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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elements_of_the_Persian_garden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elements_of_the_Persian_garden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Elements of the Persian garden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elements_of_the_Persian_garden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Descriptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descriptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Descriptions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Descriptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Styles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Styles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Styles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hayāt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hayāt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Hayāt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hayāt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meidān" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meidān"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Meidān</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meidān-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chahar_Bāgh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chahar_Bāgh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Chahar Bāgh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chahar_Bāgh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boostān" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boostān"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Boostān</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boostān-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bāgh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bāgh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Bāgh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bāgh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_Heritage_Sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_Heritage_Sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>World Heritage Sites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_Heritage_Sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Persian gardens</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="حدائق فارسية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حدائق فارسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ran_ba%C4%9Flar%C4%B1" title="İran bağları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İran bağları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="পারসিক বাগান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পারসিক বাগান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D2%A1%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Фарсы баҡсалары – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Фарсы баҡсалары" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Персідскія сады – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Персідскія сады" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Персийска градина – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Персийска градина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persk%C3%A1_zahrada" title="Perská zahrada – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Perská zahrada" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persischer_Garten" title="Persischer Garten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Persischer Garten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jard%C3%ADn_persa" title="Jardín persa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jardín persa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persa_%C4%9Dardeno" title="Persa ĝardeno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Persa ĝardeno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persiar_lorategi" title="Persiar lorategi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Persiar lorategi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%BA_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="باغ ایرانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="باغ ایرانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jardin_persan" title="Jardin persan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jardin persan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%98%EB%A5%B4%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84_%EC%A0%95%EC%9B%90" title="페르시아 정원 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="페르시아 정원" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Պարսկական այգիներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պարսկական այգիներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="चारबाग शैली – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चारबाग शैली" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perzijski_vrtovi" title="Perzijski vrtovi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Perzijski vrtovi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taman_Persia" title="Taman Persia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Taman Persia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giardino_persiano" title="Giardino persiano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Giardino persiano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%9F_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%99" title="גן פרסי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גן פרסי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perzsa_kertek" title="Perzsa kertek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Perzsa kertek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D" title="ചാർബാഗ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചാർബാഗ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A0nien_Persjan" title="Ġnien Persjan – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ġnien Persjan" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taman_Parsi" title="Taman Parsi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Taman Parsi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perzische_tuin" title="Perzische tuin – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Perzische tuin" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE" title="फारसको बगैंचा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="फारसको बगैंचा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9A%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E5%BC%8F%E5%BA%AD%E5%9C%92" title="ペルシャ式庭園 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ペルシャ式庭園" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogr%C3%B3d_perski" title="Ogród perski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ogród perski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jardim_persa" title="Jardim persa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jardim persa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Персидские сады – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Персидские сады" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perzijski_vrtovi" title="Perzijski vrtovi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Perzijski vrtovi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Персијска башта – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Персијска башта" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perzijski_vrtovi" title="Perzijski vrtovi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Perzijski vrtovi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persialainen_puutarha" title="Persialainen puutarha – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Persialainen puutarha" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of garden originating from Iran</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Botanical_Garden,_Shiraz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Botanical_Garden%2C_Shiraz.jpg/260px-Botanical_Garden%2C_Shiraz.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Botanical_Garden%2C_Shiraz.jpg/390px-Botanical_Garden%2C_Shiraz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Botanical_Garden%2C_Shiraz.jpg/520px-Botanical_Garden%2C_Shiraz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eram_Garden" title="Eram Garden">Eram Garden</a> is a famous historic Persian garden in <a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The tradition and style of <a href="/wiki/Garden_design" title="Garden design">garden design</a> represented by <b>Persian gardens</b> or <b>Iranian gardens</b> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">باغ ایرانی</span>) is a style of "<a href="/wiki/Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">landscape</a>" <a href="/wiki/Garden" title="Garden">garden</a> which emerged in the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>. <a href="/wiki/Humayun%27s_Tomb" title="Humayun's Tomb">Humayun's Tomb</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a> have some of the largest Persian gardens in the world, from the era of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> in India. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Concept_and_etymology">Concept and etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persian_gardens&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Concept and etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Persian_garden_plan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Persian_garden_plan.png/220px-Persian_garden_plan.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Persian_garden_plan.png/330px-Persian_garden_plan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Persian_garden_plan.png 2x" data-file-width="411" data-file-height="522" /></a><figcaption>A schematic diagram of a Persian garden. Note the quadripartite structure with focal water feature, connecting aqueducts, and surrounding trees, as well as the placement of the palace</figcaption></figure> <p>From the time of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>, the idea of an earthly paradise spread through <a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Persian literature</a> and example to other cultures, both the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> gardens of the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom#List_of_Ptolemaic_rulers" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemies</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a> word <i>pairidaēza-</i>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a> *<i>paridaida-</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Median_language" title="Median language">Median</a> *<i>paridaiza-</i> (walled-around, i.e., a <a href="/wiki/Walled_garden" title="Walled garden">walled garden</a>), was borrowed into <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a>, and then into Greek <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">παράδεισος</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">parádeisos</i></span>, then rendered into the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>paradīsus</i>, and from there entered into European languages, e.g., <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> <i>paradis</i>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> <i>Paradies</i>, and <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Paradise" title="Paradise">paradise</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the word expresses, such <a href="/wiki/Garden" title="Garden">gardens</a> would have been enclosed. The garden's purpose was, and is, to provide a place for protected relaxation in a variety of manners: <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spiritual</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Leisure" title="Leisure">leisurely</a> (such as meetings with friends), essentially a <i>paradise on earth</i>. The <a href="/wiki/Proto-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Iranian language">Common Iranian</a> word for "enclosed space" was *<i>pari-daiza-</i> (Avestan <i>pairi-daēza-</i>), a term that was adopted by <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian mythology</a> to describe the <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">garden of Eden</a> or <a href="/wiki/Paradise" title="Paradise">Paradise</a> on earth.