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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Belgian_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgian_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Belgian period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgian_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subdivisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subdivisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Subdivisions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Subdivisions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Subdivisions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Subdivisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Science and technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics_and_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics_and_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Politics and government</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics_and_government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Politics and government subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politics_and_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_of_Walloon_autonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_Walloon_autonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>History of Walloon autonomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_Walloon_autonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_landscape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_landscape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Political landscape</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_landscape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Symbols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Languages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Languages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Official_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Official languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Regional languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Walloon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Walloon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1.1</span> <span>In Walloon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Walloon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_French" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_French"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1.2</span> <span>In French</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_French-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Picard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Picard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1.3</span> <span>In Picard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Picard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mosan_art,_painting,_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mosan_art,_painting,_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Mosan art, painting, architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mosan_art,_painting,_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>Cinema</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.5</span> <span>Festivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.6</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transportation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Airports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Airports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railways,_motorways,_buses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railways,_motorways,_buses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Railways, motorways, buses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railways,_motorways,_buses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Waterways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waterways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Waterways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waterways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>International relations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle International relations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Trade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_and_sister_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_and_sister_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Twin towns and sister states</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_and_sister_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.2</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Wallonia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 97 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-97" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">97 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waalse_Gewes" title="Waalse Gewes – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Waalse Gewes" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallonische_Region" title="Wallonische Region – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Wallonische Region" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="فالونيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فالونيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valonia" title="Valonia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Valonia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valonie" title="Valonie – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Valonie" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valonia" title="Valonia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Valonia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Wallonia" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallonie" title="Wallonie – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Wallonie" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Валонія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Валонія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Валёнія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Валёнія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Валония – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Валония" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valonija" title="Valonija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Valonija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Wallonia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val%C3%B2nia" title="Valònia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Valònia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Валлони – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Валлони" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Wallonia" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valonsko" title="Valonsko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Valonsko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walonia" title="Walonia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Walonia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallonien" title="Vallonien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vallonien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallonische_Region" title="Wallonische Region – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wallonische Region" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valloonia" title="Valloonia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Valloonia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%A0%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%AE" title="Βαλλωνική Περιοχή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βαλλωνική Περιοχή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regi%C3%B3n_Valona" title="Región Valona – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Región Valona" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valonio" title="Valonio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Valonio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valonia" title="Valonia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Valonia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="والونی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="والونی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9gion_wallonne" title="Région wallonne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Région wallonne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walloanje" title="Walloanje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Walloanje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9igi%C3%BAn_na_Vall%C3%BAine" title="Réigiún na Vallúine – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Réigiún na Vallúine" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Walloon" title="Yn Walloon – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Walloon" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valonia" title="Valonia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Valonia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%99%88%EB%A1%B1" title="왈롱 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="왈롱" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Վալոնիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վալոնիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="वेलोनिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वेलोनिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valonija" title="Valonija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Valonija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walonia" title="Walonia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Walonia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Wallonia" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Валлони – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Валлони" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vall%C3%B3n%C3%ADa" title="Vallónía – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vallónía" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallonia" title="Vallonia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vallonia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94" title="ולוניה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ולוניה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ვალონია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვალონია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Wallonia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walonya" title="Walonya – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Walonya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Wallonia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valonija" title="Valonija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Valonija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallounien" title="Wallounien – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Wallounien" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valonija" title="Valonija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Valonija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walloni%C3%AB" title="Wallonië – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Wallonië" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallonia" title="Vallonia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Vallonia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vall%C3%B3nia" title="Vallónia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vallónia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Валонија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Валонија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="वालोनी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वालोनी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Wallonia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walloni%C3%AB" title="Wallonië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wallonië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waalnlaand" title="Waalnlaand – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Waalnlaand" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3%E5%9C%B0%E5%9F%9F" title="ワロン地域 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ワロン地域" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallonii" title="Wallonii – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Wallonii" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallonia" title="Vallonia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vallonia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallonia" title="Vallonia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vallonia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouallonnie" title="Ouallonnie – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Ouallonnie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valonia" title="Valonia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Valonia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ویلونیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ویلونیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walonia" title="Walonia – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Walonia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walonnie" title="Walonnie – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Walonnie" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val%C3%B2nia" title="Valònia – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Valònia" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Region_Walo%C5%84ski" title="Region Waloński – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Region Waloński" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val%C3%B4nia" title="Valônia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Valônia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valonia" title="Valonia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Valonia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Валлония – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Валлония" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallonie" title="Wallonie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Wallonie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valonia" title="Valonia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Valonia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Wallonia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val%C3%B3nsky_regi%C3%B3n" title="Valónsky región – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Valónsky región" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valonija" title="Valonija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Valonija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%86%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="والۆنیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="والۆنیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Валонија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Валонија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valonija" title="Valonija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Valonija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallonia" title="Vallonia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vallonia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallonien" title="Vallonien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vallonien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valonia" title="Valonia – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Valonia" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="வல்லோனியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வல்லோனியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%99" title="แคว้นวอลลูน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แคว้นวอลลูน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valon_B%C3%B6lgesi" title="Valon Bölgesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Valon Bölgesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Валлонія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Валлонія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="والونیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="والونیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallonie" title="Wallonie – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Wallonie" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valon%C3%A4n" title="Valonän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Valonän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walonreye" title="Walonreye – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Walonreye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walloni%C3%AB" title="Wallonië – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Wallonië" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallonie" title="Wallonie – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Wallonie" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E9%9A%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%BA" title="瓦隆大区 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="瓦隆大区" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A2" title="וואלאניע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="וואלאניע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E9%9A%86" title="華隆 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="華隆" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallonya" title="Wallonya – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Wallonya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walloni%C3%AB" title="Wallonië – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Wallonië" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wallonia&params=50_30_N_4_45_E_region:BE_type:adm1st_source:GNS-enwiki"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">50°30′N</span> <span class="longitude">4°45′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">50.500°N 4.750°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">50.500; 4.750</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Southernmost federal region of Belgium</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Region in Belgium</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output 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.ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Wallonia</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Wallonie</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</span><br /><span title="Walloon-language text"><i lang="wa">Wallon(r)eye</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a>)</span></div><div class="nickname ib-settlement-other-name"><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Wallonië</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>)</span><br /><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Wallonien</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</span><br /><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">Wallounien</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourgish language">Luxembourgish</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">Region</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Wallonia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Wallonia"><img alt="Flag of Wallonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Wallonia.svg/250px-Flag_of_Wallonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Wallonia" title="Flag of Wallonia">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Official_coat_of_arms_of_Wallonia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Wallonia"><img alt="Coat of arms of Wallonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Official_coat_of_arms_of_Wallonia.svg/120px-Official_coat_of_arms_of_Wallonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="95" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Official_coat_of_arms_of_Wallonia.svg/250px-Official_coat_of_arms_of_Wallonia.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="543" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Anthem: <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Chant_des_Wallons" title="Le Chant des Wallons">Le Chant des Wallons</a></i><br /><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">("The song of the Walloons")<br /><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="142" data-mwtitle="Hymne_-_Le_Chant_des_Wallons.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Hymne_-_Le_Chant_des_Wallons.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/40/Hymne_-_Le_Chant_des_Wallons.ogg/Hymne_-_Le_Chant_des_Wallons.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHymne_-_Le_Chant_des_Wallons.ogg&lang=wa&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="wa" label="walon ‪(wa)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Walloon_Region_in_Belgium_and_Europe.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Wallonia"><img alt="Location of Wallonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Walloon_Region_in_Belgium_and_Europe.svg/250px-Walloon_Region_in_Belgium_and_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Walloon_Region_in_Belgium_and_Europe.svg/375px-Walloon_Region_in_Belgium_and_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Walloon_Region_in_Belgium_and_Europe.svg/500px-Walloon_Region_in_Belgium_and_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520" /></a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Walloni%C3%ABProvincies.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Wallonia"><img alt="Location of Wallonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Walloni%C3%ABProvincies.png/250px-Walloni%C3%ABProvincies.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Walloni%C3%ABProvincies.png/375px-Walloni%C3%ABProvincies.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Walloni%C3%ABProvincies.png/500px-Walloni%C3%ABProvincies.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="477" /></a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: 50°30′0'N, 4°45′ 0″ E</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium#Regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">Community</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/French_Community_of_Belgium" title="French Community of Belgium">French Community</a><br /><a href="/wiki/German-speaking_Community_of_Belgium" title="German-speaking Community of Belgium">German-speaking Community</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Namur" title="Namur">Namur</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Executive</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Wallonia" title="Government of Wallonia">Government of Wallonia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Governing parties <small>(2024)</small></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mouvement_R%C3%A9formateur" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouvement Réformateur">MR</a> and <a href="/wiki/Les_Engag%C3%A9s" title="Les Engagés">Les Engagés</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Minister-President_of_Wallonia" title="Minister-President of Wallonia">Minister-President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Adrien_Dolimont" title="Adrien Dolimont">Adrien Dolimont</a> (MR)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Wallonia" title="Parliament of Wallonia">Parliament of Wallonia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Speaker</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Willy_Borsus" title="Willy Borsus">Willy Borsus</a> (MR)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">16,901<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> km<sup>2</sup> (6,526 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(1 January 2024)<sup id="cite_ref-auto_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,692,283</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">220/km<sup>2</sup> (570/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Walloons" title="Walloons">Walloons</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Demographics<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Languages</th><td class="infobox-data">French<br />German (in the <a href="/wiki/German-speaking_Community_of_Belgium" title="German-speaking Community of Belgium">German-speaking Community of Belgium</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Language">Dutch</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_with_language_facilities" title="Municipalities with language facilities">municipalities with language facilities</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /><a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">GDP<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Total</th><td class="infobox-data">€126.691 billion (2022)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">BE-WAL</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Walloon_Region" title="Day of the Walloon Region">Celebration Day</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Third Sunday of September</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Most populous city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charleroi" title="Charleroi">Charleroi</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wallonie.be/">wallonie.be</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Wallonia</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">wol-<span style="font-size:90%">OH</span>-nee-ə</i></a>; <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Wallonie</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[walɔni]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/91\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-Wallonie.wav\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-Wallonie.