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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Old technique used in plastering walls and cisterns</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3amiriya_school2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/3amiriya_school2.jpg/250px-3amiriya_school2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/3amiriya_school2.jpg/330px-3amiriya_school2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/3amiriya_school2.jpg/500px-3amiriya_school2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="608" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Amiriya_Madrasa" title="Amiriya Madrasa">Amiriya School</a>, built of qadad</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_City,_Sana%27a,_Yemen_(15335600470).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Old_City%2C_Sana%27a%2C_Yemen_%2815335600470%29.jpg/250px-Old_City%2C_Sana%27a%2C_Yemen_%2815335600470%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Old_City%2C_Sana%27a%2C_Yemen_%2815335600470%29.jpg/330px-Old_City%2C_Sana%27a%2C_Yemen_%2815335600470%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Old_City%2C_Sana%27a%2C_Yemen_%2815335600470%29.jpg/500px-Old_City%2C_Sana%27a%2C_Yemen_%2815335600470%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="684" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">minaret</a> of the over 1300-year-old <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Sana%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Mosque of Sana'a">Great Mosque of Sana'a</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, which is built with qadad. It is now being restored</figcaption></figure> <p><i><b>Qadad</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">قضاض</span> <i>qaḍāḍ</i>) or <i><b>qudad</b></i> is a waterproof <a href="/wiki/Plaster" title="Plaster">plaster</a> surface, made of a <a href="/wiki/Lime_plaster" title="Lime plaster">lime plaster</a> treated with <a href="/wiki/Calcium_hydroxide" title="Calcium hydroxide">slaked lime</a> and oils and fats. The technique is over a thousand years old, <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sutter_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sutter-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the remains of this early plaster still seen on the standing sluices of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Marib_Dam" title="Marib Dam">Marib Dam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SelmaAlRadi1994_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SelmaAlRadi1994-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">Volcanic ash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pumice" title="Pumice">pumice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scoria" title="Scoria">scoria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">شاش</span>), in the Yemeni dialect, or other crushed volcanic <a href="/wiki/Construction_aggregate" title="Construction aggregate">aggregate</a> are often used as <a href="/wiki/Pozzolan" title="Pozzolan">pozzolanic</a> agents, reminiscent of ancient Roman lime plaster which incorporated pozzolanic volcanic ash. </p><p>Due to the slowness of some of the chemical reactions, <i>qadad</i> mortar can take over a hundred days to prepare, from quarrying of raw materials to the beginning of application to the building. It can also take over a year to set fully.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2004, a documentary film <i>Qudad, Re-inventing a Tradition</i><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was made by the filmmaker <a href="/w/index.php?title=Caterina_Borelli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caterina Borelli (page does not exist)">Caterina Borelli</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It documents the restoration of the <a href="/wiki/Amiriya_Madrasa" title="Amiriya Madrasa">Amiriya Complex</a>, which was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_Award_for_Architecture" title="Aga Khan Award for Architecture">Aga Khan Award for Architecture</a> in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditional_preparation">Traditional preparation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qadad&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Traditional preparation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After collecting blocks of lime stone, they were fired in a <a href="/wiki/Lime_kiln" title="Lime kiln">kiln</a> for 4 days, after which the fire and baked lime were extinguished with water, and allowed to cool for 2-3 days more. The baked lime (<a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>: <i>nūreh</i>) was then crushed and mixed with soft, black volcanic cinders known as <a href="/wiki/Scoria" title="Scoria">scoria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>: <i>shāsh</i>), a pumice having the consistency of gravel.<sup id="cite_ref-Qafih1982_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Qafih1982-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scoria and lime were pounded with a stone to break them down into finer particles and thoroughly mixed together without water (the two ingredients being mixed together in a ratio of two parts of <a href="/wiki/Construction_aggregate" title="Construction aggregate">aggregate</a> to one part of lime),<sup id="cite_ref-SelmaAlRadi1994_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SelmaAlRadi1994-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then allowed to rest 3-4 days until settled. Afterwards, the two elements were mixed together with water (usually 1 volume of water to 3 volumes of lime/aggregate), during which time the batch is continuously agitated in a tedious process known as <a href="/wiki/Slaked_lime" class="mw-redirect" title="Slaked lime">slaking</a> and which required many long hours of manual labour (as much as 4-5 weeks), before a finer lime water solution was added thereto for 1-2 months so as to convert it to a paste. The more that it was pounded with a long shovel or wooden paddle, the more the <i>qadad</i> became adhesive.