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The garden's construction may be <a href="/wiki/Formal_garden" title="Formal garden">formal</a> (with an emphasis on structure) or casual (with an emphasis on nature), following several simple design rules. This allows maximisation, in terms of function and emotion, of what may be done in the garden. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persian_gardens&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Persepolis_T_Chipiez.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Persepolis_T_Chipiez.jpg/220px-Persepolis_T_Chipiez.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Persepolis_T_Chipiez.jpg/330px-Persepolis_T_Chipiez.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Persepolis_T_Chipiez.jpg/440px-Persepolis_T_Chipiez.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1568" /></a><figcaption>Gardens outside of the Palace of <a href="/wiki/Darius_I_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I of Persia">Darius I of Persia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Persian gardens may originate as early as 4000 BC, but it is clear that this tradition began with the Achaemenid dynasty around the 6th century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence. (August 2016)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Persian_gardens#Dubious" title="Talk:Persian gardens">discuss</a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (August 2016)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Decorated pottery of that time displays the typical cross plan of the Persian garden. The outline of <a href="/wiki/Pasargadae" title="Pasargadae">Pasargadae</a>, built around 500 BC, is still viewable today. Classical Iranians were seen by the Greeks as the 'great gardeners' of antiquity; Cyrus II (known also as Cyrus the Younger) is alleged to have told the Spartan commander <a href="/wiki/Lysander" title="Lysander">Lysander</a> that he gardened daily when not campaigning, and had himself laid out the park at Sardis, which he called his 'paradise' (a Greek corruption of the Old Persian word for garden<i>).</i> <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the suzerainty of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a>, under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> in <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a> grew increasingly important. This trend manifested itself in garden design, with greater emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Fountain" title="Fountain">fountains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pond" title="Pond">ponds</a> in gardens. </p><p>During the Umayyad and Abbasid periods, the aesthetic aspect of the garden increased in importance, overtaking utility. During this time, aesthetic rules that govern the garden grew in importance. An example of this is the <i><a href="/wiki/Charbagh" title="Charbagh">chahār bāgh</a></i> (<span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">چهارباغ</span></span>), a form of garden that attempts to emulate the Abrahamic <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">notion of a Garden of Eden</a>, with four rivers and four quadrants that represent the world. The design sometimes extends one axis longer than the cross-axis and may feature water channels that run through each of the four gardens and connect to a central pool. </p> <blockquote><p>Under the Abbasid dynasty (8th century AD), this type of garden became an integral part of representational architecture.</p></blockquote> <blockquote><p>The Persian garden is a landscape garden, designed individually and created intentionally as a space embedded in the aesthetic and spiritual context of its past and contemporary cultural, political, and social environment. Hallmarks of these formal gardens are a geometric layout following geometric and visual principles, implemented to nature by water channels and basins which divide the enclosed space into clearly defined quarters, a principle that has become known as Chahar Bagh (four gardens), waterworks with channels, basins, fountains and cascades, pavilions, prominent central axes with a vista, and a plantation with a variety of carefully chosen trees, herbs. and flowers. The old-Iranian word for such gardens "pari-daizi' expresses the notion of an earthly paradise that is inherent to them. As such, they are a metaphor for the divine order and the unification and protection of the ones who do good. Their counterparts on earth fulfill a similar function. These principles are brought to perfection in the gardens of the emperor as the "good gardener".</p></blockquote> <blockquote><p>Notwithstanding a formal standardization, the landscape gardens also reflect diversity and development, bound to function, regional and chronological characteristics, as well as technological, know how personal preferences, ambitions, and demands. Persian gardens are multi-functional: they not only serve contemplation and relaxation, but are also a representation and manifestation of power. Designing and implementing a garden demonstrates the occupation of land, holding audiences and celebrating victories or marriages in these gardens signal superiority, or social and political bonds. Starting from the 12th to 13th century, tombs for members of the royal family or important personalities were placed into such formal gardens, providing believers a chance to benefit from the spirituality of a venerated person and the particular aura of the garden.<sup id="cite_ref-Centre_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Centre-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The invasion of Persia by the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> in the thirteenth century led to a new emphasis on highly ornate <a href="/wiki/Structure" title="Structure">structure</a> in the garden. Examples of this include <a href="/wiki/Tree_peony" title="Tree peony">tree peonies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chrysanthemum" title="Chrysanthemum">chrysanthemums</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2012)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Mongols then carried a Persian garden tradition to other parts of their empire (notably <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Babur_Gardens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Babur_Gardens.jpg/220px-Babur_Gardens.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Babur_Gardens.jpg/330px-Babur_Gardens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Babur_Gardens.jpg/440px-Babur_Gardens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1504" data-file-height="999" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bagh-e_Babur" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagh-e Babur">Bagh-e Babur</a> in Kabul, Afghanistan</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mughal_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal emperor">Mughal emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Babur" title="Babur">Babur</a> introduced the Persian garden to <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, attempting to replicate the cool, refreshing aura of his homeland in the Ferghana Valley through the construction of Persian-style gardens, like those at other Timurid cities like Samarkand and Herat. Babur was a zealous gardener and personally designed and supervised at least ten gardens in his capital of <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a> in modern Afghanistan, such as the <a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_Babur" title="Gardens of Babur">Bagh-e Babur</a>, where he recorded the allure of the pomegranate, cherry and orange trees he had planted.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though his empire soon expanded as far as north-central India, he abhorred the stagnant heat and drab environment of the hot, dusty plains of India; he was thus interred at Bagh-e Babur in Kabul by his widow in 1544.<sup id="cite_ref-Centre_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Centre-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Aram_Bagh,_Agra" title="Aram Bagh, Agra">Aram Bagh of Agra</a> was the first of many Persian gardens he created in India itself. <a href="/wiki/Mughal_garden" title="Mughal garden">Mughal gardens</a> have four basic requirements, symbolizing four allegorical essentials for the afterlife: shade, fruit, fragrance, and running water. This pattern was used to build many Persian gardens throughout the Indian subcontinent, such as the <a href="/wiki/Shalimar_Gardens,_Lahore" title="Shalimar Gardens, Lahore">Shalimar Gardens</a> of Lahore, the <a href="/wiki/Shalimar_Bagh,_Srinagar" title="Shalimar Bagh, Srinagar">Shalimar Bagh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nishat_Bagh" title="Nishat Bagh">Nishat Bagh</a> of Kashmir, and the <a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal gardens</a>. The Taj Mahal gardens embody the Persian concept of an ideal <a href="/wiki/Paradise_garden" title="Paradise garden">paradise garden</a>, and were built with irrigation channels and canals from the <a href="/wiki/Yamuna" title="Yamuna">Yamuna</a> River. These gardens have recently been restored to their former beauty after decades of pollution by the Indian authorities, who cut down the fruit- and shade-bearing vegetation of the garden.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%DA%86%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%B3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/%DA%86%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%B3.png/220px-%DA%86%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%B3.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/%DA%86%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%B3.png/330px-%DA%86%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%B3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/%DA%86%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%B3.png/440px-%DA%86%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%B3.png 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="1999" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cheshme_Belghais_Garden" title="Cheshme Belghais Garden">Cheshme Belghais Garden</a>, is an example of modern persian garden design.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid dynasty</a> (seventeenth to eighteenth century) built and developed grand and epic layouts that went beyond a simple extension to a palace and became an integral aesthetic and functional part of it. In the following centuries, European <a href="/wiki/Garden_design" title="Garden design">garden design</a> began to influence Persia, particularly the designs of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, and secondarily that of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. Western influences led to changes in the use of water and the species used in bedding. </p><p>Traditional forms and style are still applied in modern Iranian gardens. They also appear in historic sites, museums, and affixed to the houses of the rich. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elements_of_the_Persian_garden">Elements of the Persian garden</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persian_gardens&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Elements of the Persian garden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:40sotoon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/40sotoon.jpg/220px-40sotoon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/40sotoon.jpg/330px-40sotoon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/40sotoon.jpg/440px-40sotoon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="699" data-file-height="522" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chehel_Sotoun" title="Chehel Sotoun">Chehel Sotoun</a> pavilion and garden in <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">Sunlight</a> and its effects were an important factor of structural design in Persian gardens. Textures and shapes were specifically chosen by <a href="/wiki/Architect" title="Architect">architects</a> to harness the light.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>'s dry heat makes shade important in gardens, which would be nearly unusable without it. Trees and <a href="/wiki/Trellis_(architecture)" title="Trellis (architecture)">trellises</a> largely feature as <a href="/wiki/Biotic_component" class="mw-redirect" title="Biotic component">biotic</a> shade; <a href="/wiki/Pavilions" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavilions">pavilions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wall" title="Wall">walls</a> are also structurally prominent in blocking the sun. </p><p>The heat also makes water important, both in the design and maintenance of the garden. Irrigation may be required, and may be provided via a form of tunnel called a <i><a href="/wiki/Qanat" title="Qanat">qanat</a></i>, that transports water from a local <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifer</a>. <a href="/wiki/Water_well" class="mw-redirect" title="Water well">Well</a>-like structures then connect to the qanat, enabling the drawing of water. Alternatively, an animal-driven <a href="/wiki/Persian_well" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian well">Persian well</a> would draw water to the surface. Such wheel systems also moved water around surface water systems, such as those in the <i>chahar bāgh</i> style. Trees were often planted in a ditch called a <i>juy</i>, which prevented water <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporation</a> and allowed the water quick access to the tree <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">roots</a>. </p><p>The Persian style often attempts to integrate indoors with outdoors through the connection of a surrounding garden with an inner <a href="/wiki/Courtyard" title="Courtyard">courtyard</a>. Designers often place architectural elements such as <a href="/wiki/Vaulted_arches" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaulted arches">vaulted arches</a> between the outer and interior areas to open up the divide between them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Descriptions">Descriptions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persian_gardens&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Descriptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%BA_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87-%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86-%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%BA_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87-%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86-%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg/220px-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%BA_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87-%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86-%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%BA_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87-%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86-%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg/330px-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%BA_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87-%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86-%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%BA_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87-%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86-%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg/440px-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%BA_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87-%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86-%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8268" data-file-height="5906" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shazdeh_Garden" title="Shazdeh Garden">Shazdeh Garden</a> is one of the largest gardens of <a href="/wiki/Kerman_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerman Province">Kerman Province</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>An early description (from the first half of the fourth century BCE) of a Persian garden is found in <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Oeconomicus" title="Oeconomicus">Oeconomicus</a></i> in which he has <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> relate the story of the Spartan general <a href="/wiki/Lysander" title="Lysander">Lysander</a>'s visit to the Persian prince <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Younger" title="Cyrus the Younger">Cyrus the Younger</a>, who shows the Greek his "paradise at Sardis". In this story Lysander is "astonished at the beauty of the trees within, all planted at equal intervals, the long straight rows of waving branches, the perfect regularity, the rectangular symmetry of the whole, and the many sweet scents which hung about them as they paced the park"<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kashan_2017_(34179953426).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Kashan_2017_%2834179953426%29.jpg/220px-Kashan_2017_%2834179953426%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Kashan_2017_%2834179953426%29.jpg/330px-Kashan_2017_%2834179953426%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Kashan_2017_%2834179953426%29.jpg/440px-Kashan_2017_%2834179953426%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="729" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fin_Garden" title="Fin Garden">Fin Garden</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kashan" title="Kashan">Kashan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The oldest representational descriptions and illustrations of Persian gardens come from travelers who reached Iran from the west. These accounts include <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a> in the fourteenth century, <a href="/wiki/Ruy_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Clavijo" title="Ruy González de Clavijo">Ruy González de Clavijo</a> in the fifteenth century and <a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Kaempfer" title="Engelbert Kaempfer">Engelbert Kaempfer</a> in the seventeenth century. Battuta and Clavijo made only passing references to gardens and did not describe their design, but Kaempfer made careful drawings and converted them into detailed engravings after his return to Europe. They show <a href="/wiki/Charbagh" title="Charbagh">charbagh</a>-type gardens that featured an enclosing wall, rectangular pools, an internal network of canals, garden pavilions and lush planting. There are surviving examples of this garden type at <a href="/wiki/Yazd" title="Yazd">Yazd</a> (Dowlatabad) and at <a href="/wiki/Kashan" title="Kashan">Kashan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fin_Garden" title="Fin Garden">Fin Garden</a>). The location of the gardens Kaempfer illustrated in <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a> can be identified. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Styles">Styles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persian_gardens&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The six primary styles of the Persian garden may be seen in the following table, which puts them in the context of their function and style. Gardens are not limited to a particular style, but often integrate different styles, or have areas with different functions and styles. </p> <table align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <td><b>Classical</b> </td> <td><b>Formal</b> </td> <td><b>Casual</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Public</b> </td> <td>Hayāt </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meidan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meidan (page does not exist)">Meidān</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Park" title="Park">Park</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Private</b> </td> <td>Hayāt </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charbagh" title="Charbagh">Chahār Bāgh</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bagh_(garden)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagh (garden)">Bāgh</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hayāt"><span id="Hay.C4.81t"></span>Hayāt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persian_gardens&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hayāt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Naghshe_Jahan_Square_Isfahan_modified.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Naghshe_Jahan_Square_Isfahan_modified.jpg/220px-Naghshe_Jahan_Square_Isfahan_modified.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Naghshe_Jahan_Square_Isfahan_modified.jpg/330px-Naghshe_Jahan_Square_Isfahan_modified.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Naghshe_Jahan_Square_Isfahan_modified.jpg/440px-Naghshe_Jahan_Square_Isfahan_modified.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2096" data-file-height="1470" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Naghsh-i_Jahan_square" class="mw-redirect" title="Naghsh-i Jahan square">Naghsh-i Jahan square</a>, the charbagh Royal Square (Maidan) in <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a>, constructed between 1598 and 1629</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:India_-_Srinagar_-_032_-_sunset_at_Nishat_Bagh_Mughal_Gardens_HDR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/India_-_Srinagar_-_032_-_sunset_at_Nishat_Bagh_Mughal_Gardens_HDR.jpg/220px-India_-_Srinagar_-_032_-_sunset_at_Nishat_Bagh_Mughal_Gardens_HDR.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/India_-_Srinagar_-_032_-_sunset_at_Nishat_Bagh_Mughal_Gardens_HDR.jpg/330px-India_-_Srinagar_-_032_-_sunset_at_Nishat_Bagh_Mughal_Gardens_HDR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/India_-_Srinagar_-_032_-_sunset_at_Nishat_Bagh_Mughal_Gardens_HDR.jpg/440px-India_-_Srinagar_-_032_-_sunset_at_Nishat_Bagh_Mughal_Gardens_HDR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3007" data-file-height="2289" /></a><figcaption>Sunset at <a href="/wiki/Nishat_Bagh" title="Nishat Bagh">Nishat Bagh</a> Gardens</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2006_Park-e_Laleh_Tehran_162316871.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/2006_Park-e_Laleh_Tehran_162316871.jpg/220px-2006_Park-e_Laleh_Tehran_162316871.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/2006_Park-e_Laleh_Tehran_162316871.jpg/330px-2006_Park-e_Laleh_Tehran_162316871.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/2006_Park-e_Laleh_Tehran_162316871.jpg/440px-2006_Park-e_Laleh_Tehran_162316871.