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q150 (fra)-WikiLucas00-Wallonie.wav"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/91/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-Wallonie.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-Wallonie.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q150_(fra)-WikiLucas00-Wallonie.wav" title="File:LL-Q150 (fra)-WikiLucas00-Wallonie.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span>; <a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a>: <i lang="wa">Waloneye</i> or <span title="Walloon-language text"><i lang="wa">Walonreye</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="wa-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Walloon" title="Help:IPA/Walloon">[walɔn(ʀ)ɛ(ː)j]</a></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-fn1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> officially the <b>Walloon Region</b> (French: <i lang="fr">Région wallonne</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ʁeʒjɔ̃<span class="wrap"> </span>walɔn]</a></span>; Walloon: <i lang="wa">Redjon walone</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-fn2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is one of the three <a href="/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">regions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>—along with <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Region" title="Flemish Region">Flanders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Belgian_Constitution_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belgian_Constitution-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Covering the southern portion of the country, Wallonia is primarily <a href="/wiki/Geographical_distribution_of_French_speakers" title="Geographical distribution of French speakers">French-speaking</a>. It accounts for 55% of Belgium's territory, but only a third of its population. The Walloon Region and the <a href="/wiki/French_Community_of_Belgium" title="French Community of Belgium">French Community of Belgium</a>, which is the political entity responsible for matters related mainly to culture and education, are independent concepts, because the French Community of Belgium encompasses both Wallonia and the bilingual <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>-Capital Region but not the <a href="/wiki/German-speaking_Community_of_Belgium" title="German-speaking Community of Belgium">German-speaking Community of Belgium</a>, which administers nine municipalities in Eastern Wallonia. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, Wallonia was second only to the United Kingdom in industrialization, capitalizing on its extensive deposits of coal and iron. This brought the region wealth, and from the beginning of the 19th to the middle of the 20th century, Wallonia was the more prosperous half of Belgium. Since <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the importance of <a href="/wiki/Heavy_industry" title="Heavy industry">heavy industry</a> has greatly diminished, and the Flemish Region has exceeded Wallonia in wealth as Wallonia has declined economically. Wallonia now suffers from high unemployment and has a significantly lower GDP per capita than Flanders. The economic inequalities and linguistic divide between the two are major sources of political conflicts in Belgium and a major factor in <a href="/wiki/Flemish_separatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Flemish separatism">Flemish separatism</a>. </p><p>The capital of Wallonia is <a href="/wiki/Namur" title="Namur">Namur</a>, and the most populous city is <a href="/wiki/Charleroi" title="Charleroi">Charleroi</a>. Most of Wallonia's major cities and two-thirds of its population lie along the east–west aligned <a href="/wiki/Sambre_and_Meuse_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Sambre and Meuse valley">Sambre and Meuse valley</a>, the former industrial backbone of Belgium. To the north of this valley, Wallonia lies on the Central Belgian Plateau, which, like Flanders, is a relatively flat and agriculturally fertile area. The south and southeast of Wallonia is made up of the <a href="/wiki/Ardennes" title="Ardennes">Ardennes</a>, an expanse of forested highland that is less densely populated. </p><p>There is a <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German-speaking</a> minority in eastern Wallonia, resulting from the annexation of three <a href="/wiki/Eupen-Malmedy" title="Eupen-Malmedy">cantons</a> previously part of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> at the conclusion of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. This community represents less than 1%<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the Belgian population. It forms the <a href="/wiki/German-speaking_Community_of_Belgium" title="German-speaking Community of Belgium">German-speaking Community of Belgium</a>, which has its own government and parliament for culture-related issues. </p><p>Wallonia borders <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a> and the Netherlands (the province of <a href="/wiki/Limburg_(Netherlands)" title="Limburg (Netherlands)">Limburg</a>) in the north, France (<a href="/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est">Grand Est</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hauts-de-France" title="Hauts-de-France">Hauts-de-France</a>) to the south and west, and Germany (<a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a>) and Luxembourg (<a href="/wiki/Capellen_(canton)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capellen (canton)">Capellen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clervaux_(canton)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clervaux (canton)">Clervaux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esch-sur-Alzette_(canton)" class="mw-redirect" title="Esch-sur-Alzette (canton)">Esch-sur-Alzette</a>, <a href="/wiki/Redange_(canton)" class="mw-redirect" title="Redange (canton)">Redange</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wiltz_(canton)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiltz (canton)">Wiltz</a>) to the east. Wallonia has been a member of the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_Internationale_de_la_Francophonie" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie</a></i></span> since 1980. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wallonia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "Wallonia" can mean slightly different things in different contexts. One of the three <a href="/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">federal regions of Belgium</a> is still constitutionally defined as the "Walloon Region" as opposed to "Wallonia", but the latter has been adopted by the regional government and is in common use.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to 2010, when the renaming came into effect, <i>Wallonia</i> could sometimes refer to the territory governed by the Walloon Region, whereas <i>Walloon Region</i> referred specifically to the government. In practice, the difference between the two terms is small and what is meant is usually clear, based on context. </p><p><i>Wallonia</i> is a cognate of terms such as <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, Cornwall and <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Germanic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic language">Germanic</a> word <a href="/wiki/Walha" class="mw-redirect" title="Walha">Walha</a>, meaning <i>the strangers</i>, referred to Gallic or Celtic people. Wallonia is named after the <a href="/wiki/Walloons" title="Walloons">Walloons</a>, a group of locals who natively speak <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Middle_Dutch" title="Middle Dutch">Middle Dutch</a> (and French), the term <i>Walloons</i> included both historical secular Walloon principalities, as well as the French-speaking population of the <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Prince-Bishopric of Liège">Prince-Bishopric of Liège</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the whole population of the <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romanic</a> <a href="/wiki/Sprachraum" title="Sprachraum">sprachraum</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval</a> <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Netherlands" title="Burgundian Netherlands">Low Countries</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wallonia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ludwigslied_Manuscript_Valenciennes_p._1%2B2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ludwigslied_Manuscript_Valenciennes_p._1%2B2.jpg/220px-Ludwigslied_Manuscript_Valenciennes_p._1%2B2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ludwigslied_Manuscript_Valenciennes_p._1%2B2.jpg/330px-Ludwigslied_Manuscript_Valenciennes_p._1%2B2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ludwigslied_Manuscript_Valenciennes_p._1%2B2.jpg/440px-Ludwigslied_Manuscript_Valenciennes_p._1%2B2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="460" /></a><figcaption>The <i><a href="/wiki/Sequence_of_Saint_Eulalia" title="Sequence of Saint Eulalia">Sequence of Saint Eulalia</a></i>, the oldest surviving text written in what would become <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a>, likely originated in or near Wallonia.<sup id="cite_ref-SSE_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SSE-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Renier_de_Huy_MCL3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Renier_de_Huy_MCL3.jpg/220px-Renier_de_Huy_MCL3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Renier_de_Huy_MCL3.jpg/330px-Renier_de_Huy_MCL3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Renier_de_Huy_MCL3.jpg/440px-Renier_de_Huy_MCL3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Baptismal_font" title="Baptismal font">Baptismal font</a> of <a href="/wiki/Renier_de_Huy" title="Renier de Huy">Renier de Huy</a>, an example of <a href="/wiki/Mosan_art" title="Mosan art">Mosan art</a> and of medieval Walloon brass working expertise</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Wallonia" title="History of Wallonia">History of Wallonia</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> conquered <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> in 57 BC. The <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a> became part of the larger <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica">Gallia Belgica</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">province</a> which originally stretched from southwestern Germany to <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a> and the southern part of the Netherlands. The population of this territory was <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> influence which was stronger in the north than in the south of the province. Gallia Belgica became progressively <a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">romanized</a>. The ancestors of the Walloons became <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallo-Roman">Gallo-Romans</a> and were called the "<a href="/wiki/Walha" class="mw-redirect" title="Walha">Walha</a>" by their Germanic neighbours. The "Walha" abandoned their <a href="/wiki/Gaulish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaulish language">Celtic dialects</a> and started to speak <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-YoungRegion_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YoungRegion-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Merovingian" class="mw-redirect" title="Merovingian">Merovingian</a> <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> gradually gained control of the region during the 5th century, under <a href="/wiki/Clovis_I" title="Clovis I">Clovis</a>. Due to the fragmentation of the former <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, Vulgar Latin regionally developed along different lines and evolved into several <i><a href="/wiki/Langue_d%27o%C3%AFl" class="mw-redirect" title="Langue d'oïl">langue d'oïl</a></i> dialects, which in Wallonia became <a href="/wiki/Picard_language" title="Picard language">Picard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lorrain_language" title="Lorrain language">Lorrain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-YoungRegion_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YoungRegion-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest surviving text written in a <i>langue d'oïl</i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Sequence_of_Saint_Eulalia" title="Sequence of Saint Eulalia">Sequence of Saint Eulalia</a></i>, has characteristics of these three languages and was likely written in or very near to what is now Wallonia around 880 <a href="/wiki/AD" class="mw-redirect" title="AD">AD</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SSE_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SSE-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 4th to the 7th century, the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> established several settlements, probably mostly in the north of the province where the romanization was less advanced and some Germanic trace was still present. The language border (that now splits Belgium in the middle) began to crystallize between 700 under the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Merovingian" class="mw-redirect" title="Merovingian">Merovingians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carolingian" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolingian">Carolingians</a> and around 1000 after the <a href="/wiki/Ottonian_Renaissance" title="Ottonian Renaissance">Ottonian Renaissance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French-speaking cities, with <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge" title="Liège">Liège</a> as the largest one, appeared along the <a href="/wiki/Meuse" title="Meuse">Meuse</a>, while Gallo-Roman cities such as <a href="/wiki/Tongeren" title="Tongeren">Tongeren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maastricht" title="Maastricht">Maastricht</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a> became Germanized. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Braine-L%27Alleud_-_Butte_du_Lion_dite_de_Waterloo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Braine-L%27Alleud_-_Butte_du_Lion_dite_de_Waterloo.jpg/220px-Braine-L%27Alleud_-_Butte_du_Lion_dite_de_Waterloo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Braine-L%27Alleud_-_Butte_du_Lion_dite_de_Waterloo.jpg/330px-Braine-L%27Alleud_-_Butte_du_Lion_dite_de_Waterloo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Braine-L%27Alleud_-_Butte_du_Lion_dite_de_Waterloo.jpg/440px-Braine-L%27Alleud_-_Butte_du_Lion_dite_de_Waterloo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Lion%27s_Mound" title="Lion's Mound">Lion's Mound</a> commemorates the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a>, fought in present-day Wallonia. Belgium was united with the Netherlands following the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingian dynasty</a> dethroned the Merovingians in the 8th century. In 843, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Verdun" title="Treaty of Verdun">Treaty of Verdun</a> gave the territory of present-day Wallonia to <a href="/wiki/Middle_Francia" title="Middle Francia">Middle Francia</a>, which would shortly fragment, with the region passing to <a href="/wiki/Lotharingia" title="Lotharingia">Lotharingia</a>. On Lotharingia's breakup in 959, the present-day territory of Belgium became part of <a href="/wiki/Lower_Lotharingia" title="Lower Lotharingia">Lower Lotharingia</a>, which then fragmented into rival principalities and duchies by 1190. Literary <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, which was taught in schools, lost its hegemony during the 13th century and was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-YoungRegion_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YoungRegion-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 15th century, the <a href="/wiki/Dukes_of_Burgundy" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukes of Burgundy">Dukes of Burgundy</a> took over the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>. The death of <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bold" title="Charles the Bold">Charles the Bold</a> in 1477 raised the issue of succession, and the <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Prince-Bishopric of Liège">Liégeois</a> took advantage of this to regain some of their autonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-YoungRegion_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YoungRegion-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 16th to the 18th century, the Low Countries were governed successively by the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg">Habsburg</a> dynasty of Spain (from the early 16th century until 1713–14) and later by Austria (until 1794). This territory was enlarged in 1521–22 when <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor</a> gained the <a href="/wiki/Tournai" title="Tournai">Tournai</a> region from France.<sup id="cite_ref-YoungRegion_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YoungRegion-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Present-day Belgium was conquered in 1795 by the <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French Republic</a> during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a>. It was <a href="/wiki/Annexed" class="mw-redirect" title="Annexed">annexed</a> to the Republic, which later became the <a href="/wiki/French_First_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="French First Empire">Napoleonic Empire</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a>, Wallonia became part of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a> under King <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_the_Netherlands" title="William III of the Netherlands">William of Orange</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-YoungRegion_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YoungRegion-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Walloons played an active part in the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Revolution" title="Belgian Revolution">Belgian Revolution</a> in 1830. The <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Belgium" title="Provisional Government of Belgium">Provisional Government of Belgium</a> proclaimed Belgium's independence and held elections for the <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Belgium" title="National Congress of Belgium">National Congress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-YoungRegion_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YoungRegion-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belgian_period">Belgian period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wallonia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Belgian period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canal_du_Centre,_l%27Ascenseur_No._3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Canal_du_Centre%2C_l%27Ascenseur_No._3.jpg/220px-Canal_du_Centre%2C_l%27Ascenseur_No._3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Canal_du_Centre%2C_l%27Ascenseur_No._3.jpg/330px-Canal_du_Centre%2C_l%27Ascenseur_No._3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Canal_du_Centre%2C_l%27Ascenseur_No._3.jpg/440px-Canal_du_Centre%2C_l%27Ascenseur_No._3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4082" data-file-height="3052" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Lifts_on_the_old_Canal_du_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifts on the old Canal du Centre">boat lifts on the old Canal du Centre</a> were first opened in 1888 and are now a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bardouxha_Mont_1893-mw-c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Bardouxha_Mont_1893-mw-c.jpg/220px-Bardouxha_Mont_1893-mw-c.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Bardouxha_Mont_1893-mw-c.jpg/330px-Bardouxha_Mont_1893-mw-c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Bardouxha_Mont_1893-mw-c.jpg/440px-Bardouxha_Mont_1893-mw-c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="824" /></a><figcaption>Mons fusillade on 17 April 1893</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 19th century, the area began to industrialize, and Wallonia was the first fully industrialized area in <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">continental Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Atlas_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlas-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This brought the region great economic prosperity, which was not mirrored in poorer Flanders and the result was a large amount of <a href="/wiki/Flemish_immigration_in_Wallonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Flemish immigration in Wallonia">Flemish immigration to Wallonia</a>. Belgium was divided into two divergent communities. On the one hand, the very <a href="/wiki/Flemish_people" title="Flemish people">Catholic Flemish society</a> was characterized by an economy centred on agriculture; on the other hand, Wallonia was the centre of the continental European <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, where classical liberal and socialist movements were rapidly emerging.