<sup id="cite_ref-Qafih1982_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Qafih1982-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditional_application">Traditional application</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qadad&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Traditional application"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the now ready mixture of lime and volcanic cinders, they would apply three-layers of <i>qadad</i>-plaster to the walls of cisterns to make them impermeable; the first layer having the largest particles of volcanic cinders (scoria) and the least amount of lime was applied to rough stone, the plaster being added to a thickness of about two inches. They took a sharp-edged stone and, for several days, pounded and rubbed the first layer of <i>qadad</i> firmly onto the wall, all the while sprinkling it with lime-water to keep it wet.<sup id="cite_ref-Qafih1982_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Qafih1982-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second layer was applied after fully working the first layer by beating. The first process was repeated, this time the wall being plastered with a mixture of <i>qadad</i> containing smaller particles of volcanic cinders and more lime. A sharp-edged stone was again used to pound the <i>qadad</i> firmly onto the wall, all the while sprinkling it with lime-water to keep it wet. Finally, the third layer was applied containing the smallest particles of volcanic cinders and the largest quantity of lime and worked with a sharp-edged stone (one part aggregate to two parts lime, and pounded to a fine paste), and lime-water spattered on the wall to maintain its wetness.<sup id="cite_ref-SelmaAlRadi1994_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SelmaAlRadi1994-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the final application, the wall was treated with a very finely-ground consistency of <i>qadad</i> which was allowed to dry, and when dried, an application of animal fat (<a href="/wiki/Suet" title="Suet">suet</a>) was then smeared on the wall for smoothing and burnishing.<sup id="cite_ref-Qafih1982_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Qafih1982-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The end result is that of a wall that is as hard as smooth-marble with beating.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Selma_Al-Radi" title="Selma Al-Radi">Selma Al-Radi</a>, <i>qadad</i> can only be used as a plaster on buildings constructed of stone and baked brick, but it will not adhere to mudbrick, cement blocks or concrete.<sup id="cite_ref-SelmaAlRadi1994_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SelmaAlRadi1994-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Yemen it was traditionally made with two basic ingredients, baked lime and volcanic <a href="/wiki/Scoria" title="Scoria">scoria</a>, other countries have traditionally made-use of <a href="/wiki/Construction_aggregate" title="Construction aggregate">fine riverbed sand or pebbles</a> instead of scoria, and which were mixed together with lime for use as a common <a href="/wiki/Lime_mortar" title="Lime mortar">mortar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-SelmaAlRadi1994_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SelmaAlRadi1994-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or to be used as an impervious wall plaster. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qadad&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:612px;max-width:612px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Domes_of_the_Ashrafiya_Mosque_in_Taiz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Domes_of_the_Ashrafiya_Mosque_in_Taiz.jpg/250px-Domes_of_the_Ashrafiya_Mosque_in_Taiz.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Domes_of_the_Ashrafiya_Mosque_in_Taiz.jpg/330px-Domes_of_the_Ashrafiya_Mosque_in_Taiz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Domes_of_the_Ashrafiya_Mosque_in_Taiz.jpg/500px-Domes_of_the_Ashrafiya_Mosque_in_Taiz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1139" data-file-height="791" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Ashrafiya_Mosque" title="Ashrafiya Mosque">Ashrafiya Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Taiz" title="Taiz">Taiz</a> is covered with Qadad.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Mussaffar_Mosque_in_Taiz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/The_Mussaffar_Mosque_in_Taiz.jpg/250px-The_Mussaffar_Mosque_in_Taiz.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/The_Mussaffar_Mosque_in_Taiz.jpg/330px-The_Mussaffar_Mosque_in_Taiz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/The_Mussaffar_Mosque_in_Taiz.jpg/500px-The_Mussaffar_Mosque_in_Taiz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1334" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Mudhaffar_Mosque" title="Mudhaffar Mosque">Mudhaffar Mosque</a> in Taiz covered with Qadad<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Historic_Town_of_Zabid-111645.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Historic_Town_of_Zabid-111645.jpg/200px-Historic_Town_of_Zabid-111645.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Historic_Town_of_Zabid-111645.jpg/300px-Historic_Town_of_Zabid-111645.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Historic_Town_of_Zabid-111645.jpg/400px-Historic_Town_of_Zabid-111645.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1488" data-file-height="1984" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A house in the historic Town of <a href="/wiki/Zabid" title="Zabid">Zabid</a> covered with qadad carved into <a href="/wiki/Yeseria" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeseria">yeseria</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Sana%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Sana'a">Sana'a</a> of the early 20th century, <i>qadad</i>-plaster was used to line pools, reservoirs, drainage pipes, and <a href="/wiki/Cesspit" title="Cesspit">cesspits</a>, and to make them impermeable.