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="452" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Laleh_Park" title="Laleh Park">Laleh Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Publicly, it is a classical Persian layout with heavy emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetics</a> over function. Man-made structures in the garden are particularly important, with <a href="/wiki/Arch" title="Arch">arches</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swimming_pool" title="Swimming pool">pools</a> (which may be used to bathe). The ground is often covered in <a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a> flagged with stone. Plantings are typically very simple - such as a line of trees, which also provide shade. </p><p>Privately, these gardens are often pool-centred and, again, structural. The pool serves as a focus and source of humidity for the surrounding atmosphere. There are few plants, often due to the limited water available in <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban areas</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meidān"><span id="Meid.C4.81n"></span>Meidān</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persian_gardens&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Meidān"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This is a public, <a href="/wiki/Formality" title="Formality">formal</a> garden that puts more emphasis on the <a href="/wiki/Biotic_component" class="mw-redirect" title="Biotic component">biotic</a> element than the <i>hayāt</i> and that minimises structure. Plants range from <a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">trees</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">shrubs</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Bedding_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedding plant">bedding plants</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Grass">grasses</a>. Again, there are elements such as a pool and gravel pathways which divide the <a href="/wiki/Lawn" title="Lawn">lawn</a>. When structures are used, they are often built, as in the case of pavilions, to provide shade. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chahar_Bāgh"><span id="Chahar_B.C4.81gh"></span>Chahar Bāgh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persian_gardens&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Chahar Bāgh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Charbagh" title="Charbagh">Charbagh</a></div> <p>These gardens are private and formal. The basic structure consists of four quadrants divided by waterways or pathways. Traditionally, the rich used such gardens in work-related functions (such as entertaining <a href="/wiki/Ambassador" title="Ambassador">ambassadors</a>). These gardens balance structure with greenery, with the plants often around the periphery of a pool and path based structure. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boostān"><span id="Boost.C4.81n"></span>Boostān</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persian_gardens&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Boostān"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Much like many other <a href="/wiki/Park" title="Park">parks</a>, the Persian park serves a casual public function with emphasis on plant life. They provide pathways and seating, but are otherwise usually limited in terms of structural elements. The purpose of such places is relaxation and socialisation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bāgh"><span id="B.C4.81gh"></span>Bāgh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persian_gardens&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bāgh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like the other casual garden, the park, <i>bāgh</i> emphasizes the natural and green aspect of the garden. Unlike the park it is a private area often affixed to houses and often consisting of <a href="/wiki/Lawn" title="Lawn">lawns</a>, trees, and ground plants. The waterways and pathways stand out less than in the more formal counterparts and are largely functional. The primary function of such areas is familial relaxation. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_Heritage_Sites">World Heritage Sites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persian_gardens&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: World Heritage Sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title category" style="font-size:125%;">The Persian Garden</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="padding:0.2em;background:#0177d3;font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #ffffff; text-decoration: inherit;">UNESCO World Heritage Site</span></a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_by_country" title="World Heritage Sites by country">Location</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Includes</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ol><li>Ancient Garden of <a href="/wiki/Pasargadae" title="Pasargadae">Pasargadae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eram_Garden" title="Eram Garden">Bagh-e Eram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chehel_Sotoun" title="Chehel Sotoun">Bagh-e Chehel Sotun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagh-e_Fin" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagh-e Fin">Bagh-e Fin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abbas_Abad_Complex&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abbas Abad Complex (page does not exist)">Bagh-e Abas Abad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shazdeh_Garden" title="Shazdeh Garden">Bagh-e Shahzadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowlatabad_Garden" title="Dowlatabad Garden">Bagh-e Dolat Abad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bagh-e_Pahlavanpur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bagh-e Pahlavanpur (page does not exist)">Bagh-e Pahlavanpur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bagh-e_Akbariyeh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bagh-e Akbariyeh (page does not exist)">Bagh-e Akbariyeh</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site#Selection_criteria" title="World Heritage Site">Criteria</a></th><td class="infobox-data category">Cultural: (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (vi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Reference</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1372">1372</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Inscription</th><td class="infobox-data">2011 (35th <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">Session</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Area</th><td class="infobox-data category">716.35 ha (2.7658 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Buffer zone</th><td class="infobox-data category">9,740.02 ha (37.6064 sq mi)</td></tr></tbody></table> <ol><li>Pasargad Garden at <a href="/wiki/Pasargadae" title="Pasargadae">Pasargadae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> (WHS 1372-001)<sup id="cite_ref-WHS1372_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHS1372-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eram_Garden" title="Eram Garden">Eram Garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a>, Iran (WHS 1372-002)<sup id="cite_ref-WHS1372_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHS1372-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chehel_Sotoun" title="Chehel Sotoun">Chehel Sotoun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a>, Iran (WHS 1372-003)<sup id="cite_ref-WHS1372_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHS1372-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fin_Garden" title="Fin Garden">Fin Garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kashan" title="Kashan">Kashan</a>, Iran (WHS 1372-004)<sup id="cite_ref-WHS1372_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHS1372-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abbas_Abad_Complex&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abbas Abad Complex (page does not exist)">Abbasabad Garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbasabad,_Mazandaran" title="Abbasabad, Mazandaran">Abbasabad, Mazandaran</a>, Iran (WHS 1372-005)<sup id="cite_ref-WHS1372_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHS1372-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shazdeh_Garden" title="Shazdeh Garden">Shazdeh Garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahan,_Iran" title="Mahan, Iran">Mahan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerman_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerman Province">Kerman Province</a>, Iran (WHS 1372-006)<sup id="cite_ref-WHS1372_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHS1372-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowlatabad_Garden" title="Dowlatabad Garden">Dolatabad Garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yazd" title="Yazd">Yazd</a>, Iran (WHS 1372-007)<sup id="cite_ref-WHS1372_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHS1372-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pahlevanpour_Garden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pahlevanpour Garden (page does not exist)">Pahlevanpour Garden</a>, Iran (WHS 1372-008)<sup id="cite_ref-WHS1372_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHS1372-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbarieh_Garden" title="Akbarieh Garden">Akbarieh Garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Khorasan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="South Khorasan Province">South Khorasan Province</a>, Iran (WHS 1372-009)<sup id="cite_ref-WHS1372_13-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHS1372-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (WHS 252)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humayun%27s_Tomb" title="Humayun's Tomb">Humayun's Tomb</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>, India (WHS 232bis)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalimar_Gardens,_Lahore" title="Shalimar Gardens, Lahore">Shalimar Gardens, Lahore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> (WHS 171-002)</li></ol> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:262px"><div style="position:relative;width:260px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_West_Asia_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Persian gardens is located in Southwest Asia"><img alt="Persian gardens is located in Southwest Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/South_West_Asia_location_map.svg/260px-South_West_Asia_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/South_West_Asia_location_map.svg/390px-South_West_Asia_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/South_West_Asia_location_map.svg/520px-South_West_Asia_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="154" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:43.724%;left:31.907%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="1"><img alt="1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasargad_Persian_Garden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasargad Persian Garden (page does not exist)">1</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:44.869%;left:30.812%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="2"><img alt="2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Eram_Garden" title="Eram Garden">2</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:38.371%;left:29.355%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="3"><img alt="3" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Chehel_Sotoun" title="Chehel Sotoun">3</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:35.599%;left:28.842%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="4"><img alt="4" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Fin_Garden" title="Fin Garden">4</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:29.756%;left:32.64%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="5"><img alt="5" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abbas_Abad_Complex&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abbas Abad Complex (page does not exist)">5</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:44.035%;left:38.944%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="6"><img alt="6" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Shazdeh_Garden" title="Shazdeh Garden">6</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:39.992%;left:33.934%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="7"><img alt="7" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dolatabad_Garden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dolatabad Garden (page does not exist)">7</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:40.732%;left:34.087%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="8"><img alt="8" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pahlevanpour_Garden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pahlevanpour Garden (page does not exist)">8</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:37.951%;left:42.27%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="9"><img alt="9" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Akbarieh_Garden" title="Akbarieh Garden">9</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:50.162%;left:74.431%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="10"><img alt="10" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">10</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:47.111%;left:73.078%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="11"><img alt="11" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Humayun%27s_Tomb" title="Humayun's Tomb">11</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:40.676%;left:68.174%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="12"><img alt="12" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Shalimar_Gardens,_Lahore" title="Shalimar Gardens, Lahore">12</a></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:South_West_Asia_location_map.svg" title="File:South West Asia location map.