<sup id="cite_ref-RegionAsserts_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RegionAsserts-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major strikes and <a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">general strikes</a> took place in Wallonia, including the <a href="/wiki/Walloon_jacquerie_of_1886" class="mw-redirect" title="Walloon jacquerie of 1886">Walloon jacquerie of 1886</a>, the <a href="/wiki/General_strikes_in_Belgium" title="General strikes in Belgium">Belgian general strikes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Belgian_general_strike_of_1893" title="Belgian general strike of 1893">1893</a>, 1902, 1913 (for <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a>), 1932 (depicted in <i><a href="/wiki/Mis%C3%A8re_au_Borinage" title="Misère au Borinage">Misère au Borinage</a></i>), and 1936. After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, major strikes included the <a href="/wiki/General_strike_against_Leopold_III_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="General strike against Leopold III of Belgium">general strike against Leopold III of Belgium</a> (1950), and the <a href="/wiki/1960-1961_Winter_General_Strike" class="mw-redirect" title="1960-1961 Winter General Strike">1960-1961 Winter General Strike</a> for autonomy for Wallonia. </p><p>The profitability of the heavy industries to which Wallonia owed its prosperity started declining in the first half of the 20th century, and the centre of industrial activity shifted north to Flanders. The loss of prosperity caused social unrest, and Wallonia sought greater autonomy in order to address its economic problems. In the wake of the <a href="/wiki/1960-1961_Winter_General_Strike" class="mw-redirect" title="1960-1961 Winter General Strike">1960-1961 Winter General Strike</a>, the process of <a href="/wiki/State_reform_in_Belgium" title="State reform in Belgium">state reform in Belgium</a> got underway. This reform started partly with the <a href="/wiki/Language_legislation_in_Belgium" title="Language legislation in Belgium">linguistic laws of 1962–63</a>, which defined the four language areas within the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Belgium" title="Constitution of Belgium">constitution</a>. But the strikes of 1960 which took place in Wallonia more than in <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a> are not principally linked with the four language areas nor with the Communities but with the Regions. In 1968, the conflict between the communities burst out. French speakers in Flanders (who were not necessarily Walloons) were driven out of, most notably the Leuven-based <a href="/wiki/Catholic_University_of_Leuven_(1834%E2%80%931968)" title="Catholic University of Leuven (1834–1968)">Catholic University</a> amid shouts of "<i>Walen buiten</i>!" ("Walloons out!"). After a formal split of the university in two and the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_catholique_de_Louvain" class="mw-redirect" title="Université catholique de Louvain">brand new campus</a> in Wallonia,<sup id="cite_ref-RegionAsserts_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RegionAsserts-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a wider series of <a href="/wiki/State_reform_in_Belgium" title="State reform in Belgium">State reforms was passed in Belgium</a>, which resulted in the federalisation of the nation and the creation of the Walloon Region and the <a href="/wiki/French_Community_of_Belgium" title="French Community of Belgium">French Community</a> (comprising both Wallonia and Brussels), administrative entities each of which would gain various levels of considerable autonomy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wallonia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Belgium_resources_1968.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Belgium_resources_1968.jpg/220px-Belgium_resources_1968.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Belgium_resources_1968.jpg/330px-Belgium_resources_1968.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Belgium_resources_1968.jpg/440px-Belgium_resources_1968.jpg 2x" data-file-width="627" data-file-height="459" /></a><figcaption>Coalmining and steelmaking industrial areas in Belgium. The <a href="/wiki/Sillon_industriel" title="Sillon industriel">sillon industriel</a> is the blue area along the <a href="/wiki/Meuse" title="Meuse">Meuse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sambre" title="Sambre">Sambre</a>.</figcaption></figure><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:R%C3%A9gions_naturelles_de_Belgique.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/R%C3%A9gions_naturelles_de_Belgique.jpg/350px-R%C3%A9gions_naturelles_de_Belgique.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/R%C3%A9gions_naturelles_de_Belgique.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="408" data-file-height="319" /></a><figcaption>The natural regions of Belgium</figcaption></figure> <p>Wallonia is <a href="/wiki/Landlocked" class="mw-redirect" title="Landlocked">landlocked</a>, with an area of 16,901 km<sup>2</sup> (6,526 sq mi), or 55 percent of the total area of Belgium. The <a href="/wiki/Sambre_and_Meuse_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Sambre and Meuse valley">Sambre and Meuse valley</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge" title="Liège">Liège</a> (70 m (230 ft)) to <a href="/wiki/Charleroi" title="Charleroi">Charleroi</a> (120 m (390 ft)) is an <a href="/wiki/Entrenched_river" title="Entrenched river">entrenched river</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">fault line</a> which separates Middle Belgium (elevation 100–200 m (330–660 ft)) and High Belgium (200–700 m (660–2,300 ft)). This fault line corresponds to a part of the southern coast of the late <a href="/wiki/London-Brabant_Massif" class="mw-redirect" title="London-Brabant Massif">London-Brabant Massif</a>. The valley, along with <a href="/wiki/Haine" title="Haine">Haine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vesdre" title="Vesdre">Vesdre</a> valleys form the <i><a href="/wiki/Sillon_industriel" title="Sillon industriel">sillon industriel</a></i>, the historical centre of the Belgian coalmining and steelmaking industry, and is also called the Walloon industrial backbone. Due to their long industrial historic record, several segments of the valley have received specific names: <a href="/wiki/Borinage" title="Borinage">Borinage</a>, around <a href="/wiki/Mons,_Belgium" title="Mons, Belgium">Mons</a>, le <a href="/wiki/Centre_region,_Hainaut" title="Centre region, Hainaut">Centre</a>, around <a href="/wiki/La_Louvi%C3%A8re" title="La Louvière">La Louvière</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pays_noir" class="mw-redirect" title="Pays noir">Pays noir</a>, around <a href="/wiki/Charleroi" title="Charleroi">Charleroi</a> and the Basse-Sambre, near <a href="/wiki/Namur" title="Namur">Namur</a>. </p><p>To the north of the Sambre and Meuse valley lies the Central Belgian plateau, which is characterized by <a href="/wiki/Intensive_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Intensive agriculture">intensive agriculture</a>. The Walloon part of this plateau is traditionally divided into several regions: <a href="/wiki/Walloon_Brabant" title="Walloon Brabant">Walloon Brabant</a> around <a href="/wiki/Nivelles" title="Nivelles">Nivelles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Hainaut" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Hainaut">Western Hainaut</a> (French: <i lang="fr">Wallonie picarde</i>, around <a href="/wiki/Tournai" title="Tournai">Tournai</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Hesbaye" title="Hesbaye">Hesbaye</a> around <a href="/wiki/Waremme" title="Waremme">Waremme</a>. South of the sillon industriel, the land is more rugged and is characterized by more <a href="/wiki/Extensive_farming" title="Extensive farming">extensive farming</a>. It is traditionally divided into the regions of Entre-Sambre-et-Meuse, <a href="/wiki/Condroz" title="Condroz">Condroz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fagne_(natural_region)" title="Fagne (natural region)">Fagne</a>-<a href="/wiki/Famenne" title="Famenne">Famenne</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ardennes" title="Ardennes">Ardennes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Herve" class="mw-redirect" title="Land of Herve">Land of Herve</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Lorraine" title="Belgian Lorraine">Belgian Lorraine</a> around <a href="/wiki/Arlon" title="Arlon">Arlon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virton" title="Virton">Virton</a>. Dividing it into <a href="/wiki/Condroz" title="Condroz">Condroz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Famenne" title="Famenne">Famenne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calestienne" title="Calestienne">Calestienne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ardennes" title="Ardennes">Ardennes</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Thi%C3%A9rache" title="Thiérache">Thiérache</a>), and Belgian Lorraine (which includes the <a href="/wiki/Gaume" title="Gaume">Gaume</a>) is more reflective of the physical geography. The larger region, the Ardennes, is a thickly forested plateau with caves and small gorges. It is host to much of Belgium's wildlife but little agricultural capacity. This area extends westward into France and eastward to the <a href="/wiki/Eifel" title="Eifel">Eifel</a> in Germany via the <a href="/wiki/High_Fens" title="High Fens">High Fens</a> plateau, on which the <a href="/wiki/Signal_de_Botrange" title="Signal de Botrange">Signal de Botrange</a> forms the highest point in Belgium at 694 metres (2,277 ft). </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charleroi_-_place_Charles_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Charleroi_-_place_Charles_II.jpg/250px-Charleroi_-_place_Charles_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Charleroi_-_place_Charles_II.jpg/330px-Charleroi_-_place_Charles_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>View of Charleroi</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subdivisions">Subdivisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wallonia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Subdivisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Walloon region covers 16,901 km<sup>2</sup> (6,526 sq mi) and is divided into <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Belgium" title="Provinces of Belgium">five provinces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arrondissements_of_Belgium" title="Arrondissements of Belgium">20 arrondissements</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Wallonia" title="List of municipalities in Wallonia">261 cities or municipalities</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Province</th> <th>Capital city</th> <th>Population<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1 January 2019)</span><sup id="cite_ref-auto_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Area<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Density </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Hainaut.svg/20px-Flag_of_Hainaut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Hainaut.svg/40px-Flag_of_Hainaut.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Hainaut_Province" title="Hainaut Province">Hainaut</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mons,_Belgium" title="Mons, Belgium">Mons</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">1,344,241</td> <td>3,813 km<sup>2</sup> (1,472 sq mi)</td> <td>353/km<sup>2</sup> (910/sq mi) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Province_of_Li%C3%A8ge.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Province_of_Li%C3%A8ge.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Province_of_Li%C3%A8ge.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Province_of_Li%C3%A8ge.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Province_of_Li%C3%A8ge.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Province_of_Li%C3%A8ge.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge_Province" title="Liège Province">Liège</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge" title="Liège">Liège</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">1,106,992</td> <td>3,857 km<sup>2</sup> (1,489 sq mi)</td> <td>288/km<sup>2</sup> (750/sq mi) </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Unofficial_flag_of_the_Province_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Unofficial_flag_of_the_Province_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Unofficial_flag_of_the_Province_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Unofficial_flag_of_the_Province_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Unofficial_flag_of_the_Province_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Unofficial_flag_of_the_Province_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_(Belgium)" title="Luxembourg (Belgium)">Luxembourg</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arlon" title="Arlon">Arlon</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">284,638</td> <td>4,459 km<sup>2</sup> (1,722 sq mi)</td> <td>64/km<sup>2</sup> (170/sq mi) </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namur_Province.svg/23px-Flag_of_Namur_Province.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namur_Province.svg/35px-Flag_of_Namur_Province.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namur_Province.svg/45px-Flag_of_Namur_Province.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Namur_Province" title="Namur Province">Namur</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Namur" title="Namur">Namur</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">494,325</td> <td>3,675 km<sup>2</sup> (1,419 sq mi)</td> <td>135/km<sup>2</sup> (350/sq mi) </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Drapeau_Province_BE_Brabant_Wallon.svg/17px-Drapeau_Province_BE_Brabant_Wallon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Drapeau_Province_BE_Brabant_Wallon.svg/26px-Drapeau_Province_BE_Brabant_Wallon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Drapeau_Province_BE_Brabant_Wallon.svg/34px-Drapeau_Province_BE_Brabant_Wallon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="532" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Walloon_Brabant" title="Walloon Brabant">Walloon Brabant</a> (<i>Brabant wallon</i>)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wavre" title="Wavre">Wavre</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">403,599</td> <td>1,097 km<sup>2</sup> (424 sq mi)</td> <td>368/km<sup>2</sup> (950/sq mi) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The province of Walloon Brabant is the most recent one, being formed in 1995 after the splitting of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Brabant" title="Province of Brabant">province of Brabant</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liege_View_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Liege_View_03.jpg/150px-Liege_View_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Liege_View_03.jpg/225px-Liege_View_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Liege_View_03.jpg/300px-Liege_View_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>View of Liège with the <a href="/wiki/Meuse" title="Meuse">Meuse</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Namur_JPG02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Namur_JPG02.jpg/150px-Namur_JPG02.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Namur_JPG02.jpg/225px-Namur_JPG02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Namur_JPG02.jpg/300px-Namur_JPG02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>View of Namur with the <a href="/wiki/Sambre" title="Sambre">Sambre</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cities">Cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wallonia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The largest cities in Wallonia are:<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charleroi" title="Charleroi">Charleroi</a> (204,146)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge" title="Liège">Liège</a> (195,790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namur" title="Namur">Namur</a> (110,428)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mons,_Belgium" title="Mons, Belgium">Mons</a> (92,529)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Louvi%C3%A8re" title="La Louvière">La Louvière</a> (81,138)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tournai" title="Tournai">Tournai</a> (69,792)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seraing" title="Seraing">Seraing</a> (63,500)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verviers" title="Verviers">Verviers</a> (56,596)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouscron" title="Mouscron">Mouscron</a> (55,687)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herstal" title="Herstal">Herstal</a> (38,969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braine-l%27Alleud" title="Braine-l'Alleud">Braine-l'Alleud</a> (38,748)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2telet,_Belgium" title="Châtelet, Belgium">Châtelet</a> (36,131)</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p>The 10 largest groups of foreign residents in 2018 are:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td>98,682 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/60px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td>81,148 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td> <td>16,815 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></td> <td>16,275 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td> <td>16,040 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></td> <td>14,181 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></td> <td>11,340 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td> <td>9,112 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></td> <td>7,534 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of Congo</a></td> <td>6,699 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wallonia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Science and technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Wallonia" title="Science and technology in Wallonia">Science and technology in Wallonia</a></div> <p>Contributions to the development of science and technology have appeared since the beginning of the country's history. The <a href="/wiki/Baptismal_font" title="Baptismal font">baptismal font</a> of <a href="/wiki/Renier_de_Huy" title="Renier de Huy">Renier de Huy</a> is not the only example of medieval Walloon technical expertise: the words "houille" (coal)<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "houilleur" (coal miner) or "grisou" (damp) were coined in Wallonia and are <a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a> in origin. </p><p>The economically important <a href="/wiki/History_of_coal_mining#Belgium" title="History of coal mining">very deep coal mining</a> in the course of the <a href="/wiki/First_Industrial_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="First Industrial Revolution">First Industrial Revolution</a> has required highly reputed specialized studies for <a href="/wiki/Mining_engineering" title="Mining engineering">mining engineers</a>. But that was already the case before the Industrial Revolution, with an engineer as <a href="/wiki/Rennequin_Sualem" title="Rennequin Sualem">Rennequin Sualem</a> for instance. </p><p>Engineer <a href="/wiki/Zenobe_Gramme" class="mw-redirect" title="Zenobe Gramme">Zenobe Gramme</a> invented the <a href="/wiki/Gramme_dynamo" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramme dynamo">Gramme dynamo</a>, the first generator to produce power on a commercial scale for industry. Chemist <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Solvay" title="Ernest Solvay">Ernest Solvay</a> gave his name to the <a href="/wiki/Solvay_process" title="Solvay process">Solvay process</a> for production of <a href="/wiki/Soda_ash" class="mw-redirect" title="Soda ash">soda ash</a>, an important chemical for many industrial uses. Ernest Solvay also acted as a major philanthropist and gave its name to the <a href="/wiki/Solvay_Institute_of_Sociology" title="Solvay Institute of Sociology">Solvay Institute of Sociology</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Solvay_Brussels_School_of_Economics_and_Management" title="Solvay Brussels School of Economics and Management">Solvay Brussels School of Economics and Management</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Solvay_Institutes_for_Physics_and_Chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="International Solvay Institutes for Physics and Chemistry">International Solvay Institutes for Physics and Chemistry</a> which are now part of the <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_libre_de_Bruxelles" title="Université libre de Bruxelles">Université libre de Bruxelles</a>. In 1911, he started a series of conferences, the <a href="/wiki/Solvay_Conference" title="Solvay Conference">Solvay Conferences</a> on Physics and Chemistry, which have had a deep impact on the evolution of quantum physics and chemistry. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Georges_Lema%C3%AEtre" title="Georges Lemaître">Georges Lemaître</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_catholique_de_Louvain" class="mw-redirect" title="Université catholique de Louvain">Université catholique de Louvain</a> is credited with proposing the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a> theory of the origin of the universe in 1927. </p><p>Three <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine</a> were awarded to Walloons: <a href="/wiki/Jules_Bordet" title="Jules Bordet">Jules Bordet</a> (<a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_libre_de_Bruxelles" title="Université libre de Bruxelles">Université libre de Bruxelles</a>) in 1919, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Claude" title="Albert Claude">Albert Claude</a> (ULB) together with <a href="/wiki/Christian_De_Duve" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian De Duve">Christian De Duve</a> (UCLouvain) in 1974. </p><p>In the present day, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bureau_Greisch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bureau Greisch (page does not exist)">Bureau Greisch</a> has acquired an international reputation as consulting engineer and architect in the fields of structures, civil engineering and buildings, including the <a href="/wiki/Millau_Viaduct" title="Millau Viaduct">Millau Viaduct</a> in France. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wallonia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ougr%C3%A9e_Cokerie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ougr%C3%A9e_Cokerie.jpg/220px-Ougr%C3%A9e_Cokerie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ougr%C3%A9e_Cokerie.jpg/330px-Ougr%C3%A9e_Cokerie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ougr%C3%A9e_Cokerie.jpg/440px-Ougr%C3%A9e_Cokerie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Steelmaking along the <a href="/wiki/Meuse" title="Meuse">Meuse</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ougr%C3%A9e" title="Ougrée">Ougrée</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge" title="Liège">Liège</a>, on the <i><a href="/wiki/Sillon_industriel" title="Sillon industriel">sillon industriel</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Wallonia is rich in iron and coal, and these resources and related industries have played an important role in its history. In ancient times, the <a href="/wiki/Sambre_and_Meuse_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Sambre and Meuse valley">Sambre and Meuse valley</a> was an important industrial area in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, Wallonia became a center for <a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">brass</a> working and <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> working, with <a href="/wiki/Huy" title="Huy">Huy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dinant" title="Dinant">Dinant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chimay" title="Chimay">Chimay</a> being important regional centers. In the 12th and 13th centuries, the iron masters of <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge" title="Liège">Liège</a> developed a method of refining iron ore by the use of a blast furnace, called the <a href="/wiki/Oregrounds_iron" title="Oregrounds iron">Walloon Method</a>. There were also a few coal mines around <a href="/wiki/Charleroi" title="Charleroi">Charleroi</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Borinage" title="Borinage">Borinage</a> during this period, but their output was small, and was principally consumed as fuel by various industries such as the important glassmaking industry that sprang up in the <a href="/wiki/Charleroi" title="Charleroi">Charleroi</a> basin during the 14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 19th century, the area began to industrialize, mainly along the so-called <a href="/wiki/Sillon_industriel" title="Sillon industriel">sillon industriel</a>. It was the first fully industrialized area in <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">continental Europe</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Atlas_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlas-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Wallonia was the second industrial power in the world, in proportion to its population and its territory, after the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sole industrial centre in Belgium outside the collieries and blast furnaces of Wallonia was the historic cloth making town of <a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The two World Wars curbed the continuous expansion that Wallonia had enjoyed up till that time. Towards the end of the 1950s, things began to change dramatically. The factories of Wallonia were by then antiquated, the coal was running out and the cost of extracting coal was constantly rising. It was the end of an era, and Wallonia has been making efforts to redefine itself. The restoration of economical development is high on the political agenda, and the government is encouraging development of industries, notably in cutting-edge technology and in business parks.<sup id="cite_ref-wallonie.be_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wallonie.be-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The economy is improving,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Wallonia is not yet at the level of <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a> and is still suffering from difficulties. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spa_JPG02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Spa_JPG02.jpg/220px-Spa_JPG02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Spa_JPG02.jpg/330px-Spa_JPG02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Spa_JPG02.jpg/440px-Spa_JPG02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>The word <i><a href="/wiki/Spa" title="Spa">spa</a></i> comes from the healing <a href="/wiki/Hot_springs" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot springs">hot springs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Spa,_Belgium" title="Spa, Belgium">Spa</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ardennes" title="Ardennes">Ardennes</a>. Tourism is an important part of the economy of Wallonia.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Belgium,_Charleroi_(Dampremy),_Rue_Arthur_Decoux_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Belgium%2C_Charleroi_%28Dampremy%29%2C_Rue_Arthur_Decoux_%281%29.jpg/250px-Belgium%2C_Charleroi_%28Dampremy%29%2C_Rue_Arthur_Decoux_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Belgium%2C_Charleroi_%28Dampremy%29%2C_Rue_Arthur_Decoux_%281%29.jpg/500px-Belgium%2C_Charleroi_%28Dampremy%29%2C_Rue_Arthur_Decoux_%281%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4169" data-file-height="2712" /></a><figcaption>Urban blight in Damprémy near Charleroi</figcaption></figure> <p>The current Walloon economy is relatively diversified, although certain areas (especially around Charleroi and Liège) are still suffering from the steel industry crisis, with an unemployment rate of up to 30 percent. Nonetheless, Wallonia has some companies which are world leaders in their specialized fields, including <a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">armaments</a>, glass production,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Calcium_oxide" title="Calcium oxide">lime</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> production,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cyclotron" title="Cyclotron">cyclotrons</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and aviation parts.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The south of Wallonia, bordering <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, benefits from its neighbour's economic prosperity, with many Belgians working on the other side of the border; they are often called <i>frontaliers</i>. The <a href="/wiki/Ardennes" title="Ardennes">Ardennes</a> area south of the <a href="/wiki/Meuse" title="Meuse">Meuse</a> is a popular tourist destination for its nature and outdoor sports, in addition to its cultural heritage, with places such as <a href="/wiki/Bastogne" title="Bastogne">Bastogne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dinant" title="Dinant">Dinant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durbuy" title="Durbuy">Durbuy</a>, and the famous <a href="/wiki/Hot_springs" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot springs">hot springs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Spa,_Belgium" title="Spa, Belgium">Spa</a>. </p><p>The Gross domestic product (GDP) of the region was 105.7 billion € in 2018, accounting for 23% of Belgian economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was €25,700 or 85% of the EU27 average in the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics_and_government">Politics and government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wallonia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Politics and government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Di_Rupo_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Di_Rupo_cropped.jpg/220px-Di_Rupo_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Di_Rupo_cropped.jpg/330px-Di_Rupo_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Di_Rupo_cropped.jpg/440px-Di_Rupo_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="939" data-file-height="1286" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Elio_Di_Rupo" title="Elio Di Rupo">Elio Di Rupo</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Minister-President_of_Wallonia" title="Minister-President of Wallonia">Minister-President of Wallonia</a> from 2019 till 2024.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Citadelle_de_Namur.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/La_Citadelle_de_Namur.JPG/220px-La_Citadelle_de_Namur.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/La_Citadelle_de_Namur.JPG/330px-La_Citadelle_de_Namur.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/La_Citadelle_de_Namur.JPG/440px-La_Citadelle_de_Namur.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Wallonia" title="Parliament of Wallonia">Parliament of Wallonia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Namur" title="Namur">Namur</a> (in pink), at a symbolic place at the confluence of the <a href="/wiki/Meuse" title="Meuse">Meuse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sambre" title="Sambre">Sambre</a> rivers. Two-thirds of the population of Wallonia lives along the <a href="/wiki/Sambre_and_Meuse_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Sambre and Meuse valley">Sambre and Meuse valley</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Wallonia" title="Politics of Wallonia">Politics of Wallonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium</a></div> <p>Belgium is a <a href="/wiki/Federal_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal state">federal state</a> made up of three communities and three regions, each with considerable autonomy. One of these is the Walloon Region, which is governed by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Wallonia" title="Parliament of Wallonia">Parliament of Wallonia</a> and the executive <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Wallonia" title="Government of Wallonia">Government of Wallonia</a>. The Walloon Region's autonomy extends even to foreign policy; Wallonia is entitled to pursue its own foreign policy, including the signing of treaties, and in many domains, even the Belgian federal government is not able to sign an international treaty without the agreement of the Parliament of Wallonia. </p><p>Wallonia is also home to about 80 per cent of the population of the <a href="/wiki/French_Community_of_Belgium" title="French Community of Belgium">French Community of Belgium</a>, a political level responsible for matters related mainly to culture and education, with the remainder living in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>. Wallonia is also home to the small <a href="/wiki/German-speaking_Community_of_Belgium" title="German-speaking Community of Belgium">German-speaking Community of Belgium</a> in the east, which has its own government and parliament for culture-related issues. Although in <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Region" title="Flemish Region">Flemish Region</a> assigned all of its powers to the <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Community" title="Flemish Community">Flemish Community</a>, the Walloon Region remains in principle distinct from and independent from the French Community, and vice versa. Despite this, the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_French_Community" title="Parliament of the French Community">French Community's parliament</a> is almost entirely composed of members of Wallonia's and Brussels' parliaments, so the bodies are governed by the same individuals. Additionally, the French Community of Belgium has controversially begun referring to itself exclusively as the 'Wallonia-Brussels Federation' to emphasize the links between the French Community, Wallonia and Brussels. </p><p>The Walloon Region has a <a href="/wiki/Unicameral_parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicameral parliament">unicameral parliament</a> with 75 members elected for five years by direct <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a>, and an executive, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Wallonia" title="Government of Wallonia">Government of Wallonia</a>, elected by a political majority in Parliament. The Government has nine members with the president. Each member is called a <i>Walloon minister</i>. The head of the Government is called the <a href="/wiki/Minister-President_of_Wallonia" title="Minister-President of Wallonia">Minister-President of Wallonia</a>. The coalition government for the 2014–2019 legislature was a centre-left coalition <a href="/wiki/Parti_Socialiste_(Belgium)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parti Socialiste (Belgium)">PS</a>-<a href="/wiki/CdH" class="mw-redirect" title="CdH">cdH</a> until July 28 when it was replaced by a centre-left coalition MR-cdH. The current Minister-President is <a href="/wiki/Elio_Di_Rupo" title="Elio Di Rupo">Elio Di Rupo</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_Walloon_autonomy">History of Walloon autonomy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wallonia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: History of Walloon autonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Walloon_Movement" title="Walloon Movement">Walloon Movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Walloon_Movement" title="History of the Walloon Movement">History of the Walloon Movement</a></div> <p>Following several <a href="/wiki/State_reform_in_Belgium" title="State reform in Belgium">state reforms</a>, especially the 1993 state reform, Belgium became a federal state made up of three communities and three regions, with Wallonia being represented by the Walloon Region and its two language communities. The directly elected Walloon Parliament was created in June 1995, replacing the <i>Conseil régional wallon</i> (Regional Council of Wallonia). The first Council had sat on 15 October 1980 and was composed of members of the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Representatives_(Belgium)" title="Chamber of Representatives (Belgium)">Belgian Chamber of Representatives</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian Senate">Belgian Senate</a> elected in Wallonia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_landscape">Political landscape</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wallonia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Political landscape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wallonia is considered to be <a href="/wiki/Left-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing">left-wing</a> politically, in contrast to Flanders, which is more right-wing.<sup id="cite_ref-e352_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e352-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region has been described as one of the few places in Europe without a significant <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">right-wing populism</a> presence.<sup id="cite_ref-n010_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n010-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-b581_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b581-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Wallonia, there is a <a href="/wiki/Cordon_sanitaire_(politics)" title="Cordon sanitaire (politics)">cordon sanitaire</a> in the media, where <a href="/wiki/Far-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-right">far-right</a> politicians are banned from interviews and live appearances.<sup id="cite_ref-o684_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-o684-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-y238_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-y238-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ban has also affected more mainstream right-wing parties such as the <a href="/wiki/N-VA" class="mw-redirect" title="N-VA">N-VA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-r906_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r906-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbols">Symbols</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wallonia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Symbols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fosses-la-Ville_JPG01W.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Fosses-la-Ville_JPG01W.jpg/170px-Fosses-la-Ville_JPG01W.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Fosses-la-Ville_JPG01W.jpg/255px-Fosses-la-Ville_JPG01W.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Fosses-la-Ville_JPG01W.jpg/340px-Fosses-la-Ville_JPG01W.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption>A red rooster is the main symbol of Wallonia</figcaption></figure> <p>The first appearance of the French word <i>Wallonie</i> as a reference to the romance world as opposed to Germany is said to date from 1842.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two years later, it was first used to refer to the Romance part of the young country of Belgium.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1886, the writer and Walloon militant <a href="/wiki/Albert_Mockel" title="Albert Mockel">Albert Mockel</a>, first used the word with a political meaning of cultural and regional affirmation,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in opposition with the word <i>Flanders</i> used by the <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Movement" title="Flemish Movement">Flemish Movement</a>. The word had previously appeared in German and Latin as early as the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rising of a Walloon identity led the <a href="/wiki/Walloon_Movement" title="Walloon Movement">Walloon Movement</a> to choose different symbols representing Wallonia. The main symbol is the "bold rooster" (French: <i lang="fr">coq hardi</i>), also named "Walloon rooster" (French: <i lang="fr">coq wallon</i>, <a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a>: <i lang="wa">cok walon</i>), which is widely used, particularly on arms and flags. The rooster was chosen as an emblem by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Walloon_Assembly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walloon Assembly (page does not exist)">Walloon Assembly</a> on 20 April 1913, and designed by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Paulus" title="Pierre Paulus">Pierre Paulus</a> on 3 July 1913.<sup id="cite_ref-Walloon_flag_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walloon_flag-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (February 2022)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Wallonia" title="Flag of Wallonia">Flag of Wallonia</a> features the red rooster on a yellow background. </p><p>An anthem, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Le_Chant_des_Wallons" title="Le Chant des Wallons">Le Chant des Wallons</a></i></span> (<i>The Walloons' Song</i>), written by Theophile Bovy in 1900 and composed by Louis Hillier in 1901, was also adopted. On September 21, 1913, the "national" feast day of Wallonia took place for the first time in <a href="/wiki/Verviers" title="Verviers">Verviers</a>, commemorating the participation of Walloons during the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Revolution" title="Belgian Revolution">Belgian Revolution</a> of 1830. It is held annually on the third Sunday of September. The Assembly also chose a <a href="/wiki/Motto" title="Motto">motto</a> for Wallonia, "Walloon Forever" (<a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a>: <i lang="wa">Walon todi</i>), and a cry, "Liberty" (French: <i lang="fr">Liberté</i>). In 1998, the <a href="/wiki/Walloon_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Walloon Parliament">Walloon Parliament</a> made all these symbols official except the motto and the cry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wallonia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The population of Wallonia is predominantly of Christian heritage. In 2016, 68% of residents of Wallonia declared themselves to be <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> (21% were practising Catholics and 47% were non-practising), 3% were <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>, 3% were <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> Christian, 1% were of other religions and 25% were non-religious.<sup id="cite_ref-2016religion_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2016religion-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1279587269">.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie{display:none;position:relative;width:100px;height:100px;border-radius:50%;background-color:yellowgreen;color:black;border:1px solid black}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie div{position:absolute;transform-origin:left bottom;background-color:#655;color:black;top:0;left:50%;width:50%;height:50%;border-radius:0 500%0 0}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie50{transform-origin:left center;height:100%;border-radius:0 100%100%0/50%}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie12-5{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,100%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie5{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,32.49197%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie7{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,47.056428%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie1{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,6.2914667%0%,0 100%)}@supports(clip-path:circle(50%)){.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie{display:block}}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-container{display:flex;align-items:flex-start;gap:1em;flex-wrap:wrap}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend{list-style-type:none!important;margin:0!important;padding:0!important}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend>li{display:flex;align-items:baseline;gap:.5em;margin:0;margin-bottom:0.1em}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend>li>span{display:block;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend>li>.l-color{border:1px solid var(--color-base,black);width:.8em;height:.8em;flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .pie-thumb .smooth-pie-container{padding:.5em;padding-bottom:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .pie-thumb .smooth-pie-caption{margin-bottom:1em;font-size:94%}.mw-parser-output .thumbinner>.smooth-pie-container{flex-direction:column-reverse}@media screen and (min-width:641px){.mw-parser-output .thumbinner>.smooth-pie-container{width:min-content}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-container{break-inside:avoid-page}}body.mw-mf .mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-container{align-items:center}body.mw-mf .mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-legend-container{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.5;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-legend{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fill,minmax(190px,1fr));gap:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-footer{margin-top:.5em}}</style> </p> <div class="pie-thumb thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="smooth-pie-container" style=""> <div class="smooth-pie-legend-container"><div class="smooth-pie-caption">Religion in Wallonia (2016)<sup id="cite_ref-2016religion_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2016religion-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> <ol class="smooth-pie-legend"> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:DarkOrchid;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a> (68%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:DodgerBlue;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> (3%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:Green;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (3%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:Honeydew;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label">Non-religious (25%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:Chartreuse;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label">Other religion (1%)</span></li> </ol> </div> <div class="smooth-pie" style="width:200px;height:200px;background:Chartreuse;color:#000;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;" title="Other religion (1%)" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="pie50" style="background:DarkOrchid;color:#000" title="Roman Catholicism (68%)"></div> <div class="pie50" style="background:DarkOrchid;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.180turn)" title="Roman Catholicism (68%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.680turn); background:DodgerBlue;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 19.07602022% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Protestantism (3%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.710turn); background:Green;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 19.07602022% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Islam (3%)"></div> <div class="pie25" style="background:Honeydew;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.740turn)" title="Non-religious (25%)"></div> </div> </div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Languages">Languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wallonia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Wallonia" title="Special:EditPage/Wallonia">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Wallonia%22">"Wallonia"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Wallonia%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Wallonia%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Wallonia%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Wallonia%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Wallonia%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linguistic_map_of_Wallonia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Linguistic_map_of_Wallonia.png/400px-Linguistic_map_of_Wallonia.