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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>The description "Chaldean"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_description_"Chaldean"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Church_of_the_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Church_of_the_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>The Church of the East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Church_of_the_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1552_schism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1552_schism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>1552 schism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1552_schism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Successive_leaders_of_those_in_communion_with_Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Successive_leaders_of_those_in_communion_with_Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Successive leaders of those in communion with Rome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Successive_leaders_of_those_in_communion_with_Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_history_of_the_Chaldean_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_history_of_the_Chaldean_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Later history of the Chaldean Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_history_of_the_Chaldean_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century:_international_diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century:_international_diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>21st century: international diaspora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century:_international_diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historic_membership_censuses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historic_membership_censuses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Historic membership censuses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historic_membership_censuses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Organization</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Organization subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hierarchy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hierarchy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Hierarchy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hierarchy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Daughters_of_Mary_Immaculate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daughters_of_Mary_Immaculate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Daughters of Mary Immaculate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daughters_of_Mary_Immaculate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liturgy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liturgy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Liturgy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liturgy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecumenical_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecumenical_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ecumenical relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecumenical_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>2020s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chaldean Catholic Church</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الكنيسة الكلدانية الكاثوليكية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الكنيسة الكلدانية الكاثوليكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A5%DC%95%DC%AC%DC%90_%DC%9F%DC%A0%DC%95%DC%9D%DC%AC%DC%90_%DC%A9%DC%AC%DC%98%DC%A0%DC%9D%DC%A9%DC%9D%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܥܕܬܐ ܟܠܕܝܬܐ ܩܬܘܠܝܩܝܬܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܥܕܬܐ ܟܠܕܝܬܐ ܩܬܘܠܝܩܝܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89gll%C3%A9se_catolica_cald%C3%A8y%C3%A8na" title="Égllése catolica caldèyèna – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Égllése catolica caldèyèna" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esgl%C3%A9sia_Cat%C3%B2lica_Caldea" title="Església Catòlica Caldea – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Església Catòlica Caldea" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaldejsk%C3%A1_katolick%C3%A1_c%C3%ADrkev" title="Chaldejská katolická církev – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chaldejská katolická církev" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr_Eglwys_Gatholig_Galdeaidd" title="Yr Eglwys Gatholig Galdeaidd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Yr Eglwys Gatholig Galdeaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chald%C3%A4isch-katholische_Kirche" title="Chaldäisch-katholische Kirche – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chaldäisch-katholische Kirche" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iglesia_cat%C3%B3lica_caldea" title="Iglesia católica caldea – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Iglesia católica caldea" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A4aldea_katolika_Eklezio" title="Ĥaldea katolika Eklezio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĥaldea katolika Eklezio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaldear_Eliza_Katolikoa" title="Kaldear Eliza Katolikoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kaldear Eliza Katolikoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9_%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="کلیسای کاتولیک کلدانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلیسای کاتولیک کلدانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89glise_catholique_chald%C3%A9enne" title="Église catholique chaldéenne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Église catholique chaldéenne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igrexa_cat%C3%B3lica_caldea" title="Igrexa católica caldea – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Igrexa católica caldea" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%BC%EB%8D%B0%EC%95%84_%EA%B0%80%ED%86%A8%EB%A6%AD%EA%B5%90%ED%9A%8C" title="칼데아 가톨릭교회 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="칼데아 가톨릭교회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%AF_%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A5%D6%81%D5%AB" title="Քաղդեական կաթոլիկ եկեղեցի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քաղդեական կաթոլիկ եկեղեցի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaldejska_katoli%C4%8Dka_Crkva" title="Kaldejska katolička Crkva – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kaldejska katolička Crkva" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gereja_Katolik_Kaldea" title="Gereja Katolik Kaldea – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gereja Katolik Kaldea" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiesa_cattolica_caldea" title="Chiesa cattolica caldea – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chiesa cattolica caldea" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanisa_la_Wakaldayo" title="Kanisa la Wakaldayo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kanisa la Wakaldayo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesia_Chaldaeorum_Catholica" title="Ecclesia Chaldaeorum Catholica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ecclesia Chaldaeorum Catholica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1ld_katolikus_egyh%C3%A1z" title="Káld katolikus egyház – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Káld katolikus egyház" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eglizy_Kat%C3%B4lika_Kaldeana" title="Eglizy Katôlika Kaldeana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Eglizy Katôlika Kaldeana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AD" title="കൽദായ കത്തോലിക്കാ സഭ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കൽദായ കത്തോലിക്കാ സഭ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%87" title="الكنيسه الكلدانيه الكاثوليكيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الكنيسه الكلدانيه الكاثوليكيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaldeeuws-Katholieke_Kerk" title="Chaldeeuws-Katholieke Kerk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chaldeeuws-Katholieke Kerk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%87%E3%82%A2%E5%85%B8%E7%A4%BC%E3%82%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A" title="カルデア典礼カトリック教会 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カルデア典礼カトリック教会" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_kaldeisk-katolske_kirke" title="Den kaldeisk-katolske kirke – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den kaldeisk-katolske kirke" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_chaldejski" title="Kościół chaldejski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kościół chaldejski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igreja_Cat%C3%B3lica_Caldeia" title="Igreja Católica Caldeia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Igreja Católica Caldeia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biserica_Catolic%C4%83_Caldee" title="Biserica Catolică Caldee – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Biserica Catolică Caldee" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C" title="Халдейская католическая церковь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Халдейская католическая церковь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chaldean Catholic Church" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaldejsk%C3%A1_katol%C3%ADcka_cirkev" title="Chaldejská katolícka cirkev – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Chaldejská katolícka cirkev" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaldejska_katoli%C5%A1ka_cerkev" title="Kaldejska katoliška cerkev – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kaldejska katoliška cerkev" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DA%B5%DB%8E%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%86%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="کڵێسای کاسۆلیکی کلدانی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کڵێسای کاسۆلیکی کلدانی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%86%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Халдејска католичка црква – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Халдејска католичка црква" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaldejska_katoli%C4%8Dka_crkva" title="Kaldejska katolička crkva – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kaldejska katolička crkva" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaldealaiskatolinen_kirkko" title="Kaldealaiskatolinen kirkko – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kaldealaiskatolinen kirkko" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaldeisk-katolska_kyrkan" title="Kaldeisk-katolska kyrkan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kaldeisk-katolska kyrkan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaldeong_Katolikong_Simbahan" title="Kaldeong Katolikong Simbahan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kaldeong Katolikong Simbahan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keldani_Katolik_Kilisesi" title="Keldani Katolik Kilisesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Keldani Katolik Kilisesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Халдейська католицька церква – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Халдейська католицька церква" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E8%89%B2%E4%B8%81%E7%A6%AE%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83" title="加色丁禮天主教會 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="加色丁禮天主教會" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Eastern Catholic Church</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Merge plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Merge-arrows.svg/50px-Merge-arrows.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Merge-arrows.svg/75px-Merge-arrows.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Merge-arrows.svg/100px-Merge-arrows.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">It has been suggested that this article be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Merging" title="Wikipedia:Merging">merged</a> with <i><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholics" title="Chaldean Catholics">Chaldean Catholics</a></i>. (<a href="/wiki/Talk:Chaldean_Catholics#Merge_with_Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Talk:Chaldean Catholics">Discuss</a>)<small><i> Proposed since May 2024.</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Eastern Catholic Church based in Iraq. For the Indian archbishopric of the Assyrian Church of the East, see <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Syrian_Church" title="Chaldean Syrian Church">Chaldean Syrian Church</a>. For the early history of the church, see <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 24em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaldean_Catholic_Patriarchate,_Feb_2022.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Coat of arms of the Chaldean Patriarchate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Chaldean_Catholic_Patriarchate%2C_Feb_2022.png/100px-Chaldean_Catholic_Patriarchate%2C_Feb_2022.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Chaldean_Catholic_Patriarchate%2C_Feb_2022.png/150px-Chaldean_Catholic_Patriarchate%2C_Feb_2022.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Chaldean_Catholic_Patriarchate%2C_Feb_2022.png/200px-Chaldean_Catholic_Patriarchate%2C_Feb_2022.png 2x" data-file-width="284" data-file-height="351" /></a></span><br />Chaldean Catholic Church</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span class="nickname"><b><span title="Classical Syriac-language text"><span lang="syc"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Syriac_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Syriac language">Classical Syriac</a>: <span lang="syc" dir="rtl">ܥܕܬܐ ܟܠܕܝܬܐ ܩܬܘܠܝܩܝܬܐ</span></span></span></b></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Assyrian_Church.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Assyrian_Church.png/250px-Assyrian_Church.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Assyrian_Church.png/375px-Assyrian_Church.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Assyrian_Church.png/500px-Assyrian_Church.png 2x" data-file-width="1110" data-file-height="525" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Interior of the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Our_Lady_of_Sorrows" title="Cathedral of Our Lady of Sorrows">Cathedral of Our Lady of Sorrows</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Classification</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Catholic">Eastern Catholic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Orientation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac Christianity</a> (Eastern)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Scripture</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Theology</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Catholic theology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Governance</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Holy Synod of the Chaldean Church<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Babylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch of Babylon">Patriarch</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Rapha%C3%ABl_I_Sako" title="Louis Raphaël I Sako">Louis Raphaël I Sako</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> with <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">Liturgical: <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Liturgy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac Rite</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Mary_Mother_of_Sorrows" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Mary Mother of Sorrows">Cathedral of Mary Mother of Sorrows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data">Traces ultimate origins to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas the Apostle</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic Era</a> through <a href="/wiki/Saint_Addai" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Addai">Addai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Mari" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Mari">Mari</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Shimun_VIII_Yohannan_Sulaqa" title="Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa">Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Origin</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Schism_of_1552" title="Schism of 1552">1552</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">Separated from</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Separations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Syrian_Church" title="Chaldean Syrian Church">Chaldean Syrian Church</a> (1907)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Members</th><td class="infobox-data">616,639 (2018)<sup id="cite_ref-Eastern_Catholic_Churches_Worldwide_2018_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eastern_Catholic_Churches_Worldwide_2018-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Other name(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Patriarchate_of_Babylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaldean Catholic Patriarchate of Babylon">Chaldean Patriarchate</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Official website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chaldeanpatriarchate.com">chaldeanpatriarchate<wbr />.com</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/25px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/38px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/50px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1105" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_particular_churches_sui_iuris" title="Category:Catholic particular churches sui iuris">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">Particular churches</a> <a href="/wiki/Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris"><i>sui iuris</i></a><br />of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image skin-invert-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Christian_cross.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Latin cross used in the Latin Church"><img alt="Latin cross used in the Latin Church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/25px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/38px-Christian_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/50px-Christian_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Patriarchal_or_Archbishop_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Patriarchal cross used in the Eastern traditions"><img alt="Patriarchal cross used in the Eastern traditions" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Patriarchal_or_Archbishop_Cross.svg/22px-Patriarchal_or_Archbishop_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Patriarchal_or_Archbishop_Cross.svg/33px-Patriarchal_or_Archbishop_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Patriarchal_or_Archbishop_Cross.svg/44px-Patriarchal_or_Archbishop_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="169" data-file-height="289" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Latin_cross" title="Latin cross">Latin cross</a> and Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Patriarchal_cross" title="Patriarchal cross">Patriarchal cross</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> Particular churches are grouped by <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical rite">liturgical rite</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> <a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandrian Rite">Alexandrian Rite</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Church" title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Catholic_Church" title="Ethiopian Catholic Church">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Catholic_Church" title="Eritrean Catholic Church">Eritrean</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian Rite</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine Rite</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Albanian Greek Catholic Church">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Belarusian Greek Catholic Church">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Catholic_Church_of_Croatia_and_Serbia" title="Greek Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia">Croatian and Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Byzantine_Catholic_Church" title="Greek Byzantine Catholic Church">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Hungarian Greek Catholic Church">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Albanian_Catholic_Church" title="Italo-Albanian Catholic Church">Italo-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Macedonian Greek Catholic Church">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Romanian Greek Catholic Church">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Russian Greek Catholic Church">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church">Ruthenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Slovak Greek Catholic Church">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> <a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac Rite</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chaldean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Church" title="Syro-Malabar Church">Syro-Malabar</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> <a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Latin liturgical rites</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> <a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac Rite</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic liturgy</a> <br /><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a><br /><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Particular_churches_sui_iuris_sidebar" title="Template:Particular churches sui iuris sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Particular_churches_sui_iuris_sidebar" title="Template talk:Particular churches sui iuris sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Particular_churches_sui_iuris_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Particular churches sui iuris sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Chaldean Catholic Church</b><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">particular church</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris">sui iuris</a></i>) in <a href="/wiki/Full_communion" title="Full communion">full communion</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> and the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, and is headed by the <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Patriarchate_of_Baghdad" title="Chaldean Catholic Patriarchate of Baghdad">Chaldean Patriarchate</a>. Employing in its <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgy</a> the <a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac Rite</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Syriac dialect">Syriac dialect</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> language, it is part of <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac Christianity</a>. Headquartered in the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Our_Lady_of_Sorrows" title="Cathedral of Our Lady of Sorrows">Cathedral of Our Lady of Sorrows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, since 1950, it is headed by the <a href="/wiki/Catholicos" title="Catholicos">Catholicos</a>-<a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Patriarchate_of_Baghdad" title="Chaldean Catholic Patriarchate of Baghdad">Patriarch</a> <a href="/wiki/Louis_Rapha%C3%ABl_I_Sako" title="Louis Raphaël I Sako">Louis Raphaël I Sako</a>. In 2010, it had a membership of 490,371, of whom 310,235 (63.27%) lived in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> (mainly in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Commission_on_International_Religious_Freedom" title="United States Commission on International Religious Freedom">United States Commission on International Religious Freedom</a> reports that, according to the Iraqi Christian Foundation, an agency of the Chaldean Catholic Church, approximately 80% of Iraqi Christians are of that church.