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Location of Persian Garden World Heritage Sites</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persian_gardens&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg/32px-France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg/48px-France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg/64px-France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3294" data-file-height="2227" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Gardening" title="Portal:Gardening">Gardening portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg/32px-France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg/48px-France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg/64px-France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3294" data-file-height="2227" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Gardens">Gardens portal</a></span></li></ul><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delgosha_Garden" title="Delgosha Garden">Delgosha Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El-G%C3%B6l%C3%BC" title="El-Gölü">El-Gölü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firdaws-i_Bareen" title="Firdaws-i Bareen">Firdaws-i Bareen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellat_Park" title="Mellat Park">Mellat Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazar_Garden" title="Nazar Garden">Nazar Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_garden" title="Paradise garden">Paradise garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Persian architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Inscriptions_on_Indian_Monuments" title="Persian Inscriptions on Indian Monuments">Persian Inscriptions on Indian Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Persian_gardens_in_Iran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Persian gardens in Iran (page does not exist)">List of Persian gardens in Iran</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persian_gardens&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although the genuine Old Persian form must have been *<i>paridaida-</i>, Modern Persian <i>palīz</i> 'garden' from Middle Persian <i>palēz</i> presupposes a variant *<i>pardaiza-</i> (with <a href="/wiki/Syncope_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syncope (phonetics)">syncope</a> of <i>-i-</i>), which seems to be the <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> of *<i>paridaida-</i> from a different Iranian language (Avestan, Median or Parthian) borrowed into Persian still in an early period. See Proto-Iranian <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction/paridai%C5%BAa-" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction/paridaiźa-"><i>*paridaiźa-</i></a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persian_gardens&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fakour M., <i>Achaemenid Gardens</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.com/CAIS/Culture/achaemenid_gardens.htm">[1]</a>; CAIS-Online - accessed Jan 15, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Persians: Masters of Empire, p 62, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8094-9104-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8094-9104-4">0-8094-9104-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhansariMoghtaderYavari2003" class="citation book cs1">Khansari, Mehdi; Moghtader, M. R.; Yavari, Minouch (2003-12-31). <i>The Persian Garden: Echoes of Paradise</i>. Washington, DC: Mage Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780934211758" title="Special:BookSources/9780934211758"><bdi>9780934211758</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Persian+Garden%3A+Echoes+of+Paradise&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Mage+Publishers&rft.date=2003-12-31&rft.isbn=9780934211758&rft.aulast=Khansari&rft.aufirst=Mehdi&rft.au=Moghtader%2C+M.+R.&rft.au=Yavari%2C+Minouch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+gardens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXenophon1975" class="citation book cs1">Xenophon (1975-06-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kv0vHoP4XzIC&q=firdu+persian&pg=PT36"><i>The Persian Expedition</i></a>. Penguin UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780141909387" title="Special:BookSources/9780141909387"><bdi>9780141909387</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Persian+Expedition&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=1975-06-26&rft.isbn=9780141909387&rft.au=Xenophon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKv0vHoP4XzIC%26q%3Dfirdu%2Bpersian%26pg%3DPT36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+gardens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Centre-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Centre_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Centre_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5469/">"Bagh-e Babur"</a>. <i>UNESCO World Heritage Centre</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=Bagh-e+Babur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Ftentativelists%2F5469%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+gardens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/babur/babur1.html">"THE MEMOIRS OF BABUR"</a>. <i>depts.washington.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=depts.washington.edu&rft.atitle=THE+MEMOIRS+OF+BABUR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdepts.washington.edu%2Fsilkroad%2Ftexts%2Fbabur%2Fbabur1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+gardens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaley" class="citation web cs1">Daley, Jason. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/restored-mugal-gardens-bloom-along-agras-riverfront-180971258/">"Restored Mughal Gardens Bloom Once More Along Agra's Riverfront"</a>. <i>Smithsonian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian&rft.atitle=Restored+Mughal+Gardens+Bloom+Once+More+Along+Agra%27s+Riverfront&rft.aulast=Daley&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fsmart-news%2Frestored-mugal-gardens-bloom-along-agras-riverfront-180971258%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+gardens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wmf.org/blog/magazine-agra-again-bloom-0">"From the Magazine: Agra, Again in Bloom"</a>. <i>World Monuments Fund</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Monuments+Fund&rft.atitle=From+the+Magazine%3A+Agra%2C+Again+in+Bloom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wmf.org%2Fblog%2Fmagazine-agra-again-bloom-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+gardens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-to-save-the-taj-mahal-49355859/">"How to Save the Taj Mahal?"</a>. <i>Smithsonian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian&rft.atitle=How+to+Save+the+Taj+Mahal%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Fhow-to-save-the-taj-mahal-49355859%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+gardens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kavehfarrokh.com/iranica/achaemenid-era/pasargardae-the-persian-gardens/">"Pasargadae: The Persian Gardens | Kaveh Farrokh"</a>. <i>kavehfarrokh.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kavehfarrokh.com&rft.atitle=Pasargadae%3A+The+Persian+Gardens+%7C+Kaveh+Farrokh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkavehfarrokh.com%2Firanica%2Fachaemenid-era%2Fpasargardae-the-persian-gardens%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+gardens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXenephon" class="citation web cs1">Xenephon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/1173/1173-h/1173-h.htm">"Oeconomicus"</a>. <i>Gutenberg Press</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gutenberg+Press&rft.atitle=Oeconomicus&rft.au=Xenephon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F1173%2F1173-h%2F1173-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+gardens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHS1372-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WHS1372_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHS1372_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHS1372_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHS1372_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHS1372_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHS1372_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHS1372_13-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHS1372_13-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHS1372_13-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1372">The Persian Garden (1372)</a> at <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> website</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persian_gardens&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Dariush Borbor, "The Influence of Persian Gardens on Islamic Decoration", in <i>Architecture Formes Fonctions / Architektur Form Funktion / Architecture Forms Functions / Arquitectura Formas Functiones</i> vol. 14, Editions Anthony Krafft, Lausanne, 1968, pp. 84–91.</li> <li>۳۳-۵۰ داریوش بوربور، «تاثیر باغ‌های ایرانی بر تزئینات ساختمانی اسلامی»، <i>پل فیروزه</i> (ویژه میراث فرهنگی معنوی)، سال ششم، شماره ۱۸، تهران، تابستان ۱۳۸۸، صص</li> <li>Rostami, Raheleh., Hasanuddin, Lamit., Khoshnava, S. Meysam., Rostami, Rasoul (2014). "The Role of Historical Persian Gardens on the Health Status of Contemporary Urban Residents". Journal of EcoHealth, 11 (3), 308-321.</li> <li>Rostami, Raheleh., Hasanuddin, Lamit., Khoshnava, S. Meysam., Rostami, Rasoul (2015).Sustainable Cities and the Contribution of Historical Urban Green Spaces: A Case Study of Historical Persian Gardens, Journal of Sustainability, 7, 13290-13316.</li> <li>Rostami, Raheleh., Hasanuddin, Lamit., Khoshnava, S. Meysam., Rostami, Rasoul (2015). Successful Public Places, A case Study of Historical Persian Gardens, Journal of Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, In Press, doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2015.08.011</li> <li>Rostami, Raheleh., Hasanuddin, Lamit., Khoshnava, S. Meysam., Rostami, Rasoul (2011). "Contribution of Historical Persian Gardens for Sustainable Urban and Environment: Lessons from Hot Arid Region of IRAN". American Transaction on Engineering and Applied Sciences 1(3), 281-294.