<sup id="cite_ref-Qafih1982_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Qafih1982-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After applying the <i>qadad</i>, the coating was burnished with a stone.<sup id="cite_ref-Qafih1982_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Qafih1982-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often its use extended unto the main kitchen room and to gutters and sinks, wherever water was likely to be used extensively<sup id="cite_ref-CRathjens1957_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRathjens1957-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (see also <a href="/wiki/Tadelakt" title="Tadelakt">tadelakt</a>). The walls of store-rooms where grain was kept and which required being impervious to water were also frequently painted-over with <i>qadad</i> and which gave to the rooms an appearance of being painted with oil paint.<sup id="cite_ref-CRathjens1957_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRathjens1957-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Rathjens" title="Carl Rathjens">Carl Rathjens</a>, who visited Yemen in the first half of the 20th century, mentions seeing in Sana'a "the houses of well-to-do people" where the entrance halls were often painted with <i>qadad</i> up to a certain height.<sup id="cite_ref-CRathjens1957_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRathjens1957-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The interior walls of public baths were sometimes brick, sometimes stone. If brick, they were protected with a thick layer of hard gypsum plaster which were then oil-painted. </p><p>In Islamic architecture, different consistencies of <i>qadad</i> were made for different usages: domes, flat ceilings, vertical walls and decorations in the geometric interlace.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qadad&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Qudad" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Qudad">Qudad</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limepit" title="Limepit">Limepit</a> (old technique used in calcining limestone)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lime_plaster" title="Lime plaster">Lime plaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasterwork" title="Plasterwork">Plasterwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozzolan" title="Pozzolan">Pozzolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadelakt" title="Tadelakt">Tadelakt</a>, a similar waterproof <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lime-soap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lime-soap (page does not exist)">lime-soap</a> plaster</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarooj" title="Sarooj">Sarooj</a>, a similar water-resistant plaster</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qadad&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Sana%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Mosque of Sana'a">Great Mosque of Sana'a</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sutter-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sutter_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSutter,_Anita2006" class="citation journal cs1">Sutter, Anita (18 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fcy.111">"Note sur la fabrication du qadâd"</a>. <i>Arabian Humanities</i>. <b><span class="nowrap">6–</span>7</b> (<span class="nowrap">6–</span>7). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fcy.111">10.4000/cy.111</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arabian+Humanities&rft.atitle=Note+sur+la+fabrication+du+qad%C3%A2d&rft.volume=6-7&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.date=2006-12-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fcy.111&rft.au=Sutter%2C+Anita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4000%252Fcy.111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQadad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SelmaAlRadi1994-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SelmaAlRadi1994_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SelmaAlRadi1994_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SelmaAlRadi1994_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SelmaAlRadi1994_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SelmaAlRadi1994_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Selma_Al-Radi" title="Selma Al-Radi">Selma Al-Radi</a>, "Qudâd The Traditional Yemeni Plaster," <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aiys.org/no-34-1993/180-qudad-the-traditional-yemeni-plaster.html">Yemen Update, Bulletin of the American Institute for Yemeni Studies</a></i> (AIYS), no. 34 (1994):6-13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://intarch.ac.uk/journal/issue20/reviews/fodde.html">"Fodde. The Architecture of Mud and Qudad. DVD Reviews"</a>. <i>Internet Archaeology</i> (20). intarch.ac.uk. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11141%2Fia.20.6">10.11141/ia.20.6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Internet+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Fodde.+The+Architecture+of+Mud+and+Qudad.+DVD+Reviews&rft.issue=20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11141%2Fia.20.6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fintarch.ac.uk%2Fjournal%2Fissue20%2Freviews%2Ffodde.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQadad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFResources" class="citation web cs1">Resources, Documentary Educational. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.der.org/films/qudad.html">"DER Documentary: Qudad"</a>. <i>www.der.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.der.org&rft.atitle=DER+Documentary%3A+Qudad&rft.aulast=Resources&rft.aufirst=Documentary+Educational&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.der.org%2Ffilms%2Fqudad.