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In its own 2018 Report on Religious Freedom, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a> put the <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholics" title="Chaldean Catholics">Chaldean Catholics</a> at approximately 67% of the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iraq" title="Christianity in Iraq">Christians in Iraq</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2019 Country Guidance on Iraq of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Agency_for_Asylum" title="European Union Agency for Asylum">European Union Agency for Asylum</a> gives the same information as the United States Department of State.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaldean_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rabban_Hurmizd.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Rabban_Hurmizd.jpg/220px-Rabban_Hurmizd.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Rabban_Hurmizd.jpg/330px-Rabban_Hurmizd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Rabban_Hurmizd.jpg/440px-Rabban_Hurmizd.jpg 2x" data-file-width="699" data-file-height="498" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rabban_Hormizd_Monastery" title="Rabban Hormizd Monastery">Rabban Hormizd Monastery</a>, in the mountains northeast of <a href="/wiki/Alqosh" title="Alqosh">Alqosh</a>, the historically most significant monastery of the Chaldean Catholic Church.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Chaldean Catholic Church arose following a <a href="/wiki/Schism_of_1552" title="Schism of 1552">schism</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a>. In 1552, the established "Eliya line" of patriarchs was opposed by a rival patriarch, <a href="/wiki/Shimun_VIII_Yohannan_Sulaqa" title="Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa">Sulaqa</a>, who initiated what is called the "Shimun line". He, and his early successors, entered into communion with the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, but in the course of over a century loosened their link with Rome and under <a href="/wiki/Shimun_XIII_Dinkha" title="Shimun XIII Dinkha">Shimun XIII Dinkha</a>, openly renounced it in 1672, by adopting a profession of faith that contradicted that of Rome, while they maintained their independence from the "Eliya line". Leadership of those who wished to be in communion with Rome then passed to the Archbishop of Amid <a href="/wiki/Joseph_I_(Chaldean_Patriarch)" title="Joseph I (Chaldean Patriarch)">Joseph I</a>, recognized as Catholic patriarch, first by the Turkish civil authorities (1677), and then by Rome itself (1681).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler20034_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler20034-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Eckart_Frahm_1132_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eckart_Frahm_1132-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoseph20001_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoseph20001-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A century and a half later, in 1830, Rome conferred headship of the Catholics on <a href="/wiki/Yohannan_VIII_Hormizd" title="Yohannan VIII Hormizd">Yohannan Hormizd</a>. A member of the "Eliya line" family: he opposed <a href="/wiki/Eliya_XII" title="Eliya XII">Eliya XII</a> (1778–1804), the last of that line to be elected in the normal way as patriarch, was himself irregularly elected in 1780, as Sulaqa had been in 1552, and won over to communion with Rome most of the followers of the <i>Eliya line</i>. The "Shimun line" that in 1553 entered communion with Rome and broke it off in 1672, is now that of the church that in 1976 officially adopted the name "<a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler20034_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler20034-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Eckart_Frahm_1132_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eckart_Frahm_1132-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoseph20001_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoseph20001-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while a member of the "Eliya line" family is part of the series of patriarchs of the Chaldean Catholic Church. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_description_"Chaldean""><span id="The_description_.22Chaldean.22"></span>The description "Chaldean"</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaldean_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The description "Chaldean""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For many centuries, from at least the time of <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> (c. 347 – 420),<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the term "Chaldean" was a misnomer that indicated the <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_language_(misnomer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaldean language (misnomer)">Biblical Aramaic</a> language<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was still the normal name in the nineteenth century. Jerome did know that Aramaic was in the Bible, where he designated the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Aramaic" title="Biblical Aramaic">biblical Aramaic</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Old_Aramaic" title="Old Aramaic">Old Aramaic</a>) by the term 'Chaldean.' Jerome implied that one reason the books of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Tobit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judith" title="Book of Judith">Judith</a> are undeserving of inclusion within the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">biblical canon</a> is because they were written in Chaldean. Because he translated the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, he would naturally recognize each time which language would be much more difficult for him when the passages changed from <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a> to Chaldean.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Only in 1445 did it begin to be used to mean Aramaic speakers in <a href="/wiki/Full_communion" title="Full communion">communion</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, on the basis of a decree of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Florence" title="Council of Florence">Council of Florence</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which accepted the profession of faith that Timothy, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">metropolitan</a> of the Aramaic speakers in <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, made in Aramaic, and which decreed that "nobody shall in future dare to call [...] Chaldeans, Nestorians".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler2003112_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler2003112-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO’Mahony2006527_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO’Mahony2006527-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Previously, when there were as yet no Catholic Aramaic speakers of Mesopotamian origin, the term "Chaldean" was applied with explicit reference to their "<a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorian</a>" religion. Thus Jacques de Vitry wrote of them in 1220/1 that "they denied that Mary was the Mother of God and claimed that Christ existed in two persons. They consecrated leavened bread and used the 'Chaldean' (Syriac) language".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler200383_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler200383-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decree of the Council of Florence was directed against use of "Chaldean" to signify "non-Catholic." </p><p>Outside of Catholic Church usage, the term "Chaldean" continued to apply to all associated with the Church of the East tradition, whether they were in communion with Rome or not. It indicated not race or nationality, but only language or religion. Throughout the 19th century, it continued to be used of East Syriac Christians, whether "Nestorian" or Catholic,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and this usage continued into the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1852 George Percy Badger distinguished those whom he called Chaldeans from those whom he called Nestorians, but by religion alone, never by language, race or nationality.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Raphael_I_Bidawid" title="Raphael I Bidawid">Raphael I Bidawid</a> of the Chaldean Catholic Church (1989–2003), who accepted the term Assyrian as descriptive of his nationality and ethnicity, commented: "When a portion of the Church of the East became Catholic in the 17th Century, the name given to the church was 'Chaldean' based on the Magi kings who were believed by some to have come from what once had been the land of the Chaldean, to Bethlehem. The name 'Chaldean' does not represent an ethnicity, just a church [...] We have to separate what is ethnicity and what is religion [...] I myself, my sect is Chaldean, but ethnically, I am Assyrian."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Earlier, he said: "Before I became a priest I was an Assyrian, before I became a bishop I was an Assyrian, I am an Assyrian today, tomorrow, forever, and I am proud of it."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaldean_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Church_of_the_East">The Church of the East</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaldean_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Church of the East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></div> <p>The Chaldean Catholic Church traces its beginnings to the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a>, which was founded in the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a> mentions Parthians as among those to whom the apostles preached on the day of Pentecost (Acts 2:9). <a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas the Apostle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_of_Edessa" class="mw-redirect" title="Thaddeus of Edessa">Thaddeus of Edessa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle" title="Bartholomew the Apostle">Bartholomew the Apostle</a> are reputed to be its founders. One of the modern Churches that boast descent from it says it is "the Church in Babylon" spoken of in 1 Peter 5:13 and that he visited it.<sup id="cite_ref-oikoumene.org_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oikoumene.org-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a>, which overthrew the Parthians in 224, the Church of the East continued to develop its distinctive identity by use of the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syriac_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Syriac script">Syriac script</a>. One "Persian" bishop was at the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a> (325).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no mention of Persian participation in the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">First Council of Constantinople</a> (381), in which also the Western part of the Roman Empire was not involved. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Council of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Council of Seleucia-Ctesiphon</a> of 410, held in the Sasanian capital, recognized the city's bishop <a href="/wiki/Isaac_(patriarch)" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaac (patriarch)">Isaac</a> as <a href="/wiki/Catholicose_of_the_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicose of the East">Catholicos</a>, with authority throughout the Church of the East. The persistent military conflicts between the Sasanians and the by then Christianized <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> made the Persians suspect the Church of the East of sympathizing with the enemy. This in turn induced the Church of the East to distance itself increasingly from that in the Roman Empire. Although in a time of peace their 420 council explicitly accepted the decrees of some "western" councils, including that of Nicaea, in 424 they determined that thenceforth they would refer disciplinary or theological problems to no external power, especially not to any "western" bishop or council.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill1988105_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill1988105-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cross,_F.L._1997,_p._351_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cross,_F.L._1997,_p._351-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The theological controversy that followed the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a> in 431 was a turning point in the history of the Church of the East. The Council condemned as heretical the Christology of <a href="/wiki/Nestorius" title="Nestorius">Nestorius</a>, whose reluctance to accord the Virgin Mary the title <i><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></i> "God-bearer, Mother of God" was taken as evidence that he believed two separate persons (as opposed to two united natures) to be present within Christ. The Sasanian Emperor provided refuge for those who in the <a href="/wiki/Nestorian_schism" title="Nestorian schism">Nestorian schism</a> rejected the decrees of the Council of Ephesus enforced in the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOuterbridge1952_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOuterbridge1952-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 484 he executed the pro-Roman Catholicos <a href="/wiki/Babowai" title="Babowai">Babowai</a>. Under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Barsauma_of_Nisibis" title="Barsauma of Nisibis">Barsauma</a>, Bishop of <a href="/wiki/Nusaybin" title="Nusaybin">Nisibis</a>, the Church of the East officially accepted as normative the teaching not of Nestorius himself, but of his teacher <a href="/wiki/Theodore_of_Mopsuestia" title="Theodore of Mopsuestia">Theodore of Mopsuestia</a>, whose writings the 553 <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Second Council of Constantinople">Second Council of Constantinople</a> condemned as Nestorian but some modern scholars view them as orthodox.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The position thus assigned to Theodore in the Church of the East was reinforced in several subsequent synods in spite of the opposing teaching of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henana_of_Adiabeme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henana of Adiabeme (page does not exist)">Henana of Adiabeme</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler200337_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler200337-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After its split with the West and its adoption of a theology that some called Nestorianism, the Church of the East expanded rapidly in the medieval period due to missionary work. Between 500 and 1400, its geographical horizon extended well beyond its heartland in present-day northern <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, northeastern <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, and southeastern <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, setting up communities throughout <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> and as far as <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (as witnessed by the <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_Stele" title="Xi'an Stele">Xi'an Stele</a>), a <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> tablet in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese script</a> dating to 781 that documented 150 years of Christian history in China.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill1988108-109_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill1988108-109-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their most lasting addition was of the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a> in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, where they had around 10 million followers.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, a decline had already set in at the time of <a href="/wiki/Yahballaha_III" title="Yahballaha III">Yahballaha III</a> (1281–1317), when the Church of the East reached its greatest geographical extent, it had in south and central Iraq and in south, central and east Persia only four dioceses, where at the end of the ninth century it had at least 54,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200017_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200017-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Yahballaha himself died at the hands of a Muslim mob. </p><p>Around 1400, the <a href="/wiki/Turco-Mongol_tradition" title="Turco-Mongol tradition">Turco-Mongol</a> <a href="/wiki/Nomadic_empire" title="Nomadic empire">nomadic conqueror</a> <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a> arose out of the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe" title="Eurasian Steppe">Eurasian Steppe</a> to lead military campaigns all across <a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">Western</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">Southern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, ultimately seizing much of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a> after defeating the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluks of Egypt and Syria</a>, the emerging <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, and the declining <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a>. Timur's conquests devastated most <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian</a> bishoprics and destroyed the 4000-year-old cultural and religious capital of <a href="/wiki/Assur" title="Assur">Assur</a>. After the destruction brought on by Timur, the massive and organized <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> structure was largely reduced to its region of origin, with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a> in India. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1552_schism">1552 schism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaldean_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1552 schism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Shimun_VIII_Yohannan_Sulaqa" title="Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa">Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schism_of_1552" title="Schism of 1552">Schism of 1552</a></div> <p>The Church of the East has seen many disputes about the position of Catholicos. A synod in 539 decided that neither of the two claimants, <a href="/wiki/Elisha_(Nestorian_patriarch)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elisha (Nestorian patriarch)">Elisha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Narsai_(Nestorian_patriarch)" class="mw-redirect" title="Narsai (Nestorian patriarch)">Narsai</a>, who had been elected by rival groups of bishops in 524, was legitimate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler200330_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler200330-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar conflicts occurred between <a href="/wiki/Barsauma_of_Nisibis" title="Barsauma of Nisibis">Barsauma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acacius_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Acacius of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Acacius of Seleucia-Ctesiphon</a> and between <a href="/wiki/Hnanisho_I" title="Hnanisho I">Hnanisho I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yohannan_the_Leper" title="Yohannan the Leper">Yohannan the Leper</a>. The 1552 conflict was not merely between two individuals but extended to two rival lines of patriarchs, like the 1964 schism between what are now called the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient</a> Church of the East. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abdisu_IV_Maron.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Abdisu_IV_Maron.jpg/220px-Abdisu_IV_Maron.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Abdisu_IV_Maron.jpg/330px-Abdisu_IV_Maron.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Abdisu_IV_Maron.jpg/440px-Abdisu_IV_Maron.jpg 2x" data-file-width="894" data-file-height="1199" /></a><figcaption>Credentials of <a href="/wiki/Abdisho_IV_Maron" title="Abdisho IV Maron">Abdisho IV Maron</a>, Sulaqa's successor, to the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a> in 1562</figcaption></figure> <p>Dissent over the practice of <a href="/wiki/Order_of_succession" title="Order of succession">hereditary succession</a> to the Patriarchate, usually from uncle to nephew, led to the action in 1552 by a group of bishops from the northern regions of <a href="/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r" title="Diyarbakır">Amid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salmas" title="Salmas">Salmas</a> who elected as a rival Patriarch the abbot of <a href="/wiki/Rabban_Hormizd_Monastery" title="Rabban Hormizd Monastery">Rabban Hormizd Monastery</a> (which was the Patriarch's residence) <a href="/wiki/Shimun_VIII_Yohannan_Sulaqa" title="Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa">Yohannan Sulaqa</a>. "To strengthen the position of their candidate the bishops sent him to Rome to negotiate a new union".<sup id="cite_ref-Ö'M-Loosley_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ö'M-Loosley-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By tradition, a patriarch could be ordained only by someone of archiepiscopal (metropolitan) rank, a rank to which only members of that one family were promoted. So Sulaqa travelled to Rome, where, presented as the new patriarch elect, he entered communion with the Catholic Church and was ordained by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_III" title="Pope Julius III">Pope Julius III</a> and recognized as patriarch. </p><p>The title or description under which he was recognized as patriarch is given variously as "Patriarch of <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a> in Eastern Syria";<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Patriarch of the Church of the Chaldeans of Mosul";<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Patriarch of the Chaldeans";<sup id="cite_ref-Ö'M-Loosley_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ö'M-Loosley-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumer2006248_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumer2006248-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Newton_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newton-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Patriarch of Mosul";<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrazee200657_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrazee200657-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-King2018_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King2018-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "Patriarch of the Eastern Assyrians", this last being the version given by Pietro Strozzi on the second-last unnumbered page before page 1 of his <i>De Dogmatibus Chaldaeorum</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of which an English translation is given in Adrian Fortescue's <i>Lesser Eastern Churches</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "Eastern Assyrians", who, if not Catholic, were presumed to be Nestorians, were distinguished from the "Western Assyrians" (those west of the Tigris River), who were looked on as <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Jacobites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was as Patriarch of the "Eastern Assyrians" that Sulaqa's successor, <a href="/wiki/Abdisho_IV_Maron" title="Abdisho IV Maron">Abdisho IV Maron</a>, was accredited for participation in the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The names already in use (except that of "Nestorian") were thus applied to the existing church (not a new one) for which the request to consecrate its patriarch was made by emissaries who gave the impression that the patriarchal see was vacant.<sup id="cite_ref-King2018_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King2018-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumer2006248_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumer2006248-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa returned home in the same year and, unable to take possession of the traditional patriarchal seat near <a href="/wiki/Alqosh" title="Alqosh">Alqosh</a>, resided in <a href="/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r" title="Diyarbakır">Amid</a>. Before being put to death at the instigation of the partisans of the Patriarch from whom he had broken away,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrazee200657_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrazee200657-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he ordained two metropolitans and three other bishops,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumer2006248_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumer2006248-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-King2018_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King2018-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus initiating a new ecclesiastical hierarchy under what is known as the "Shimun line" of patriarchs, who soon moved from Amid eastward, settling, after many intervening places, in the isolated village of <a href="/wiki/Qudshanis" title="Qudshanis">Qudshanis</a> under <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Persian</a> rule. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Successive_leaders_of_those_in_communion_with_Rome">Successive leaders of those in communion with Rome</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaldean_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Successive leaders of those in communion with Rome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sulaqa's earliest successors entered into communion with the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, but in the course of over a century, their link with Rome grew weak. The last to request and obtain formal papal recognition died in 1600. They adopted hereditary succession to the patriarchate, opposition to which had caused the 1552 schism. In 1672, <a href="/wiki/Shimun_XIII_Dinkha" title="Shimun XIII Dinkha">Shimun XIII Dinkha</a> formally broke communion with Rome, adopting a profession of faith that contradicted that of Rome, while he maintained his independence from the Alqosh-based "Eliya line" of patriarchs. The "Shimun line" eventually became the patriarchal line of what since 1976 is officially called the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler20034_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler20034-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Eckart_Frahm_1132_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eckart_Frahm_1132-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoseph20001_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoseph20001-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leadership of those who wished to be in communion with Rome then passed to Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Joseph_I_(Chaldean_Patriarch)" title="Joseph I (Chaldean Patriarch)">Joseph</a> of Amid. In 1677 his leadership was recognized first by the Turkish civil authorities, and then in 1681 by Rome. (Until then, the authority of the Alqosh patriarch over Amid, which had been Sulaqa's residence but which his successors abandoned on having to move eastward into <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid Iran</a>, had been accepted by the Turkish authorities.) </p><p>All the (non-hereditary) successors in Amid of Joseph I, who in 1696 resigned for health reasons and lived on in Rome until 1707, took the name Joseph: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_II_(Chaldean_Patriarch)" title="Joseph II (Chaldean Patriarch)">Joseph II</a> (1696–1713), <a href="/wiki/Joseph_III_(Chaldean_Patriarch)" title="Joseph III (Chaldean Patriarch)">Joseph III</a> (1713–1757), <a href="/wiki/Joseph_IV_(Chaldean_Patriarch)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph IV (Chaldean Patriarch)">Joseph IV (1757–1781)</a>. For that reason, they are known as the "Josephite line". Joseph IV presented his resignation in 1780 and it was accepted in 1781, after which he handed over the administration of the patriarchate to his nephew, not yet a bishop, and retired to Rome, where he lived until 1791.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Appointment of the nephew as patriarch would look like acceptance of the principle of hereditary succession. Besides, the Alqosh "Eliya line" was drawing closer to Rome, and the pro-Catholic faction within its followers was becoming predominant. For various reasons, including the ecclesiastical as well as political turbulence in Europe after the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, Rome was long unable to choose between two rival claimants to headship of the Chaldean Catholics. </p><p>The 1672 adoption by the "Shimun line" of patriarchs of Nestorian doctrine had been followed in some areas by widespread adoption of the opposing Christology upheld in Rome. This occurred not only in the Amid-Mardin area for which by Turkish decree Joseph I was patriarch, but also in the city of Mosul, where by 1700 nearly all the East Syrians were Catholics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200028-30_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200028-30-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Rabban Hormizd Monastery, which was the seat of the "Eliya line" of patriarchs is 2 km from the village of Alqosh and about 45 km north of the city of Mosul. </p><p>In view of this situation, Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Eliya_XI" title="Eliya XI">Eliya XI</a> wrote to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XII" title="Pope Clement XII">Pope Clement XII</a> and his successor <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Benedict XIV</a> in 1735, 1749 and 1756, asking for union. Then, in 1771, both he and his designated successor Ishoyabb made a profession of faith that <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XIV" title="Pope Clement XIV">Pope Clement XIV</a> accepted, thus establishing communion in principle. When <a href="/wiki/Eliya_XI" title="Eliya XI">Eliya XI</a> died in 1778, the metropolitans recognized as his successor Ishoyabb, who accordingly took the Eliya name (<a href="/wiki/Eliya_XII" title="Eliya XII">Eliya XII</a>). To win support, Eliya made profession of the Catholic faith, but almost immediately renounced it and declared his support of the traditionalist (Nestorian) view. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Yohannan_VIII_Hormizd" title="Yohannan VIII Hormizd">Yohannan Hormizd</a>, a member of the "Eliya line" family, opposed <a href="/wiki/Eliya_XII" title="Eliya XII">Eliya XII</a> (1778–1804), the last of that line to be elected in the normal way as patriarch. In 1780 Yohannan was irregularly elected patriarch, as Sulaqa had been in 1552. He won over to communion with Rome most followers of the "Eliyya line". The <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> did not recognize him as patriarch, but in 1791 <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="Pope Pius VI">Pope Pius VI</a> appointed him archbishop of Amid and administrator of the Catholic patriarchate. The violent <a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">protests</a> of Joseph IV's nephew, who was then in Rome, and suspicions raised by others about the sincerity of Yohannan's conversion prevented this being put into effect.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200028-30_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200028-30-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1793 it was agreed that Yohannan should withdraw from Amid to Mosul, the metropolitan see that he already held, but that the post of patriarch would not be conferred on his rival, Joseph IV's nephew. In 1802 the latter was appointed metropolitan of Amid and administrator of the patriarchate, but not patriarch. Nonetheless, he became commonly known as <a href="/wiki/Joseph_V_Augustine_Hindi" title="Joseph V Augustine Hindi">Joseph V</a>. He died in 1828. Yohannan's rival for the Alqosh title of patriarch had died in 1804, with his followers so reduced in number that they did not elect any successor for him, thus bringing the Alqosh or Eliya line to an end.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200028-30_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200028-30-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finally then, in 1830, a century and a half after the Holy See had conferred headship of the Chaldean Catholics on Joseph I of Amid, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VIII" title="Pope Pius VIII">Pope Pius VIII</a> granted recognition as Patriarch to Yohannan, whose (non-hereditary) patriarchal succession has since then lasted unbroken in the Chaldean Catholic Church. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_history_of_the_Chaldean_Church">Later history of the Chaldean Church</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaldean_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Later history of the Chaldean Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaldean_Catholic_Cathedral_of_Saint_Joseph_in_Ankawa_near_Erbil,_Iraq.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Chaldean_Catholic_Cathedral_of_Saint_Joseph_in_Ankawa_near_Erbil%2C_Iraq.jpg/220px-Chaldean_Catholic_Cathedral_of_Saint_Joseph_in_Ankawa_near_Erbil%2C_Iraq.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Chaldean_Catholic_Cathedral_of_Saint_Joseph_in_Ankawa_near_Erbil%2C_Iraq.jpg/330px-Chaldean_Catholic_Cathedral_of_Saint_Joseph_in_Ankawa_near_Erbil%2C_Iraq.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Chaldean_Catholic_Cathedral_of_Saint_Joseph_in_Ankawa_near_Erbil%2C_Iraq.jpg/440px-Chaldean_Catholic_Cathedral_of_Saint_Joseph_in_Ankawa_near_Erbil%2C_Iraq.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_Joseph,_Ankawa" title="Cathedral of Saint Joseph, Ankawa">Cathedral of Saint Joseph, Ankawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Arbil" title="Chaldean Catholic Archeparchy of Arbil">Archeparchy of Arbil</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Joseph_Assyrian_Catholic_Church,_Tehran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/St._Joseph_Assyrian_Catholic_Church%2C_Tehran.jpg/220px-St._Joseph_Assyrian_Catholic_Church%2C_Tehran.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/St._Joseph_Assyrian_Catholic_Church%2C_Tehran.jpg/330px-St._Joseph_Assyrian_Catholic_Church%2C_Tehran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/St._Joseph_Assyrian_Catholic_Church%2C_Tehran.jpg/440px-St._Joseph_Assyrian_Catholic_Church%2C_Tehran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="769" /></a><figcaption>St. Joseph Chaldean Catholic Church, <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1838, the <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a> of <a href="/wiki/Soran_Emirate" title="Soran Emirate">Soran</a> attacked the <a href="/wiki/Rabban_Hormizd_Monastery" title="Rabban Hormizd Monastery">Rabban Hormizd Monastery</a> and Alqosh, apparently thinking the villagers were <a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidis</a> responsible for the murder of a Kurdish chieftain, and killed over 300 Chaldean Catholics, including Gabriel Dambo, the refounder of the monastery, and other monks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200032,_253_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200032,_253-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1846, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, which had previously classified as Nestorians those who called themselves Chaldeans, granted them recognition as a distinct <i><a href="/wiki/Millet_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Millet (Ottoman Empire)">millet</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO’Mahony2006528_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO’Mahony2006528-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most famous patriarch of the Chaldean Church in the 19th century was <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Audo" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Audo">Joseph VI Audo</a> who is remembered also for his clashes with <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a> mainly about his attempts to extend the Chaldean jurisdiction over the <a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Church">Malabar Catholics</a>. This was a period of expansion for the Chaldean Catholic Church. </p><p>The activity of the Turkish army and their <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish people">Kurdish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> allies, partly in response to armed support for Russia in the territory of the Qochanis patriarchate, brought ruin also to the Chaldean dioceses of Amid, <a href="/wiki/Siirt" title="Siirt">Siirt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gazarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Gazarta">Gazarta</a> and the metropolitans <a href="/wiki/Addai_Scher" class="mw-redirect" title="Addai Scher">Addai Scher</a> of <a href="/wiki/Siirt" title="Siirt">Siirt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philippe-Jacques_Abraham" title="Philippe-Jacques Abraham">Philippe-Jacques Abraham</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gazarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Gazarta">Gazarta</a> were killed in 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200037_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200037-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Faisal_I_with_Chaldean_bishops_(1852_1947).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/King_Faisal_I_with_Chaldean_bishops_%281852_1947%29.jpg/220px-King_Faisal_I_with_Chaldean_bishops_%281852_1947%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/King_Faisal_I_with_Chaldean_bishops_%281852_1947%29.jpg/330px-King_Faisal_I_with_Chaldean_bishops_%281852_1947%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/King_Faisal_I_with_Chaldean_bishops_%281852_1947%29.jpg/440px-King_Faisal_I_with_Chaldean_bishops_%281852_1947%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="267" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Faisal_I_of_Iraq" title="Faisal I of Iraq">Faisal I of Iraq</a> with Mar <a href="/wiki/Yousef_VI_Emmanuel_II_Thomas" title="Yousef VI Emmanuel II Thomas">Yousef VI Emmanuel II Thomas</a>, Patriarch 1900–1947, and the Chaldean bishops</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 21st century, Father <a href="/wiki/Ragheed_Aziz_Ganni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ragheed Aziz Ganni">Ragheed Aziz Ganni</a>, the pastor of the Chaldean Church of the Holy Spirit in Mosul, who graduated from the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_University_of_Saint_Thomas_Aquinas" title="Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas">Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, <i>Angelicum</i></a> in Rome in 2003 with a licentiate in ecumenical theology, was killed on 3 June 2007 in Mosul alongside the subdeacons Basman Yousef Daud, Wahid Hanna Isho, and Gassan Isam Bidawed, after he celebrated mass.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ganni has since been declared a <a href="/wiki/Servant_of_God" title="Servant of God">Servant of God</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chaldean Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Paulos_Faraj_Rahho" title="Paulos Faraj Rahho">Paulos Faraj Rahho</a> and three companions were abducted on 29 February 2008, in Mosul, and murdered a few days later.