</li> <li>Khonsari, Mehdi; Moghtader, M. Reza; Yavari, Minouch (1998). <i>The Persian Garden: Echoes of Paradise</i>. Mage Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-934211-46-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-934211-46-9">0-934211-46-9</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMultiple_authors2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Multiple authors (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/garden-index">"Garden"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Garden&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Multiple+authors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fgarden-index&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+gardens" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Newton Wilber, D (1979). <i>Persian Gardens and Garden Pavilions</i>. Washington.</li> <li>Michel Conan, Dumbarton Oaks (2007). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U-NDmuj9I8cC&pg=PT76">Middle East Garden Traditions: Unity and Diversity</a></i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persian_gardens&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gardens_in_Iran" class="extiw" title="commons:Gardens in Iran"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Gardens in Iran</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b09p5qd8">Monty Don's Paradise Gardens</a> (BBC documentary)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isfahan.org.uk/persgard/index2.htm">Isfahan "Persian Garden Design" website</a>. Retrieved 3 January 2012.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://afghanistan.asiasociety.org/timeline/53/CE/1505">Babur's Garden</a> - video from the Asia Society, US</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vimeo.com/814808">Animated film inspired by the Persian Architecture</a></li> <li>Farnoush Tehrāni, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jadidonline.com/story/12112009/frnk/persian_garden_history">The Meaning of the Persian Garden</a></i>, in Persian, Jadid Online, 12 November 2009.</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>Audio slideshow: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.jadidonline.com/images/stories/flash_multimedia/Persian_garden_history_test/his_high.html">[2]</a> (5 min 58 sec).</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>Farnoush Tehrāni, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jadidonline.com/story/13112009/frnk/persian_garden_design">The Face of the Persian Garden</a></i>, in Persian, 13 November 2009.</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>Audio slideshow: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.jadidonline.com/images/stories/flash_multimedia/Persian_garden_design_test/des_high.html">[3]</a> (6 min 16 sec).</li></ul></dd></dl> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iranian_architecture" title="Template:Iranian architecture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iranian_architecture" title="Template talk:Iranian architecture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iranian_architecture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iranian architecture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iranian_architecture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Iranian architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Islamic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_architecture" title="Achaemenid architecture">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_style" title="Parthian style">Parthian style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_architecture" title="Sasanian architecture">Sasanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Islamic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Early Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuk_architecture" title="Great Seljuk architecture">Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture#Ilkhanid_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Ilkhanid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_architecture" title="Timurid architecture">Timurid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_art" title="Safavid art">Safavid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Perspolis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Perspolis.jpg/90px-Perspolis.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Perspolis.jpg/135px-Perspolis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Perspolis.jpg/180px-Perspolis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2312" data-file-height="3065" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bazaar" title="Bazaar">Bazaars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">Caravanserais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanqah">Khaneqah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takyeh" title="Takyeh">Takyeh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ab_anbar" title="Ab anbar">Ab anbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andaruni" title="Andaruni">Andaruni</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biruni_(Persian_architecture)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biruni (Persian architecture) (page does not exist)">Biruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower" title="Tower">Burj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chahartaq_(architecture)" title="Chahartaq (architecture)">Chahartaq</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalan_e_Vorudi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dalan e Vorudi (page does not exist)">Dalan e Vorudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonbad" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonbad">Gonbad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashti" title="Hashti">Hashti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howz" title="Howz">Howz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamzadeh" title="Imamzadeh">Imamzadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwan" title="Iwan">Iwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qanat#Iran" title="Qanat">Kariz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kucheh" title="Kucheh">Kucheh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panjdari" title="Panjdari">Panjdari</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Persian Garden (<i>hayāt</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qanat" title="Qanat">Qanat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahn" title="Sahn">Sahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabestan" title="Shabestan">Shabestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talar" title="Talar">Talar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windcatcher" title="Windcatcher">Windcatchers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakhch%C4%81l" title="Yakhchāl">Yakhchāl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditional cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amol" title="Amol">Amol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andijan" title="Andijan">Andijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bam,_Iran" title="Bam, Iran">Bam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctesiphon" title="Ctesiphon">Ctesiphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derbent" title="Derbent">Derbent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganja,_Azerbaijan" title="Ganja, Azerbaijan">Ganja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gur-e-Amir" title="Gur-e-Amir">Gur-e-Amir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatra" title="Hatra">Hatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashan" title="Kashan">Kashan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmar" title="Kashmar">Kashmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khiva" title="Khiva">Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorramabad" title="Khorramabad">Khorramabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_(city)" title="Nakhchivan (city)">Nakhchivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishapur" title="Nishapur">Nishapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qazvin" title="Qazvin">Qazvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qom" title="Qom">Qom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrisabz" title="Shahrisabz">Shahrisabz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht-e_Soleym%C4%81n" title="Takht-e Soleymān">Takht-e Soleymān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Tehran" title="Architecture of Tehran">Tehran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd" title="Yazd">Yazd</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theory and analysis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Persian_residential_architecture" title="Traditional Persian residential architecture">Traditional Persian residential architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_water_sources_of_Persian_antiquity" title="Traditional water sources of Persian antiquity">Traditional water sources of Persian antiquity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architects_of_Iran" title="Architects of Iran">Architects of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Castles_in_Iran" title="Category:Castles in Iran"><i>Arg</i>s, castles, and <i>ghal'eh</i>s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ab_anbars_of_Qazvin" title="List of ab anbars of Qazvin">List of ab anbars of Qazvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Iran" title="List of mosques in Iran">List of mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyarat#Iran" title="Ziyarat">List of ziyarat-gahs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Heritage_Sites_in_Iran" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Iran" title="Template:World Heritage Sites in Iran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Iran" title="Template talk:World Heritage Sites in Iran"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Iran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Heritage Sites in Iran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Heritage_Sites_in_Iran" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Iran" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Iran">List of World Heritage Sites in Iran</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Monastic_Ensembles_of_Iran" title="Armenian Monastic Ensembles of Iran">The Armenian Monastic Ensembles</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/St._Thaddeus_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Thaddeus Monastery">St. Thaddeus Monastery</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stepanos_Monastery" title="Saint Stepanos Monastery">St. Stepanos Monastery</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Chapel_of_Dzordzor" title="Chapel of Dzordzor">Chapel of Dzordzor</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Chapel_of_Chupan" title="Chapel of Chupan">Chapel of Chupan</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Mother_of_God,_Darashamb" title="Church of the Holy Mother of God, Darashamb">Church of the Holy Mother of God</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arg-%C3%A9_Bam" class="mw-redirect" title="Arg-é Bam">Bam</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">and its cultural landscape</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chogha_Zanbil" title="Chogha Zanbil">Chogha Zanbil</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">Cultural landscape of</span> <a href="/wiki/Meymand,_Kerman" title="Meymand, Kerman">Maymand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golestan_Palace" title="Golestan Palace">Golestan Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonbad-e_Qabus_(tower)" title="Gonbad-e Qabus (tower)">Gonbad-e Qabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jameh_Mosque_of_Isfahan" title="Jameh Mosque of Isfahan">Jameh Mosque of Isfahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naqsh-e_Jahan_Square" title="Naqsh-e Jahan Square">Naqsh-e Jahan Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasargadae" title="Pasargadae">Pasargadae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a></li> <li>The <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Persian gardens</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasargadae_Persian_Garden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasargadae Persian Garden (page does not exist)">Pasargadae</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Chehel_Sotoun" title="Chehel Sotoun">Chehel Sotoun</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fin_Garden" title="Fin Garden">Fin</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Eram_Garden" title="Eram Garden">Eram</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Shazdeh_Garden" title="Shazdeh Garden">Shazdeh</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dolatabad_Garden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dolatabad Garden (page does not exist)">Dolatabad</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abbasabad_Garden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abbasabad Garden (page does not exist)">Abbasabad</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Akbarieh_Garden" title="Akbarieh Garden">Akbarieh</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pahlevanpour_Garden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pahlevanpour Garden (page does not exist)">Pahlevanpour</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahr-e_Sukhteh" title="Shahr-e Sukhteh">Shahr-e Sukhteh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Safi_al-Din_Kh%C4%81neg%C4%81h_and_Shrine_Ensemble" title="Sheikh Safi al-Din Khānegāh and Shrine Ensemble">Sheikh Safi's Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_Soltaniyeh" title="Dome of Soltaniyeh">Dome of Soltaniyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shushtar_Historical_Hydraulic_System" title="Shushtar Historical Hydraulic System">Shushtar Historical Hydraulic System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazaar_of_Tabriz" title="Bazaar of Tabriz">Bazaar of Tabriz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht-e_Soleym%C4%81n" title="Takht-e Soleymān">Takht-e Soleymān</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Persian_Qanat" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Qanat">Persian Qanat</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Qanats_of_Ghasabeh" title="Qanats of Ghasabeh">Ghasabeh</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Qanats_of_Baladeh_Ferdows" title="Qanats of Baladeh Ferdows">Baladeh</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zarch_qanat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zarch qanat (page does not exist)">Zarch</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hassan_Abad_Moshir_qanat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hassan Abad Moshir qanat (page does not exist)">Hassan Abad Moshir</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goharriz_qanat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goharriz qanat (page does not exist)">Goharriz</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akbarabad_qanat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akbarabad qanat (page does not exist)">Akbarabad</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghasemabad_qanat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ghasemabad qanat (page does not exist)">Ghasemabad</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moun_qanat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moun qanat (page does not exist)">Moun</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vazvan_qanat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vazvan qanat (page does not exist)">Vazvan</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mozdabad_qanat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mozdabad qanat (page does not exist)">Mozdabad</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebrahimabad_qanat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ebrahimabad qanat (page does not exist)">Ebrahimabad</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd" title="Yazd">Historic city of Yazd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Archaeological_Landscape_of_Fars_Region" title="Sassanid Archaeological Landscape of Fars Region">Sassanid Archaeological Landscape of Fars Region</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Qal%27eh_Dokhtar" title="Qal'eh Dokhtar">Qal'eh Dokhtar</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ardashir_Investiture_Relief&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ardashir Investiture Relief (page does not exist)">Ardashir Investiture Relief</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victory_Relief_of_Ardashir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victory Relief of Ardashir (page does not exist)">Victory Relief of Ardashir</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ardashir_Khurreh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ardashir Khurreh (page does not exist)">Ardashir Khurreh</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Ardashir" title="Palace of Ardashir">Palace of Ardashir</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">City of <a href="/wiki/Bishapur" title="Bishapur">Bishapur</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Colossal_Statue_of_Shapur_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Colossal Statue of Shapur I">Colossal Statue of Shapur I</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Shapur_cave" title="Shapur cave">Shapur cave</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Sarvestan_Palace" title="Sarvestan Palace">Sarvestan Palace</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Iranian_Railway" title="Trans-Iranian Railway">Trans-Iranian Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Landscape_of_Uramanat" title="Cultural Landscape of Uramanat">Cultural Landscape of Uramanat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Persian_Caravanserai" title="The Persian Caravanserai">The Persian Caravanserai</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Iran.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Iran"><img alt="Flag of Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/60px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/80px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>Flag of Iran</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dasht-e_Loot" class="mw-redirect" title="Dasht-e Loot">Lut Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Hyrcanian_mixed_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests">Hyrcanian Forests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Horticulture_and_gardening" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Horticulture_and_gardening" title="Template:Horticulture and gardening"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Horticulture_and_gardening" title="Template talk:Horticulture and gardening"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Horticulture_and_gardening" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Horticulture and gardening"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Horticulture_and_gardening" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gardening" title="Gardening">gardening</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gardening" title="Gardening">Gardening</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allotment_(gardening)" title="Allotment (gardening)">Allotment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arboretum" title="Arboretum">Arboretum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_gardening" title="Butterfly gardening">Butterfly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening" title="Climate-friendly gardening">Climate-friendly gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_gardening" title="Community gardening">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foodscaping" title="Foodscaping">Foodscaping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_intensive_gardening" title="French intensive gardening">French intensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden" title="Garden">Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_design" title="Garden design">Garden design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_garden_design" title="Computer-aided garden design">computer-aided</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundskeeping" title="Groundskeeping">Groundskeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_tool" title="Garden tool">Garden tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_wall" title="Green wall">Green wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_gardening" title="Guerrilla gardening">Guerrilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_historic_gardens" title="Conservation and restoration of historic gardens">Historic conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gardening" title="History of gardening">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_landscaping" title="Natural landscaping">Native</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parterre" title="Parterre">Parterre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proplifting" title="Proplifting">Proplifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised-bed_gardening" title="Raised-bed gardening">Raised bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_foot_gardening" title="Square foot gardening">Square foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_gardening" title="Sustainable gardening">Sustainable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeriscaping" title="Xeriscaping">Xeriscaping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_garden_types" title="List of garden types">Types of<br />gardens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_garden" title="Alpine garden">Alpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Gardens of ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardening_in_Australia" title="Gardening in Australia">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Back garden">Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_garden" title="Baroque garden">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_garden" title="Biblical garden">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog_garden" title="Bog garden">Bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_garden" title="Botanical garden">Botanical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottle_garden" title="Bottle garden">Bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_house" title="Butterfly house">Butterfly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_gardens" title="Byzantine gardens">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cactus_garden" title="Cactus garden">Cactus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Revival_garden" title="Colonial Revival garden">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Color garden">Color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_garden" title="Communal garden">Communal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garden_square" title="Garden square">Garden square</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_gardening" title="Community gardening">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container_garden" title="Container garden">Container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottage_garden" title="Cottage garden">Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_garden" title="Dutch garden">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian garden">East Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_garden" title="Chinese garden">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lingnan_garden" title="Lingnan garden">Cantonese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_garden" title="Japanese