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQadad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFdocued2008" class="citation web cs1">docued (11 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wGYksPA0tpc">"Qudad, Re-inventing a Tradition - PREVIEW"</a> – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qudad%2C+Re-inventing+a+Tradition+-+PREVIEW&rft.date=2008-09-11&rft.au=docued&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DwGYksPA0tpc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQadad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.der.org/films/qudad.html">"Qudad, Re-inventing a Tradition"</a>. <i>Documentary Educational Resources</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Documentary+Educational+Resources&rft.atitle=Qudad%2C+Re-inventing+a+Tradition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.der.org%2Ffilms%2Fqudad.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQadad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.akdn.org/architecture/project/restoration-amiriya-complex">"Restoration of the Amiriya Complex - Aga Khan Development Network"</a>. <i>www.akdn.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.akdn.org&rft.atitle=Restoration+of+the+Amiriya+Complex+-+Aga+Khan+Development+Network&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.akdn.org%2Farchitecture%2Fproject%2Frestoration-amiriya-complex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQadad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Qafih1982-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Qafih1982_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Qafih1982_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Qafih1982_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Qafih1982_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Qafih1982_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Qafih1982_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFQafih1982" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Yosef_Qafih" title="Yosef Qafih">Qafih, Y.</a> (1982). <i>Halichot Teman (Jewish Life in Sanà)</i> (in Hebrew). Jerusalem: <a href="/wiki/Ben-Zvi_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben-Zvi Institute">Ben-Zvi Institute</a>. p. 242. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/965-17-0137-4" title="Special:BookSources/965-17-0137-4"><bdi>965-17-0137-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/863513860">863513860</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Halichot+Teman+%28Jewish+Life+in+San%C3%A0%29&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pages=242&rft.pub=Ben-Zvi+Institute&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F863513860&rft.isbn=965-17-0137-4&rft.aulast=Qafih&rft.aufirst=Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQadad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLivingston2006" class="citation journal cs1">Livingston, Morna (2006). "Yemen's Cisterns at High Altitudes". <i>Traditional Dwellings and Settlements Review</i>. <b>18</b> (1): 51. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23565982">23565982</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Traditional+Dwellings+and+Settlements+Review&rft.atitle=Yemen%27s+Cisterns+at+High+Altitudes&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=51&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23565982%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Livingston&rft.aufirst=Morna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQadad" class="Z3988"></span> (Hypertraditions: Tenth International Conference, December 15-18, 2006 --- Bangkok, Thailand). Dr. <a href="/wiki/Selma_Al-Radi" title="Selma Al-Radi">Selma Al-Radi</a> relates that in her restoration of the <a href="/wiki/Amiriya_Madrasa" title="Amiriya Madrasa">Amiriya Madrasa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rada%27a_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Rada'a District">Rada'a</a>, the nearly 500-year old existing <i>qadad</i> was so strong that they had to use a sledgehammer to break it apart.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alkhaleej.ae/home/getpage/8c37a268-3d08-4f8d-9faa-5247089ac47b/b09e4b86-07d1-4d33-b4ef-121fad3412af">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"الأشرفية" تحفة "الدولة الرسولية" ورائعة العمارة اليمنية"</a>. <i>www.alkhaleej.ae</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.alkhaleej.ae&rft.atitle=%22%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9%22+%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%81%D8%A9+%22%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9%22+%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B9%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alkhaleej.ae%2Fhome%2Fgetpage%2F8c37a268-3d08-4f8d-9faa-5247089ac47b%2Fb09e4b86-07d1-4d33-b4ef-121fad3412af&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQadad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gu-yc.org/place/2cd4efb7-05ca-42f3-ab75-e247c10ffcbf/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B8%D9%81%D8%B1-%D8%A3%D9%88-(%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B8%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9)">"جامع-المظفر-أو-(المدرسة-المظفرية)"</a>. <i>www.gu-yc.