Afghanistan–Japan relations">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Armenia–Japan relations">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Azerbaijan–Japan relations">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Bahrain–Japan relations">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Bangladesh–Japan relations">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Bhutan–Japan relations">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Brunei–Japan relations">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Cambodia–Japan relations">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="China–Japan relations">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor%E2%80%93Japan_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timor–Japan relations">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Georgia–Japan relations">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="India–Japan relations">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Indonesia–Japan relations">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Iran–Japan relations">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Israel–Japan relations">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Laos_relations" title="Japan–Laos relations">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Malaysia_relations" title="Japan–Malaysia relations">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Maldives_relations" title="Japan–Maldives relations">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Mongolia_relations" title="Japan–Mongolia relations">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan-Myanmar_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan-Myanmar relations">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Nepal_relations" title="Japan–Nepal relations">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Japan–North Korea relations">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Japan–Pakistan relations">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Japan–Palestine relations">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="Japan–Philippines relations">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Qatar_relations" title="Japan–Qatar relations">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Japan–Saudi Arabia relations">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Singapore_relations" title="Japan–Singapore relations">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="Japan–South Korea relations">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Sri_Lanka_relations" title="Japan–Sri Lanka relations">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Taiwan_relations" title="Japan–Taiwan relations">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Thailand_relations" title="Japan–Thailand relations">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Japan–Turkey relations">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="Japan–Vietnam relations">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Albania–Japan relations">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Austria–Japan relations">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Belgium–Japan relations">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Croatia–Japan relations">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Czech Republic–Japan relations">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Denmark–Japan relations">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="France–Japan relations">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Germany–Japan relations">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Greece–Japan relations">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Hungary–Japan relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Holy See–Japan relations">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Iceland–Japan relations">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Ireland–Japan relations">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Italy–Japan relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Kosovo_relations" title="Japan–Kosovo relations">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Lithuania_relations" title="Japan–Lithuania relations">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Malta_relations" title="Japan–Malta relations">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Montenegro_relations" title="Japan–Montenegro relations">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations" title="Japan–Netherlands relations">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Japan–Poland relations">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Portugal_relations" title="Japan–Portugal relations">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Japan–Russia relations">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Serbia_relations" title="Japan–Serbia relations">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Spain_relations" title="Japan–Spain relations">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Sweden_relations" title="Japan–Sweden relations">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="Japan–Ukraine relations">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Japan–United Kingdom relations">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Australia–Japan relations">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Fiji–Japan relations">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93New_Zealand_relations" title="Japan–New Zealand relations">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Palau_relations" title="Japan–Palau relations">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Tonga_relations" title="Japan–Tonga relations">Tonga</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_foreign_policy_on_Africa" title="Japanese foreign policy on Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Arab_League_relations" title="Japan–Arab League relations">Arab world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Latin_America_relations" title="Japan–Latin America relations">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Oceania_relations" title="Japan–Oceania relations">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_foreign_policy_on_Southeast_Asia" title="Japanese foreign policy on Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Japan–European Union relations">European Union</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_and_the_United_Nations" title="Japan and the United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Seven" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Seven">G7</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/120px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Japan" title="Portal:Japan">Japan portal</a> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Japan" title="Template:Politics of Japan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Japan" title="Template talk:Politics of Japan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Japan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Japan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>. The Human Rights Scores Dataverse ranked Japan somewhere in the middle among <a href="/wiki/Group_of_Seven" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Seven">G7</a> countries on its human rights performance, below <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Germany" title="Human rights in Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Canada" title="Human rights in Canada">Canada</a> and above the <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Human rights in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_France" title="Human rights in France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Italy" title="Human rights in Italy">Italy</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Fragile_States_Index" title="Fragile States Index">Fragile States Index</a> ranked Japan second last in the G7 after the United States on its "Human Rights and Rule of Law" sub-indicator.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the statistics of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Justice (Japan)">Ministry of Justice</a> (MOJ) for 2022, the MOJ human rights organs received 159,864 consultations on human rights violations, completed 7,627 cases of remedial measures for victims, and initiated 7,859 cases of remedial measures.<sup id="cite_ref-moj2022_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moj2022-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the cases in which the MOJ completed redress for victims, the largest number of cases related to discriminatory treatment were for discriminated <a href="/wiki/Burakumin" title="Burakumin">burakumin</a> (406 cases), followed by the physically disabled, the sick, foreign residents, women, the elderly, and gender identity.<sup id="cite_ref-moj2022_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moj2022-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the cases in which the MOJ initiated redress for victims, 18.6% involved privacy violations, 14.5% involved labor rights, 13.3% involved school bullying, 12.8% involved assault and abuse, and 10.2% involved extortion and coercion. According to the MOJ, the number of human rights violations has decreased from year to year, but the number of cases of school bullying and human rights violations on the Internet remained high.<sup id="cite_ref-moj2022_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moj2022-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Foreigners in Japan may face human rights violations that Japanese citizens do not. In recent years, Western media has reported that Japanese firms frequently confiscate the <a href="/wiki/Passports" class="mw-redirect" title="Passports">passports</a> of guest workers in Japan, particularly unskilled laborers from the Philippines and other poorer Asian countries.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_issues">Major issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Japan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Major issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Japan has a criminal conviction rate of over 99%.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In several cases, courts have acknowledged confessions were forced and released those imprisoned. To combat this, a law was passed in 2016 requiring some interrogations to be videotaped. However, this only applies to people accused of serious crimes, such as murder, arson and kidnapping, which make up only 3% of cases.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In common law countries which practice trial by jury, a high conviction rate may indicate that defendants are not receiving a <a href="/wiki/Fair_trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Fair trial">fair trial</a>. Sometimes Japanese prosecutors <a href="/wiki/Nolle_prosequi" title="Nolle prosequi">decide not to prosecute</a> in the case of minor crimes or when there is a high possibility of innocence.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Japanese researchers believe that is one of the causes of the high conviction rate in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prosecution rate in Japan is 33.4%.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 64.3% was not pursued. Japan also practices the <a href="/wiki/Death_penalty" class="mw-redirect" title="Death penalty">death penalty</a>, to which the U.N. objects, as do several prominent NGOs and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Japan" title="Capital punishment in Japan">Capital punishment in Japan</a>). </p><p>There is much controversy surrounding the social and legal treatment of <a href="/wiki/Minority_group" title="Minority group">minorities</a>. Although the Japanese consider themselves to be a homogeneous people, minorities do exist, and they often suffer discrimination. The largest indigenous minority are the two to four million <i><a href="/wiki/Burakumin" title="Burakumin">hisabetsu buraku</a></i> ("discriminated communities"), descendants of the outcast communities of feudal Japan. Other such minorities include the <a href="/wiki/Ainu_people" title="Ainu people">Ainu</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous people">indigenous inhabitants</a> of northern Japan, and the people of <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture" title="Okinawa Prefecture">Okinawa</a>. Japan also has several hundred thousand native residents of <a href="/wiki/Korean_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean people">Korean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Chinese</a> descent who together with other <a href="/wiki/Gaikokujin" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaikokujin">foreign residents</a> experience varying forms and degrees of discrimination.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Judicial_system">Judicial system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Japan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Judicial system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Confessions">Confessions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Japan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Confessions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Constitution and the <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Code_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal Code of Japan">Criminal Code</a> include safeguards to ensure that no criminal suspect can be compelled to make a self-incriminating conviction. In 2003, the use of leather restraining body belts was abolished. Softer leather handcuffs without body belts were instituted as substitute restraining devices. Amnesty International has urged Japan to reform its police interrogation methods.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deaths_of_prisoners">Deaths of prisoners</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Japan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Deaths of prisoners"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There have been accounts of prisoners in Japan that have died under suspicious circumstances <a href="/wiki/Death_in_custody" title="Death in custody">while in custody</a>. </p> <ul><li>On June 20, 1994, Iranian national Arjang Mehrpooran died from unknown causes while in custody for a visa violation at the Minami Senju police station. Allegations have been made that his death was caused by assault.