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Linguistic_map_of_Wallonia.png/600px-Linguistic_map_of_Wallonia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Linguistic_map_of_Wallonia.png 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="358" /></a><figcaption>A linguistic map of Wallonia. In all areas, except the German-speaking part, French is currently the dominant language.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official_languages">Official languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wallonia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Official languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> is the official language of Wallonia and by far the most used; in the <a href="/wiki/Eupen-Malmedy" title="Eupen-Malmedy">East Cantons</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> is also official.<sup id="cite_ref-constitution2_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constitution2-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/German-speaking_Community_of_Belgium" title="German-speaking Community of Belgium">German-speaking Community of Belgium</a> accounts for about 2% of the region's population. <a href="/wiki/Belgian_French" title="Belgian French">Belgian French</a>, which is also spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels-Capital Region</a>, is similar to that spoken in France, with slight differences in pronunciation and some vocabulary differences, notably the use of the words <i>septante</i> (70) and <i>nonante</i> (90), as opposed to <i>soixante-dix</i> and <i>quatre-vingt-dix</i> in France. </p><p>There are noticeable Walloon accents, with the accent from <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge" title="Liège">Liège</a> and its surroundings being perhaps the most striking. Other regions of Wallonia also have characteristic accents, often linked to the regional language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_languages">Regional languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wallonia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Regional languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Walloons" title="Walloons">Walloons</a> traditionally also speak regional Romance languages, all from the <i><a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl" title="Langues d'oïl">Langues d'oïl</a></i> group. Wallonia includes almost all of the area where <a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a> is spoken, a <a href="/wiki/Picard_language" title="Picard language">Picard</a> zone corresponding to the major part of the <a href="/wiki/Hainaut_Province" title="Hainaut Province">Hainaut Province</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gaume" title="Gaume">Gaume</a> (district of <a href="/wiki/Virton" title="Virton">Virton</a>) with the <a href="/wiki/Lorrain_language" title="Lorrain language">Lorrain language</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Champenois" class="mw-redirect" title="Champenois">Champenois</a> zone. There are also regional Germanic languages, such as the <a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourgish language">Luxembourgish language</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arelerland" title="Arelerland">Arelerland</a> (Land of <a href="/wiki/Arlon" title="Arlon">Arlon</a>). The regional languages of Wallonia are more important than in France, and they have been officially recognized by the government. With the development of education in French, however, these dialects have been in continual decline. There is currently an effort to revive Walloon dialects; some schools offer language courses in Walloon, and Walloon is also spoken in some radio programmes, but this effort remains very limited. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wallonia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Wallonia" title="Special:EditPage/Wallonia">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Wallonia%22">"Wallonia"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Wallonia%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Wallonia%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Wallonia%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Wallonia%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Wallonia%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wallonia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marionetes_Tchantch%C3%A8s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Marionetes_Tchantch%C3%A8s.jpg/250px-Marionetes_Tchantch%C3%A8s.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Marionetes_Tchantch%C3%A8s.jpg/330px-Marionetes_Tchantch%C3%A8s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Marionetes_Tchantch%C3%A8s.jpg/340px-Marionetes_Tchantch%C3%A8s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Traditional puppets (<a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> <a href="/wiki/Tchantch%C3%A8s" class="mw-redirect" title="Tchantchès">Tchantchès</a>) of an (also) <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a> theater linking French language and <a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon language</a> literature </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_Walloon">In Walloon</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wallonia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: In Walloon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Literature is written principally in French but also in Walloon and other regional languages, colloquially called Walloon literature. <a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a> literature (regional language not French) has been printed since the 16th century. But it did have its golden age, paradoxically, during the peak of the <a href="/wiki/Flemish_immigration_to_Wallonia" title="Flemish immigration to Wallonia">Flemish immigration to Wallonia</a> in the 19th century: "That period saw an efflorescence of Walloon literature, plays and poems primarily, and the founding of many theaters and periodicals."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Library" title="New York Public Library">New York Public Library</a> possesses a surprisingly large collection of literary works in Walloon, quite possibly the largest outside Belgium, and its holding are representative of the output. Out of nearly a thousand, twenty-six were published before 1880. Thereafter the numbers rise gradually year by year, reaching a peak of sixty-nine in 1903, and then they fall again, down to eleven in 1913. See 'Switching Languages', p. 153. Yves Quairiaux counted 4800 plays for 1860–1914, published or not. In this period plays were almost the only popular show in Wallonia. But this theater remains popular in the present-day Wallonia: Theater is still flourishing, with over 200 non-professional companies playing in the cities and villages of Wallonia for an audience of over 200,000 each year.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are links between French literature and (the very small) Walloon literature. For instance <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Queneau" title="Raymond Queneau">Raymond Queneau</a> set <a href="/wiki/Editions_Gallimard" class="mw-redirect" title="Editions Gallimard">Editions Gallimard</a> the publication of a Walloon Poets' anthology. <a href="/wiki/Ubu_roi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubu roi">Ubu roi</a> was translated in Walloon by <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Blavier" title="André Blavier">André Blavier</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Verviers" title="Verviers">Verviers</a> <a href="/wiki/%27Pataphysics" title="'Pataphysics">pataphysician</a>, for the new and important <a href="/wiki/Puppets" class="mw-redirect" title="Puppets">Puppets</a> theater of Liège of Jacques Ancion, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al_Botro%C3%BBle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al Botroûle (page does not exist)">Al Botroûle</a> theater "at the umbilical cord" in Walloon indicating a desire to return to the source (according to Joan Cross). But Jacques Ancion wanted to develop a regular adult audience. From the 19th century, he included the Walloon play <i>Tati l'Pèriquî</i> by E.Remouchamps and the avant-garde <i><a href="/wiki/Ubu_roi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubu roi">Ubu roi</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Jarry" title="Alfred Jarry">A.Jarry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For Jean-Marie Klinkenberg, "the dialectal culture is no more a sign of attachment to the past but a way to participate to a new synthesis".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_French">In French</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wallonia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: In French"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Klinkenberg" title="Jean-Marie Klinkenberg">Jean-Marie Klinkenberg</a> (member of the <a href="/wiki/Groupe_%CE%BC" title="Groupe μ">Groupe μ</a>) wrote that Wallonia, and literature in Wallonia, has been present in French language since its formation.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In their 'Histoire illustrée des lettres française de Belgique', Charlier and Hanse (editors), La Renaissance du livre, Bruxelles, 1958, published 247 pages (on 655 ), about the "French" literature in the Walloon provinces (or Walloon principalities of the Middle-Age, sometimes also Flemish provinces and principalities), for a period from the 11th to the 18th century. Among the works or the authors, the <a href="/wiki/Sequence_of_Saint_Eulalia" title="Sequence of Saint Eulalia">Sequence of Saint Eulalia</a> (9th century), <a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Vie_de_Saint_L%C3%A9ger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Vie de Saint Léger (page does not exist)">La Vie de Saint Léger</a> (10th century), <a href="/wiki/Jean_Froissart" title="Jean Froissart">Jean Froissart</a> (14th century in the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Hainaut" title="County of Hainaut">County of Hainaut</a>), <a href="/wiki/Jean_d%27Outremeuse" title="Jean d'Outremeuse">Jean d'Outremeuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Lebel" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Lebel">Jean Lebel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Lemaire_de_Belges" title="Jean Lemaire de Belges">Jean Lemaire de Belges</a> (16th century from <a href="/wiki/Bavay" title="Bavay">Bavay</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Charles-Joseph,_7th_Prince_of_Ligne" title="Charles-Joseph, 7th Prince of Ligne">Prince</a> of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Principality_of_Ligne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Principality of Ligne (page does not exist)">Ligne</a> (18th century, <a href="/wiki/Beloeil,_Belgium" title="Beloeil, Belgium">Beloeil</a>). There is a Walloon <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially in <a href="/wiki/Hainaut_Province" title="Hainaut Province">Hainaut Province</a>. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Plisnier" title="Charles Plisnier">Charles Plisnier</a> (1896–1952), born in Mons, won the <a href="/wiki/Prix_Goncourt" title="Prix Goncourt">Prix Goncourt</a> in 1936, for his novel <i>Mariages</i> and for <i>Faux Passeports</i> (short stories denouncing Stalinism, in the same spirit as <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Koestler" title="Arthur Koestler">Arthur Koestler</a>). He was the first foreigner to receive this honour. The Walloon <a href="/wiki/Georges_Simenon" title="Georges Simenon">Georges Simenon</a> is likely the most widely read French-speaking writer in the world, according to the <a href="/wiki/Tribune_de_Gen%C3%A8ve" title="Tribune de Genève">Tribune de Genève</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 500 million of his books have been sold, and they have been translated into 55 languages. There is a link between the <a href="/wiki/Jean_Louvet_(playwright)" title="Jean Louvet (playwright)">Jean Louvet</a>'s work and the social issues in Wallonia.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_Picard">In Picard</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wallonia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: In Picard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Picard_language" title="Picard language">Picard</a> is spoken in <a href="/wiki/Hainaut_Province" title="Hainaut Province">Hainaut Province</a> of western Belgium. Notable Belgian authors who wrote in Picard include Géo Libbrecht, Paul Mahieu, Paul André, Francis Couvreur and Florian Duc. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Met-de-bles3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Met-de-bles3.jpg/330px-Met-de-bles3.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Met-de-bles3.jpg/500px-Met-de-bles3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Met-de-bles3.jpg/600px-Met-de-bles3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="804" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Herri_met_de_Bles" title="Herri met de Bles">Herri Met de Blès</a>, <i>Landscape with the Fire of Sodom</i>, 21.5 x 33 cm, c. 1526–1550, Musée des Arts anciens du Namurois, Namur. This landscape is similar to the <a href="/wiki/Meuse" title="Meuse">Meuse</a> between <a href="/wiki/Dinant" title="Dinant">Dinant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Namur" title="Namur">Namur</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mosan_art,_painting,_architecture"><span id="Mosan_art.2C_painting.2C_architecture"></span>Mosan art, painting, architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wallonia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Mosan art, painting, architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mosan_art" title="Mosan art">Mosan art</a> is a regional style of <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_art" title="Romanesque art">Romanesque art</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Meuse" title="Meuse">Meuse</a> river valley in present-day Wallonia, and the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a>, with manuscript illumination, metalwork, and enamel work from the 11th, 12th and 13th centuries. Among them is the masterpiece of <a href="/wiki/Renier_de_Huy" title="Renier de Huy">Renier de Huy</a> and perhaps of the whole Mosan art <a href="/wiki/Baptismal_font_at_St_Bartholomew%27s_Church,_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Baptismal font at St Bartholomew's Church, Liège">Baptismal font at St Bartholomew's Church, Liège</a>. The architecture of Roman churches of Wallonia are also named mosan, exemplified by the <a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Church_of_Saint_Gertrude" class="mw-redirect" title="Collegiate Church of Saint Gertrude">Collegiate Church of Saint Gertrude</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nivelles" title="Nivelles">Nivelles</a>, and the churches of <a href="/wiki/Waha" title="Waha">Waha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hasti%C3%A8re" title="Hastière">Hastière</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dinant" title="Dinant">Dinant</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ornamental_brassware" class="mw-redirect" title="Ornamental brassware">Ornamental brassware</a> is also a part of the Mosan art and among these dinandiers <a href="/wiki/Hugo_d%27Oignies" title="Hugo d'Oignies">Hugo d'Oignies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Verdun" title="Nicholas of Verdun">Nicholas of Verdun</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jacques_du_Broeucq" title="Jacques du Broeucq">Jacques du Broeucq</a> was a sculptor of the 16th century. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Flemish_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Flemish art">Flemish art</a> was not confined to the boundaries of modern Flanders and several leading artists came from or worked in areas in which langues d'oïl were spoken, from the region of modern Wallonia, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Campin" title="Robert Campin">Robert Campin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rogier_van_der_Weyden" title="Rogier van der Weyden">Rogier van der Weyden</a> (Rogier de la Pasture) and <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Daret" title="Jacques Daret">Jacques Daret</a>. <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Patinir" title="Joachim Patinir">Joachim Patinir</a> <a href="/wiki/Herri_met_de_Bles" title="Herri met de Bles">Henri Blès</a> are generally called <a href="/wiki/Mosan_art" title="Mosan art">mosan</a> painters. <a href="/wiki/Lambert_Lombard" title="Lambert Lombard">Lambert Lombard</a> (<a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge" title="Liège">Liège</a>, 1505 – 1566) was a <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> painter, architect and theorist for the <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Prince-Bishopric of Liège">Prince-Bishopric of Liège</a>. <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Lairesse" class="mw-redirect" title="Gérard de Lairesse">Gérard de Lairesse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bertholet_Flemalle" title="Bertholet Flemalle">Bertholet Flemalle</a> were also important painters in the Prince-Bishopric of Liège. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Serrurier-Bovy" title="Gustave Serrurier-Bovy">Gustave Serrurier-Bovy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge" title="Liège">Liège</a>, 1858 – <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>, 1910)<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> architect and furniture designer, credited (along with <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hankar" title="Paul Hankar">Paul Hankar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Horta" title="Victor Horta">Victor Horta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_van_de_Velde" title="Henry van de Velde">Henry van de Velde</a>) with creating the <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> style, coined as a style in Paris by Bing.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/George_Grard" title="George Grard">George Grard</a> (1901—1984) was a Walloon sculptor, known above all for his representations of the female, in the manner of <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Renoir" title="Pierre Renoir">Pierre Renoir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aristide_Maillol" title="Aristide Maillol">Aristide Maillol</a>, modelled in clay or plaster, and cast in bronze. </p><p>During the 19th and 20th centuries many original <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">romantic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">expressionist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">surrealist</a> Wallon painters emerged, including <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licien_Rops" title="Félicien Rops">Félicien Rops</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Delvaux" title="Paul Delvaux">Paul Delvaux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Paulus" title="Pierre Paulus">Pierre Paulus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fernand_Verhaegen" title="Fernand Verhaegen">Fernand Verhaegen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Wiertz" title="Antoine Wiertz">Antoine Wiertz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Magritte" title="René Magritte">René Magritte</a> ... The avant-garde <a href="/wiki/COBRA_(avant-garde_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="COBRA (avant-garde movement)">CoBrA movement</a> appeared in the 1950s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wallonia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DufayBinchois.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/DufayBinchois.jpg/250px-DufayBinchois.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/DufayBinchois.jpg/330px-DufayBinchois.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/DufayBinchois.jpg/400px-DufayBinchois.jpg 2x" data-file-width="418" data-file-height="373" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Dufay" class="mw-redirect" title="Guillaume Dufay">Guillaume Dufay</a> (left), with <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Binchois" title="Gilles Binchois">Gilles Binchois</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There was an important musical life in <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Prince-Bishopric of Liège">Prince-Bishopric of Liège</a> since the beginning. Between 1370 and 1468, a school of music flourished in Liège, notably producing <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brassart" title="Johannes Brassart">Johannes Brassart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Ciconia" title="Johannes Ciconia">Johannes Ciconia</a> (the third Master of <a href="/wiki/Ars_Nova" class="mw-redirect" title="Ars Nova">Ars Nova</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Vocal_music" title="Vocal music">vocal music</a> of the so-called <a href="/wiki/Franco-Flemish_School" title="Franco-Flemish School">Franco-Flemish School</a> developed in the southern part of the Low Countries and was an important contribution to Renaissance culture. Robert Wangermée and Philippe Mercier wrote in their encyclopedic book about the Walloon music that <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge" title="Liège">Liège</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambrai" title="Cambrai">Cambrai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hainaut_Province" title="Hainaut Province">Hainaut Province</a> played a leading part in the so-called Franco-Flemish School.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among them were <a href="/wiki/Orlande_de_Lassus" class="mw-redirect" title="Orlande de Lassus">Orlande de Lassus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Binchois" title="Gilles Binchois">Gilles Binchois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Dufay" class="mw-redirect" title="Guillaume Dufay">Guillaume Dufay</a> In the 19th and 20th centuries, there was an emergence of major violinists, such as <a href="/wiki/Henri_Vieuxtemps" title="Henri Vieuxtemps">Henri Vieuxtemps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ysa%C3%BFe" title="Eugène Ysaÿe">Eugène Ysaÿe</a> (author of the unique opera in <a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a> during the 20th century <i>Piére li houyeû</i> – Pierre the miner – based on a real incident which occurred in 1877 during a miners' strike in the Liège region), and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Grumiaux" title="Arthur Grumiaux">Arthur Grumiaux</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Sax" title="Adolphe Sax">Adolphe Sax</a> (born in <a href="/wiki/Dinant" title="Dinant">Dinant</a>) invented the saxophone in 1846. The composer <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Franck" title="César Franck">César Franck</a> was born in <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge" title="Liège">Liège</a> in 1822, <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Lekeu" title="Guillaume Lekeu">Guillaume Lekeu</a> in <a href="/wiki/Verviers" title="Verviers">Verviers</a>. More recently, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Souris" title="André Souris">André Souris</a> (1899–1970) was associated with <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Zap_Mama" title="Zap Mama">Zap Mama</a> is a more international group.