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gu-yc.org&rft.atitle=%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B8%D9%81%D8%B1-%D8%A3%D9%88-%28%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B8%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gu-yc.org%2Fplace%2F2cd4efb7-05ca-42f3-ab75-e247c10ffcbf%2F%25D8%25AC%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D8%25B9-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25B8%25D9%2581%25D8%25B1-%25D8%25A3%25D9%2588-%28%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25B8%25D9%2581%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQadad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CRathjens1957-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CRathjens1957_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRathjens1957_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRathjens1957_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRathjens1957" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Rathjens" title="Carl Rathjens">Rathjens, Carl</a> (1957). <i>Jewish Domestic Architecture in San'a, Yemen</i>. Jerusalem: The Israel Oriental Society, affiliate of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew University">Hebrew University</a>. p. 74 (note 9). <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/48323774">48323774</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+Domestic+Architecture+in+San%27a%2C+Yemen&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pages=74+%28note+9%29&rft.pub=The+Israel+Oriental+Society%2C+affiliate+of+the+Hebrew+University&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F48323774&rft.aulast=Rathjens&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQadad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caterina Borelli, <i>Qudad - Reinventing a Tradition</i> (documentary)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qadad&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Caterina Borelli, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vimeo.com/51120520">Caterina Borelli: "QUDAD - reinventing a tradition - English version"</a> on <a href="/wiki/Vimeo" title="Vimeo">Vimeo</a>, 2012, A Documentary on the renovation of the ‘<a href="/wiki/Amiriya_Madrasa" title="Amiriya Madrasa">Amiryia Madrasa</a> and Mosque in <a href="/wiki/Rada%27a_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Rada'a District">Rada</a>, Yemen, using the ancient waterproofing technique with <i>qudad</i>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_architecture" title="Abbasid architecture">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Seljuk_architecture" title="Anatolian Seljuk architecture">Anatolian Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty#Architecture" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_architecture" title="Chinese Islamic architecture">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_architecture" title="Fatimid architecture">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_architecture" title="Hausa architecture">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture" title="Indo-Islamic architecture">Indo-Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslim_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Muslim architecture">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Deccan_sultanates" title="Architecture of the Deccan sultanates">Deccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutb_Shahi_architecture" title="Qutb Shahi architecture">Qutb Shahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Mughal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_architecture_in_Indonesia" title="Mosque architecture in Indonesia">Indonesian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture#Malaysia" title="Islamic architecture">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanid_architecture" title="Ilkhanid architecture">Ilkhanid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuk_architecture" title="Great Seljuk architecture">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanid_architecture" title="Ilkhanid architecture">Ilkhanid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_architecture" title="Timurid architecture">Timurid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_art#Architecture_and_urbanism" title="Safavid art">Safavid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_architecture" title="Mamluk architecture">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_architecture" title="Moorish architecture">Moorish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aghlabid_architecture" title="Aghlabid architecture">Aghlabid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_architecture" title="Almoravid architecture">Almoravid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_architecture" title="Almohad architecture">Almohad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafsid_architecture" title="Hafsid architecture">Hafsid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayyanid_architecture" title="Zayyanid architecture">Zayyanid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_architecture" title="Somali architecture">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudano-Sahelian_architecture" title="Sudano-Sahelian architecture">Sudano-Sahelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_architecture" title="Swahili architecture">Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_mosque" title="Tatar mosque">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_architecture" title="Umayyad architecture">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Yemen" title="Architecture of Yemen">Yemeni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Qadad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadelakt" title="Tadelakt">Tadelakt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chahartaq_(architecture)" title="Chahartaq (architecture)">Chahartaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discharging_arch" title="Discharging arch">Discharging arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-centred_arch" title="Four-centred arch">Four-centred arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_arch" title="Horseshoe arch">Horseshoe arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambrequin_arch" title="Lambrequin arch">Lambrequin arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multifoil_arch" title="Multifoil arch">Multifoil arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogee#Ogee_arch" title="Ogee">Ogee arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogive#architecture" title="Ogive">Pointed arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squinch" title="Squinch">Squinch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture#Vaulting" title="Islamic