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On August 9, 1997, Mousavi Abarbe Kouh Mir Hossein, an Iranian national, had his neck broken and died while in the custody of the Kita Ward Immigration Detention Center.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2001, two <a href="/wiki/Nagoya" title="Nagoya">Nagoya</a> prison guards reportedly sprayed a high-power water <a href="/wiki/Hose_(tubing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hose (tubing)">hose</a> at an "unruly" inmate's anus, resulting in his death the following day.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the outcome of his March 2003 trial, the warden was warned to prevent further abuses by his subordinates.</li> <li>In 2002, an inmate at <a href="/wiki/Nagoya" title="Nagoya">Nagoya</a> Prison died after guards, as a disciplinary measure, used leather handcuffs and body belts too tightly clinched.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On March 22, 2010, Abubaka Awudu Suraj, a citizen of <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, died while in the custody of the Japanese Immigration Bureau while being deported from Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On March 6, 2021, <a href="/wiki/Wishma_Sandamali" class="mw-redirect" title="Wishma Sandamali">Wishma Sandamali</a>, a Sri Lankan woman, died in custody at an immigration detention facility in Nagoya after her requests for provisional release and adequate medical care were denied.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In 2003, the Justice Ministry formed a special team to investigate 1,566 prisoner deaths from 1993 to 2002. A preliminary report suggested that nearly one third of the cases involved suspicious circumstances. However, in June, the Ministry announced that there was evidence of abuse only in the two Nagoya fatalities. Regarding the other suspicious deaths, the Ministry said that approximately 10 deaths could be attributed to poor medical care. The authorities reported they had lost the documentation on nine deaths in Tokyo's <a href="/wiki/Fuch%C5%AB_Prison" title="Fuchū Prison">Fuchū Prison</a>. The remaining deaths were determined to be "not suspicious".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of May 2019, Japan has not signed nor ratified the <a href="/wiki/Optional_Protocol_to_the_Convention_against_Torture_and_other_Cruel,_Inhuman_or_Degrading_Treatment_or_Punishment" class="mw-redirect" title="Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment">Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prison_system">Prison system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Japan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Prison system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisons in Japan">Prisons in Japan</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Human_rights_in_Japan" title="Special:EditPage/Human rights in Japan">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Human+rights+in+Japan%22">"Human rights in Japan"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Human+rights+in+Japan%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Human+rights+in+Japan%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Human+rights+in+Japan%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Human+rights+in+Japan%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Human+rights+in+Japan%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Prison conditions met international standards;<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although some lacked adequate medical care and sufficient heating in the winter or cooling in the summer and some facilities were overcrowded. Prisoners were not allowed to purchase or receive supplementary food. While death records are kept for 10 years, many of them were missing, which sparked an ongoing review of the prison system. Prisons operated at an average 117% capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some institutions, two inmates were placed in cells designed for one inmate, and thirty or sixty in cells meant for 15. </p><p>According to prison officials at <a href="/wiki/Fuch%C5%AB_Prison" title="Fuchū Prison">Fuchū</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yokohama" title="Yokohama">Yokohama</a> prisons, medical attention was inadequate. The MOJ's Corrections Bureau likewise acknowledged that correctional facilities lacked medical preparedness. The Government's Project Team on Medical Issues of Correctional Institutions continued to consult with related organizations on such issues as increasing medical staff, upgrading medical conditions during nights and weekends, and strengthening cooperative relationships with medical institutions in the community. In May, the Minister formed a subcommittee to improve prison medical facilities. </p><p>In some institutions clothing and blankets were insufficient to protect inmates against cold weather. Most prisons did not provide heating during nighttime hours in winter despite freezing temperatures, subjecting inmates to a range of preventable cold injuries. Foreign prisoners in the Tokyo area continued to present to visiting diplomats during the year fingers and toes affected by <a href="/wiki/Chillblain" class="mw-redirect" title="Chillblain">chillblains</a> of varying severity, the direct result of long-term exposure to cold.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan_Federation_of_Bar_Associations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japan Federation of Bar Associations (page does not exist)">Japan Federation of Bar Associations</a>, the authorities are permitted to read letters sent or received by prisoners and they are not required to disclose this practice to prisoners. If the content is deemed "inappropriate", the letter may be <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censored</a> or confiscated. All visits with convicted prisoners were monitored; however, prisoners whose cases were pending were allowed private access to their legal representatives. </p><p>The MOJ is not required to inform a condemned inmate's family prior to the person's execution. Human rights organizations reported that lawyers also were not told of an execution until after the fact and that death row prisoners were held for years in solitary confinement with little contact with anyone but prison guards. Parole may not be granted for any reason, including medical and humanitarian reasons, until an inmate has served two thirds of his or her sentence. </p><p>The JFBA and human rights groups have criticized the prison system, with its emphasis on strict discipline and obedience to numerous rules. Prison rules remained confidential. While the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prison_Law_Enforcement_Regulation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prison Law Enforcement Regulation (page does not exist)">Prison Law Enforcement Regulation</a> stipulates that the maximum time prisoners may be held in single cells is 6 months, activists claim that wardens continued to have broad leeway in enforcing punishments selectively, including "minor solitary confinement", which may be imposed for a minimum of 1 and not more than 60 days. Claims have also been made that prisoners were sometimes forced to kneel motionless in an empty cell for several hours at a time; however, foreigners and the handicapped were allowed to sit on a hard stool, at the discretion of the prison warden. </p><p>In December,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (March 2019)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Councillors" title="House of Councillors">Upper House</a> passed both a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime-Victims_law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crime-Victims law (page does not exist)">Crime-Victims law</a> and a revision to the 1908 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prison_Law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prison Law (page does not exist)">Prison Law</a>. The Crime-Victims law calls for compensation and counseling for crime victims, upholding victims' rights, and providing victims with criminal investigation information. Aimed at toughening penalties against felons, the Penal Code revision establishes new charges for gang rape, increases maximum prison terms and penalties for life-threatening crimes, and extends the statute of limitations for prosecuting capital offenses from 15 to 29 years. </p><p>In February 2003, the government ratified the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Transfer_of_Sentenced_Persons" title="Convention on the Transfer of Sentenced Persons">Convention on the Transfer of Sentenced Persons</a>, allowing foreign prisoners to petition to serve their sentences in their home country. The government added the stipulation that prisoners must serve at least one third of their sentence in Japan before petitions will be considered. As of June 2007, 10 American prisoners have been transferred to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> to complete their sentences.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Women and juveniles were housed separately from men; however, male prison guards sometimes guarded female prisoners. During the year, a male prison warden was charged with "violence and cruelty by a special public officer" for engaging in sexual acts with a female inmate awaiting trial. During the year, some women's detention facilities were operating over stated capacity. Pretrial detainees were held separately from convicted prisoners. </p><p>While the government limited access by human rights groups to detention facilities, prison visits were allowed. However, <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> claimed that human rights groups were not allowed access to Nagoya prison because of ongoing court cases related to alleged abuses.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prohibition_of_arbitrary_arrest_or_detention">Prohibition of arbitrary arrest or detention</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Japan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Prohibition of arbitrary arrest or detention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Constitution prohibits <a href="/wiki/Arbitrary_arrest_and_detention" title="Arbitrary arrest and detention">arbitrary arrest and detention</a>, and the Government generally observes these prohibitions. The law provides for judicial determination of the legality of detention. Persons may not be detained without charge, and prosecuting authorities must be prepared to demonstrate that probable cause exists to detain the accused. Under the law, a suspect may be held in detention at either a regular detention facility or "substitute" (police) detention facility for up to 72 hours. A judge must interview suspects prior to detention. A judge may extend preindictment custody by up to two consecutive 10-day periods based on a prosecutor's application. These extensions were sought and granted routinely. Under extraordinary circumstances, prosecutors may seek an additional 5-day extension, bringing the maximum period of preindictment custody to 28 days. </p><p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Police_Safety_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Police Safety Commission (page does not exist)">National Police Safety Commission</a> oversees the <a href="/wiki/National_Police_Agency_(Japan)" title="National Police Agency (Japan)">National Police Agency</a> (NPA). In addition, each prefecture has a prefectural police safety commission as well as a prefectural police agency, which was primarily funded by the prefecture's budget. Corruption and impunity were not problems within either the national or the prefectural police forces. </p><p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Procedure_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal Procedure Code">Criminal Procedure Code</a>, police and prosecutors have the power to control or limit access by legal counsel when deemed necessary for the sake of an investigation. Counsel may not be present during interrogations at any time before or after indictment. As a court-appointed attorney is not approved until after indictment, suspects must rely on their own resources to hire an attorney before indictment, although local bar associations provided detainees with limited free counseling. Critics charged that access to counsel was limited both in duration and frequency; however, the Government denied that this was the case. Incommunicado detention could be used for up to 23 days. </p><p>Critics charged that allowing suspects to be detained by the same authorities who interrogated them heightened the potential for abuse and coercion. The Government countered that cases of persons sent to police detention facilities tended to be those in which the facts were not in dispute. An MOJ regulation permits officials to limit the amount of documentation related to ongoing court cases retained by prisoners. </p><p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_for_Expediting_Court_Procedure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law for Expediting Court Procedure (page does not exist)">Law for Expediting Court Procedure</a> became effective in 2003. The average trial period in 2005 was 3.2 months for criminal cases<sup id="cite_ref-HR2006_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HR2006-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 8.2 months for civil cases. The length of time before a suspect was brought to trial depended on the nature of the crime, but rarely exceeded 3 months from the date of arrest; the average was 1 to 2 months. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trials">Trials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Japan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Trials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Japan" title="Judicial system of Japan">Judicial system of Japan</a></div> <p>The Constitution provides for an independent judiciary, and the Government has generally respected this provision in practice. The Cabinet appoints judges for 10-year terms, which can be renewed until judges reach the age of 65. Justices of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Japan" title="Supreme Court of Japan">Supreme Court</a> can serve until the age of 70, but face periodic review through popular referendums. </p><p>There are several levels of court, including high courts, district courts, family courts, and summary courts, with the Supreme Court serving as the final court of appeal. Normally a trial begins at the district court level, and a verdict may be appealed to a higher court, and ultimately, to the Supreme Court. The government generally respected in practice the constitutional provisions for the right to a <a href="/wiki/Speedy_trial" title="Speedy trial">speedy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_trial" title="Public trial">public trial</a> by an impartial tribunal in all criminal cases. Although most criminal trials were completed within a reasonable length of time, cases occasionally took several years to work their way through the trial and appeals process. </p><p>In July 2003, the Diet passed legislation aimed at reducing the average time required to complete criminal trials and civil trials that include witness examination. Its provisions include hiring substantial numbers of additional court and MOJ personnel, revising bar examinations, establishing new graduate law schools to increase the overall number of legal professionals threefold by 2010, and requiring that courts and opposing litigants jointly work to improve trial planning by allowing for earlier evidence collection and disclosure. The advisory panel on judicial reform released the official standards for setting up graduate law schools, and in March 2004, 68 universities (22 public and 46 private) opened new law schools.<sup id="cite_ref-HR2004_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HR2004-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The July 2003, law also makes the Supreme Court responsible for accelerating proceedings in lower courts, imposes a 2-year time limit for courts to bring criminal and civil trials to conclusion, and requires the government to take the legal and financial measures necessary to accomplish these goals. A defendant is informed of the charges upon arrest and is assured a public trial by an independent civilian court with defense counsel and the right of cross-examination. There was no trial by jury; however, a judicial reform bill passed in May will allow serious criminal cases to be tried by a six-person, randomly selected jury and panel of judges. The law was scheduled to take effect in 2009. </p><p>The defendant is presumed innocent. The Constitution provides defendants with the right not to be compelled to testify against themselves as well as to free and private access to counsel; however, the Government contended that the right to consult with attorneys is not absolute and can be restricted if such restriction is compatible with the spirit of the Constitution. Access sometimes was abridged in practice; for example, the law allows prosecutors to control access to counsel before indictment, and there were allegations of coerced confessions. Defendants are protected from the retroactive application of laws and have the right of access to incriminating evidence after a formal indictment. However, the law does not require full disclosure by prosecutors, and material that the prosecution does not use in court may be suppressed. Critics claimed that legal representatives of defendants did not always have access to all needed relevant material in the police record. A defendant who is dissatisfied with the decision of a trial court of first instance may appeal to a higher court. </p><p>No guidelines mandate the acceptable quality of communications between judges, lawyers, and non-Japanese speaking defendants, and no standard licensing or qualification system for certifying court interpreters exists. A trial may proceed even if the accused does not understand what is happening or being said. Foreign detainees frequently claimed that police urged them to sign statements in Japanese that they could not read and were not translated adequately. </p><p>As of May 2019, Japan has not signed nor ratified the <a href="/wiki/First_Optional_Protocol_to_the_International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="First Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">First Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Optional_Protocol_to_the_International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a>. </p><p>There were no reports of political prisoners. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_issues">Other issues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Japan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The Constitution does not prohibit arbitrary interference with <a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">privacy</a>, family, home, or correspondence but prohibit them by <a href="/wiki/Case_law" title="Case law">case law</a> on interpretation on Article 13 of the Constitution, and the government generally respects these prohibitions in practice.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In April 2003, the Public Security Investigation Agency extended surveillance of the terrorist group Aleph (formerly known as <a href="/wiki/Aum_Shinrikyo" title="Aum Shinrikyo">Aum Shinrikyo</a>) because the government declared the group still posed a danger to society. In 2002, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Defense (Japan)">Defense Agency</a> confirmed reports that it had violated a law protecting personal information when it compiled lists of citizens seeking official documents. A privacy bill to prevent such actions passed the Diet on May 2, 2003.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The government's attitude regarding international and nongovernmental investigation of alleged violations of human rights is generally cooperative and responsive to human rights groups' views, although the government restricts their access to detention facilities. A number of domestic and international human rights groups generally operated without governmental restrictions, investigating and publishing their findings on human rights cases. Government officials generally were cooperative and responsive to their views, although the Government restricted access by human rights groups to detention facilities.</li> <li>In December 2008 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Committee" title="United Nations Human Rights Committee">United Nations Human Rights Committee</a> gave a recommendation to Japan relating to public welfare in Article 12 and 13 of the Constitution that "while taking note of the State party's explanation that 'public welfare' cannot be relied on as a ground on placing arbitrary restrictions on human rights, the Committee reiterate its concern that the concept of 'public welfare' is vague and open-ended and may permit restrictions exceeding those permissible under the Covenant (art. 2)."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Civil_liberties">Civil liberties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Japan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Civil liberties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Freedom_of_speech_and_of_the_press">Freedom of speech and of the press</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Japan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Freedom of speech and of the press"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Japan" title="Censorship in Japan">Censorship in Japan</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan#Individual_rights_(Articles_10–40)" title="Constitution of Japan">Japanese Constitution</a> provides for freedom of speech and of the press. In theory, an independent press, an effective judiciary, and a functioning democratic political system combine to ensure freedom of speech and of the press. However, Japan's system of exclusive <a href="/wiki/Kisha_club" title="Kisha club">press clubs</a> has been criticised by press freedom groups. The clubs often provide major media outlets with exclusive access to news sources, while generally barring foreign and freelance reporters. The clubs provide the establishment press with access to official press conferences and background briefings with politicians, lawyers and business leaders. Critics say the club system allows the authorities to <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">suppress</a> news that they consider unfavorable to them and that it lowers the quality of news coverage. </p><p>Free speech and press issues include: </p> <ul><li>In July 2003, the Diet passed legislation prohibiting the solicitation of sex from minors through the Internet. The Japan Internet Providers Association and the Telecom Services Association expressed concerns about the definitions of child prohibited sites and about the actions providers are required to take to prevent illegal use of Internet sites.</li> <li>In 2015 journalists and political experts report that the government of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Shinz%C5%8D_Abe" class="mw-redirect" title="Shinzō Abe">Shinzō Abe</a> is engineering a fundamental shift in the balance of power between his administration and the news media, using tactics to silence criticism that go beyond anything his predecessors tried.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These include: <ul><li>more aggressive complaints to the bosses of critical journalists and commentators, causing some reporters and commentators to lose their jobs;</li> <li>more blatant retaliation against outlets that persist in faulting the administration;</li> <li>appointing a new chairman to the national public broadcaster, <a href="/wiki/NHK" title="NHK">NHK</a>, who declared that the network will not deviate too far from the government's views; and</li> <li>openly hinting at revoking the broadcasting licenses of overly critical networks under a law that requires that TV news reports not intentionally twist facts.</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Journalists, commentators and media experts say that news outlets are now <a href="/wiki/Self-censorship" title="Self-censorship">censoring their own coverage</a> or removing critical voices to avoid drawing official ire. </p><p>Under Article 4 of the Broadcasting Law, Japanese television broadcasting requires political fairness, and there are penalties such as license revocation. This law has existed since before the Abe administration. The license revocation issue was an answer to the opposition party's question on the Broadcasting law.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Japanese media strongly opposed this. <a href="/wiki/UNCHR" class="mw-redirect" title="UNCHR">UNCHR</a> calls for the removal of Article 4,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but many Japanese media strongly oppose the removal of Article 4.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ichiro_Furutachi" title="Ichiro Furutachi">Ichiro Furutachi</a> is a journalist who lost his job. He told <a href="/wiki/Sankei_Shimbun" title="Sankei Shimbun">Sankei Shimbun</a>, “The administration is not putting pressure,” “If our report is lie, our program will be crushed, so there is a self-regulation to make a safe report afraid of it.”<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Internet_freedom">Internet freedom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Japan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Internet freedom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Japan#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Internet in Japan">Internet in Japan § Internet censorship and surveillance</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> rated Japan's Internet access as “free” with scores as low as 22. </p><p>Internet access in Japan is absolutely unrestricted. There are neither government restrictions on Internet access nor reports that the government checks on <a href="/wiki/E-mail" class="mw-redirect" title="E-mail">e-mail</a> or Internet <a href="/wiki/Chat_rooms" class="mw-redirect" title="Chat rooms">chat rooms</a> without appropriate legal authority in the country. The constitution and law broadly protects <a href="/wiki/Free_expression" class="mw-redirect" title="Free expression">free expression</a>, and the government respects this right in practice. The government does not interfere with access to Internet publications.<sup id="cite_ref-USDOS-HRR-JAPAN_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USDOS-HRR-JAPAN-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individuals and groups engage in the pleasant expression of views via the Internet, including e‑mail. The law and constitution prohibit arbitrary interference with privacy, family, home, or correspondence, and the government generally respects these prohibitions in practice.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Freedom_of_peaceful_assembly_and_association">Freedom of peaceful assembly and association</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Japan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Freedom of peaceful assembly and association"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Constitution provides for the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">freedom of assembly</a> and association, and the Government generally respects these rights in practice.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Freedom_of_religion">Freedom of religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Japan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Freedom of religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Japan" title="Freedom of religion in Japan">Freedom of religion in Japan</a></div> <p>The Constitution provides for <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a>. </p><p>Article 20 states: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>Freedom of religion is guaranteed to all. No religious organization shall receive any privileges from the State, nor exercise any political authority. </p><p>(2) No person shall be compelled to take part in any religious act, celebration, rite or practice. </p><p> (3) The State and its organs shall refrain from religious education or any other religious activity.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Members of the <a href="/wiki/Unification_Church" title="Unification Church">Unification Church</a> alleged that police did not respond to allegations of forced <a href="/wiki/Deprogramming" title="Deprogramming">deprogramming</a> of church members. While deprogramming cases decreased during the year, a Unification Church spokesman reported that prosecutors dropped two cases due to insufficient evidence. Although one member reportedly was kidnapped by her family during the year, the Unification Church did not report the case to police. Concerns remained regarding the tendency of officials to judge <a href="/wiki/Deprogramming" title="Deprogramming">deprogramming</a> as a family matter. Unlike in previous years, <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> reported that their religious rights were respected by the Government during the year.