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Henri_Pousseur" title="Henri Pousseur">Henri Pousseur</a> is generally regarded as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt_School" title="Darmstadt School">Darmstadt School</a> in the 1950s. Pousseur's music employs <a href="/wiki/Serialism" title="Serialism">serialism</a>, mobile forms, and aleatory, often mediating between or among seemingly irreconcilable styles, such as those of <a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Schubert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Webern</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Votre_Faust" title="Votre Faust">Votre Faust</a></i>), or Pousseur's own serial style and the protest song "We shall overcome" (<i>Couleurs croisées</i>). He was strongly linked to the social strikes in <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge" title="Liège">Liège</a> during the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He worked also with the French writer <a href="/wiki/Michel_Butor" title="Michel Butor">Michel Butor</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinema">Cinema</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wallonia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Cinema"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fr%C3%A8res_Dardenne_Cannes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Fr%C3%A8res_Dardenne_Cannes.jpg/220px-Fr%C3%A8res_Dardenne_Cannes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Fr%C3%A8res_Dardenne_Cannes.jpg/330px-Fr%C3%A8res_Dardenne_Cannes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Fr%C3%A8res_Dardenne_Cannes.jpg/440px-Fr%C3%A8res_Dardenne_Cannes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="448" /></a><figcaption>Dardenne Brothers</figcaption></figure> <p>Walloon films are often characterized by <a href="/wiki/Social_realism" title="Social realism">social realism</a>. It is perhaps the reason why the documentary <i><a href="/wiki/Mis%C3%A8re_au_Borinage" title="Misère au Borinage">Misère au Borinage</a></i>, and especially its co-director <a href="/wiki/Henri_Storck" title="Henri Storck">Henri Storck</a>, is considered by Robert Stallaerts as the father of the Walloon cinema. He wrote: "Although a Fleming, he can be called the father of the Walloon cinema".<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For F. André between <i>Misère au Borinage</i> and the films like those of the <a href="/wiki/Dardenne_brothers" title="Dardenne brothers">Dardenne brothers</a> (since 1979), there is <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C3%A9j%C3%A0_s%27envole_la_fleur_maigre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Déjà s'envole la fleur maigre (page does not exist)">Déjà s'envole la fleur maigre</a></i> (1960) (also shot in the <a href="/wiki/Borinage" title="Borinage">Borinage</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a film regarded as a point of reference in the history of the cinema.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, films such as <a href="/wiki/Thierry_Z%C3%A9no" title="Thierry Zéno">Thierry Zéno</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Vase_de_noces" class="mw-redirect" title="Vase de noces">Vase de noces</a></i> (1974), <i>Mireille in the life of the others</i> by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Buchet" title="Jean-Marie Buchet">Jean-Marie Buchet</a> (1979), <i>C'est arrivé près de chez vous</i> (English title: <i><a href="/wiki/Man_Bites_Dog_(film)" title="Man Bites Dog (film)">Man bites dog</a></i>) by <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9my_Belvaux" title="Rémy Belvaux">Rémy Belvaux</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Bonzel" title="André Bonzel">André Bonzel</a> (1992) and the works of <a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Godin" title="Noël Godin">Noël Godin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau_(author-filmmaker)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau (author-filmmaker)">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a> are influenced by <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">surrealism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Absurdism" title="Absurdism">absurdism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">black comedy</a>. The films of the <a href="/wiki/Dardenne_brothers" title="Dardenne brothers">Dardenne brothers</a> are also inspired by the Bible and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Son_(2002_film)" title="The Son (2002 film)">Le Fils</a></i> for instance is regarded as one of the most spiritually significant films.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals">Festivals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wallonia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Festivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DragonLumecon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/DragonLumecon.jpg/250px-DragonLumecon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/DragonLumecon.jpg/330px-DragonLumecon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/DragonLumecon.jpg/500px-DragonLumecon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption>The dragon and the <i>white men</i> of the <a href="/wiki/Ducasse_de_Mons" title="Ducasse de Mons">Ducasse de Mons</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ducasse_de_Mons" title="Ducasse de Mons">Ducasse de Mons</a> (Walloon French for <a href="/wiki/Kermesse_(festival)" title="Kermesse (festival)">Kermesse</a>), is one of the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/Masterpieces_of_the_Oral_and_Intangible_Heritage_of_Humanity" title="Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity">Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity</a>. It comprises two important parts: the procession, the descent and the ascent of the shrine of <a href="/wiki/Waltrude" title="Waltrude">Waltrude</a>, and the combat between <a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a> and the dragon. The combat (after the procession), plays out on the Trinity Sunday between 12:30 pm and 1:00 pm on the <a href="/wiki/Mons,_Belgium" title="Mons, Belgium">Mons</a>'s central square. It represents the fight between Saint George (the good) and the dragon (the evil). The dragon is a mannequin carried and moved by the <i>white men</i> (<i>fr:Hommes blancs</i>). The dragon fights Saint George by attacking with his tail. Saint George on his horse turns clockwise and the dragon turns in the other direction. Saint George finally kills the dragon. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Gilles" title="Gilles">Gilles</a> of <a href="/wiki/Binche" title="Binche">Binche</a> and the giants' procession in <a href="/wiki/Ath" title="Ath">Ath</a> are also <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/Masterpieces_of_the_Oral_and_Intangible_Heritage_of_Humanity" title="Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity">Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wallonia&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orval_et_son_verre_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Orval_et_son_verre_crop.jpg/250px-Orval_et_son_verre_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Orval_et_son_verre_crop.jpg/330px-Orval_et_son_verre_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Orval_et_son_verre_crop.jpg/500px-Orval_et_son_verre_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1246" data-file-height="1609" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Trappist_beer" title="Trappist beer">Trappist beer</a> <a href="/wiki/Orval_Brewery" title="Orval Brewery">Orval</a>, with a branded glass</figcaption></figure> <p>Wallonia is famous for a number of different foods and drinks, a great many of which are specialties of certain cities or regions. The <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge_waffle" title="Liège waffle">Liège waffle</a> a rich, dense, sweet, and chewy waffle native to Liège, is the most popular type of waffle in Belgium, and can be found in stores and even vending machines throughout the country. <a href="/wiki/Cougnou" title="Cougnou">Cougnou</a>, or the <i>bread of Jesus</i>, is a sweet bread typically eaten around Christmas time and found throughout the region. </p><p>Other specialties include <a href="/wiki/Herve_cheese" class="mw-redirect" title="Herve cheese">Herve cheese</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Apple_butter" title="Apple butter">apple butter</a> called <i><a href="/wiki/Sirop_de_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Sirop de Liège">sirop de Liège</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Garden_strawberry" class="mw-redirect" title="Garden strawberry">Garden strawberry</a> of <a href="/wiki/W%C3%A9pion" title="Wépion">Wépion</a>. Also notable is the <a href="/wiki/Dinant" title="Dinant">Dinant</a> specialty <a href="/wiki/Flamiche" title="Flamiche">Flamiche</a>: These cheese tarts are not found in window displays as they are meant to be eaten straight from the oven. As one restaurateur stated in a book about Walloon gastronomy "it is the client who waits for the flamiche, as the flamiche does not wait for the client".<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also the <a href="/wiki/Ardennes" title="Ardennes">Ardennes</a> <a href="/wiki/Ham" title="Ham">ham</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <i>tarte al djote</i> from <a href="/wiki/Nivelles" title="Nivelles">Nivelles</a>, a dessert pie made with beet leaves and cheese,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Tarte_au_riz" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarte au riz">tarte au riz</a> is a rice-pudding filled pie from <a href="/wiki/Verviers" title="Verviers">Verviers</a>. The Walloons of the Door Peninsula in Wisconsin have a tradition of making what is called a Belgian Pie but which is a flat pie more like a pizza covered with prune purée and topped with a thin cheese layer. These were made by the dozens in outdoor stone ovens for the many kermisses, in a tradition that dates back to immigration in the 1850s. </p><p>A signature Walloon sausage is called Belgian Trippe among the Walloon community of Northeastern Wisconsin on the Door Peninsula. It is a blend of pork and cabbage made differently from household to household and probably based on a traditional Walloon sausage such as Boudin Verte d'Orp. Cussette is a fresh cheese which gets its airborne <i>P. roqueforti</i> culture from a tradition of making it in the kitchen. This is aged only one week at 30 degrees C, until it develops a faint blue cast and a tang. Walloon headcheese differs from the German in that it is more finely ground, includes bits of cartilage, and is allowed to sit for a month or two in a cool place before being eaten. </p><p>In terms of drink, Wallonia mirrors Belgium as a whole; beer and wine are both popular, and a great diversity of beers are made and enjoyed in Wallonia. Installed in Bierghes in the Senne valley, the Gueuzerie Tilquin is the only gueuze blendery in Wallonia. Wallonia boasts three of the seven <a href="/wiki/Trappist_beer" title="Trappist beer">Trappist beers</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Chimay" title="Chimay">Chimay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orval_Brewery" title="Orval Brewery">Orval</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rochefort,_Belgium" title="Rochefort, Belgium">Rochefort</a>) in addition to a great number of other locally brewed beers. Wallonia is also home to the last bastion of traditional rustic <i><a href="/wiki/Saison" title="Saison">saison</a></i>, most notably those produced at the <a href="/wiki/Brasserie_de_Silly" title="Brasserie de Silly">Brasserie de Silly</a> and the Brasserie Dupont (located in <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourpes" class="extiw" title="fr:Tourpes">Tourpes</a>, in the region of Western <a href="/wiki/Hainaut_Province" title="Hainaut Province">Hainaut Province</a> historically known for its production of rustic farmhouse ales). <a href="/wiki/Jupiler" title="Jupiler">Jupiler</a>, the best-selling beer in Belgium, is brewed in <a href="/wiki/Jupille-sur-Meuse" title="Jupille-sur-Meuse">Jupille-sur-Meuse</a> in <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge" title="Liège">Liège</a>. Wallonia also home to a <a href="/wiki/Jenever" title="Jenever">Jenever</a> called Peket, and a <a href="/wiki/May_wine" title="May wine">May wine</a> called Maitrank. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wallonia&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Wallonia" title="Special:EditPage/Wallonia">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Wallonia%22">"Wallonia"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Wallonia%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Wallonia%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Wallonia%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Wallonia%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Wallonia%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airports">Airports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wallonia&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Airports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The two largest cities in Wallonia each have an airport. The <a href="/wiki/Brussels_South_Charleroi_Airport" title="Brussels South Charleroi Airport">Brussels South Charleroi Airport</a> has become an important passenger airport, especially with low fares companies such as <a href="/wiki/Ryanair" title="Ryanair">Ryanair</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wizzair" class="mw-redirect" title="Wizzair">Wizzair</a>. It serves as a low-cost alternative to <a href="/wiki/Brussels_Airport" title="Brussels Airport">Brussels Airport</a>, and it saw 7 303 720 passengers in 2016. The <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge_Airport" title="Liège Airport">Liège Airport</a> is specialized in freight, although it also operates tourist-oriented charter flights. Today, Liège is the 8th airport for European freight and aims to reach the 5th rank in the next decade. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railways,_motorways,_buses"><span id="Railways.2C_motorways.2C_buses"></span>Railways, motorways, buses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wallonia&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Railways, motorways, buses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/TEC_(transport)" class="mw-redirect" title="TEC (transport)">TEC</a> is the single <a href="/wiki/Public_transit" class="mw-redirect" title="Public transit">public transit</a> authority for all of Wallonia, operating buses and trams. <a href="/wiki/Charleroi" title="Charleroi">Charleroi</a> is the sole Walloon city to have a <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">metro system</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Charleroi_Pre-metro" class="mw-redirect" title="Charleroi Pre-metro">Charleroi Pre-metro</a>. </p><p>Wallonia has an extensive and well-developed rail network, served by the Belgian National Railway Company, <a href="/wiki/SNCB" class="mw-redirect" title="SNCB">SNCB</a>. </p><p>Wallonia's numerous motorways fall within the scope of the <a href="/wiki/Trans-European_Transport_Network" title="Trans-European Transport Network">Trans-European Transport Network</a> (TEN-T). This priority programme run by the European Union provides more than 70,000 km of transport infrastructure, including motorways, express rail lines and roadways, and has been developed to carry substantial volumes of traffic.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Waterways">Waterways</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wallonia&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Waterways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With traffic of over 20 million tonnes and 26 kilometres of quays, the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_port" title="Autonomous port">autonomous port</a> of Liège (PAL) is the third largest inland port in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It carries out the management of 31 ports along the <a href="/wiki/Meuse" title="Meuse">Meuse</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Albert_Canal" title="Albert Canal">Albert Canal</a>. It is accessible to sea and river transporters weighing up to 2,500 tonnes, and to push two-barge convoys (4,500 tonnes, soon to be raised to 9,000 tonnes). Even if Wallonia does not have direct access to the sea, it is very well connected to the major ports thanks to an extensive network of navigable waterways that pervades Belgium, and it has effective river connections to <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk" title="Dunkirk">Dunkirk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the west side of Wallonia, in <a href="/wiki/Hainaut_Province" title="Hainaut Province">Hainaut Province</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Str%C3%A9py-Thieu_boat_lift" title="Strépy-Thieu boat lift">Strépy-Thieu boat lift</a>, permits river traffic of up to the new 1350-tonne standard to pass between the waterways of the Meuse and <a href="/wiki/Scheldt" title="Scheldt">Scheldt</a> rivers. Completed in 2002 at an estimated cost of €160 million (then 6.4 billion <a href="/wiki/Belgian_franc" title="Belgian franc">Belgian francs</a>) the lift has increased river traffic from 256 kT in 2001 to 2,295 kT in 2006. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aeroport_de_Charleroi_Bruxelles_Sud.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brussels South Charleroi Airport"><img alt="Brussels South Charleroi Airport" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Aeroport_de_Charleroi_Bruxelles_Sud.jpg/120px-Aeroport_de_Charleroi_Bruxelles_Sud.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Aeroport_de_Charleroi_Bruxelles_Sud.jpg/180px-Aeroport_de_Charleroi_Bruxelles_Sud.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Aeroport_de_Charleroi_Bruxelles_Sud.jpg/240px-Aeroport_de_Charleroi_Bruxelles_Sud.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Brussels_South_Charleroi_Airport" title="Brussels South Charleroi Airport">Brussels South Charleroi Airport</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Namur,_treinstation_2007-05-01_10.22.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Namur Railway Station"><img alt="Namur Railway Station" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Namur%2C_treinstation_2007-05-01_10.22.JPG/120px-Namur%2C_treinstation_2007-05-01_10.22.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Namur%2C_treinstation_2007-05-01_10.22.JPG/180px-Namur%2C_treinstation_2007-05-01_10.22.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Namur%2C_treinstation_2007-05-01_10.22.JPG/240px-Namur%2C_treinstation_2007-05-01_10.22.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2098" data-file-height="1561" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Namur" title="Namur">Namur</a> Railway Station</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:M%C3%A9tro_l%C3%A9ger_de_Charleroi_-_v%C3%A9hicule_7429_r%C3%A9nov%C3%A9_-_2024-02-01_-_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Charleroi Pre-metro"><img alt="Charleroi Pre-metro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/M%C3%A9tro_l%C3%A9ger_de_Charleroi_-_v%C3%A9hicule_7429_r%C3%A9nov%C3%A9_-_2024-02-01_-_01.jpg/120px-M%C3%A9tro_l%C3%A9ger_de_Charleroi_-_v%C3%A9hicule_7429_r%C3%A9nov%C3%A9_-_2024-02-01_-_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/M%C3%A9tro_l%C3%A9ger_de_Charleroi_-_v%C3%A9hicule_7429_r%C3%A9nov%C3%A9_-_2024-02-01_-_01.jpg/250px-M%C3%A9tro_l%C3%A9ger_de_Charleroi_-_v%C3%A9hicule_7429_r%C3%A9nov%C3%A9_-_2024-02-01_-_01.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4161" data-file-height="2340" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Charleroi_Pre-metro" class="mw-redirect" title="Charleroi Pre-metro">Charleroi Pre-metro</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bus_TEC_Li%C3%A8ge-Verviers_(ext%C3%A9rieur).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="TEC Bus in Liège"><img alt="TEC Bus in Liège" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Bus_TEC_Li%C3%A8ge-Verviers_%28ext%C3%A9rieur%29.JPG/120px-Bus_TEC_Li%C3%A8ge-Verviers_%28ext%C3%A9rieur%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Bus_TEC_Li%C3%A8ge-Verviers_%28ext%C3%A9rieur%29.JPG/250px-Bus_TEC_Li%C3%A8ge-Verviers_%28ext%C3%A9rieur%29.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/TEC_(transport)" class="mw-redirect" title="TEC (transport)">TEC</a> Bus in <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge" title="Liège">Liège</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wallonia&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: International relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trade">Trade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wallonia&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Walloon_Export_and_Foreign_Investment_Agency" title="Walloon Export and Foreign Investment Agency">Walloon Export and Foreign Investment Agency</a> (AWEX) is the Wallonia Region of Belgium's government agency in charge of foreign trade promotion and foreign investment attraction.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The AWEX organizes regular trade missions to the promising market of Kazakhstan, where it has a representative office in Almaty. In 2017, the AWEX together with the <a href="/wiki/Flanders_Investment_and_Trade" title="Flanders Investment and Trade">Flanders Investment and Trade</a> brought a delegation of 30 companies to Astana and Almaty, the two largest cities in Kazakhstan.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twin_towns_and_sister_states">Twin towns and sister states</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wallonia&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Twin towns and sister states"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Aichi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aichi">Aichi</a>, Japan<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, USA<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wallonia&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/40px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/60px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/120px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="780" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Belgium" title="Portal:Belgium">Belgium portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coal_mining" title="History of coal mining">History of coal mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_for_Walloon_culture" title="Manifesto for Walloon culture">Manifesto for Walloon culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_term_Wallon" title="History of the term Wallon">History of the term Wallon</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wallonia&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wallonia&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-fn1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fn1_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Wallonien</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[vaˈloːni̯ən]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/38\/De-Wallonien.ogg\/De-Wallonien.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Wallonien.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/38/De-Wallonien.ogg/De-Wallonien.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Wallonien.ogg" title="File:De-Wallonien.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span> or <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Wallonie</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[valoˈniː]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/2b\/De-Wallonie.ogg\/De-Wallonie.