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century:_international_diaspora">21st century: international diaspora</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaldean_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 21st century: international diaspora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaldean_Sacred_Heart_Church_%26_Chaldean_Center_of_America.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Chaldean_Sacred_Heart_Church_%26_Chaldean_Center_of_America.JPG/220px-Chaldean_Sacred_Heart_Church_%26_Chaldean_Center_of_America.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Chaldean_Sacred_Heart_Church_%26_Chaldean_Center_of_America.JPG/330px-Chaldean_Sacred_Heart_Church_%26_Chaldean_Center_of_America.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Chaldean_Sacred_Heart_Church_%26_Chaldean_Center_of_America.JPG/440px-Chaldean_Sacred_Heart_Church_%26_Chaldean_Center_of_America.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart_Chaldean_Church" title="Sacred Heart Chaldean Church">historic church</a> and community center built in <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Town" title="Chaldean Town">Chaldean Town</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Assyrian%E2%80%93Chaldean%E2%80%93Syriac_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian–Chaldean–Syriac diaspora">Assyrian diaspora</a> neighborhood in <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There are many Chaldeans in <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a>, primarily in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> states of <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> and <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2006, the <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Saint_Thomas_the_Apostle" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Saint Thomas the Apostle">Eparchy of Oceania</a>, with the title of 'St Thomas the Apostle of Sydney of the Chaldeans' was set up with jurisdiction including the Chaldean Catholic communities of <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its first Bishop, named by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> on 21 October 2006, was Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Jibrail_Kassab" title="Jibrail Kassab">Djibrail (Jibrail) Kassab</a>, until this date, Archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Bassorah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bassorah">Bassorah</a> in Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There has been a large immigration to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> particularly to <a href="/wiki/West_Bloomfield_Township,_Michigan" title="West Bloomfield Township, Michigan">West Bloomfield</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oakland_County,_Michigan" title="Oakland County, Michigan">Oakland County</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Michigan" title="Southeast Michigan">Southeast Michigan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the largest population resides in Southeast Michigan, there are populations in parts of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> as well, which all fall under the <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Saint_Thomas_the_Apostle_of_Detroit" title="Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Saint Thomas the Apostle of Detroit">Eparchy of Saint Thomas the Apostle of Detroit</a>. In addition, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> in recent years has shown growing communities in provinces such as <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>. </p><p>In 2008, Bawai Soro of the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a> and 1,000 Assyrian families were received into full communion with the Chaldean Catholic Church.<sup id="cite_ref-Assyrian_Bishop_Mar_Bawai_Soto_explains_his_journey_into_communion_with_the_Catholic_Church_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Assyrian_Bishop_Mar_Bawai_Soto_explains_his_journey_into_communion_with_the_Catholic_Church-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On Friday, June 10, 2011, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> erected a new Chaldean Catholic eparchy in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto, Ontario</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> and named <a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">Archbishop</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yohannan_Zora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yohannan Zora (page does not exist)">Yohannan Zora</a>, who has worked alongside four priests with Catholics in Toronto (the largest community of <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholics" title="Chaldean Catholics">Chaldeans</a>) for nearly 20 years and who was previously an <a href="/wiki/Ad_hominem" title="Ad hominem">ad hominem</a> <a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">Archbishop</a> (he will retain this rank as head of the eparchy) and the Archbishop of the Archdiocese (Archeparchy) of <a href="/wiki/Ahvaz" title="Ahvaz">Ahvaz</a> (since 1974). The new eparchy, or diocese, will be known as the <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Mar_Addai_of_Toronto" title="Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Mar Addai of Toronto">Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Mar Addai</a>. There are 38,000 Chaldean Catholics in Canada. Archbishop Zora was born in <a href="/wiki/Batnaya" title="Batnaya">Batnaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, on March 15, 1939. He was ordained in 1962 and worked in Iraqi parishes before being transferred to Iran in 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2006 Australian census counted a total of 4,498 Chaldean Catholics in that country.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historic_membership_censuses">Historic membership censuses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaldean_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Historic membership censuses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite the internal discords of the reigns of Yohannan Hormizd (1830–1838), <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_Zaya" title="Nicholas I Zaya">Nicholas I Zaya</a> (1839–1847) and Joseph VI Audo (1847–1878), the 19th century was a period of considerable growth for the Chaldean church, in which its territorial jurisdiction was extended, its hierarchy strengthened and its membership nearly doubled. In 1850, the Anglican missionary <a href="/wiki/George_Percy_Badger" title="George Percy Badger">George Percy Badger</a> recorded the population of the Chaldean Catholic Church as 2,743 Chaldean families, or just under 20,000 persons.<sup id="cite_ref-Badger,_Nestorians,_i._174–5_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Badger,_Nestorians,_i._174–5-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Badger's figures cannot be squared with the figure of just over 4,000 Chaldean families recorded by Fulgence de Sainte Marie in 1796 nor with slightly later figures provided by Paulin Martin in 1867. Badger is known to have classified as Nestorian a considerable number of villages in the <span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʿ</i></span>Aqra district which were Chaldean at this period, and he also failed to include several important Chaldean villages in other dioceses. His estimate is almost certainly far too low.<sup id="cite_ref-Badger,_Nestorians,_i._174–5_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Badger,_Nestorians,_i._174–5-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Table 3: Population of the Chaldean Catholic Church, 1850 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align:left">Diocese</th> <th>No. of Villages</th> <th>No. of Churches</th> <th>No. of Priests</th> <th>No. of Families </th> <th style="text-align:left">Diocese</th> <th>No. of Villages</th> <th>No. of Churches</th> <th>No. of Priests</th> <th>No. of Families </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Mosul</td> <td>9</td> <td>15</td> <td>20</td> <td>1,160 </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Seert_(Chaldean_Diocese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seert (Chaldean Diocese)">Seert</a></td> <td>11</td> <td>12</td> <td>9</td> <td>300 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Baghdad</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>60 </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Gazarta_(Chaldean_Diocese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gazarta (Chaldean Diocese)">Gazarta</a></td> <td>7</td> <td>6</td> <td>5</td> <td>179 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Amadiya_(Chaldean_Diocese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amadiya (Chaldean Diocese)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʿ</i></span>Amadiya</a></td> <td>16</td> <td>14</td> <td>8</td> <td>466 </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Kirkuk_(Chaldean_Archdiocese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirkuk (Chaldean Archdiocese)">Kirkuk</a></td> <td>7</td> <td>8</td> <td>9</td> <td>218 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Amid_(Chaldean_Diocese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amid (Chaldean Diocese)">Amid</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>4</td> <td>150 </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Salmas_(Chaldean_Archdiocese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salmas (Chaldean Archdiocese)">Salmas</a></td> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>3</td> <td>150 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Mardin_(Chaldean_Diocese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mardin (Chaldean Diocese)">Mardin</a></td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>4</td> <td>60 </td> <td style="text-align:left">Total</td> <td>55</td> <td>61</td> <td>64</td> <td>2,743 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Paulin Martin's statistical survey in 1867, after the creation of the dioceses of <a href="/wiki/Aqra_(Chaldean_Diocese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqra (Chaldean Diocese)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʿ</i></span>Aqra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zakho_(Chaldean_Diocese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zakho (Chaldean Diocese)">Zakho</a>, Basra and Sehna by Joseph Audo, recorded a total church membership of 70,268, more than three times higher than Badger's estimate. Most of the population figures in these statistics have been rounded up to the nearest thousand, and they may also have been exaggerated slightly, but the membership of the Chaldean Catholic Church at this period was certainly closer to 70,000 than to Badger's 20,000.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Table 4: Population of the Chaldean Catholic Church, 1867 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align:left">Diocese</th> <th>No. of Villages</th> <th>No. of Priests</th> <th>No. of Believers </th> <th style="text-align:left">Diocese</th> <th>No. of Villages</th> <th>No. of Churches</th> <th>No. of Believers </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Mosul</td> <td>9</td> <td>40</td> <td>23,030 </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Mardin_(Chaldean_Diocese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mardin (Chaldean Diocese)">Mardin</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>1,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Aqra_(Chaldean_Diocese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqra (Chaldean Diocese)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʿ</i></span>Aqra</a></td> <td>19</td> <td>17</td> <td>2,718 </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Seert_(Chaldean_Diocese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seert (Chaldean Diocese)">Seert</a></td> <td>35</td> <td>20</td> <td>11,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Amadiya_(Chaldean_Diocese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amadiya (Chaldean Diocese)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʿ</i></span>Amadiya</a></td> <td>26</td> <td>10</td> <td>6,020 </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Salmas_(Chaldean_Archdiocese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salmas (Chaldean Archdiocese)">Salmas</a></td> <td>20</td> <td>10</td> <td>8,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Basra</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>1,500 </td> <td style="text-align:left">Sehna</td> <td>22</td> <td>1</td> <td>1,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Amid_(Chaldean_Diocese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amid (Chaldean Diocese)">Amid</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2,000 </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Zakho_(Chaldean_Diocese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zakho (Chaldean Diocese)">Zakho</a></td> <td>15</td> <td>–</td> <td>3,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Gazarta_(Chaldean_Diocese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gazarta (Chaldean Diocese)">Gazarta</a></td> <td>20</td> <td>15</td> <td>7,000 </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Kirkuk_(Chaldean_Archdiocese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirkuk (Chaldean Archdiocese)">Kirkuk</a></td> <td>10</td> <td>10</td> <td>4,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:left">Total</td> <td>160</td> <td>131</td> <td>70,268 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A statistical survey of the Chaldean Catholic Church made in 1896 by J. B. Chabot included, for the first time, details of several patriarchal vicariates established in the second half of the 19th century for the small Chaldean communities in Adana, Aleppo, Beirut, Cairo, Damascus, Edessa, Kermanshah and Teheran; for the mission stations established in the 1890s in several towns and villages in the Qudshanis patriarchate; and for the newly created Chaldean diocese of Urmi. According to Chabot, there were mission stations in the town of Serai d’Mahmideh in Taimar and in the Hakkari villages of Mar Behısho<span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʿ</i></span>, Sat, Zarne and 'Salamakka' (Ragula d'Salabakkan).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChabot1896433-453_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChabot1896433-453-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Table 5: Population of the Chaldean Catholic Church, 1896 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align:left">Diocese</th> <th>No. of Villages</th> <th>No. of Priests</th> <th>No. of Believers </th> <th style="text-align:left">Diocese</th> <th>No. of Villages</th> <th>No. of Churches</th> <th>No. of Believers </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Baghdad</td> <td>1</td> <td>3</td> <td>3,000 </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Amadiya_(Chaldean_Diocese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amadiya (Chaldean Diocese)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʿ</i></span>Amadiya</a></td> <td>16</td> <td>13</td> <td>3,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Mosul</td> <td>31</td> <td>71</td> <td>23,700 </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Aqra_(Chaldean_Diocese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqra (Chaldean Diocese)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʿ</i></span>Aqra</a></td> <td>12</td> <td>8</td> <td>1,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Basra</td> <td>2</td> <td>3</td> <td>3,000 </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Salmas_(Chaldean_Archdiocese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salmas (Chaldean Archdiocese)">Salmas</a></td> <td>12</td> <td>10</td> <td>10,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Amid_(Chaldean_Diocese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amid (Chaldean Diocese)">Amid</a></td> <td>4</td> <td>7</td> <td>3,000 </td> <td style="text-align:left">Urmi</td> <td>18</td> <td>40</td> <td>6,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Kirkuk_(Chaldean_Archdiocese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirkuk (Chaldean Archdiocese)">Kirkuk</a></td> <td>16</td> <td>22</td> <td>7,000 </td> <td style="text-align:left">Sehna</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>700 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Mardin_(Chaldean_Diocese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mardin (Chaldean Diocese)">Mardin</a></td> <td>1</td> <td>3</td> <td>850 </td> <td style="text-align:left">Vicariates</td> <td>3</td> <td>6</td> <td>2,060 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Gazarta_(Chaldean_Diocese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gazarta (Chaldean Diocese)">Gazarta</a></td> <td>17</td> <td>14</td> <td>5,200 </td> <td style="text-align:left">Missions</td> <td>1</td> <td>14</td> <td>1,780 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Seert_(Chaldean_Diocese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seert (Chaldean Diocese)">Seert</a></td> <td>21</td> <td>17</td> <td>5,000 </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Zakho_(Chaldean_Diocese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zakho (Chaldean Diocese)">Zakho</a></td> <td>20</td> <td>15</td> <td>3,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:left">Total</td> <td>177</td> <td>248</td> <td>78,790 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The last survey of the Chaldean Catholic Church before the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a> was made in 1913 by the Chaldean priest Joseph Tfinkdji, after a period of steady growth since 1896. It then consisted of the patriarchal archdiocese of Mosul and Baghdad, four other archdioceses (<a href="/wiki/Amid_(Chaldean_Diocese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amid (Chaldean Diocese)">Amid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk_(Chaldean_Archdiocese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirkuk (Chaldean Archdiocese)">Kirkuk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seert_(Chaldean_Diocese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seert (Chaldean Diocese)">Seert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urmia" title="Urmia">Urmi</a>), and eight dioceses (<a href="/wiki/Akre_(diocese)" title="Akre (diocese)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʿ</i></span>Aqra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Amadiya" title="Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Amadiya"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʿ</i></span>Amadiya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gazarta_(Chaldean_diocese)" title="Gazarta (Chaldean diocese)">Gazarta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Mardin" title="Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Mardin">Mardin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Salmas" title="Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Salmas">Salmas</a>, Sehna, <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Amadiyah_and_Zaku" title="Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Amadiyah and Zaku">Zakho</a> and the newly created diocese of Van). Five more patriarchal vicariates had been established since 1896 (Ahwaz, Constantinople, Basra, Ashshar and Deir al-Zor), giving a total of twelve vicariates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETfinkdji1914476–520_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETfinkdji1914476–520-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000362_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000362-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tfinkdji's grand total of 101,610 Catholics in 199 villages is slightly exaggerated, as his figures included 2,310 nominal Catholics in twenty-one 'newly converted' or 'semi-Nestorian' villages in the dioceses of Amid, Seert and <span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʿ</i></span>Aqra, but it is clear that the Chaldean Catholic Church had grown significantly since 1896. With around 100,000 believers in 1913, the membership of the Chaldean church was only slightly smaller than that of the Qudshanis patriarchate (probably 120,000 East Syriac Christians at most, including the population of the nominally Russian Orthodox villages in the Urmi district). Its congregations were concentrated in far fewer villages than those of the Qudshanis patriarchate, and with 296 priests, a ratio of roughly three priests for every thousand believers, it was rather more effectively served by its clergy. Only about a dozen Chaldean villages, mainly in the Seert and <span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʿ</i></span>Aqra districts, did not have their own priests in 1913.