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (March 2014)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Freedom_of_movement">Freedom of movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Japan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Freedom of movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan" title="Constitution of Japan">Constitution</a> provides for the freedom of movement within the country, foreign travel, immigration, and repatriation, and the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Japan" title="Government of Japan">Government</a> generally respects them in practice. Citizens have the right to travel freely both within the country and abroad, to change their place of residence, to emigrate, and to repatriate voluntarily. <a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizenship</a> may be forfeited by naturalization in a foreign country or by failure of persons born with dual nationality to elect citizenship at the required age. The law does not permit forced <a href="/wiki/Exile" title="Exile">exile</a>, and it is not used.<sup id="cite_ref-HR2006_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HR2006-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The law provides for the granting of <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugee</a> status or asylum to persons in accordance with the 1951 <a href="/wiki/Convention_Relating_to_the_Status_of_Refugees" title="Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees">U.N. Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees</a> or its 1967 Protocol. In practice, the government provided protection against refoulement, the return of persons to a country where they feared persecution, but did not routinely grant refugee or asylum status. The Government cooperated with the office of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a> and other humanitarian organizations in assisting refugees. </p><p>In May 2003, the Diet passed a bill abolishing the 60-day application deadline previously required for aliens seeking refugee status. The previous refugee recognition law stipulated that those seeking refugee status had to apply within 60 days upon arriving in Japan or within 60 days of learning that they were likely to be persecuted in their home country. An alien recognized as a refugee has access to educational facilities, public relief and aid, and social welfare benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-HR2003_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HR2003-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Government records indicated that 523,617 persons were detained in 2003 at immigration detention centers. According to media reports, several deportations were carried out in secret. In July, two Kurdish families staged a 72-day protest against their deportation orders in front of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_University" title="United Nations University">United Nations University</a> in Tokyo.<sup id="cite_ref-HR2004_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HR2004-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2005, the government has granted refugee and asylum status to those claiming fear of persecution in only a small number of cases.<sup id="cite_ref-HR2005_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HR2005-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A nongovernmental organization (NGO), in a statement to the <a href="/wiki/Sub-Commission_on_the_Promotion_and_Protection_of_Human_Rights" title="Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights">Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights</a>, noted that, from 1982 to December 2002, 301 persons were accepted as refugees. The Government considered that most persons seeking asylum in the country did so for economic reasons. In 2003, there were approximately 7,900 refugees and asylum seekers in the country, of whom an estimated 7,700 were <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnamese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodian</a> refugees. Out of 336 refugee claims submitted in 2003, the Government granted asylum to 10 persons from <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Burma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and issued long-term residence permits based on humanitarian considerations to 16. As part of its ongoing family-reunification program for close relatives of Indochinese refugees resettled in earlier years, the Government admitted 147 refugees from Vietnam and Cambodia in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-HR2004_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HR2004-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2003, a law was passed granting the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Justice_(Japan)" title="Minister of Justice (Japan)">Justice Minister</a> authority to issue temporary stay permits to persons seeking asylum.<sup id="cite_ref-HR2003_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HR2003-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While this law provides a way for <a href="/wiki/Asylum_seeker" title="Asylum seeker">asylum seekers</a> to have legal status in the country during the refugee recognition process, in practice it was quite difficult to obtain such permits. In January 2003, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_Bureau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Immigration Bureau (page does not exist)">Immigration Bureau</a> began to give detailed, written explanations of decisions not to grant refugee status to asylum-seekers and opened an information office at <a href="/wiki/Narita_International_Airport" title="Narita International Airport">Narita Airport</a> for potential asylum seekers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_rights">Political rights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Japan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Political rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>. The reason given is: The information about how many politicians were charged with corruption is based on the early 2000s and needs to be updated to reflect the current statistics.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Constitution provides citizens with the right to change their government peacefully, and citizens exercised this right in practice through periodic, free, and fair <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Japan" title="Elections in Japan">elections</a> held on the basis of <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a>. The country is a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary democracy">parliamentary democracy</a> governed by the political party or parties able to form a majority in the lower house of its bicameral <a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Diet of Japan">Diet</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Japan)" title="Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)">LDP</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_Komeito_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="New Komeito Party">New Komeito Party</a> formed the existing coalition government. Except for a brief hiatus in the 1990s, the LDP has been the dominant party in every government since the mid-1950s. The last general elections were held on October 31, 2021, and elections for the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Councillors" title="House of Councillors">Upper House</a> were held on July 10, 2022. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Corruption"></span>According to <a href="/wiki/National_Police_Agency_(Japan)" title="National Police Agency (Japan)">National Police Agency</a> figures for January through June 2003, there were 43 arrests involving political corruption for such charges as bribery, bid-rigging, and violation of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_Funds_Control_Law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Political Funds Control Law (page does not exist)">Political Funds Control Law</a>. This was an increase of 14 cases from the previous year for the same time period.<sup id="cite_ref-HR2004_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HR2004-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent years, the numbers of women holding public office has slowly increased. As of August 2023, women held 46 of 465 seats in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Japan)" title="House of Representatives (Japan)">Lower House of the Diet</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 69 seats in the 248-seat <a href="/wiki/House_of_Councillors" title="House of Councillors">Upper House</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of August 2023, there were two women in the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Japan" title="Cabinet of Japan">Cabinet</a>. As of August 2023, 2 of the country's 47 governors were women. </p><p>As of August 2023, Japan had not ratified nor signed the <a href="/wiki/Genocide_Convention" title="Genocide Convention">Genocide Convention</a>, the <a href="/wiki/1926_Slavery_Convention" title="1926 Slavery Convention">1926 Slavery Convention</a> or the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_1956_Supplementary_Convention_on_the_Abolition_of_Slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations 1956 Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery">United Nations 1956 Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discrimination">Discrimination</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Japan&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Discrimination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Japanese_constitution#Individual_rights_(Articles_10–40)" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese constitution">Constitution</a> prohibits <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a> of citizens on the basis of race, creed, <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a>, social status, or family origin; non-citizens are not protected from these forms of discrimination by the constitution nor the law as of 2014. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender_identity_harassment">Gender identity harassment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Japan&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Gender identity harassment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Japan">LGBT rights in Japan</a></div> <p>For the first time ever, MHLW, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, and MEXT issued ministerial regulations and formal notices requiring corporations, local governments, and schools attend to issues pertaining <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">sexual orientation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">gender identity</a> harassment and publicly outing a person as <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a>. This took place in May 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Violence_against_women">Violence against women</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Japan&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Violence against women"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Violence against women, particularly <a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">domestic violence</a>, often goes unreported due to social and cultural concerns about shaming one's family or endangering the reputation of one's spouse or children. NPA statistics on violence against women probably understated the magnitude of the problem. According to NPA statistics, there were 12,568 cases of alleged domestic violence and 1,499 restraining orders issued in 2003. Police took action in 41 cases in which court orders were violated. Between April and September, the 120 preferential consultation centers received 24,818 cases of domestic violence consultations. Of the total 103,986 consultations since fiscal 2002, 99.6% were for women.<sup id="cite_ref-HR2004_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HR2004-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The law allows district courts to impose 6-month restraining orders on perpetrators of domestic violence and to sentence violators up to 1 year in prison or impose fines of up to 1 million yen. According to <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Japan" title="Supreme Court of Japan">Supreme Court</a> figures from January through September 2003, 1,579 applications for restraining orders against abusive spouses were sought, and 1,256 were issued.<sup id="cite_ref-HR2004_28-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HR2004-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The orders either banned perpetrators from approaching their victims or ordered them to move away from the home, or both. The law also covers common-law marriages and divorced individuals; it also encourages prefectures to expand shelter facilities for domestic abuse victims and stipulates that local governments offer financial assistance to 40 private institutions already operating such shelters. </p><p>The revision to the Law for the Prevention of Spousal Violence and the Protection of Victims passed in May expanded the definition of spousal violence to include mental, sexual, and physical abuse and increased the length of restraining orders from 2 weeks to 2 months. </p><p>The Supreme Court ruled in favor of article 750 of the Civil Code in December 2015. That article requires a husband and wife to adopt the same surname.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rape">Rape</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Japan&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Rape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>NPA statistics reported 2,472 rapes in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-HR2004_28-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HR2004-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Husbands have been prosecuted for spousal rape; usually these cases involved a third party who assisted in the rape. In light of several high-profile gang rapes in 2003 involving college students at Waseda University, the Upper House passed a bill in December making gang rape an offense punishable by a minimum penalty of 4 years in prison. In November 2004, a former student was sentenced to 14 years in prison for raping two women at a party organized by the "<a href="/wiki/Super_Free" title="Super Free">Super Free</a>" student group, as well as a third woman in December 2001. All 13 other defendants received jail sentences of up to 10 years. Many local governments responded to the need for confidential assistance for abused women by establishing special women's consultation departments in police and prefectural offices.