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Wallonie.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2b/De-Wallonie.ogg/De-Wallonie.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Wallonie.ogg" title="File:De-Wallonie.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>; <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Wallonië</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">[ʋɑˈloːnijə]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-4" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/36\/Nl-Walloni%C3%AB.ogg\/Nl-Walloni%C3%AB.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-Walloni\u00eb.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/36/Nl-Walloni%C3%AB.ogg/Nl-Walloni%C3%AB.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Nl-Walloni%C3%AB.ogg" title="File:Nl-Wallonië.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>; <a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourgish language">Luxembourgish</a>: <i lang="lb">Wallounien</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fn2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fn2_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">German: <i lang="de">Wallonische Region</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[vaˈloːnɪʃə<span class="wrap"> </span>ʁeˈɡi̯oːn]</a></span>; Dutch: <i lang="nl">Waals gewest</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">[ˌʋaːls<span class="wrap"> </span>xəˈʋɛst]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-5" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/fe\/Nl-Waals_Gewest.ogg\/Nl-Waals_Gewest.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-Waals Gewest.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fe/Nl-Waals_Gewest.ogg/Nl-Waals_Gewest.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Nl-Waals_Gewest.ogg" title="File:Nl-Waals Gewest.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wallonia&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-auto1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bestat.statbel.fgov.be/bestat/crosstable.xhtml?view=90c1e218-dc4f-4827-824d-9b25abfefe59">"be.STAT"</a>. <i>Bestat.statbel.fgov.be</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bestat.statbel.fgov.be&rft.atitle=be.STAT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbestat.statbel.fgov.be%2Fbestat%2Fcrosstable.xhtml%3Fview%3D90c1e218-dc4f-4827-824d-9b25abfefe59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statbel.fgov.be/nl/themas/bevolking/structuur-van-de-bevolking">"Structuur van de bevolking | Statbel"</a>. <i>Statbel.fgov.be</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statbel.fgov.be&rft.atitle=Structuur+van+de+bevolking+%26%23124%3B+Statbel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatbel.fgov.be%2Fnl%2Fthemas%2Fbevolking%2Fstructuur-van-de-bevolking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brussel.vlaanderen.be/wetgeving.html">"Vlaamse overheid – Taalwetwijzer – Wetgeving"</a>. <i>Vlaanderen.be</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vlaanderen.be&rft.atitle=Vlaamse+overheid+%E2%80%93+Taalwetwijzer+%E2%80%93+Wetgeving&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbrussel.vlaanderen.be%2Fwetgeving.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tgs00003/default/table?lang=en">"EU regions by GDP, Eurostat"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EU+regions+by+GDP%2C+Eurostat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feurostat%2Fdatabrowser%2Fview%2Ftgs00003%2Fdefault%2Ftable%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Belgian_Constitution-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Belgian_Constitution_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150810142522/http://www.const-court.be/en/basic_text/belgian_constitution.pdf"><i>The Belgian Constitution</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Brussels, Belgium: Belgian House of Representatives. May 2014. p. 5. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.const-court.be/en/basic_text/belgian_constitution.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2015</span>. <q>Article 3: Belgium comprises three Regions: the Flemish Region, the Walloon Region and the Brussels Region. Article 4: Belgium comprises four linguistic regions: the Dutch-speaking region, the French-speaking region, the bilingual region of Brussels-Capital and the German-speaking region.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Belgian+Constitution&rft.place=Brussels%2C+Belgium&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Belgian+House+of+Representatives&rft.date=2014-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.const-court.be%2Fen%2Fbasic_text%2Fbelgian_constitution.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/european_languages/countries/belgium.shtml">"BBC – Languages – Languages"</a>. <i>Bbc.co.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=BBC+%E2%80%93+Languages+%E2%80%93+Languages&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Flanguages%2Feuropean_languages%2Fcountries%2Fbelgium.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wallonie.be/fr/acteurs-et-institutions/wallonie/gouvernement-de-wallonie">"Gouvernement de Wallonie"</a>. <i>Wallonie.be</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wallonie.be&rft.atitle=Gouvernement+de+Wallonie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wallonie.be%2Ffr%2Facteurs-et-institutions%2Fwallonie%2Fgouvernement-de-wallonie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/belgium/">CIA World Factbook</a> states Wallonia is the short form and Walloon Region is the long form. The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.investinwallonia.be/ofi-belgium/investir-en-wallonie/histoire-et-institutions/index.php">Invest in Wallonia website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090908155837/http://www.investinwallonia.be/ofi-belgium/investir-en-wallonie/histoire-et-institutions/index.php">Archived</a> 2009-09-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://invest.belgium.be/en/wallonia-welcomes-your-business">Belgian federal government</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090221212715/http://invest.belgium.be/en/wallonia-welcomes-your-business">Archived</a> 2009-02-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> use the term <i>Wallonia</i> when referring to the Walloon Region.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/Walloon">"Walloon"</a>. <i>Etymonline.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Etymonline.com&rft.atitle=Walloon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2FWalloon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/welsh">"Welsh | Etymology, origin and meaning of the name Welsh by etymonline"</a>. <i>Etymonline.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Etymonline.com&rft.atitle=Welsh+%26%23124%3B+Etymology%2C+origin+and+meaning+of+the+name+Welsh+by+etymonline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fwelsh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(French) Albert Henry, Histoire des mots Wallons et Wallonie, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institut_Jules_Destr%C3%A9e&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institut Jules Destrée (page does not exist)">Institut Jules Destrée</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_Jules_Destr%C3%A9e" class="extiw" title="fr:Institut Jules Destrée">fr</a>]</span>, Coll. «Notre histoire», Mont-sur-Marchienne, 1990, 3rd ed. (1st ed. 1965), foodnote 13 p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Footnote: In medieval French, the word <i>Liégeois</i> referred to all the inhabitants of the Principality vis-à-vis the other inhabitants of the Low Countries, the word <i>Walloon</i> being applied specifically to the French-speaking inhabitants vis-à-vis the other inhabitants of the Principality. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStengers1991" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Stengers" title="Jean Stengers">Stengers, Jean</a> (1991). "Depuis quand les Liégeois sont-ils des Wallons?". In <a href="/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_Hasquin" title="Hervé Hasquin">Hasquin, Hervé</a> (ed.). <i>Hommages à la Wallonie [mélanges offerts à Maurice Arnould et Pierre Ruelle]</i> (in French). Brussels: éditions de l'<a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_libre_de_Bruxelles" title="Université libre de Bruxelles">ULB</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">431–</span>447.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Depuis+quand+les+Li%C3%A9geois+sont-ils+des+Wallons%3F&rft.btitle=Hommages+%C3%A0+la+Wallonie+%5Bm%C3%A9langes+offerts+%C3%A0+Maurice+Arnould+et+Pierre+Ruelle%5D&rft.place=Brussels&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E431-%3C%2Fspan%3E447&rft.pub=%C3%A9ditions+de+l%27ULB&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Stengers&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SSE-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SSE_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSE_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurice_Delbouille&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maurice Delbouille (page does not exist)">Maurice Delbouille</a> <i>Romanité d'oïl Les origines : la langue – les plus anciens textes</i> in <i>La Wallonie, le pays et les hommes</i> Tome I (Lettres, arts, culture), La Renaissance du Livre, Bruxelles,1977, pp.99–107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YoungRegion-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-YoungRegion_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-YoungRegion_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-YoungRegion_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-YoungRegion_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-YoungRegion_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-YoungRegion_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-YoungRegion_16-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080501134629/http://www.wallonie.be/en/discover-wallonia/history/a-young-region-with-a-long-history-from-57bc-to-1831/index.html">"A young region with a long history (from 57BC to 1831)"</a>. <i>Gateway to the Walloon Region</i>. Walloon Region. 22 January 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wallonie.be/en/discover-wallonia/history/a-young-region-with-a-long-history-from-57bc-to-1831/index.html">the original</a> on 1 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gateway+to+the+Walloon+Region&rft.atitle=A+young+region+with+a+long+history+%28from+57BC+to+1831%29&rft.date=2007-01-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wallonie.be%2Fen%2Fdiscover-wallonia%2Fhistory%2Fa-young-region-with-a-long-history-from-57bc-to-1831%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kramer, pg. 59, citing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFM._Gysseling1962" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">M. Gysseling (1962). "La genèse de la frontière linguistique dans le Nord de la Gaule". <i>Revue du Nord</i> (in French). <b>44</b> (173): <span class="nowrap">5–</span>38, in particular 17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Frnord.1962.2410">10.3406/rnord.1962.2410</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+du+Nord&rft.atitle=La+gen%C3%A8se+de+la+fronti%C3%A8re+linguistique+dans+le+Nord+de+la+Gaule&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=173&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E38%2C+in+particular+17&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Frnord.1962.2410&rft.au=M.+Gysseling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atlas-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Atlas_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atlas_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sder.wallonie.be/ICEDD/CAP-atlasWallonie2006/pages/atlas.asp?txt=conWalEur">"Wallonie : une région en Europe"</a> (in French). Ministère de la Région wallonne<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wallonie+%3A+une+r%C3%A9gion+en+Europe&rft.pub=Minist%C3%A8re+de+la+R%C3%A9gion+wallonne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsder.wallonie.be%2FICEDD%2FCAP-atlasWallonie2006%2Fpages%2Fatlas.asp%3Ftxt%3DconWalEur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RegionAsserts-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RegionAsserts_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RegionAsserts_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080501134642/http://www.wallonie.be/en/discover-wallonia/history/the-region-asserts-itself-from-1840-to-1970/index.html">"The region asserts itself (from 1840 to 1970)"</a>. <i>Gateway to the Walloon Region</i>. 22 January 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wallonie.be/en/discover-wallonia/history/the-region-asserts-itself-from-1840-to-1970/index.html">the original</a> on 1 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gateway+to+the+Walloon+Region&rft.atitle=The+region+asserts+itself+%28from+1840+to+1970%29&rft.date=2007-01-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wallonie.be%2Fen%2Fdiscover-wallonia%2Fhistory%2Fthe-region-asserts-itself-from-1840-to-1970%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060328050708/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=gamelan&dat=200&srt=pnan&col=aohdqcfbeimg&geo=-30">"Belgium: largest cities and towns and statistics of their population"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=gamelan&dat=200&srt=pnan&col=aohdqcfbeimg&geo=-30">the original</a> on 28 March 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Belgium%3A+largest+cities+and+towns+and+statistics+of+their+population&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.world-gazetteer.com%2Fwg.php%3Fx%3D%26men%3Dgcis%26lng%3Den%26des%3Dgamelan%26dat%3D200%26srt%3Dpnan%26col%3Daohdqcfbeimg%26geo%3D-30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/academie9/houille">"HOUILLE : Définition de HOUILLE"</a>. <i>cnrtl.fr</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cnrtl.fr&rft.atitle=HOUILLE+%3A+D%C3%A9finition+de+HOUILLE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnrtl.fr%2Fdefinition%2Facademie9%2Fhouille&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allan H. Kittel, "The Revolutionary Period of the Industrial Revolution", <i>Journal of Social History</i>, Vol. I, n° 2 (Winter 1967), pp. 129–130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philippe Destatte, <i>L'identité wallonne</i>, Institut Destrée, Charleroi, 1997, pages 49–50 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-87035-000-7" title="Special:BookSources/2-87035-000-7">2-87035-000-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130731024244/http://en.erih.net/index.php?pageId=114">"Welcome"</a>. <i>erih.net</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.erih.net/index.php?pageId=114">the original</a> on 31 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=erih.net&rft.atitle=Welcome&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.erih.net%2Findex.php%3FpageId%3D114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wallonie.be-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wallonie.be_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110521083719/http://www.wallonie.be/en/discover-wallonia/economy/walloon-incentives/index.html">"Walloon incentives - Portal Wallonia"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wallonie.be/en/discover-wallonia/economy/walloon-incentives/index.html">the original</a> on 21 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Walloon+incentives+-+Portal+Wallonia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wallonie.be%2Fen%2Fdiscover-wallonia%2Feconomy%2Fwalloon-incentives%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7647591.stm">"Wallonia battles wasteland image"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 6 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Wallonia+battles+wasteland+image&rft.date=2008-10-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F7647591.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to <a href="/wiki/La_Libre_Belgique" title="La Libre Belgique">La Libre Belgique</a> on 26 August 2010: 9.8 million visitors in 2009 (2.8 in Brussels), 6% of the regional economy (15% in Brussels)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081009135400/http://www.uwe.be/bases-de-donnees/leaders-mondiaux/agc-flat-glass-leadership-through-innovation">"AGC Flat Glass: Leadership through innovation"</a>. <i>Uwe.be</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uwe.be/bases-de-donnees/leaders-mondiaux/agc-flat-glass-leadership-through-innovation">the original</a> on 9 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Uwe.be&rft.atitle=AGC+Flat+Glass%3A+Leadership+through+innovation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uwe.be%2Fbases-de-donnees%2Fleaders-mondiaux%2Fagc-flat-glass-leadership-through-innovation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722023258/http://www.uwe.be/bases-de-donnees/leaders-mondiaux/carmeuse-expansion-through-partnership-and-knowledge">"Carmeuse: expansion through partnership and knowledge"</a>. <i>Uwe.be</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uwe.be/bases-de-donnees/leaders-mondiaux/carmeuse-expansion-through-partnership-and-knowledge">the original</a> on 22 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Uwe.be&rft.atitle=Carmeuse%3A+expansion+through+partnership+and+knowledge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uwe.be%2Fbases-de-donnees%2Fleaders-mondiaux%2Fcarmeuse-expansion-through-partnership-and-knowledge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706142424/http://www.uwe.be/bases-de-donnees/leaders-mondiaux/iba2019s-growth-still-accelerating">"IBA's growth still accelerating"</a>. <i>Uwe.be</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uwe.be/bases-de-donnees/leaders-mondiaux/iba2019s-growth-still-accelerating">the original</a> on 6 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Uwe.be&rft.atitle=IBA%27s+growth+still+accelerating&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uwe.be%2Fbases-de-donnees%2Fleaders-mondiaux%2Fiba2019s-growth-still-accelerating&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706142434/http://www.uwe.be/bases-de-donnees/leaders-mondiaux/sonaca-increasing-visibility-in-north-america">"Sonaca: Increasing visibility in North America"</a>. <i>Uwe.be</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uwe.be/bases-de-donnees/leaders-mondiaux/sonaca-increasing-visibility-in-north-america">the original</a> on 6 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Uwe.be&rft.atitle=Sonaca%3A+Increasing+visibility+in+North+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uwe.be%2Fbases-de-donnees%2Fleaders-mondiaux%2Fsonaca-increasing-visibility-in-north-america&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/10474907/1-05032020-AP-EN.pdf/81807e19-e4c8-2e53-c98a-933f5bf30f58">"Regional GDP per capita ranged from 30% to 263% of the EU average in 2018"</a>. <i>Eurostat</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eurostat&rft.atitle=Regional+GDP+per+capita+ranged+from+30%25+to+263%25+of+the+EU+average+in+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feurostat%2Fdocuments%2F2995521%2F10474907%2F1-05032020-AP-EN.pdf%2F81807e19-e4c8-2e53-c98a-933f5bf30f58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-e352-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e352_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belganewsagency.eu/getting-to-know-belgian-politics-the-traditional-pillars-versus-left-and-right-1">"Getting to know Belgian politics: the traditional pillars versus left and right"</a>. <i>belganewsagency.eu</i>. 3 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=belganewsagency.eu&rft.atitle=Getting+to+know+Belgian+politics%3A+the+traditional+pillars+versus+left+and+right&rft.date=2024-01-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belganewsagency.eu%2Fgetting-to-know-belgian-politics-the-traditional-pillars-versus-left-and-right-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-n010-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-n010_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFde_Jonge2021" class="citation journal cs1">de Jonge, Léonie (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/05D6B4081B60B2D7318809C228791575/S0017257X20000081a.pdf/the-curious-case-of-belgium-why-is-there-no-right-wing-populism-in-wallonia.pdf">"The Curious Case of Belgium: Why is There no Right-Wing Populism in Wallonia?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Government and Opposition</i>. <b>56</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">598–</span>614. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fgov.2020.8">10.1017/gov.2020.8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0017-257X">0017-257X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Government+and+Opposition&rft.atitle=The+Curious+Case+of+Belgium%3A+Why+is+There+no+Right-Wing+Populism+in+Wallonia%3F&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E598-%3C%2Fspan%3E614&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fgov.2020.8&rft.issn=0017-257X&rft.aulast=de+Jonge&rft.aufirst=L%C3%A9onie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fservices%2Faop-cambridge-core%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F05D6B4081B60B2D7318809C228791575%2FS0017257X20000081a.pdf%2Fthe-curious-case-of-belgium-why-is-there-no-right-wing-populism-in-wallonia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b581-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-b581_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKasteel2024" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kasteel, Jean van (11 June 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dhnet.be/actu/belgique/2024/06/11/les-wallons-nenvoient-aucun-elu-dextreme-droite-ni-a-la-region-ni-au-federal-ni-a-leurope-MLW7OZWL7JFAVABFA4VWHEJKN4/">"The Walloons do not send any far-right elected officials either to the Region, nor to the Federal, nor to Europe"</a>. <i>DHnet</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DHnet&rft.atitle=The+Walloons+do+not+send+any+far-right+elected+officials+either+to+the+Region%2C+nor+to+the+Federal%2C+nor+to+Europe&rft.date=2024-06-11&rft.aulast=Kasteel&rft.aufirst=Jean+van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhnet.be%2Factu%2Fbelgique%2F2024%2F06%2F11%2Fles-wallons-nenvoient-aucun-elu-dextreme-droite-ni-a-la-region-ni-au-federal-ni-a-leurope-MLW7OZWL7JFAVABFA4VWHEJKN4%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-o684-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-o684_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJoyner2024" class="citation web cs1">Joyner, Ella (4 June 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/belgian-election-tests-limits-of-medias-far-right-boycott/a-69161435">"Belgian election tests limits of media's far-right boycott – DW – 06/04/2024"</a>. <i>dw.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dw.com&rft.atitle=Belgian+election+tests+limits+of+media%27s+far-right+boycott+%E2%80%93+DW+%E2%80%93+06%2F04%2F2024&rft.date=2024-06-04&rft.aulast=Joyner&rft.aufirst=Ella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fbelgian-election-tests-limits-of-medias-far-right-boycott%2Fa-69161435&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-y238-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-y238_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euractiv.com/section/elections/news/belgiums-far-right-struggles-to-break-through-media-ban/">"Belgium's far right struggles to break through media ban"</a>. <i>www.euractiv.com</i>. 