garden">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roji" title="Roji">Roji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_rock_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese rock garden">Zen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_garden" title="Korean garden">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2n_non_b%E1%BB%99" title="Hòn non bộ">Vietnamese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_landscape_garden" title="English landscape garden">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharawadgi" title="Sharawadgi">Sharawadgi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernery" title="Fernery">Fernery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinampa" title="Chinampa">Floating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower_garden" title="Flower garden">Flower</a></li> <li>French <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_formal_garden" title="French formal garden">formal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_landscape_garden" title="French landscape garden">landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_the_French_Renaissance" title="Gardens of the French Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_yard" title="Front yard">Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_garden" title="German garden">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek gardens">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse" title="Greenhouse">Greenhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanging_garden_(cultivation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanging garden (cultivation)">Hanging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_garden" title="Italian Renaissance garden">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyhole_garden" title="Keyhole garden">Keyhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_garden" title="Kitchen garden">Kitchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knot_garden" title="Knot garden">Knot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_garden" title="Market garden">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_garden" title="Mary garden">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_garden" title="Medieval garden">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastic_garden" title="Monastic garden">Monastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_garden" title="Mughal garden">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchard" title="Orchard">Orchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pekarangan" title="Pekarangan">Indonesian home garden</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C4%81gh_(garden)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bāgh (garden)">Bāgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charbagh" title="Charbagh">Charbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_garden" title="Paradise garden">Paradise</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physic_garden" title="Physic garden">Physic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleasure_garden" title="Pleasure garden">Pleasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie#Prairie_garden" title="Prairie">Prairie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollinator_garden" title="Pollinator garden">Pollinator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain_garden" title="Rain garden">Rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_garden" title="Rock garden">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_gardens" title="Roman gardens">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roof_garden" title="Roof garden">Roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_garden" title="Rose garden">Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_garden" title="Sacred garden">Sacred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_garden" title="School garden">School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardening_in_Scotland" title="Gardening in Scotland">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_garden" title="Sculpture garden">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_garden" title="Sensory garden">Sensory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shade_garden" title="Shade garden">Shade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_garden" title="Shakespeare garden">Shakespeare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrubbery" title="Shrubbery">Shrubbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_garden" title="Spanish garden">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_garden" title="Tea garden">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_garden" title="Therapeutic garden">Therapeutic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_garden" title="Trial garden">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_garden" title="Tropical garden">Tropical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_garden" title="Victory garden">Victory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walled_garden" title="Walled garden">Walled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_garden" title="Water garden">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_garden" title="Wildlife garden">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_garden" title="Winter garden">Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoo" title="Zoo">Zoological</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal-free_agriculture" title="Animal-free agriculture">stock-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">sustainable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_agriculture" title="Urban agriculture">urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arboriculture" title="Arboriculture">Arboriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonsai" title="Bonsai">Bonsai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saikei" title="Saikei">Saikei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">Botany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_planting" title="Companion planting">Companion planting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crop" title="Crop">Crop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_valuable_crops_and_livestock_products" title="List of most valuable crops and livestock products">most valuable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutting_(plant)" title="Cutting (plant)">Cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticultural_flora" title="Horticultural flora">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture" title="Floriculture">Floriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture_in_Canada" title="Floriculture in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture_in_Taiwan" title="Floriculture in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCgelkultur" title="Hügelkultur">Hügelkultur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomology" title="Pomology">Fruticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_tree" title="Genetically modified tree">Genetically modified tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroculture">Hydroculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_horticulture" title="Indigenous horticulture">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercropping" title="Intercropping">Intercropping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">Landscape architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olericulture" title="Olericulture">Olericulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_breeding" title="Plant breeding">breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuttings_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuttings (plant)">cuttings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-flowering" title="Free-flowering">free-flowering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_propagation" title="Plant propagation">propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drought_tolerance" title="Drought tolerance">drought tolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardiness_(plants)" title="Hardiness (plants)">hardiness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomology" title="Pomology">Pomology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postharvest_physiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Postharvest physiology">Postharvest physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roguing" title="Roguing">Roguing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_horticulture" title="Tropical horticulture">Tropical</a></li> <li>Urban <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_agriculture" title="Urban agriculture">agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_horticulture" title="Urban horticulture">horticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forestry" title="Urban forestry">forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_reforestation" title="Urban reforestation">reforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">Viticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">Monoculture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organic_horticulture" title="Organic horticulture">Organic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_agriculture" title="Biodynamic agriculture">Biodynamic agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grafting" title="Grafting">Grafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_organic_gardening_and_farming" title="Outline of organic gardening and farming">List of organic gardening and farming topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_organic_agriculture" title="Vegan organic agriculture">Vegan organic agriculture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plant protection</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fungicide" title="Fungicide">Fungicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbicide" title="Herbicide">Herbicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_pesticide_articles" title="Index of pesticide articles">Index of pesticide articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fungicides" title="List of fungicides">List of fungicides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_insecticides" title="List of insecticides">List of insecticides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">Pesticide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_disease_forecasting" title="Plant disease forecasting">Plant disease forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruning" title="Pruning">Pruning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weed_control" title="Weed control">Weed control</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquamog" title="Aquamog">Aquamog weed remover</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community_orchard" title="Community orchard">Community orchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_garden_features" title="List of garden features">Features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_design" title="Floral design">Floral design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Floristry" title="Floristry">Floristry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikebana" title="Ikebana">Ikebana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundskeeping" title="Groundskeeping">Groundskeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_centre" title="Garden centre">Garden centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_tourism" title="Garden tourism">Garden tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gardens" title="List of gardens">List of gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_plants" title="Lists of plants">Lists of plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perennial" title="Perennial">Perennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_collecting" 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