<sup id="cite_ref-CNN2018-04-22a_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN2018-04-22a-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as of 2018, women were still deterred from reporting rape and sexual assault by legal and practical obstacles, by the treatment of women who speak out, such as <a href="/wiki/Shiori_It%C5%8D" title="Shiori Itō">Shiori Itō</a>, and by many other difficulties.<sup id="cite_ref-CNN2018-04-22a_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN2018-04-22a-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC2018-06-28a_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC2018-06-28a-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The former chief of the Osaka District Public Prosecutors Office sexually assaulted an inebriated female prosecutor and she was threatened. The charges were filed and the case went to trial in 2024, six years later.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comfort_women">Comfort women</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Japan&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Comfort women"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></div> <p>Several cases filed by women forced to work as "<a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">comfort women</a>" (women and girls forced into <a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">sexual slavery</a>) during World War II were finalized during 2004. In February,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (September 2011)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> the Tokyo High Court rejected an appeal by 7 Taiwanese former "comfort women", while in November the Supreme Court dismissed a damage suit filed in 1991 by 35 Korean wartime "comfort women". In December 2004 the Tokyo High Court dismissed an appeal by 4 Chinese former "comfort women",<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Supreme Court rejected a suit filed in 1993 by 46 Filipina wartime "comfort women".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage_and_divorce">Marriage and divorce</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Japan&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Marriage and divorce"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Custody">Custody</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Japan&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Custody"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When couples divorce there is a strong bias in Japanese <a href="/wiki/Family_courts" class="mw-redirect" title="Family courts">family courts</a> which gives 80% of the mothers custody of children according to 2004 statistics from the National Institute of Population and Social Security Research.<sup id="cite_ref-JT_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JT-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Joint_physical_custody" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint physical custody">Joint physical custody</a> or shared parenting is uncommon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abduction">Abduction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Japan&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Abduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/International_child_abduction_in_Japan" title="International child abduction in Japan">International child abduction in Japan</a></div> <p>There is major criticism about divorced Japanese parents and foreign parents who are denied access to their children post-divorce.<sup id="cite_ref-child-abduction_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-child-abduction-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these divorced people lose access and contact with their children.<sup id="cite_ref-child-abduction_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-child-abduction-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foreign parents post-divorce can suffer from child-abduction.<sup id="cite_ref-child-abduction_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-child-abduction-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, lawmakers of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> adopted a non-binding resolution for Japan to adhere to parental access, visitation rights and to return abducted children.<sup id="cite_ref-child-abduction_50-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-child-abduction-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corporal_punishments">Corporal punishments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Japan&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Corporal punishments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In February 2020 all use of corporal punishments against children in Japan ended after the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW) issued guidelines to implement 2019 amendments made to laws on children.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rights_of_children">Rights of children</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Japan&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Rights of children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Boys and girls have equal access to <a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">health care</a> and other public services. <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Japan" title="Education in Japan">Education</a> is mostly free and <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_education" title="Compulsory education">compulsory</a> through the lower secondary level (age 14 or <a href="/wiki/Ninth_grade" title="Ninth grade">ninth grade</a>). Education was available widely to students who met minimum academic standards at the upper secondary level through the age of 18. Society places an extremely high value on education, and enrollment levels for both boys and girls through the free upper secondary level exceeded 96%. </p><p>Children under the age of 14 cannot be held criminally responsible for their actions. Under juvenile <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a>, juvenile suspects are tried in family court and have the right of appeal to an appellate court. <a href="/wiki/Family_court" title="Family court">Family court</a> proceedings are not open to the public, a policy that has been criticized by family members of juvenile crime victims. For the last several years, juvenile crime has shown a trend toward more serious offenses such as <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">murder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robbery" title="Robbery">robbery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arson" title="Arson">arson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a> prefectural government continued programs to protect the welfare of stateless children, whose births their <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigrant" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal immigrant">illegal immigrant</a> mothers had refused to register for fear of forcible <a href="/wiki/Repatriation" title="Repatriation">repatriation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Child_abuse_and_neglect">Child abuse and neglect</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Japan&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Child abuse and neglect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Public attention has focused increasingly on reports of frequent <a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">child abuse</a> in the home.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The law grants <a href="/wiki/Child_welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Child welfare">child welfare</a> officials the authority to prohibit abusive parents from meeting or communicating with their children, although due to Japanese cultural views on family matters being "private", this enforcement option is rarely exercised. The law also bans abuse under the guise of <a href="/wiki/Discipline" title="Discipline">discipline</a> and obliges teachers, doctors, and welfare officials to report any suspicious circumstances to 1 of the 182 nationwide local child counseling centers or to a municipal welfare center. In May 2003, the Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare reported that 108 children died as a result of child abuse since the enactment of the Child Abuse Prevention Law in 2000. </p><p>In 2003, there were a record 23,738 cases of child abuse, up almost 2% from 2002, according to the Cabinet Office. Approximately 50% of the cases involved <a href="/wiki/Violence" title="Violence">violence</a>, and 40% were cases of parental <a href="/wiki/Neglect" title="Neglect">neglect</a>. Child welfare centers likewise reported a record 26,573 calls in 2003, an increase of 2,800 calls from the previous year. Generally accepted statistics indicate that upwards of 70% of child abuse cases involve a female perpetrator, usually the child's <a href="/wiki/Mother" title="Mother">mother</a>. Although the Government offered subsidies to local governments to combat record-high child abuse, only 13% accepted the offer. Most of the local governments declining the subsidies stated they could not afford to pay their share of the bill. </p><p>in 2014 the police reported 13,037 cases of child abuse including sexual abuse and death.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 20, 2020, a report by <a href="/wiki/HRW" class="mw-redirect" title="HRW">HRW</a> revealed that child athletes in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> have routinely suffered physical, sexual and verbal abuse from their coaches, which led some of them to take their own lives. The report “‘I Was Hit So Many Times I Can’t Count’: Abuse of Child Athletes in Japan,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> documented the country's history of corporal punishment in sport, known as taibatsu in Japanese, and revealed child abuse in sports training throughout Japanese schools, federations, and elite sports.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trafficking_in_persons">Trafficking in persons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Japan&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Trafficking in persons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Japan&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Constitution prohibits holding persons in bondage of any kind. Under the criminal code, <a href="/wiki/Involuntary_servitude" title="Involuntary servitude">involuntary servitude</a> is prohibited unless as punishment for a crime. The criminal code prohibits the <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">buying and selling of human beings</a>; there is no legislation for institutions and practices similar to slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Japan has laws that criminalise sex trafficking and labor trafficking, these laws are not considered to be comprehensive with definitions that are in line with international law.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2004, the Government of Japan created a task force to combat trafficking in persons. In December of the same year, the Government released its Action Plan to combat trafficking in persons. The Action Plan focuses on the prevention and elimination of trafficking in persons, and the protection of trafficking victims. The Action Plan calls for a review of "entertainer" visas, strengthened immigration control, revision of the penal code to make trafficking in persons a crime, and added protection of victims through shelters, counselling, and repatriation assistance.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of May 2019, Japan has ratified the <a href="/wiki/Convention_against_Transnational_Organized_Crime" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention against Transnational Organized Crime">Convention against Transnational Organized Crime</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Protocol_to_Prevent,_Suppress_and_Punish_Trafficking_in_Persons,_especially_Women_and_Children" class="mw-redirect" title="Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children">Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_Against_Corruption" title="United Nations Convention Against Corruption">United Nations Convention Against Corruption</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexual_exploitation">Sexual exploitation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Japan&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Sexual exploitation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Woman_trafficking" class="mw-redirect" title="Woman trafficking">Trafficking of women and girls</a> into the country has been a problem.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women and girls, primarily from Thailand, the Philippines, and Eastern Europe, were trafficked into the country for <a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">sexual exploitation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">forced labour</a>. Women and girls from Colombia, Brazil, Mexico, South Korea, Malaysia, Burma, and Indonesia also were trafficked into the country in smaller numbers. The country was a destination for illegal immigrants from China who were trafficked by organized crime groups and held in debt bondage for sexual exploitation and indentured servitude in sweatshops and restaurants. The Government reported that some smugglers used killings and abduction to enforce cooperation. </p><p>Although reliable statistics on the number of women trafficked to the country were unavailable, human rights groups reported that up to 200,000 persons, mostly Southeast Asian women, are smuggled annually into the country and forced to work in the sex industry. In 2003, the NPA arrested 41 individuals for trafficking-related offenses, 8 of whom were traffickers. Of these individuals, 36 were convicted, 14 received prison terms, 17 received fines, and 5 received both a fine and prison term. In February 2003, 17 prefecture police offices and the Tokyo Metropolitan police simultaneously raided 24 strip clubs and rescued 68 trafficking victims.