architecture">Vaulting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roofs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dome" title="Dome">Dome</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_medieval_Arabic_and_Western_European_domes" title="History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes">Arabic dome</a> / <a href="/wiki/Onion_dome" title="Onion dome">Onion dome</a> / <a href="/wiki/History_of_Persian_domes" title="History of Persian domes">Persian dome</a> / <a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Asian_domes" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Asian domes">South Asian dome</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-dome" title="Semi-dome">Semi-dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajug" title="Tajug">Tajug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhajja" title="Chhajja">Chhajja</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious<br />objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaza" title="Anaza">Anaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedug" title="Bedug">Bedug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dikka" title="Dikka">Dikka</a> (or müezzin mahfili)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonbad" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonbad">Gonbad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussainiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussainiya">Hussainiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamzadeh" title="Imamzadeh">Imamzadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiswah" title="Kiswah">Kiswah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loudspeakers_in_mosques" title="Loudspeakers in mosques">Loudspeakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqsurah" title="Maqsurah">Maqsurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">Mihrab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">Minaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minbar" title="Minbar">Minbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qibla" title="Qibla">Qibla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarih" title="Zarih">Zarih</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Decorations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<i>For overview, see</i> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_ornament" title="Islamic ornament">Islamic ornament</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ablaq" title="Ablaq">Ablaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80ina-k%C4%81ri" class="mw-redirect" title="Āina-kāri">Āina-kāri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfiz" title="Alfiz">Alfiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banna%27i" title="Banna'i">Banna'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girih" title="Girih">Girih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girih_tiles" title="Girih tiles">Girih tiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Islamic calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Islamic geometric patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jali" title="Jali">Jali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_lamp" title="Mosque lamp">Mosque lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">Muqarnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagash_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagash painting">Nagash painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qashani" title="Qashani">Qashani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebka" title="Sebka">Sebka (Darj-wa-ktaf)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabaka_(window)" title="Shabaka (window)">Shabaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamsa" title="Shamsa">Shamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitara_(textile)" title="Sitara (textile)">Sitara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socarrat" title="Socarrat">Socarrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stucco_decoration_in_Islamic_architecture" title="Stucco decoration in Islamic architecture">Stucco decoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zellij" title="Zellij">Zellij</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rooms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaruni" title="Andaruni">Andaruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwan" title="Iwan">Iwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwan" title="Liwan">Liwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirador_(architecture)" title="Mirador (architecture)">Mirador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosh_(architecture)" title="Hosh (architecture)">Hosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qa%27a_(room)" title="Qa'a (room)">Qa’a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenana" title="Zenana">Zenana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gardens</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagh_(garden)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagh (garden)">Bagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charbagh" title="Charbagh">Charbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Islamic garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_garden" title="Mughal garden">Mughal garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_garden" title="Paradise garden">Paradise garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflecting_pool" title="Reflecting pool">Reflecting pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riad_(architecture)" title="Riad (architecture)">Riad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outdoor<br />objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhatri" title="Chhatri">Chhatri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eidgah" title="Eidgah">Eidgah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fina_(architecture)" title="Fina (architecture)">Fina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechouar" title="Mechouar">Mechouar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebil_(fountain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebil (fountain)">Sebil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadirvan" title="Shadirvan">Shadirvan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Passive<br />cooling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypostyle" title="Hypostyle">Hypostyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howz" title="Howz">Howz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharokha" title="Jharokha">Jharokha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kucheh" title="Kucheh">Kucheh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashrabiya" title="Mashrabiya">Mashrabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riwaq_(arcade)" title="Riwaq (arcade)">Riwaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahn" title="Sahn">Sahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salsabil_(fountain)" title="Salsabil (fountain)">Salsabil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabestan" title="Shabestan">Shabestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina_Haram_Piazza_Shading_Umbrellas" class="mw-redirect" title="Medina Haram Piazza Shading Umbrellas">Shading Umbrellas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windcatcher" title="Windcatcher">Windcatcher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_mosque" title="Congregational mosque">Congregational mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar_al-Muwaqqit" title="Dar al-Muwaqqit">Dar al-Muwaqqit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dargah" title="Dargah">Dargah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongbei_(Islamic_architecture)" title="Gongbei (Islamic architecture)">Gongbei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_Khana" title="Jama'at Khana">Jama'at Khana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BClliye" title="Külliye">Külliye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuttab" title="Kuttab">Kuttab (or maktab)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqam_(shrine)" title="Maqam (shrine)">Maqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqbara" title="Maqbara">Maqbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazar_(mausoleum)" title="Mazar (mausoleum)">Mazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musalla" title="Musalla">Musalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qubba" title="Qubba">Qubba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rauza" title="Rauza">Rauza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surau" title="Surau">Surau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_lodge" title="Sufi lodge">Sufi lodge</a> (khanqah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takyeh" title="Takyeh">Takyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrbe" title="Türbe">Türbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zawiya_(institution)" title="Zawiya (institution)">Zawiya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baradari_(building)" title="Baradari (building)">Baradari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazaar" title="Bazaar">Bazaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">Caravanserai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaristan" title="Bimaristan">Bimaristan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghorfa" title="Ghorfa">Ghorfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammam" title="Hammam">Hammam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasht-Bihisht_(Architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasht-Bihisht (Architecture)">Hasht-Bihisht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasbah" title="Kasbah">Kasbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahal_(palace)" title="Mahal (palace)">Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina_quarter" title="Medina quarter">Medina quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souq" class="mw-redirect" title="Souq">Souq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Well house">Well house</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albarrana_tower" title="Albarrana tower">Albarrana tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar" title="Alcázar">Alcázar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amsar" title="Amsar">Amsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasbah" title="Kasbah">Kasbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ksar" title="Ksar">Ksar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalat_(fortress)" title="Qalat (fortress)">Qalat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribat" title="Ribat">Ribat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_Award_for_Architecture" title="Aga Khan Award for Architecture">Aga Khan Award for Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ArchNet" title="ArchNet">ArchNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_with_No_Frontiers" title="Museum with No Frontiers">Museum with No Frontiers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Saracenic_Revival_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture">Indo-Saracenic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_influences_on_Western_art#Architecture" title="Islamic influences on Western art">Influences on Western architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Revival_architecture" title="Moorish Revival architecture">Moorish Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Mudéjar">Mudéjar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Part of <a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_art" title="Template:Islamic art">Islamic arts</a> •  <b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_parthenon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/20px-P_parthenon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/40px-P_parthenon.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Architecture" title="Portal:Architecture">Architecture portal</a></b> •  <b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" 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