6 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.euractiv.com&rft.atitle=Belgium%27s+far+right+struggles+to+break+through+media+ban&rft.date=2024-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euractiv.com%2Fsection%2Felections%2Fnews%2Fbelgiums-far-right-struggles-to-break-through-media-ban%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-r906-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-r906_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStruysDe_Lobel2024" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Struys, Jeroen; De Lobel, Peter (25 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.standaard.be/cnt/dmf20240324_97085493">"N-VA-kandidaat in Wallonië in de ban geslagen: waarom er rechts van MR geen zuurstof is over de taalgrens"</a>. <i>De Standaard</i> (in Dutch)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=De+Standaard&rft.atitle=N-VA-kandidaat+in+Walloni%C3%AB+in+de+ban+geslagen%3A+waarom+er+rechts+van+MR+geen+zuurstof+is+over+de+taalgrens&rft.date=2024-03-25&rft.aulast=Struys&rft.aufirst=Jeroen&rft.au=De+Lobel%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.standaard.be%2Fcnt%2Fdmf20240324_97085493&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There is also a mention of <i>Wallonie</i> in 1825 : <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> « les Germains, au contraire, réservant pour eux seuls le noble nom de Franks, s'obstinaient, dès le onzième siècle, à ne plus voir de Franks dans la Gaule, qu'ils nommaient dédaigneusement Wallonie, terre des Wallons ou des Welsches » <a href="/wiki/Augustin_Thierry" title="Augustin Thierry">Augustin Thierry</a>, <i>Histoire de la conquête de l'Angleterre par les Normands</i>, Éd. Firmin Didot, Paris, 1825, tome 1, p. 155. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2WUOAAAAQAAJ">read online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Albert Henry, <i>Histoire des mots Wallons et Wallonie</i>, Institut Jules Destrée, Coll. «Notre histoire», Mont-sur-Marchienne, 1990, 3rd ed. (1st ed. 1965), p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> «C'est cette année-là [1886] que naît le mot <i>Wallonie</i>, dans son sens politique d'affirmation culturelle régionale, lorsque le Liégeois Albert Mockel crée une revue littéraire sous ce nom» Philippe Destatte, <i>L'identité wallonne</i> p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>La préhistoire latine du mot Wallonie</i> in Luc Courtois, Jean-Pierre Delville, Françoise Rosart & Guy Zélis (editors), <i>Images et paysages mentaux des XIXe et XXe siècles de la Wallonie à l'Outre-Mer, Hommage au professeur <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Pirotte_(professeur)" class="extiw" title="fr:Jean Pirotte (professeur)">Jean Pirotte</a> à l'occasion de son éméritat</i>, Academia Bruylant, Presses Universitaires de l'UCL, Louvain-la-Neuve, 2007, pp. 35–48 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-87209-857-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-87209-857-6">978-2-87209-857-6</a>, p. 47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walloon_flag-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Walloon_flag_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allstates-flag.com/fotw/flags/be-wal_l.html#wal98">"AllStates Flag Co., Inc"</a>. Allstates-flag.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AllStates+Flag+Co.%2C+Inc.&rft.pub=Allstates-flag.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allstates-flag.com%2Ffotw%2Fflags%2Fbe-wal_l.html%23wal98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2016religion-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2016religion_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2016religion_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFlesoir.be2016" class="citation news cs1">lesoir.be (28 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160131090919/http://www.lesoir.be/1106186/article/actualite/belgique/2016-01-28/75-des-francophones-revendiquent-une-identite-religieuse">"75% des francophones revendiquent une identité religieuse"</a>. <i>lesoir.be</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lesoir.be/1106186/article/actualite/belgique/2016-01-28/75-des-francophones-revendiquent-une-identite-religieuse">the original</a> on 31 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=lesoir.be&rft.atitle=75%25+des+francophones+revendiquent+une+identit%C3%A9+religieuse&rft.date=2016-01-28&rft.au=lesoir.be&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lesoir.be%2F1106186%2Farticle%2Factualite%2Fbelgique%2F2016-01-28%2F75-des-francophones-revendiquent-une-identite-religieuse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-constitution2-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-constitution2_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.senate.be/doc/const_fr.html">"La Constitution belge (Art. 4)"</a> (in French). the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian Senate">Belgian Senate</a>. May 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2009</span>. <q>La Belgique comprend quatre régions linguistiques : la région de langue française, la région de langue néerlandaise, la région bilingue de Bruxelles-Capitale et la région de langue allemande.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+Constitution+belge+%28Art.+4%29&rft.pub=the+Belgian+Senate&rft.date=2007-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.be%2Fdoc%2Fconst_fr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>"Switching Languages", Translingual Writers Reflect on Their Craft</i>, Edited by Steven G. Kellman Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2003, p. 153; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-2747-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-2747-7">978-0-8032-2747-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.skynet.be/lorint/wallang/index.html">"The Walloon language page"</a>. <i>skynet.be</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=skynet.be&rft.atitle=The+Walloon+language+page&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusers.skynet.be%2Florint%2Fwallang%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joan Gross, Speaking in Other Voices: An Ethnography of Walloon Puppet Theaters. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Press, 2001; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58811-054-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-58811-054-0">1-58811-054-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benoît Denis et Jean-Marie Klinkenberg, Littérature : entre insularité et activisme in Le Tournant des années 1970. Liège en effervescence, Les Impressions nouvelles, Bruxelles, 2010, pp. 237–253, p. 252. French : Ancion monte l'Ubu rwèen 1975 (...) la culture dialectalisante cesse d'être une marque de passéisme pour participer à une nouvelle synthèse...</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Histoire de la Wallonie</i>, Privat Toulouse, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7089-4779-6" title="Special:BookSources/2-7089-4779-6">2-7089-4779-6</a> p. 220. French: <i>Le latin apporté en Gaule par les légions romaines avait fini par éclater en de multiples dialectes (...) peu à peu, pour répondre aux besoins des pouvoirs publics et religieux se forme une langue standard. Dans ce processus qui aboutira à l'élaboration du français, la Wallonie est présente dès les premières heures.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An Paenhuysen <i>Surrealism in the Provinces. Flemish and Walloon Identity in the Interwar period</i> in <i>Image&Narrative</i>, n° 13, Leuven November, 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927205613/http://www.tdg.ch/loisirs/livres/georges-simenon-ecrivain-lu-monde-2009-08-28">"L'écrivain français le plus dans le monde"</a>. <i>Tdg.ch</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tdg.ch/loisirs/livres/georges-simenon-ecrivain-lu-monde-2009-08-28">the original</a> on 27 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tdg.ch&rft.atitle=L%27%C3%A9crivain+fran%C3%A7ais+le+plus+dans+le+monde&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tdg.ch%2Floisirs%2Flivres%2Fgeorges-simenon-ecrivain-lu-monde-2009-08-28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/09/12/1063341759443.html">"Maigret and his master"</a>. <i>theage.com.au</i>. 14 September 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=theage.com.au&rft.atitle=Maigret+and+his+master&rft.date=2003-09-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Farticles%2F2003%2F09%2F12%2F1063341759443.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCodySprinchorn2007" class="citation book cs1">Cody, Gabrielle H.; Sprinchorn, Evert (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qYfH1tOwsHcC&q=Louvet&pg=PA143"><i>The Columbia Encyclopedia of Modern Drama</i></a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231144223" title="Special:BookSources/9780231144223"><bdi>9780231144223</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Columbia+Encyclopedia+of+Modern+Drama&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780231144223&rft.aulast=Cody&rft.aufirst=Gabrielle+H.&rft.au=Sprinchorn%2C+Evert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqYfH1tOwsHcC%26q%3DLouvet%26pg%3DPA143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artnet.com/artists/gustave-serrurier-bovy/">"Gustave Serrurier-Bovy | artnet"</a>. <i>Artnet.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Artnet.com&rft.atitle=Gustave+Serrurier-Bovy+%26%23124%3B+artnet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artnet.com%2Fartists%2Fgustave-serrurier-bovy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efi-costarica.com/Art-Nouveau-Belgium.html">Your Antique Furniture Guide, <i>Art Nouveau in Belgium</i></a>, Efi-costarica.com. Accessed 29 June 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">French <i>Le troisième grand Maître de l'Ars Nova</i> in Robert Wangermée et Philippe Mercier, La musique en Wallonie et à Bruxelles, La Renaissance du livre, Bruxelles, 1980, Tome I, pp. 37–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Wangermée et Philippe Mercier, La musique en Wallonie et à Bruxelles, La Renaissance du livre, Bruxelles, 1980, Tome I, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWangermée1995" class="citation book cs1">Wangermée, Robert (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=70wwbh-ZXYkC&q=Zap+&pg=PA119"><i>Dictionnaire de la chanson en Wallonie et à Bruxelles</i></a>. Editions Mardaga. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782870096000" title="Special:BookSources/9782870096000"><bdi>9782870096000</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+de+la+chanson+en+Wallonie+et+%C3%A0+Bruxelles&rft.pub=Editions+Mardaga&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9782870096000&rft.aulast=Wangerm%C3%A9e&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D70wwbh-ZXYkC%26q%3DZap%2B%26pg%3DPA119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The "Trois Visages de Liege", (...) full of provocative sound collages [evokes..] not only moments in sonic civic history, but the sounds of its historical events as well: wildcat strikes and their ensuing violence in 1960, protests against new laws being enacted, etc. See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.answers.com/topic/acousmatrix-4-scambi-trois-visages-de-liege-paraboles-mix">Acousmatrix 4: Scambi/Trois Visages de Liege/Paraboles Mix</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Historical dictionary of Belgium</i> (Scarecrow press, 1999, p. 191; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-3603-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8108-3603-3">0-8108-3603-3</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Cinéma wallon et réalité particulière</i>, in TOUDI, n° 49/50, septembre-octobre 2002, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.autourdu1ermai.fr/motscles/chemins/motcle-chemins-5.html">"les films repères dans l'histoire du cinéma"</a>. <i>autourdu1ermai.fr</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=autourdu1ermai.fr&rft.atitle=les+films+rep%C3%A8res+dans+l%27histoire+du+cin%C3%A9ma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.autourdu1ermai.fr%2Fmotscles%2Fchemins%2Fmotcle-chemins-5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110303084057/http://artsandfaith.com/t100/">"The Arts & Faith Top 100 Films"</a>. <i>Artsandfaith.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://artsandfaith.com/t100">the original</a> on 3 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Artsandfaith.com&rft.atitle=The+Arts+%26+Faith+Top+100+Films&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fartsandfaith.com%2Ft100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100819040358/http://www.dinant.be/index.htm?lg=3&m1=28&m2=152">"Dinant"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dinant.be/index.htm?lg=3&m1=28&m2=152">the original</a> on 19 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dinant&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dinant.be%2Findex.htm%3Flg%3D3%26m1%3D28%26m2%3D152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091003184347/http://www.practicallyedible.com/edible.nsf/pages/ardennesham">"Ardenne Ham"</a>. <i>Practicallyedible.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.practicallyedible.com/edible.nsf/pages/ardennesham">the original</a> on 3 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Practicallyedible.com&rft.atitle=Ardenne+Ham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.practicallyedible.com%2Fedible.nsf%2Fpages%2Fardennesham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Simon and Schuster international pocket food guide, 1981.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100105035857/http://www.investinwallonia.be/ofi-belgium/investir-en-wallonie/vivre-en-wallonie/se-deplacer.php">"AWEX"</a>. <i>Investinwallonia.be</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.investinwallonia.be/ofi-belgium/investir-en-wallonie/vivre-en-wallonie/se-deplacer.php">the original</a> on 5 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Investinwallonia.be&rft.atitle=AWEX&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.investinwallonia.be%2Fofi-belgium%2Finvestir-en-wallonie%2Fvivre-en-wallonie%2Fse-deplacer.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514123036/http://www.liege.port-autonome.be/en/pages/liege-port-autonome.aspx">"Liege port authority"</a>. <i>Liege.port-autonome.be</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liege.port-autonome.be/en/pages/liege-port-autonome.aspx">the original</a> on 14 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Liege.port-autonome.be&rft.atitle=Liege+port+authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.liege.port-autonome.be%2Fen%2Fpages%2Fliege-port-autonome.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.logisticsinwallonia.be/index.php?page=94&lng=en&text=L%252592excellence+logistique">"Qui sommes-nous? – logistics in Wallonia"</a>. <i>Logisticsinwallonia.be</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Logisticsinwallonia.be&rft.atitle=Qui+sommes-nous%3F+%E2%80%93+logistics+in+Wallonia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.logisticsinwallonia.be%2Findex.php%3Fpage%3D94%26lng%3Den%26text%3DL%25252592excellence%2Blogistique&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skywin.be/fr/node/161">"AWEX (WALLONIA FOREIGN TRADE AND INVESTMENT AGENCY)"</a>. <i>Skywin.be</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Skywin.be&rft.atitle=AWEX+%28WALLONIA+FOREIGN+TRADE+AND+INVESTMENT+AGENCY%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skywin.be%2Ffr%2Fnode%2F161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180825041341/http://mfa.kz/en/content-view/v-brussele-obsudili-ekonomiceskoe-sotrudnicestvo-mezdu-kazahstanom-i-belgiej">"Economic cooperation between Kazakhstan and Belgium discussed in Brussels"</a>. <i>Mfa.kz</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mfa.kz/en/content-view/v-brussele-obsudili-ekonomiceskoe-sotrudnicestvo-mezdu-kazahstanom-i-belgiej">the original</a> on 25 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mfa.kz&rft.atitle=Economic+cooperation+between+Kazakhstan+and+Belgium+discussed+in+Brussels&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmfa.kz%2Fen%2Fcontent-view%2Fv-brussele-obsudili-ekonomiceskoe-sotrudnicestvo-mezdu-kazahstanom-i-belgiej&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pref.aichi.jp/soshiki/kokusai/belgiummou.html">"ベルギー3地域と「友好交流及び相互協力に関する覚書」を締結"</a>. <i>Pref.aichi.jp</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pref.aichi.jp&rft.atitle=%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AE%E3%83%BC3%E5%9C%B0%E5%9F%9F%E3%81%A8%E3%80%8C%E5%8F%8B%E5%A5%BD%E4%BA%A4%E6%B5%81%E5%8F%8A%E3%81%B3%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E5%8D%94%E5%8A%9B%E3%81%AB%E9%96%A2%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B%E8%A6%9A%E6%9B%B8%E3%80%8D%E3%82%92%E7%B7%A0%E7%B5%90&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pref.aichi.jp%2Fsoshiki%2Fkokusai%2Fbelgiummou.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sos.maryland.gov/International/Pages/default.aspx">"Maryland Sister States Program"</a>. <i>Maryland Secretary of State</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Maryland+Secretary+of+State&rft.atitle=Maryland+Sister+States+Program&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsos.maryland.gov%2FInternational%2FPages%2Fdefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wallonia&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohannes_Kramer1984" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Johannes Kramer (1984). <i>Zweisprachigkeit in den Benelux-ländern</i> (in German). Buske Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-87118-597-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-87118-597-7"><bdi>978-3-87118-597-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zweisprachigkeit+in+den+Benelux-l%C3%A4ndern&rft.pub=Buske+Verlag&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-3-87118-597-7&rft.au=Johannes+Kramer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallonia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wallonia&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Wallonia" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Wallonia">Wallonia</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wallonie.be/">www.wallonie.be</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.logisticsinwallonia.be/index.php?page=38&display=416&lng=en">Logistics in Wallonia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.walloniabelgiumtourism.co.uk/">Tourism in Wallonia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musiwall.ulg.ac.be/spip.php?page=accueil">Musique en Wallonie</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303191956/http://www.musiwall.ulg.ac.be/spip.php?page=accueil">Archived</a> 2016-03-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lamediatheque.be/travers_sons/walcomp.htm">Walloon composers (French)</a></li></ul> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" 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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Region" title="Flemish Region">Flanders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antwerp_Province" title="Antwerp Province">Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Flanders" title="East Flanders">East Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Brabant" title="Flemish Brabant">Flemish Brabant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limburg_(Belgium)" title="Limburg (Belgium)">Limburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Flanders" title="West Flanders">West Flanders</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wallonia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hainaut_Province" title="Hainaut Province">Hainaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge_Province" title="Liège Province">Liège</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_(Belgium)" title="Luxembourg (Belgium)">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namur_Province" title="Namur Province">Namur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_Brabant" title="Walloon Brabant">Walloon Brabant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arrondissements_of_Belgium" title="Arrondissements of Belgium">Arrondissements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissements_of_Belgium#Administrative" title="Arrondissements of Belgium">Administrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissements_of_Belgium#Electoral" title="Arrondissements of Belgium">Electoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissements_of_Belgium#Judicial" title="Arrondissements of Belgium">Judicial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Belgium" title="Municipalities of Belgium">Municipalities</a><br />by region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_the_Brussels-Capital_Region" title="List of municipalities of the Brussels-Capital Region">Brussels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_the_Flemish_Region" title="List of municipalities of the Flemish Region">Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Wallonia" title="List of municipalities in Wallonia">Wallonia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Greater_Region_of_SaarLorLux51" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:SaarLorLux" title="Template:SaarLorLux"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:SaarLorLux" title="Template talk:SaarLorLux"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:SaarLorLux" title="Special:EditPage/Template:SaarLorLux"><abbr title="Edit this 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Community</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Walloon Region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine" title="Lorraine">Lorraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diekirch_District" title="Diekirch District">Diekirch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grevenmacher_District" title="Grevenmacher District">Grevenmacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_District" title="Luxembourg District">Luxembourg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_SaarLorLux.png" class="mw-file-description" title="SaarLorLux emblem"><img alt="SaarLorLux emblem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Emblem_SaarLorLux.png/120px-Emblem_SaarLorLux.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Emblem_SaarLorLux.png/180px-Emblem_SaarLorLux.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Emblem_SaarLorLux.png/240px-Emblem_SaarLorLux.png 2x" data-file-width="402" data-file-height="328" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SaarLorLux#Organization_of_SaarLorLux" class="mw-redirect" title="SaarLorLux">Summit Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SaarLorLux#Organization_of_SaarLorLux" class="mw-redirect" title="SaarLorLux">Regional Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SaarLorLux#Organization_of_SaarLorLux" class="mw-redirect" title="SaarLorLux">Interregional Parliamentary Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SaarLorLux#Organization_of_SaarLorLux" class="mw-redirect" title="SaarLorLux">University Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SaarLorLux#Organization_of_SaarLorLux" class="mw-redirect" title="SaarLorLux">European cultural capital 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SaarLorLux#Organization_of_SaarLorLux" class="mw-redirect" title="SaarLorLux">House of the Greater Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SaarLorLux#Organization_of_SaarLorLux" class="mw-redirect" title="SaarLorLux">Private cooperations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q231#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1266" 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