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rights_of_persons_with_disabilities">Rights of persons with disabilities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Japan&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Rights of persons with disabilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Human_rights_in_Japan" title="Special:EditPage/Human rights in Japan">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Disability_rights_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Disability rights in Japan">Disability rights in Japan</a></div> <p>There were an estimated 3.4 million persons over the age of 18 with <a href="/wiki/Physical_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical disabilities">physical disabilities</a> and roughly 3 million with <a href="/wiki/Mental_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental disabilities">mental disabilities</a>. Although not generally subject to overt discrimination in employment, education, or in the provision of other state services, persons with disabilities faced limited access to public transportation, "mainstream" public education, and other facilities. The Deliberation Panel on the Employment of the <a href="/wiki/Handicapped" class="mw-redirect" title="Handicapped">Handicapped</a>, which operates within the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health,_Labour_and_Welfare" title="Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare">Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare</a>, has mandated that private companies with 300 or more employees hire a fixed minimum proportion of persons with disabilities. The penalty for noncompliance is a fine. </p><p>The law does not mandate accessibility to buildings for persons with disabilities; however, the law on construction standards for public facilities allows operators of hospitals, theaters, hotels, and similar enterprises to receive low-interest loans and tax benefits if they build wider entrances and elevators to accommodate persons with disabilities. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Law_to_Promote_the_Employment_of_the_Handicapped&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Law to Promote the Employment of the Handicapped (page does not exist)">The Law to Promote the Employment of the Handicapped</a> includes those with mental disabilities. The law also loosened the licensing requirements for community support centers that promote employment for persons with disabilities, and it introduced government subsidies for the employment of persons with mental disabilities in part-time jobs. In 2003, workers with disabilities employed by private companies comprised on average 1.5% of the total number of regular employees, somewhat less than the legally stipulated rate of 1.8%. While nearly 70% of large corporations (1,000 or more employees) fell short of this goal, several large corporations had special divisions for workers with disabilities, including <a href="/wiki/Omron" title="Omron">Omron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Honda" title="Honda">Honda</a>. For example, 80% of Omron's Kyoto factory staff of 82 had disabilities, with the majority having severe disabilities. These employees earn an average of 3 million yen per year, which is above the minimum wage. </p><p>At the end of 2002, all prefectural governments and 91.5% of local city governments had developed basic plans for citizens with disabilities. In June, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Disabled_Persons_Fundamental_Law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Disabled Persons Fundamental Law (page does not exist)">Disabled Persons Fundamental Law</a> was revised, obligating all municipalities to draw up formal plans for the disabled. </p><p>As of June 2015, Japan has ratified the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_Persons_with_Disabilities" title="Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities">Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities</a> but not signed nor ratified the <a href="/wiki/Optional_Protocol_to_the_Convention_on_the_Rights_of_Persons_with_Disabilities" title="Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities">Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Minorities">Minorities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Japan&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Minorities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_issues_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic issues in Japan">Ethnic issues in Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Japan" title="Racism in Japan">Racism in Japan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Burakumin" title="Burakumin">Burakumin</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Americans_in_Japan" title="Americans in Japan">Americans in Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladeshis_in_Japan" title="Bangladeshis in Japan">Bangladeshis in Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_Japan" title="Filipinos in Japan">Filipinos in Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranians_in_Japan" title="Iranians in Japan">Iranians in Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesians_in_Japan" title="Indonesians in Japan">Indonesians in Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people_in_Japan" title="Vietnamese people in Japan">Vietnamese people in Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolians_in_Japan" title="Mongolians in Japan">Mongolians in Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Japan" title="Russians in Japan">Russians in Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Japan" title="Turks in Japan">Turks in Japan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Japan" title="History of the Jews in Japan">History of the Jews in Japan</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Burakumin" title="Burakumin">Burakumin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Japan" title="Koreans in Japan">Koreans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese in Japan">Chinese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gaikokujin" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaikokujin">alien workers</a> experienced varying degrees of societal discrimination, some of it severe and longstanding. The approximately 3 million Burakumin (descendants of feudal era "outcasts"), although not subject to governmental discrimination, frequently were victims of entrenched societal discrimination, including restricted access to housing and employment opportunities.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Justice (Japan)">MOJ</a>, there were nearly 1.85 million legal foreign residents as of 2002. The largest group, at approximately 625,400, was ethnic Koreans, followed by <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazilians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_Japan" title="Filipinos in Japan">Filipinos</a>. Despite improvements in legal safeguards against discrimination, Korean permanent residents (so-called <a href="/wiki/Zainichi_Korean" class="mw-redirect" title="Zainichi Korean">Zainichi Koreans</a>, most of whom were born, raised, and educated in Japan) were subject to various forms of deeply entrenched societal discrimination. Harassment and threats against pro-<a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korean</a> organizations and persons reportedly have increased since the 2002 admission by North Korea that it had <a href="/wiki/North_Korean_abductions_of_Japanese" class="mw-redirect" title="North Korean abductions of Japanese">kidnapped more than a dozen Japanese citizens</a>. Other foreigners also were subject to discrimination. There was a widespread perception among Japanese citizens that foreigners committed many <a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Japan" title="Crime in Japan">crimes</a>. According to a government survey, more than 70% of citizens worried that an increase in the number of illegally employed foreign workers could undermine public safety and result in human rights abuses against the workers themselves. Nevertheless, more than 80% said the country should accept foreign laborers conditionally or unconditionally.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of May 2019, Japan has not ratified the <a href="/wiki/Convention_against_Discrimination_in_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention against Discrimination in Education">Convention against Discrimination in Education</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Worker_rights">Worker rights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Japan&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Worker rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Right_of_association">Right of association</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Japan&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Right of association"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Constitution provides for the right of workers to associate freely in <a href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_Japan" title="Labor unions in Japan">unions</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexual_harassment_law_in_the_workplace">Sexual harassment law in the workplace</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Japan&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Sexual harassment law in the workplace"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Equal Employment Opportunity Law of Japan created in 1972 only advises or recommends employers to take measures to prevent sexual harassment. Sexual harassment is the most reported category labor cases at the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health,_Labour,_and_Welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare">Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare</a> in Japan. </p><p>In 1999 the Equal Employment Opportunity Act was revised and a provision was added that required employers to take measures to prevent sexual harassment against women in the workplace. It was revised again in 2007 to include male victims, and it was revised again in 2014 to include same-sex sexual harassment.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Right_to_organize_and_bargain_collectively">Right to organize and bargain collectively</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Japan&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Right to organize and bargain collectively"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Constitution provides unions with the right to organize, bargain, and act collectively. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prohibition_of_forced_or_compulsory_labor">Prohibition of forced or compulsory labor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Japan&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Prohibition of forced or compulsory labor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Constitution provides that no person shall be held in bondage of any kind. Involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime, is prohibited. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prohibition_of_child_labor">Prohibition of child labor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Japan&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Prohibition of child labor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Constitution bans the employment of children. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acceptable_work_conditions_and_minimum_wage">Acceptable work conditions and minimum wage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Japan&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Acceptable work conditions and minimum wage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Human_rights_in_Japan" title="Special:EditPage/Human rights in Japan">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Human+rights+in+Japan%22">"Human rights in Japan"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Human+rights+in+Japan%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Human+rights+in+Japan%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Human+rights+in+Japan%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Human+rights+in+Japan%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Human+rights+in+Japan%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">Minimum wages</a> are set on a regional (prefectural) and industry basis, with the input of tripartite (workers, employers, public interest) advisory councils. Employers covered by a minimum wage must post the concerned minimum wages, and compliance with minimum wages was considered widespread. Minimum wage rates ranged according to prefecture from 606 to 710 yen per hour. Minimum wage rates were considered sufficient to provide a worker and family with a decent <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living" title="Standard of living">standard of living</a>. </p><p>The Labor Standards Law provides for a 40-hour work week for most industries and mandates premium pay for hours worked over 40 in a week or 8 in a day. However, labor unions frequently criticized the government for failing to enforce maximum <a href="/wiki/Working_hours" class="mw-redirect" title="Working hours">working hours</a> regulations in smaller firms. Activist groups claimed that employers exploited or discriminated against foreign workers, who often had little or no knowledge of the Japanese language or their legal rights. </p><p>The government tried to reduce the inflow of illegal foreign workers by prosecuting employers of such workers. According to NPA figures, 175 persons were charged with "illegal employment assistance" during the first half of 2002. The <a href="/wiki/Immigration_law" title="Immigration law">immigration law</a> provides for penalties against employers of undocumented foreign workers. Maximum fines for illegal employment assistance were raised to 3 million yen in December. Suspected foreign workers also may be denied entry for passport, visa, and entry application irregularities. The Government continued to study the foreign worker issue, and several citizens' groups were working with illegal foreign workers to improve their access to information on worker rights. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health,_Labour_and_Welfare_(Japan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (Japan)">Ministry of Labor</a> effectively administered various laws and regulations governing occupational health and safety, principal among which is the Industrial Safety and Health Law. Standards were set by the Ministry of Labor and issued after consultation with the Standing Committee on Safety and Health of the Central Labor Standards Council. Labor inspectors have the authority to suspend unsafe operations immediately, and the law provides that workers may voice concerns over occupational safety and remove themselves from unsafe working conditions without jeopardizing their continued employment. </p><p>According to new reports from the Business & Human Rights Resource Center, approximately 197 allegations of <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> abuses have been revealed against renewable energy projects. In 2019, a London-based group that promotes human rights, documented 47 attacks, ranging from frivolous lawsuits to violence on individuals who raised concerns about human rights abuses in the industry.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_worker_issues">Foreign worker issues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Japan&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Foreign worker issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Passport_confiscation">Passport confiscation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Japan&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Passport confiscation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is common practice for Japanese companies to take the passport of foreign employees.<sup id="cite_ref-passport-confiscation_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-passport-confiscation-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is illegal for companies to confiscate passports of Japanese citizens, but not of foreign workers.<sup id="cite_ref-passport-confiscation_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-passport-confiscation-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are only government guidelines against confiscation.<sup id="cite_ref-passport-confiscation_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-passport-confiscation-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Companies fear that foreign employees could run away.<sup id="cite_ref-passport-confiscation_74-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-passport-confiscation-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to activist lawyers, forcing people to work while taking their passports is akin to <a href="/wiki/Unfree_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Unfree labour">forced labor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-passport-confiscation_74-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-passport-confiscation-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have implored the Japanese government to make it illegal in order to protect human rights.<sup id="cite_ref-passport-confiscation_74-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-passport-confiscation-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The specific number of cases is unclear, but many cases are underreported due to language barriers and threats of deportation.<sup id="cite_ref-passport-confiscation_74-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-passport-confiscation-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Japan&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/120px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Japan" title="Portal:Japan">Japan portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_people" title="Ainu people">Ainu people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Japan" title="Demographics of Japan">Demographics of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_issues_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic issues in Japan">Ethnic issues in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Japan" title="Flag of Japan">Flag of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information_laws_by_country#Japan" title="Freedom of information laws by country">Freedom of Information Rights in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Japan" title="Homelessness in Japan">Homelessness in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_Japan" title="Homosexuality in Japan">Homosexuality in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Japan" title="Human trafficking in Japan">Human trafficking in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_child_abduction_in_Japan" title="International child abduction in Japan">International child abduction in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Japan">LGBT rights in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_abductions_of_Japanese_citizens" title="North Korean abductions of Japanese citizens">North Korean abductions of Japanese citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Japan" title="Prostitution in Japan">Prostitution in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raelyn_Campbell" title="Raelyn Campbell">Raelyn Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuans" title="Ryukyuans">Ryukyuan People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_independence_movement" title="Ryukyu independence movement">Ryukyu independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Japan" title="Women in Japan">Women in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Japan" title="Sex trafficking in Japan">Sex trafficking in Japan</a></li></ul> <p><b>International:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Asia" title="Human rights in Asia">Human rights in Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Europe" title="Human rights in Europe">Human rights in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Australia" title="Human rights in Australia">Human rights in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Russia" title="Human rights in Russia">Human rights in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_China" title="Human rights in China">Human rights in China</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Japan&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>This article incorporates text from the <a href="/wiki/US_State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="US State Department">US State Department</a>'s 2003–2007 <a href="/wiki/Country_Reports_on_Human_Rights_Practices" title="Country Reports on Human Rights Practices">Country Reports on Human Rights Practices</a>.</i></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em 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July 24, 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=70%25+of+Japanese+worried+about+illegal+foreign+labor%3A+poll%2B&rft.date=2004-07-24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.unesco.org/news/unesco-calls-member-states-ratify-convention-against-discrimination-education">"UNESCO calls Member States to ratify the Convention against Discrimination in Education"</a>. <i>UNESCO</i>. April 19, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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March 25, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=Japan+sees+progress+on+sexual+harassment%2C+but+some+still+don%27t+get+it&rft.date=2015-03-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fcommunity%2F2015%2F03%2F25%2Fissues%2Fjapan-sees-progress-sexual-harassment-still-dont-get%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2020/07/06/commentary/world-commentary/green-energy-firms-human-rights-problem/">"Green-energy firms have a human rights problem"</a>. <i>The Japan Times</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=Green-energy+firms+have+a+human+rights+problem&rft.date=2020-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fopinion%2F2020%2F07%2F06%2Fcommentary%2Fworld-commentary%2Fgreen-energy-firms-human-rights-problem%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-passport-confiscation-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-passport-confiscation_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-passport-confiscation_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-passport-confiscation_74-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-passport-confiscation_74-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-passport-confiscation_74-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-passport-confiscation_74-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-passport-confiscation_74-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSakura_Murakami2020" class="citation web cs1">Sakura Murakami (January 23, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210127223633/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-japan-immigration/japan-should-ban-confiscation-of-foreign-employees-passports-lawyer-says-idUSKBN1ZM0T8">"Japan should ban confiscation of foreign employees' passports, lawyer says"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-japan-immigration/japan-should-ban-confiscation-of-foreign-employees-passports-lawyer-says-idUSKBN1ZM0T8">the original</a> on January 27, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Japan+should+ban+confiscation+of+foreign+employees%27+passports%2C+lawyer+says&rft.date=2020-01-23&rft.au=Sakura+Murakami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-japan-immigration%2Fjapan-should-ban-confiscation-of-foreign-employees-passports-lawyer-says-idUSKBN1ZM0T8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Japan&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/human/">Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs page on Human Rights in Japan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crnjapan.net/">The Japan Children's Rights Network</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100531195353/http://www.jiwe.or.jp/english/law/law1_1_1.html">Equal Employment Opportunity Law</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061002152305/http://www.ifex.org/en/content/view/full/151/">Censorship in Japan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsletters.ahrchk.net/jpn/">AHRC articles, including urgent appeals, statements and open letters into Japanese. Other related human rights documents</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081030200040/http://www.jclu.org/file/special_rapporteur.pdf">Japan Civil Liberties Union Subcommittee for the Rights of Foreigners</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100805103040/http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/cerd.htm">Text of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination</a> UN <a href="/wiki/OHCHR" class="mw-redirect" title="OHCHR">OHCHR</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asiancenturyinstitute.com/politics/722-polite-japan-s-dark-underbelly">Polite Japan's dark underbelly</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_rights_in_Asia416" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Asia" title="Human rights in Asia">Human rights in Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Afghanistan" title="Human rights in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Armenia" title="Human rights in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Azerbaijan" title="Human rights in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Bahrain" title="Human rights in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Bangladesh" title="Human rights in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Bhutan" title="Human rights in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Brunei" title="Human rights in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Cambodia" title="Human rights in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_China" title="Human rights in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Cyprus" title="Human rights in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Egypt" title="Human rights in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_India" title="Human rights in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Indonesia" title="Human rights in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Iran" title="Human rights in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Iraq" title="Human rights in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Israel" title="Human rights in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Jordan" title="Human rights in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Kazakhstan" title="Human rights in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_North_Korea" title="Human rights in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_South_Korea" title="Human rights in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Kuwait" title="Human rights in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Human rights in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Laos" title="Human rights in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Lebanon" title="Human rights in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Malaysia" title="Human rights in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Maldives" title="Human rights in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Mongolia" title="Human rights in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Myanmar" title="Human rights in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Nepal" title="Human rights in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Oman" title="Human rights in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Pakistan" title="Human rights in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Philippines" title="Human rights in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Qatar" title="Human rights in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Russia" title="Human rights in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Human rights in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Singapore" title="Human rights in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Human rights in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Syria" title="Human rights in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Tajikistan" title="Human rights in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Thailand" title="Human rights in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Timor-Leste" title="Human rights in Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste (East Timor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Turkey" title="Human rights in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Turkmenistan" title="Human rights in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Human rights in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Uzbekistan" title="Human rights in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Vietnam" title="Human rights in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Yemen" title="Human rights in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Abkhazia" title="Human rights in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Human rights in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Human rights in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_South_Ossetia" title="Human rights in South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Taiwan" title="Human rights in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human rights in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human rights in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human rights in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Hong_Kong" title="Human rights in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Macau" title="Human rights in Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Japan_articles530" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Japan_topics" title="Template:Japan topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Japan_topics" title="Template talk:Japan topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japan_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Japan topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Japan_articles530" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Japan-related_articles" title="Index of Japan-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Japan-related_articles" title="Index of Japan-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Japan" title="Outline of Japan">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Lists <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_era_name" title="Japanese era name">Eras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_clans" title="Japanese clans">Clans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shoguns" title="List of shoguns">Shoguns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Japan" title="List of wars involving Japan">Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Japan" title="Economic history of Japan">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Japan" title="History of education in Japan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_foreign_relations" title="History of Japanese foreign relations">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Japan" title="Military history of Japan">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_Japan" title="Naval history of Japan">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Navy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Paleolithic" title="Japanese Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_period" title="Jōmon period">Jōmon period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yayoi_period" title="Yayoi period">Yayoi period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kofun_period" title="Kofun period">Kofun period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asuka_period" title="Asuka period">Asuka period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taih%C5%8D_Code" title="Taihō Code">Taihō Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asuka_Kiyomihara_Code" title="Asuka Kiyomihara Code">Asuka Kiyomihara Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuh%C5%8D_period" title="Hakuhō period">Hakuhō period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taika_Reform" title="Taika Reform">Taika Reform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monmu_period" title="Monmu period">Monmu period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nara_period" title="Nara period">Nara period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian period</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Post-Classical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genpei_War" title="Genpei War">Genpei War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_period" title="Kamakura period">Kamakura period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura shogunate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan" title="Mongol invasions of Japan">Mongol invasions of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genk%C5%8D_War" title="Genkō War">Genkō War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenmu_Restoration" title="Kenmu Restoration">Kenmu Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muromachi_period" title="Muromachi period">Muromachi period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_shogunate" title="Ashikaga shogunate">Ashikaga shogunate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanboku-ch%C5%8D_period" title="Nanboku-chō period">Nanboku-chō period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cnin_War" title="Ōnin War">Ōnin War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sengoku_period" title="Sengoku period">Sengoku period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azuchi%E2%80%93Momoyama_period" title="Azuchi–Momoyama period">Azuchi–Momoyama period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Five_Elders" title="Council of Five Elders">Council of Five Elders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imjin_War" title="Imjin War">Imjin War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakumatsu" title="Bakumatsu">Bakumatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Constitution" title="Meiji Constitution">Imperial Constitution (1890–1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Meiji_Japan" title="Government of Meiji Japan">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_oligarchy" title="Meiji oligarchy">Meiji oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_the_han_system" title="Abolition of the han system">Abolition of the han system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boshin_War" title="Boshin War">Boshin War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Rebellion" title="Satsuma Rebellion">Satsuma Rebellion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazoku" title="Kazoku">Kazoku</a> (noble)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Late Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_era" title="Taishō era">Taishō era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I" title="Japan during World War I">Japan during World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_Great_Kant%C5%8D_earthquake" title="1923 Great Kantō earthquake">1923 Great Kantō earthquake</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_era" title="Shōwa era">Shōwa era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Japan during World War II">Japan during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukden_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukden Incident">Mukden Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postwar_Japan" title="Postwar Japan">Postwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_economic_miracle" title="Japanese economic miracle">Economic miracle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heisei_era" title="Heisei era">Heisei era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Hanshin_earthquake" title="Great Hanshin earthquake">Great Hanshin earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami">2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reiwa_era" title="Reiwa era">Reiwa era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Japanese_imperial_transition" title="2019 Japanese imperial transition">2019 imperial transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Japan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Japan">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Japan" title="Geography of Japan">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_addressing_system" title="Japanese addressing system">Addresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_archipelago" title="Japanese archipelago">Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_of_Japan" title="Cities of Japan">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Japan" title="Districts of Japan">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Japan" title="List of earthquakes in Japan">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Japan" title="Environmental issues in Japan">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Japan" title="List of extreme points of Japan">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Japan" title="List of islands of Japan">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Japan" title="List of lakes of Japan">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_Japan" title="Prefectures of Japan">Prefectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Japan" title="List of regions of Japan">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Japan" title="List of rivers of Japan">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Japan" title="List of towns in Japan">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Japan" title="List of villages in Japan">Villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Japan" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Japan">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Japan" title="Politics of Japan">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan" title="Constitution of Japan">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Japan" title="Elections in Japan">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Emperor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_Japan" title="List of emperors of Japan">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_House_of_Japan" title="Imperial House of Japan">Imperial House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Japan" title="Foreign relations of Japan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Japan" title="LGBTQ rights in Japan">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Japan" title="Judicial system of Japan">Judiciary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Japan" title="Supreme Court of Japan">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Japan" title="Law of Japan">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Japan" title="Law enforcement in Japan">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Diet" title="National Diet">National Diet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Japan)" title="House of Representatives (Japan)">House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Councillors" title="House of Councillors">House of Councillors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Diet_of_Japan" title="List of members of the Diet of Japan">List of members</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Japan" title="List of political parties in Japan">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Self-Defense_Forces" title="Japan Self-Defense Forces">Self-Defense Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Ground_Self-Defense_Force" title="Japan Ground Self-Defense Force">Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Maritime_Self-Defense_Force" title="Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Air_Self-Defense_Force" title="Japan Air Self-Defense Force">Air</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Japan" title="Government of Japan">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Japan" title="Cabinet of Japan">Cabinet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_cabinets" title="List of Japanese cabinets">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_and_fiscal_policy_of_Japan" title="Monetary and fiscal policy of Japan">Fiscal policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_Japan" title="Foreign policy of Japan">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministries_of_Japan" title="Ministries of Japan">Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Japan" title="List of prime ministers of Japan">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Japan">Deputy Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Japan" title="Economy of Japan">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture,_forestry,_and_fishing_in_Japan" title="Agriculture, forestry, and fishing in Japan">Agriculture, forestry, fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Japan" title="Bank of Japan">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_market_of_Japan" title="Labor market of Japan">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Japan" title="Manufacturing in Japan">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Japan" title="Energy in Japan">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Japan" title="Science and technology in Japan">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Japan" title="Communications in Japan">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Japan" title="Transport in Japan">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_yen" title="Japanese yen">Yen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Japan" title="Category:Society of Japan">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-monarchism_in_Japan" title="Anti-monarchism in Japan">Anti-monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Japan" title="Censorship in Japan">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Japan" title="Crime in Japan">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Japan" title="Demographics of Japan">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Japan" title="Education in Japan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_Japan" title="Etiquette in Japan">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Japan" title="Gambling in Japan">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Japan" title="Health in Japan">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Japan" title="Housing in Japan">Housing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Japan" title="Homelessness in Japan">Homelessness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Japan" title="Languages of Japan">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_prefectures_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Japanese prefectures by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">People</a></li> 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