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Table 6: Population of the Chaldean Church, 1913 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align:left">Diocese</th> <th>No. of Villages</th> <th>No. of Churches</th> <th>No. of Priests</th> <th>No. of Believers </th> <th style="text-align:left">Diocese</th> <th>No. of Villages</th> <th>No. of Churches</th> <th>No. of Priests</th> <th>No. of Believers </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Mosul</td> <td>13</td> <td>22</td> <td>56</td> <td>39,460 </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Amadiya_(Chaldean_Diocese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amadiya (Chaldean Diocese)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʿ</i></span>Amadiya</a></td> <td>17</td> <td>10</td> <td>19</td> <td>4,970 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Baghdad</td> <td>3</td> <td>1</td> <td>11</td> <td>7,260 </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Gazarta_(Chaldean_Diocese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gazarta (Chaldean Diocese)">Gazarta</a></td> <td>17</td> <td>11</td> <td>17</td> <td>6,400 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Vicariates</td> <td>13</td> <td>4</td> <td>15</td> <td>3,430 </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Mardin_(Chaldean_Diocese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mardin (Chaldean Diocese)">Mardin</a></td> <td>6</td> <td>1</td> <td>6</td> <td>1,670 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Amid_(Chaldean_Diocese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amid (Chaldean Diocese)">Amid</a></td> <td>9</td> <td>5</td> <td>12</td> <td>4,180 </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Salmas_(Chaldean_Archdiocese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salmas (Chaldean Archdiocese)">Salmas</a></td> <td>12</td> <td>12</td> <td>24</td> <td>10,460 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Kirkuk_(Chaldean_Archdiocese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirkuk (Chaldean Archdiocese)">Kirkuk</a></td> <td>9</td> <td>9</td> <td>19</td> <td>5,840 </td> <td style="text-align:left">Sehna</td> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>3</td> <td>900 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Seert_(Chaldean_Diocese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seert (Chaldean Diocese)">Seert</a></td> <td>37</td> <td>31</td> <td>21</td> <td>5,380 </td> <td style="text-align:left">Van</td> <td>10</td> <td>6</td> <td>32</td> <td>3,850 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Urmi</td> <td>21</td> <td>13</td> <td>43</td> <td>7,800 </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Zakho_(Chaldean_Diocese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zakho (Chaldean Diocese)">Zakho</a></td> <td>15</td> <td>17</td> <td>13</td> <td>4,880 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Aqra_(Chaldean_Diocese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqra (Chaldean Diocese)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʿ</i></span>Aqra</a></td> <td>19</td> <td>10</td> <td>16</td> <td>2,390 </td> <td style="text-align:left">Total</td> <td>199</td> <td>153</td> <td>296</td> <td>101,610 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Tfinkdji's statistics also highlight the effect on the Chaldean Catholic Church of the educational reforms of the patriarch <a href="/wiki/Joseph_VI_Audo" title="Joseph VI Audo">Joseph VI Audo</a>. The Chaldean Catholic Church on the eve of the First World War was becoming less dependent on the monastery of Rabban Hormizd and the College of the Propaganda for the education of its bishops. Seventeen Chaldean bishops were consecrated between 1879 and 1913, of whom only one (Stephen Yohannan Qaynaya) was entirely educated in the monastery of Rabban Hormizd. Six bishops were educated at the College of the Propaganda (Joseph Gabriel Adamo, <a href="/wiki/Toma_Audo" title="Toma Audo">Toma Audo</a>, Jeremy Timothy Maqdasi, Isaac Khudabakhash, Theodore Msayeh and Peter <span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʿ</i></span>Aziz).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000360-363_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000360-363-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The future patriarch <a href="/wiki/Yousef_VI_Emmanuel_II_Thomas" title="Yousef VI Emmanuel II Thomas">Yousef VI Emmanuel II Thomas</a> was trained in the seminary of Ghazir near <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>. Of the other nine bishops, two (<a href="/wiki/Addai_Sher" title="Addai Sher">Addai Sher</a> and Francis David) were trained in the Syro-Chaldean seminary in Mosul, and seven (Philip Ya<span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʿ</i></span>qob Abraham, Ya<span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʿ</i></span>qob Yohannan Sahhar, Eliya Joseph Khayyat, Shlemun Sabbagh, Ya<span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʿ</i></span>qob Awgin Manna, <a href="/wiki/Hormisdas_Djibri" title="Hormisdas Djibri">Hormizd Stephen Jibri</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel_Audo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Israel Audo (page does not exist)">Israel Audo</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q64751747#sitelinks-wikipedia" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q64751747"><span title=""Israel Audo" in other languages">Wikidata</span></a>]</span>) in the patriarchal seminary in Mosul.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000360-363_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000360-363-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table> <caption><b>Table 1: Population of the Chaldean Catholic Church, 1928</b> </caption> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <td> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align:left">Diocese </th> <th>No. of Villages </th> <th>No. of Priests </th> <th>No. of Believers </th></tr> <tr> <td>Mosul and Baghdad </td> <td align="center">10 </td> <td align="center">50 </td> <td align="center">18,350 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amadiya_(Chaldean_Diocese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amadiya (Chaldean Diocese)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʿ</i></span>Amadiya</a> </td> <td align="center">18 </td> <td align="center">22 </td> <td align="center">3,765 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amid_(Chaldean_Diocese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amid (Chaldean Diocese)">Amid</a> </td> <td align="center">1 </td> <td align="center">3 </td> <td align="center">500 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kirkuk_(Chaldean_Archdiocese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirkuk (Chaldean Archdiocese)">Kirkuk</a> </td> <td align="center">7 </td> <td align="center">18 </td> <td align="center">4,800 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Seert_(Chaldean_Diocese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seert (Chaldean Diocese)">Seert</a> </td> <td align="center">– </td> <td align="center">– </td> <td align="center">1,600 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Urmi </td> <td align="center">10 </td> <td align="center">10 </td> <td align="center">2,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aqra_(Chaldean_Diocese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqra (Chaldean Diocese)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʿ</i></span>Aqra</a> </td> <td align="center">– </td> <td align="center">– </td> <td align="center">1,000 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align:left">Diocese </th> <th>No. of Villages </th> <th>No. of Churches </th> <th>No. of Believers </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gazarta_(Chaldean_Diocese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gazarta (Chaldean Diocese)">Gazarta</a> </td> <td align="center">– </td> <td align="center">– </td> <td align="center">1,600 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mardin_(Chaldean_Diocese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mardin (Chaldean Diocese)">Mardin</a> </td> <td align="center">1 </td> <td align="center">2 </td> <td align="center">400 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Salmas_(Chaldean_Archdiocese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salmas (Chaldean Archdiocese)">Salmas</a> </td> <td align="center">1 </td> <td align="center">1 </td> <td align="center">400 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sehna </td> <td align="center">3 </td> <td align="center">5 </td> <td align="center">894 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Van </td> <td align="center">– </td> <td align="center">– </td> <td align="center">– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zakho_(Chaldean_Diocese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zakho (Chaldean Diocese)">Zakho</a> </td> <td align="center">16 </td> <td align="center">18 </td> <td align="center">8,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total </td> <td align="center">137 </td> <td align="center">129 </td> <td align="center">43,809 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table> <caption>Table 2: Population of the Chaldean Catholic Church, 1937 </caption> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <td> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align:left">Diocese </th> <th>No. of Churches </th> <th>No. of Priests </th> <th>No. of Believers </th></tr> <tr> <td>Baghdad and Basra </td> <td align="center">6 </td> <td align="center">13 </td> <td align="center">29,578 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mosul </td> <td align="center">24 </td> <td align="center">40 </td> <td align="center">44,314 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kirkuk_(Chaldean_Archdiocese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirkuk (Chaldean Archdiocese)">Kirkuk</a> </td> <td align="center">8 </td> <td align="center">18 </td> <td align="center">7,620 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zakho_(Chaldean_Diocese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zakho (Chaldean Diocese)">Zakho</a> </td> <td align="center">16 </td> <td align="center">18 </td> <td align="center">10,852 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amadiya_(Chaldean_Diocese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amadiya (Chaldean Diocese)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʿ</i></span>Amadiya</a> </td> <td align="center">16 </td> <td align="center">17 </td> <td align="center">5,457 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aqra_(Chaldean_Diocese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqra (Chaldean Diocese)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʿ</i></span>Aqra</a> </td> <td align="center">13 </td> <td align="center">5 </td> <td align="center">2,779 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Urmi </td> <td align="center">- </td> <td align="center">- </td> <td align="center">6,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Salmas_(Chaldean_Archdiocese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salmas (Chaldean Archdiocese)">Salmas</a> </td> <td align="center">– </td> <td align="center">4 </td> <td align="center">3,350 </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align:left">Diocese </th> <th>No. of Churches </th> <th>No. of Priests </th> <th>No. of Believers </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amid_(Chaldean_Diocese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amid (Chaldean Diocese)">Amid</a> </td> <td align="center">1 </td> <td align="center">1 </td> <td align="center">315 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mardin_(Chaldean_Diocese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mardin (Chaldean Diocese)">Mardin</a> </td> <td align="center">1 </td> <td align="center">1 </td> <td align="center">400 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Seert_(Chaldean_Diocese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seert (Chaldean Diocese)">Seert</a> </td> <td align="center">0 </td> <td align="center">0 </td> <td align="center">3,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gazarta_(Chaldean_Diocese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gazarta (Chaldean Diocese)">Gazarta</a> </td> <td align="center">1 </td> <td align="center">1 </td> <td align="center">2,250 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Syria and Lebanon </td> <td align="center">2 </td> <td align="center">11 </td> <td align="center">3,107 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vicariates </td> <td align="center">8 </td> <td align="center">14 </td> <td align="center">9,177 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Emigration </td> <td align="center">0 </td> <td align="center">4 </td> <td align="center">9,889 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sehna </td> <td align="center">2 </td> <td align="center">5 </td> <td align="center">1,932 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total </td> <td align="center">98 </td> <td align="center">163 </td> <td align="center">140,720 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaldean_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Chaldean Catholic Church has the following dioceses: </p> <ul><li>Patriarchate of <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Patriarchate_of_Baghdad" title="Chaldean Catholic Patriarchate of Baghdad">Baghdad</a></li> <li>Metropolitan Archdioceses of <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Baghdad" title="Chaldean Catholic Archeparchy of Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Kirkuk-Sulaimaniya" title="Chaldean Catholic Archeparchy of Kirkuk-Sulaimaniya">Kirkuk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Tehran" title="Chaldean Catholic Archeparchy of Tehran">Tehran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Urmy%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaldean Catholic Archeparchy of Urmyā">Urmia-Salmas</a></li> <li>Archdioceses of <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Ahvaz" title="Chaldean Catholic Archeparchy of Ahvaz">Ahwaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Basra" title="Chaldean Catholic Archeparchy of Basra">Basra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Amida" title="Chaldean Catholic Archeparchy of Amida">Diyarbakir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Arbil" title="Chaldean Catholic Archeparchy of Arbil">Erbil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Mosul" title="Chaldean Catholic Archeparchy of Mosul">Mosul</a></li> <li>Eparchies of <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Aleppo" title="Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Aleppo">Aleppo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Alquoch" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Alquoch">Alqosh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Beirut" title="Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Beirut">Beirut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Cairo" title="Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Cairo">Cairo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Saint_Peter_the_Apostle_of_San_Diego" title="Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Saint Peter the Apostle of San Diego">San Diego</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Saint_Thomas_the_Apostle_of_Detroit" title="Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Saint Thomas the Apostle of Detroit">Detroit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Mar_Addai_of_Toronto" title="Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Mar Addai of Toronto">Toronto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Saint_Thomas_the_Apostle_of_Sydney" title="Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Saint Thomas the Apostle of Sydney">Sydney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Amadiyah_and_Zaku" title="Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Amadiyah and Zaku">Amidyah-Zakho</a></li> <li>Territories dependent on the Patriarch: <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Territory_of_Jerusalem" title="Chaldean Catholic Territory of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Territory_Dependent_on_the_Patriarch_of_Jordan" title="Chaldean Catholic Territory Dependent on the Patriarch of Jordan">Jordan</a></li></ul> <p>The Latin name of the church is Ecclesia Chaldaeorum Catholica. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaldean_Catholic_Jurisdictions.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Chaldean_Catholic_Jurisdictions.png/450px-Chaldean_Catholic_Jurisdictions.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Chaldean_Catholic_Jurisdictions.png/675px-Chaldean_Catholic_Jurisdictions.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Chaldean_Catholic_Jurisdictions.png/900px-Chaldean_Catholic_Jurisdictions.png 2x" data-file-width="3190" data-file-height="686" /></a><figcaption>A map of the jurisdictions of the Chaldean Catholic Church</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hierarchy">Hierarchy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaldean_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Hierarchy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The current Patriarch is <a href="/wiki/Louis_Rapha%C3%ABl_I_Sako" title="Louis Raphaël I Sako">Louis Raphaël I Sako</a>, elected in January 2013. In October 2007, his predecessor, <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_III_Delly" title="Emmanuel III Delly">Emmanuel III Delly</a> became the first Chaldean Catholic patriarch to be elevated to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">Cardinal</a> within the Catholic Church.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The present Chaldean episcopate (January 2014) is as follows: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Rapha%C3%ABl_I_Sako" title="Louis Raphaël I Sako">Louis Raphaël I Sako</a>, Patriarch of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> (since February 2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Shimoun_Nona" title="Emil Shimoun Nona">Emil Shimoun Nona</a>, Bishop of St. Thomas the Apostle Chaldean and Assyrian Catholic Diocese of <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> (since 2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashar_Warda" title="Bashar Warda">Bashar Warda</a>, Archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil">Erbil</a> (since July 2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramzi_Garmo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramzi Garmo">Ramzi Garmo</a>, Archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a> (since 1999) and Archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r" title="Diyarbakır">Amid</a> (Diyarbakir) (since 2020)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Meram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Meram (page does not exist)">Thomas Meram</a>, Archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Urmia" title="Urmia">Urmia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salmas" title="Salmas">Salmas</a> (since 1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jibrail_Kassab" title="Jibrail Kassab">Jibrail Kassab</a>, Bishop Emeritus, former Bishop of <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> (2006–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ishaq" title="Jacques Ishaq">Jacques Ishaq</a>, Titular Archbishop of Nisibis and curial Bishop of Babylon (since December 2005)</li> <li>Habib Al-Naufali, Archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a> (since 2014)</li> <li>Yousif Mirkis, Archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulaymaniyah" title="Sulaymaniyah">Sulaymaniyah</a> (since 2014)</li> <li>Mikha Pola Maqdassi, Bishop of <a href="/wiki/Alqosh" title="Alqosh">Alqosh</a> (since December 2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shlemon_Warduni" title="Shlemon Warduni">Shlemon Warduni</a>, curial Bishop of Babylon (since 2001)</li> <li>Saad Sirop, auxiliary Bishop of Babylon (since 2014) and Apostolic Visitor of Chaldean Catholic in Europe (since 2017)</li> <li>Antony Audo, Bishop of <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> (since January 1992)</li> <li>Michael Kassarji, Bishop of <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> (since 2001)</li> <li>Rabban Al-Qas, Bishop Emeritus, former Bishop of <a href="/wiki/Amadiya_(Chaldean_Diocese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amadiya (Chaldean Diocese)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʿ</i></span>Amadiya</a> (2001-2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Namo_Ibrahim" title="Ibrahim Namo Ibrahim">Ibrahim Ibrahim</a>, Bishop Emeritus, former Bishop of <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Saint_Thomas_the_Apostle_of_Detroit" title="Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Saint Thomas the Apostle of Detroit">Saint Thomas the Apostle of Detroit</a> (April 1982 – 2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Y._Kalabat" title="Francis Y. Kalabat">Francis Kalabat</a>, Bishop of <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Saint_Thomas_the_Apostle_of_Detroit" title="Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Saint Thomas the Apostle of Detroit">Saint Thomas the Apostle of Detroit</a> (since June 2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarhad_Yawsip_Jammo" title="Sarhad Yawsip Jammo">Sarhad Yawsip Jammo</a>, Bishop Emeritus of Saint Peter the Apostle of San Diego (2002–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bawai_Soro" title="Bawai Soro">Bawai Soro</a>, Bishop Emeritus, former Bishop of <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Mar_Addai_of_Toronto" title="Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Mar Addai of Toronto">St. Addai Chaldean Eparchy of Canada</a> (2017-2021)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhael_Najib&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikhael Najib (page does not exist)">Mikhael Najib</a>, Archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Mosul" title="Chaldean Catholic Archeparchy of Mosul">Chaldean Catholic Archeparchy of Mosul</a> (since 2018)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saad_Felix_Shabi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saad Felix Shabi (page does not exist)">Saad Felix Shabi</a>, Bishop of <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Amadiyah_and_Zaku" title="Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Amadiyah and Zaku">Zakho</a> (since 2020)</li> <li>Robert Jarjis, Former Auxiliary Bishop of Baghdad (2018-2022) and Titular Bishop of <a href="/wiki/Arsamosata" title="Arsamosata">Arsamosata</a> (since 2019), Bishop of <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Mar_Addai_of_Toronto" title="Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Mar Addai of Toronto">St. Addai Chaldean Eparchy of Canada</a> (since 2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Hana_Shaleta" title="Emanuel Hana Shaleta">Emanuel Hana Shaleta</a>, Bishop of St. Peter the Apostle Chaldean Catholic (<a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a>, USA, since 2016)</li> <li>Basel Yaldo, Curial Bishop of Babylon and Titular Bishop of BethZabda (since 2015)</li> <li>Paulus Thabet Mako Auxiliary Bishop of Alqosh (since 2021)</li> <li>Azad Sabri Shaba Bishop of <a href="/wiki/Duhok" title="Duhok">Dohuk</a> and Amadiya (since 2022)</li></ul> <p>Several sees are vacant: Archeparchy of Ahwaz, Eparchy of 'Aqra, Eparchy of Cairo. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Daughters_of_Mary_Immaculate">Daughters of Mary Immaculate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaldean_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Daughters of Mary Immaculate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Daughters of Mary Immaculate</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaldean Catholic">Chaldean Catholic</a> apostolic order with patriarchal rights, established in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> on August 7, <a href="/wiki/1922" title="1922">1922</a>, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Yousef_VI_Emmanuel_II_Thomas" title="Yousef VI Emmanuel II Thomas">Patriarch Mar Youssef Emmanuel II Thomas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DMI_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DMI-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Chaldean Sisters</b> was founded by Father Anton Zebouni, born on January 17, 1883, in <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>. Zebouni was ordained a priest on May 15, 1907, by Patriarch Emmanuel II Toma. In the aftermath of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, many in Iraq faced poverty and hardship. Father Zebouni, moved by the difficult conditions, sought to create a congregation for women to support the Chaldean community. With permission from the Patriarch, the congregation was established and dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary Immaculate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The order's mission includes a life of contemplative unity with <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>. The sisters engage in apostolic work and prayer, seeking to discover and follow God's will for the salvation of souls.<sup id="cite_ref-DMI_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DMI-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Chaldean Sisters initially aimed to address the crisis of homeless Chaldean youth. In 1927, they founded an orphanage in Baghdad, which was later relocated due to security issues. The orphanage eventually settled in <a href="/wiki/Alqosh" title="Alqosh">Alqosh</a>. Over the years, the congregation has grown to nearly 100 sisters serving in various locations, including <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turlock,_California" title="Turlock, California">Turlock</a>, and <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Chaldean Sisters have been instrumental in various educational and social services, including running schools, orphanages, and retirement homes. Their commitment to education and social service has had a significant impact on the communities they serve. In 2022, the Chaldean Sisters celebrated their 100th anniversary with a fundraiser event to support their education expenses and the formation and novitiate home in <a href="/wiki/Farmington_Hills,_Michigan" title="Farmington Hills, Michigan">Farmington Hills</a>, Michigan.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The order is known for its dedication to prayer, community life, and service, guided by their motto, “With Mary to the Highest,” emphasizing humility and dedication in their service.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chaldean Sisters continue to be a vital part of the <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaldean Catholic">Chaldean Catholic</a> community, contributing to the spiritual and social well-being of the people they serve. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Liturgy">Liturgy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaldean_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Liturgy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic liturgy</a></div> <p>The Chaldean Catholic Church uses the <a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac Rite</a>. </p><p>A slight reform of the liturgy was effective since 6 January 2007, and it aimed to unify the many different uses of each parish, to remove centuries-old additions that merely imitated the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a>, and for pastoral reasons. The main elements of variations are: the <a href="/wiki/Anaphora_(liturgy)" title="Anaphora (liturgy)">Anaphora</a> said aloud by the priest, the return to the ancient architecture of the churches, the restoration of the ancient use where the bread and wine are readied before a service begins, and the removal from the <a href="/wiki/Credo" title="Credo">Creed</a> of the <i><a href="/wiki/Filioque" title="Filioque">Filioque</a></i> clause.<sup id="cite_ref-RiteReformQ&A_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RiteReformQ&A-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecumenical_relations">Ecumenical relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaldean_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ecumenical relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Church's relations with its fellow <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a> have improved in recent years. In 1994, <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dinkha_IV" title="Dinkha IV">Patriarch Dinkha IV</a> of the Assyrian Church of the East signed a <i><a href="/wiki/Common_Christological_Declaration_Between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Common Christological Declaration Between the Catholic Church and the Assyrian Church of the East">Common Christological Declaration</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the 20 July 2001, the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> issued a document, in agreement with the Assyrian Church of the East, named <i>Guidelines for admission to the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a> between the Chaldean Church and the Assyrian Church of the East</i>, which confirmed also the validity of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Qurbana_of_Addai_and_Mari" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Qurbana of Addai and Mari">Anaphora of Addai and Mari</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Guidelines_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guidelines-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, while the patriarchate of the Assyrian Church of the East was vacant following the death of <a href="/wiki/Dinkha_IV" title="Dinkha IV">Dinkha IV</a>, the Chaldean Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Louis_Rapha%C3%ABl_I_Sako" title="Louis Raphaël I Sako">Louis Raphaël I Sako</a> proposed unifying the three modern patriarchates into a re-established <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> with a single Patriarch in full communion with the Pope.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Assyrian Church of the East respectfully declined this proposal citing "ecclesiological divergences still remaining"<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and proceeded with its election of a new patriarch. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2020s">2020s</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaldean_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 2020s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2024, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Rapha%C3%ABl_I_Sako" title="Louis Raphaël I Sako">Patriarch Louis Raphaël Sako</a>, the head of Iraq’s Chaldean Catholic Church, led the Christians of his country in a three-day fast for peace, in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, and the rest of the world. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.vaticannews.va/en/church/news/2024-01/iraq-syriac-nineveh-fast-cardinal-sako-peace-middle-east.html">[1]</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaldean_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chaldean_Catholic_patriarchs_of_Baghdad" title="List of Chaldean Catholic patriarchs of Baghdad">List of Chaldean Catholic patriarchs of Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a></li> <li>Liturgies: <a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac Rite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_Addai_and_Mari" title="Liturgy of Addai and Mari">Liturgy of Addai and Mari</a></li> <li>Film about Chaldean Catholic Christians: <a href="/wiki/The_Last_Assyrians" title="The Last Assyrians">The Last Assyrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_University_in_Erbil" title="Catholic University in Erbil">Catholic University in Erbil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_Assyrians,_Chaldeans,_and_Syriacs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ethnic Assyrians, Chaldeans, and Syriacs">List of ethnic Assyrians, Chaldeans, and Syriacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terms_for_Syriac_Christians" title="Terms for Syriac Christians">Terms for Syriac Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Church" title="Syro-Malabar Church">Syro-Malabar Church</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaldean_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Syriac_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Syriac language">Classical Syriac</a>: <span lang="syc" dir="rtl">ܥܕܬܐ ܟܠܕܝܬܐ ܩܬܘܠܝܩܝܬܐ</span>, <i>ʿēdtā kalḏāytā qāthōlīqāytā</i>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الكنيسة الكلدانية</span> <i>al-Kanīsa al-kaldāniyya</i>; <i><a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Ecclesia Chaldaeorum Catholica</i>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Catholic Church of the Chaldeans'</i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaldean_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hffEDgAAQBAJ&dq=Chaldean+Catholic+Church+Peshitta&pg=PA249">Introduction To Bibliology: What Every Christian Should Know About the Origins, Composition, Inspiration, Interpretation, Canonicity, and Transmission of the Bible</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/conference/202.htm">Synod of the Chaldean Church</a> | GCatholic.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnewa.org/default.aspx?ID=59&pagetypeID=9&sitecode=HQ&pageno=1">"The Chaldean Catholic Church"</a>. CNEWA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Chaldean+Catholic+Church&rft.pub=CNEWA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnewa.org%2Fdefault.aspx%3FID%3D59%26pagetypeID%3D9%26sitecode%3DHQ%26pageno%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eastern_Catholic_Churches_Worldwide_2018-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eastern_Catholic_Churches_Worldwide_2018_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usccb.org/issues-and-action/cultural-diversity/asian-pacific-islander/demographics/upload/Eastern-Catholic-Churches-Worldwide-2018-Pie-Chart.pdf">Eastern Catholic Churches Worldwide 2018</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usccb.org/issues-and-action/human-life-and-dignity/global-issues/middle-east/christians-in-the-middle-east/upload/statistics-on-catholics-in-the-middle-east.pdf">Statistics on Christians in the Middle East</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uscirf.gov/sites/default/files/Brief%20Summary%20on%20Iraqi%20Christians%20_%20March%202019.pdf">Brief Summary on Iraqi Christians</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/IRAQ-2018-INTERNATIONAL-RELIGIOUS-FREEDOM-REPORT.pdf">Iraq 2018 International Religious Freedom Report, p. 3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.easo.europa.eu/sites/default/files/Country_Guidance_Iraq_2019.pdf">European Asylum Support Office: Country Guidance - Iraq (June 2019), p. 70</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler20034-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler20034_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler20034_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler20034_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaumWinkler2003">Baum & Winkler 2003</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eckart_Frahm_1132-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eckart_Frahm_1132_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eckart_Frahm_1132_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eckart_Frahm_1132_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEckart_Frahm2017" class="citation book cs1">Eckart Frahm (24 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=avmKDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT1132"><i>A Companion to Assyria</i></a>. Wiley. p. 1132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-32523-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-32523-0"><bdi>978-1-118-32523-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Assyria&rft.pages=1132&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2017-03-24&rft.isbn=978-1-118-32523-0&rft.au=Eckart+Frahm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DavmKDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT1132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoseph20001-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoseph20001_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoseph20001_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoseph20001_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJoseph2000">Joseph 2000</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fredaprim.com/pdfs/2008/20080307a.pdf">"Fred Aprim, "Assyria and Assyrians Since the 2003 US Occupation of Iraq"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 12,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fred+Aprim%2C+%22Assyria+and+Assyrians+Since+the+2003+US+Occupation+of+Iraq%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fredaprim.com%2Fpdfs%2F2008%2F20080307a.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fredaprim.com/pdfs/2008/20080307a.pdf">"Fred Aprim, "Assyria and Assyrians Since the 2003 US Occupation of Iraq"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 12,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fred+Aprim%2C+%22Assyria+and+Assyrians+Since+the+2003+US+Occupation+of+Iraq%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fredaprim.com%2Fpdfs%2F2008%2F20080307a.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallagher2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edmon_L._Gallagher" title="Edmon L. Gallagher">Gallagher, Edmon Louis</a> (23 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aWkyAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA139"><i>Hebrew Scripture in Patristic Biblical Theory: Canon, Language, Text</i></a>. BRILL. pp. 123, 124, 126, 127, 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-22802-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-22802-3"><bdi>978-90-04-22802-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hebrew+Scripture+in+Patristic+Biblical+Theory%3A+Canon%2C+Language%2C+Text&rft.pages=123%2C+124%2C+126%2C+127%2C+139&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2012-03-23&rft.isbn=978-90-04-22802-3&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=Edmon+Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaWkyAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRassam1897" class="citation book cs1">Rassam, Hormuzd (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/asshurandlandni00rogegoog/page/n227/mode/2up"><i>Asshur and the land of Nimrod</i></a>. Curts & Jennings. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/asshurandlandni00rogegoog/page/n227/mode/2up">180</a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asshur+and+the+land+of+Nimrod&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=Curts+%26+Jennings&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Rassam&rft.aufirst=Hormuzd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fasshurandlandni00rogegoog%2Fpage%2Fn227%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJulius_Fürst1867" class="citation book cs1">Julius Fürst (1867). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ELwsAQAAMAAJ"><i>A Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament: With an Introduction Giving a Short History of Hebrew Lexicography</i></a>. Tauchnitz.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Hebrew+and+Chaldee+Lexicon+to+the+Old+Testament%3A+With+an+Introduction+Giving+a+Short+History+of+Hebrew+Lexicography&rft.pub=Tauchnitz&rft.date=1867&rft.au=Julius+F%C3%BCrst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DELwsAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilhelm_GeseniusSamuel_Prideaux_Tregelles1859" class="citation book cs1">Wilhelm Gesenius; Samuel Prideaux Tregelles (1859). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dOsCrozzTikC"><i>Gesenius's Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures</i></a>. Bagster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gesenius%27s+Hebrew+and+Chaldee+Lexicon+to+the+Old+Testament+Scriptures&rft.pub=Bagster&rft.date=1859&rft.au=Wilhelm+Gesenius&rft.au=Samuel+Prideaux+Tregelles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdOsCrozzTikC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjamin_Davies1876" class="citation book cs1">Benjamin Davies (1876). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TO325lm3OOIC"><i>A Compendious and Complete Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament, Chiefly Founded on the Works of Gesenius and Fürst ...</i></a> A. Cohn.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Compendious+and+Complete+Hebrew+and+Chaldee+Lexicon+to+the+Old+Testament%2C+Chiefly+Founded+on+the+Works+of+Gesenius+and+F%C3%BCrst+...&rft.pub=A.+Cohn&rft.date=1876&rft.au=Benjamin+Davies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTO325lm3OOIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoakley2011" class="citation book cs1">Coakley, J. F. (2011). Brock, Sebastian P.; Butts, Aaron M.; Kiraz, George A.; van Rompay, Lucas (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/entry/Chaldeans?fq=;fq-Browse:Browse;A;"><i>Chaldeans</i></a>. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59333-714-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59333-714-8"><bdi>978-1-59333-714-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chaldeans&rft.place=Piscataway%2C+NJ&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59333-714-8&rft.aulast=Coakley&rft.aufirst=J.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgedsh.bethmardutho.org%2Fentry%2FChaldeans%3Ffq%3D%3Bfq-Browse%3ABrowse%3BA%3B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.papalencyclicals.net/Councils/ecum17.htm">"Council of Basel-Ferrara-Florence, 1431-49 A.D.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler2003112-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler2003112_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaumWinkler2003">Baum & Winkler 2003</a>, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO’Mahony2006527-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO’Mahony2006527_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO’Mahony2006">O’Mahony 2006</a>, p. 527.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler200383-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler200383_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaumWinkler2003">Baum & Winkler 2003</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAinsworth1841" class="citation journal cs1">Ainsworth, William (1841). "An Account of a Visit to the Chaldeans, Inhabiting Central Kurdistán; and of an Ascent of the Peak of Rowándiz (Ṭúr Sheïkhíwá) in Summer in 1840". <i>The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London</i>. <b>11</b>. e.g. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1797632">10.2307/1797632</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1797632">1797632</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Royal+Geographical+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=An+Account+of+a+Visit+to+the+Chaldeans%2C+Inhabiting+Central+Kurdist%C3%A1n%3B+and+of+an+Ascent+of+the+Peak+of+Row%C3%A1ndiz+%28%E1%B9%AC%C3%BAr+She%C3%AFkh%C3%ADw%C3%A1%29+in+Summer+in+1840&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=e.g.+p.+36&rft.date=1841&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1797632&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1797632%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ainsworth&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William F. Ainsworth, <i>Travels and Researches in Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, Chaldea and Armenia</i> (London 1842), vol. II, p. 272, cited in John Joseph, <i>The Modern Assyrians of the Middle East</i> (BRILL 2000), pp. 2 and 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLayard1850" class="citation book cs1">Layard, Austen Henry (July 3, 1850). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.48341"><i>Nineveh and its remains: an enquiry into the manners and arts of the ancient assyrians</i></a>. Murray. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.48341/page/n284">260</a> – via Internet Archive. <q>Chaldaeans Nestorians.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nineveh+and+its+remains%3A+an+enquiry+into+the+manners+and+arts+of+the+ancient+assyrians&rft.pages=260&rft.pub=Murray&rft.date=1850-07-03&rft.aulast=Layard&rft.aufirst=Austen+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.48341&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon_(oratorien)1684" class="citation web cs1">Simon (oratorien), Richard (July 3, 1684). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ppAOAAAAQAAJ&q=levant+chald%C3%A9ens+nestoriens&pg=PA83">"Histoire critique de la creance et des coûtumes des nations du Levant"</a>. Chez Frederic Arnaud – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Histoire+critique+de+la+creance+et+des+co%C3%BBtumes+des+nations+du+Levant&rft.pub=Chez+Frederic+Arnaud&rft.date=1684-07-03&rft.aulast=Simon+%28oratorien%29&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DppAOAAAAQAAJ%26q%3Dlevant%2Bchald%25C3%25A9ens%2Bnestoriens%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman1876" class="citation book cs1">Newman, John Philip (1876). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7utKAQAAIAAJ"><i>The Thrones and Palaces of Babylon and Nineveh from Sea to Sea: A Thousand Miles on Horseback</i></a>. Nelson & Phillips. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7utKAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA381">381</a> – via Google Books. <q>all the Chaldaeans, whether Nestorians or Papal.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Thrones+and+Palaces+of+Babylon+and+Nineveh+from+Sea+to+Sea%3A+A+Thousand+Miles+on+Horseback&rft.pages=381&rft.pub=Nelson+%26+Phillips&rft.date=1876&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=John+Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7utKAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tomesopotamiakur00soanuoft/page/n7/mode/2up?q=chaldeans">Ely Banister Soane, <i>To Mesopotamia and Kurdistan in disguise : with historical notices of the Kurdish tribes and the Chaldeans of Kurdistan</i> (Small, Maynard and Company 1914)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Percy_Badger1852" class="citation book cs1">George Percy Badger (1852). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cnURAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Nestorians and Their Rituals: With the Narrative of a Mission to Mesopotamia and Coordistan in 1842-1844, and of a Late Visit to Those Countries in 1850: Also, Researches Into the Present Condition of the Syrian Jacobites, Papal Syrians, and Chaldeans, and an Inquiry Into the Religious Tenets of the Yezeedees</i></a>. Joseph Masters. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780790544823" title="Special:BookSources/9780790544823"><bdi>9780790544823</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nestorians+and+Their+Rituals%3A+With+the+Narrative+of+a+Mission+to+Mesopotamia+and+Coordistan+in+1842-1844%2C+and+of+a+Late+Visit+to+Those+Countries+in+1850%3A+Also%2C+Researches+Into+the+Present+Condition+of+the+Syrian+Jacobites%2C+Papal+Syrians%2C+and+Chaldeans%2C+and+an+Inquiry+Into+the+Religious+Tenets+of+the+Yezeedees&rft.pub=Joseph+Masters&rft.date=1852&rft.isbn=9780790544823&rft.au=George+Percy+Badger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcnURAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParpola,_Simo2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simo_Parpola" title="Simo Parpola">Parpola, Simo</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717071922/http://www.jaas.org/edocs/v18n2/Parpola-identity_Article%20-Final.pdf">"National and Ethnic Identity in the Neo-Assyrian Empire and Assyrian Identity in Post-Empire Times"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies</i>. <b>18</b> (2). JAAS: 22. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jaas.org/edocs/v18n2/Parpola-identity_Article%20-Final.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-07-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Assyrian+Academic+Studies&rft.atitle=National+and+Ethnic+Identity+in+the+Neo-Assyrian+Empire+and+Assyrian+Identity+in+Post-Empire+Times&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=22&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Parpola%2C+Simo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jaas.org%2Fedocs%2Fv18n2%2FParpola-identity_Article%2520-Final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mar Raphael J Bidawid. <i>The Assyrian Star</i>. September–October, 1974:5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oikoumene.org-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oikoumene.org_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oikoumene.org/en/member-churches/holy-apostolic-catholic-assyrian-church-of-the-east">"Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church of the East"</a>. Oikoumene.org. January 1948<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-15</span></span>. <q>St Peter, the chief of the apostles added his blessing to the Church of the East at the time of his visit to the see at Babylon, in the earliest days of the church: '... The chosen church which is at Babylon, and Mark, my son, salute you' (I Peter 5:13).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Holy+Apostolic+Catholic+Assyrian+Church+of+the+East&rft.pub=Oikoumene.org&rft.date=1948-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oikoumene.org%2Fen%2Fmember-churches%2Fholy-apostolic-catholic-assyrian-church-of-the-east&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_M._Gwynn2014" class="citation book cs1">David M. Gwynn (20 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UaNOBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA46"><i>Christianity in the Later Roman Empire: A Sourcebook</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-3735-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-3735-7"><bdi>978-1-4411-3735-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity+in+the+Later+Roman+Empire%3A+A+Sourcebook&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2014-11-20&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-3735-7&rft.au=David+M.+Gwynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUaNOBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill1988105-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill1988105_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHill1988">Hill 1988</a>, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cross,_F.L._1997,_p._351-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cross,_F.L._1997,_p._351_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cross, F.L. & Livingstone E.A. (eds), Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, Oxford University Press, 1997, p. 351</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOuterbridge1952-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOuterbridge1952_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOuterbridge1952">Outerbridge 1952</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://faculty.georgetown.edu/jod/texts/junillus.intro.html">Georgetown University, <i>Mesopotamian Scholasticism: A History of the Christian Theological School in the Syrian Orient: Introduction to Junillus's Instituta Regularia</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler200337-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler200337_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaumWinkler2003">Baum & Winkler 2003</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill1988108-109-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill1988108-109_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHill1988">Hill 1988</a>, p. 108-109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._C._Zachariah2001" class="citation web cs1">K. C. Zachariah (1 November 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190728083030/http://www.cds.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/wp322.pdf">"The Syrian Christians of Kerala: A Narsai (Nestorian patriarch)Demographic and Socioeconomic Transition in the Twentieth Century"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.cds.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cds.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/wp322.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 28 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cds.edu&rft.atitle=The+Syrian+Christians+of+Kerala%3A+A+Narsai+%28Nestorian+patriarch%29Demographic+and+Socioeconomic+Transition+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.date=2001-11-01&rft.au=K.+C.+Zachariah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cds.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F10%2Fwp322.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200017-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200017_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilmshurst2000">Wilmshurst 2000</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler200330-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler200330_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaumWinkler2003">Baum & Winkler 2003</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ö'M-Loosley-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ö'M-Loosley_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ö'M-Loosley_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony_O'MahonyEmma_Loosley2009" class="citation book cs1">Anthony O'Mahony; Emma Loosley (16 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XzOMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA45"><i>Eastern Christianity in the Modern Middle East</i></a>. Routledge. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-19371-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-19371-3"><bdi>978-1-135-19371-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Christianity+in+the+Modern+Middle+East&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009-12-16&rft.isbn=978-1-135-19371-3&rft.au=Anthony+O%27Mahony&rft.au=Emma+Loosley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXzOMAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Patriarcha de Mozal in Syria orientali</i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/orienschristian04grgoog">Anton Baumstark (editor), <i>Oriens Christianus</i>, IV:1, Rome and Leipzig 2004, p. 277)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Chaldaeorum ecclesiae Musal Patriarcha</i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitale-sammlungen.ulb.uni-bonn.de/content/pageview/33998">Giuseppe Simone Assemani (editor), <i>Bibliotheca Orientalis Clementino-Vaticana</i> (Rome 1725), vol. 3, part 1, p. 661)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/dictionnairedeth11vacauoft#page/113/mode/1up">"L'Église nestorienne" in <i>Dictionnaire de théologie catholique</i> (Librairie Letourzey et Ané (1931), vol. XI, col. 228</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumer2006248-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumer2006248_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumer2006248_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumer2006248_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaumer2006">Baumer 2006</a>, p. 248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newton-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Newton_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Newton2023" class="citation book cs1">John Newton (12 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://acnuk.org/products/the-eastern-catholic-churches-a-short-introduction/"><i>The Eastern Catholic Churches – A Short Introduction</i></a>. ACN. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-907541-04-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-907541-04-9"><bdi>978-1-907541-04-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eastern+Catholic+Churches+%E2%80%93+A+Short+Introduction&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=ACN&rft.date=2023-07-12&rft.isbn=978-1-907541-04-9&rft.au=John+Newton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facnuk.org%2Fproducts%2Fthe-eastern-catholic-churches-a-short-introduction%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrazee200657-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrazee200657_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrazee200657_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrazee2006">Frazee 2006</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-King2018-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-King2018_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-King2018_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-King2018_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDietmar_W._WinklerDaniel_King_(editor)2018" class="citation book cs1">Dietmar W. Winkler; Daniel King (editor) (12 December 2018). "7. The Syriac Church Denomination: An overview". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e-GEDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Syriac World</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-48211-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-48211-6"><bdi>978-1-317-48211-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=7.+The+Syriac+Church+Denomination%3A+An+overview&rft.btitle=The+Syriac+World&rft.pages=194&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2018-12-12&rft.isbn=978-1-317-48211-6&rft.au=Dietmar+W.+Winkler&rft.au=Daniel+King+%28editor%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De-GEDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|author2=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofassyria0018mara/page/32/mode/2up">Mar Aprem Mooken, <i>The History of the Assyrian Church of the East</i> (St. Ephrem Ecumenical Research Institute, 2000), p. 33</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPietro_Strozzi1617" class="citation book cs1">Pietro Strozzi (1617). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2u2hpp2f3G0C"><i>De dogmatibus chaldaeorum disputatio ad Patrem ... Adam Camerae Patriarchalis Babylonis ...</i></a> ex typographia Bartholomaei Zannetti.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+dogmatibus+chaldaeorum+disputatio+ad+Patrem+...+Adam+Camerae+Patriarchalis+Babylonis+...&rft.pub=ex+typographia+Bartholomaei+Zannetti&rft.date=1617&rft.au=Pietro+Strozzi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2u2hpp2f3G0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.173539/page/n453/mode/2up?q=Sulaka"><i>A Chronicle of the Carmelites in Persia</i> (Eyre & Spottiswoode 1939), vol. I, pp. 382–383</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In his contribution <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jaas.org/edocs/v14n1/e3.pdf">"Myth vs. Reality" to <i>JAA Studies</i>, Vol. XIV, No. 1, 2000 p. 80</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200713130009/http://www.jaas.org/edocs/v14n1/e3.pdf">Archived</a> 2020-07-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, George V. Yana (Bebla) presented as a "correction" of Strozzi's statement a quotation from an unrelated source (cf. p. xxiv) that Sulaqa was called "Patriarch of the Chaldeans".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHannibal_Travis2017" class="citation book cs1">Hannibal Travis (20 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MsItDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT94"><i>The Assyrian Genocide: Cultural and Political Legacies</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-98025-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-98025-8"><bdi>978-1-351-98025-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Assyrian+Genocide%3A+Cultural+and+Political+Legacies&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017-07-20&rft.isbn=978-1-351-98025-8&rft.au=Hannibal+Travis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMsItDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1994" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Johnson, Ronald (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://1.droppdf.com/files/5qiFZ/encyclopedia-of-world-cultures-volume-9-africa-and-the-middle-east-1995-.pdf">"Assyrians"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Levinson, David (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of World Cultures</i>. Vol. 9. G.K. Hall & Company. pp. 27–28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8161-1815-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8161-1815-9"><bdi>0-8161-1815-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Assyrians&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+World+Cultures&rft.pages=27-28&rft.pub=G.K.+Hall+%26+Company&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-8161-1815-9&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F1.droppdf.com%2Ffiles%2F5qiFZ%2Fencyclopedia-of-world-cultures-volume-9-africa-and-the-middle-east-1995-.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aina.org/brief.html">Assyrian International News Agency Peter BetBasoo, "Brief History of Assyrians"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcantonius_Amulilus1562" class="citation book cs1">Marcantonius Amulilus (1562). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p5REpLdbsbAC"><i>R.d. patriarchae Orientalium Assyriorum de Sacro oecumenico Tridentini [!] concilio approbatio, & professio, et literae illustrissimi domini Marciantonij cardinalis Amulij ad legatos Sacri concilij Tridentini.MDLXII</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=R.d.+patriarchae+Orientalium+Assyriorum+de+Sacro+oecumenico+Tridentini+%26%2391%3B%21%26%2393%3B+concilio+approbatio%2C+%26+professio%2C+et+literae+illustrissimi+domini+Marciantonij+cardinalis+Amulij+ad+legatos+Sacri+concilij+Tridentini.MDLXII&rft.date=1562&rft.au=Marcantonius+Amulilus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp5REpLdbsbAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/42637025.pdf">K. Christian Girling, "The Chaldean Catholic Church: A study in modern history, ecclesiology and church-state relations (2003–2013)" (University of London, 2015, p. 35</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fredaprim.com/pdfs/2008/20080307a.pdf">"Fred Aprim, "Assyria and Assyrians Since the 2003 US Occupation of Iraq"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Daughters+of+Mary+Immaculate%3A+Chaldean+Sisters+Celebrate+100+Years&rft.date=2022-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chaldeannews.com%2Ffeatures-1%2F2022%2F2%2F28%2Fdaughters-of-mary-immaculate-chaldean-sisters-celebrate-100-years&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (June 2024)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chaldeanchurch.org/events/chaldean-sisters-100th-anniversary-dinner/">"Chaldean Sisters 100th Anniversary Dinner"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chaldean+Sisters+100th+Anniversary+Dinner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchaldeanchurch.org%2Fevents%2Fchaldean-sisters-100th-anniversary-dinner%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (June 2024)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sdcatholic.org/women-religious/vocations/">"Vocations – Chaldean Sisters, Daughters of Mary Immaculate Conception"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vocations+%E2%80%93+Chaldean+Sisters%2C+Daughters+of+Mary+Immaculate+Conception&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsdcatholic.org%2Fwomen-religious%2Fvocations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (June 2024)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RiteReformQ&A-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RiteReformQ&A_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140128133850/http://www.kaldu.org/14_Reformed_ChaldeanMass/QA_NewMass.html">"Q & A on the Reformed Chaldean Mass"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kaldu.org/14_Reformed_ChaldeanMass/QA_NewMass.html">the original</a> on 28 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Q+%26+A+on+the+Reformed+Chaldean+Mass&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kaldu.org%2F14_Reformed_ChaldeanMass%2FQA_NewMass.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090104205725/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/documents/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_11111994_assyrian-church_en.html">"Common Christological Declaration between the Catholic Church and the Assyrian Church of the East"</a>. Vatican. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/documents/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_11111994_assyrian-church_en.html">the original</a> on 2009-01-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Common+Christological+Declaration+between+the+Catholic+Church+and+the+Assyrian+Church+of+the+East&rft.pub=Vatican&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Froman_curia%2Fpontifical_councils%2Fchrstuni%2Fdocuments%2Frc_pc_chrstuni_doc_11111994_assyrian-church_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guidelines-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guidelines_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151103164736/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/documents/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_20011025_chiesa-caldea-assira_en.html">"Guidelines issued by the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity"</a>. Vatican. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/documents/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_20011025_chiesa-caldea-assira_en.html">the original</a> on 2015-11-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guidelines+issued+by+the+Pontifical+Council+for+Promoting+Christian+Unity&rft.pub=Vatican&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Froman_curia%2Fpontifical_councils%2Fchrstuni%2Fdocuments%2Frc_pc_chrstuni_doc_20011025_chiesa-caldea-assira_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValente2015" class="citation web cs1">Valente, Gianni (25 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vaticaninsider.lastampa.it/en/world-news/detail/articolo/sako-41976/">"Chaldean Patriarch gambles on re-establishing "Church of the East"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Insider" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Insider">Vatican Insider</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vatican+Insider&rft.atitle=Chaldean+Patriarch+gambles+on+re-establishing+%22Church+of+the+East%22&rft.date=2015-06-25&rft.aulast=Valente&rft.aufirst=Gianni&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvaticaninsider.lastampa.it%2Fen%2Fworld-news%2Fdetail%2Farticolo%2Fsako-41976%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lastampa.it/2015/06/25/vaticaninsider/eng/world-news/chaldean-patriarch-gambles-on-reestablishing-church-of-the-east-hsCiSJDkdXg2XceFSFwhRJ/pagina.html">"Chaldean Patriarch gambles on re-establishing 'Church of the East'”</a> <i>La Stampa</i> 25 June 2015. Accessed 11 May 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210913101649/https://theorthodoxchurch.info/blog/news/assyrian-bishop-mar-awa-royel-replies-to-the-unity-offer-by-chaldean-catholic-patriarch/">"Assyrian Bishop Mar Awa Royel Replies to the Unity offer by Chaldean Catholic Patriarch"</a>. 10 July 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theorthodoxchurch.info/blog/news/assyrian-bishop-mar-awa-royel-replies-to-the-unity-offer-by-chaldean-catholic-patriarch/">the original</a> on 13 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Assyrian+Bishop+Mar+Awa+Royel+Replies+to+the+Unity+offer+by+Chaldean+Catholic+Patriarch&rft.date=2015-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheorthodoxchurch.info%2Fblog%2Fnews%2Fassyrian-bishop-mar-awa-royel-replies-to-the-unity-offer-by-chaldean-catholic-patriarch%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaldean_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAssemani1719" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Simone_Assemani" title="Giuseppe Simone Assemani">Assemani, Giuseppe Simone</a> (1719). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TMxbAAAAcAAJ"><i>Bibliotheca orientalis clementino-vaticana</i></a>. Vol. 1. Roma.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bibliotheca+orientalis+clementino-vaticana&rft.place=Roma&rft.date=1719&rft.aulast=Assemani&rft.aufirst=Giuseppe+Simone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTMxbAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAssemani1775" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Luigi_Assemani" title="Giuseppe Luigi Assemani">Assemani, Giuseppe Luigi</a> (1775). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_CQ-CWsHqTgC"><i>De catholicis seu patriarchis Chaldaeorum et Nestorianorum commentarius historico-chronologicus</i></a>. Roma.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+catholicis+seu+patriarchis+Chaldaeorum+et+Nestorianorum+commentarius+historico-chronologicus&rft.place=Roma&rft.date=1775&rft.aulast=Assemani&rft.aufirst=Giuseppe+Luigi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_CQ-CWsHqTgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAssemani2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Luigi_Assemani" title="Giuseppe Luigi Assemani">Assemani, Giuseppe Luigi</a> (2004). <i>History of the Chaldean and Nestorian patriarchs</i>. Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Chaldean+and+Nestorian+patriarchs&rft.place=Piscataway%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Assemani&rft.aufirst=Giuseppe+Luigi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBecchetti1796" class="citation book cs1">Becchetti, Filippo Angelico (1796). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nfM-AAAAcAAJ"><i>Istoria degli ultimi quattro secoli della Chiesa</i></a>. Vol. 10. Roma.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Istoria+degli+ultimi+quattro+secoli+della+Chiesa&rft.place=Roma&rft.date=1796&rft.aulast=Becchetti&rft.aufirst=Filippo+Angelico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnfM-AAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBadger1852" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Percy_Badger" title="George Percy Badger">Badger, George Percy</a> (1852). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JOPWPqa0aH8C"><i>The Nestorians and Their Rituals</i></a>. Vol. 1. London: Joseph Masters.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nestorians+and+Their+Rituals&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Joseph+Masters&rft.date=1852&rft.aulast=Badger&rft.aufirst=George+Percy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJOPWPqa0aH8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBadger1852" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Percy_Badger" title="George Percy Badger">Badger, George Percy</a> (1852). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cnURAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Nestorians and Their Rituals</i></a>. Vol. 2. London: Joseph Masters. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780790544823" title="Special:BookSources/9780790544823"><bdi>9780790544823</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nestorians+and+Their+Rituals&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Joseph+Masters&rft.date=1852&rft.isbn=9780790544823&rft.aulast=Badger&rft.aufirst=George+Percy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcnURAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumWinkler2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Baum_(historian)" title="Wilhelm Baum (historian)">Baum, Wilhelm</a>; Winkler, Dietmar W. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CnSCAgAAQBAJ"><i>The Church of the East: A Concise History</i></a>. London-New York: Routledge-Curzon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134430192" title="Special:BookSources/9781134430192"><bdi>9781134430192</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Church+of+the+East%3A+A+Concise+History&rft.place=London-New+York&rft.pub=Routledge-Curzon&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781134430192&rft.aulast=Baum&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rft.au=Winkler%2C+Dietmar+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCnSCAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumer2006" class="citation book cs1">Baumer, Christoph (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SQ7ZAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Church of the East: An Illustrated History of Assyrian Christianity</i></a>. London-New York: Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845111151" title="Special:BookSources/9781845111151"><bdi>9781845111151</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Church+of+the+East%3A+An+Illustrated+History+of+Assyrian+Christianity&rft.place=London-New+York&rft.pub=Tauris&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781845111151&rft.aulast=Baumer&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSQ7ZAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBecchetti1796" class="citation book cs1">Becchetti, Filippo Angelico (1796). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nfM-AAAAcAAJ"><i>Istoria degli ultimi quattro secoli della Chiesa</i></a>. Vol. 10. Roma.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Istoria+degli+ultimi+quattro+secoli+della+Chiesa&rft.place=Roma&rft.date=1796&rft.aulast=Becchetti&rft.aufirst=Filippo+Angelico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnfM-AAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeltrami1933" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Beltrami" title="Giuseppe Beltrami">Beltrami, Giuseppe</a> (1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tgAuAAAAYAAJ"><i>La Chiesa Caldea nel secolo dell'Unione</i></a>. Roma: Pontificium Institutum Orientalium Studiorum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788872102626" title="Special:BookSources/9788872102626"><bdi>9788872102626</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Chiesa+Caldea+nel+secolo+dell%27Unione&rft.place=Roma&rft.pub=Pontificium+Institutum+Orientalium+Studiorum&rft.date=1933&rft.isbn=9788872102626&rft.aulast=Beltrami&rft.aufirst=Giuseppe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtgAuAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorbone2014" class="citation journal cs1">Borbone, Pier Giorgio (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/8164485">"The Chaldean Business: The Beginnings of East Syriac Typography and the Profession of Faith of Patriarch Elias"</a>. <i>Miscellanea Bibliothecae Apostolicae Vaticanae</i>. <b>20</b>: 211–258.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Miscellanea+Bibliothecae+Apostolicae+Vaticanae&rft.atitle=The+Chaldean+Business%3A+The+Beginnings+of+East+Syriac+Typography+and+the+Profession+of+Faith+of+Patriarch+Elias&rft.volume=20&rft.pages=211-258&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Borbone&rft.aufirst=Pier+Giorgio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F8164485&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurlesonRompay2011" class="citation book cs1">Burleson, Samuel; Rompay, Lucas van (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/List-of-Patriarchs-Churches-Middle-East">"List of Patriarchs of the Main Syriac Churches in the Middle East"</a>. <i>Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage</i>. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. pp. 481–491.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=List+of+Patriarchs+of+the+Main+Syriac+Churches+in+the+Middle+East&rft.btitle=Gorgias+Encyclopedic+Dictionary+of+the+Syriac+Heritage&rft.place=Piscataway%2C+NJ&rft.pages=481-491&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Burleson&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft.au=Rompay%2C+Lucas+van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgedsh.bethmardutho.org%2FList-of-Patriarchs-Churches-Middle-East&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChabot1896" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Chabot" title="Jean-Baptiste Chabot">Chabot, Jean-Baptiste</a> (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BAA2AAAAIAAJ">"Éttat religieux des diocèses formant le patriarcat chaldéen de Babylone"</a>. <i>Revue de l'Orient chrétien</i>. <b>1</b>: 433–453.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+de+l%27Orient+chr%C3%A9tien&rft.atitle=%C3%89ttat+religieux+des+dioc%C3%A8ses+formant+le+patriarcat+chald%C3%A9en+de+Babylone&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=433-453&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Chabot&rft.aufirst=Jean-Baptiste&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBAA2AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaumont1988" class="citation book cs1">Chaumont, Marie-Louise (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ImwwAAAAYAAJ"><i>La Christianisation de l'Empire Iranien: Des origines aux grandes persécutions du ive siècle</i></a>. Louvain: Peeters. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789042905405" title="Special:BookSources/9789042905405"><bdi>9789042905405</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Christianisation+de+l%27Empire+Iranien%3A+Des+origines+aux+grandes+pers%C3%A9cutions+du+ive+si%C3%A8cle&rft.place=Louvain&rft.pub=Peeters&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9789042905405&rft.aulast=Chaumont&rft.aufirst=Marie-Louise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DImwwAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiey1967" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Maurice_Fiey" title="Jean Maurice Fiey">Fiey, Jean Maurice</a> (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=usIWAAAAMAAJ">"Les étapes de la prise de conscience de son identité patriarcale par l'Église syrienne orientale"</a>. <i>L'Orient Syrien</i>. <b>12</b>: 3–22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=L%27Orient+Syrien&rft.atitle=Les+%C3%A9tapes+de+la+prise+de+conscience+de+son+identit%C3%A9+patriarcale+par+l%27%C3%89glise+syrienne+orientale&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=3-22&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Fiey&rft.aufirst=Jean+Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DusIWAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiey1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Maurice_Fiey" title="Jean Maurice Fiey">Fiey, Jean Maurice</a> (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N3YPAQAAIAAJ"><i>Jalons pour une histoire de l'Église en Iraq</i></a>. Louvain: Secretariat du CSCO.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jalons+pour+une+histoire+de+l%27%C3%89glise+en+Iraq&rft.place=Louvain&rft.pub=Secretariat+du+CSCO&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Fiey&rft.aufirst=Jean+Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN3YPAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiey1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Maurice_Fiey" title="Jean Maurice Fiey">Fiey, Jean Maurice</a> (1979) [1963]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4BIXAAAAIAAJ"><i>Communautés syriaques en Iran et Irak des origines à 1552</i></a>. London: Variorum Reprints. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780860780519" title="Special:BookSources/9780860780519"><bdi>9780860780519</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communaut%C3%A9s+syriaques+en+Iran+et+Irak+des+origines+%C3%A0+1552&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Variorum+Reprints&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9780860780519&rft.aulast=Fiey&rft.aufirst=Jean+Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4BIXAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiey1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Maurice_Fiey" title="Jean Maurice Fiey">Fiey, Jean Maurice</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cE5tAAAAMAAJ"><i>Pour un Oriens Christianus Novus: Répertoire des diocèses syriaques orientaux et occidentaux</i></a>. Beirut: Orient-Institut. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783515057189" title="Special:BookSources/9783515057189"><bdi>9783515057189</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pour+un+Oriens+Christianus+Novus%3A+R%C3%A9pertoire+des+dioc%C3%A8ses+syriaques+orientaux+et+occidentaux&rft.place=Beirut&rft.pub=Orient-Institut&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9783515057189&rft.aulast=Fiey&rft.aufirst=Jean+Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcE5tAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrazee2006" class="citation book cs1">Frazee, Charles A. 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Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521027007" title="Special:BookSources/9780521027007"><bdi>9780521027007</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catholics+and+Sultans%3A+The+Church+and+the+Ottoman+Empire+1453-1923&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780521027007&rft.aulast=Frazee&rft.aufirst=Charles+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX6DM4szwUpEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiamil1902" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Giamil" title="Samuel Giamil">Giamil, Samuel</a> (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pL0WmAEACAAJ"><i>Genuinae relationes inter Sedem Apostolicam et Assyriorum orientalium seu Chaldaeorum ecclesiam</i></a>. Roma: Ermanno Loescher.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genuinae+relationes+inter+Sedem+Apostolicam+et+Assyriorum+orientalium+seu+Chaldaeorum+ecclesiam&rft.place=Roma&rft.pub=Ermanno+Loescher&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Giamil&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpL0WmAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGulik1904" class="citation journal cs1">Gulik, Wilhelm van (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/orienschristian04grgoog/orienschristian04grgoog.pdf">"Die Konsistorialakten über die Begründung des uniert-chaldäischen Patriarchates von Mosul unter Papst Julius III"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Oriens Christianus</i>. <b>4</b>: 261–277.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oriens+Christianus&rft.atitle=Die+Konsistorialakten+%C3%BCber+die+Begr%C3%BCndung+des+uniert-chald%C3%A4ischen+Patriarchates+von+Mosul+unter+Papst+Julius+III&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=261-277&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Gulik&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm+van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdownload%2Forienschristian04grgoog%2Forienschristian04grgoog.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHabbi1966" class="citation journal cs1">Habbi, Joseph (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-pEWAAAAMAAJ">"Signification de l'union chaldéenne de Mar Sulaqa avec Rome en 1553"</a>. <i>L'Orient Syrien</i>. <b>11</b>: 99–132, 199–230.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=L%27Orient+Syrien&rft.atitle=Signification+de+l%27union+chald%C3%A9enne+de+Mar+Sulaqa+avec+Rome+en+1553&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=99-132%2C+199-230&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Habbi&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-pEWAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHabbi1971a" class="citation journal cs1">Habbi, Joseph (1971a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210619040820/https://documents.irevues.inist.fr/bitstream/handle/2042/34989/po_1971_1_121.pdf">"L'unification de la hiérarchie chaldéenne dans la première moitié du XIXe siècle"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Parole de l'Orient</i>. <b>2</b> (1): 121–143. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://documents.irevues.inist.fr/bitstream/handle/2042/34999/po_1971_2_305.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2021-06-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Parole+de+l%27Orient&rft.atitle=L%27unification+de+la+hi%C3%A9rarchie+chald%C3%A9enne+dans+la+premi%C3%A8re+moiti%C3%A9+du+XIXe+si%C3%A8cle+%28Suite%29&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=305-327&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Habbi&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocuments.irevues.inist.fr%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F2042%2F34999%2Fpo_1971_2_305.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHage2007" class="citation book cs1">Hage, Wolfgang (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jgz_NyvRFIUC"><i>Das orientalische Christentum</i></a>. Stuttgart: <a href="/wiki/Kohlhammer_Verlag" title="Kohlhammer Verlag">Kohlhammer Verlag</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783170176683" title="Special:BookSources/9783170176683"><bdi>9783170176683</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+orientalische+Christentum&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pub=Kohlhammer+Verlag&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9783170176683&rft.aulast=Hage&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djgz_NyvRFIUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartmann1980" class="citation book cs1">Hartmann, Klaus-Peter (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oakcAAAAMAAJ"><i>Untersuchungen zur Sozialgeographie christlicher Minderheiten im Vorderen Orient</i></a>. Wiesbaden: Reichert. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783882260809" title="Special:BookSources/9783882260809"><bdi>9783882260809</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Untersuchungen+zur+Sozialgeographie+christlicher+Minderheiten+im+Vorderen+Orient&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pub=Reichert&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9783882260809&rft.aulast=Hartmann&rft.aufirst=Klaus-Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoakcAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill1988" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Henry, ed. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BmaQAAAACAAJ"><i>Light from the East: A Symposium on the Oriental Orthodox and Assyrian Churches</i></a>. Toronto: Anglican Book Centre. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780919891906" title="Special:BookSources/9780919891906"><bdi>9780919891906</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Light+from+the+East%3A+A+Symposium+on+the+Oriental+Orthodox+and+Assyrian+Churches&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Anglican+Book+Centre&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780919891906&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBmaQAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJakob2014" class="citation book cs1">Jakob, Joachim (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vNV8BAAAQBAJ"><i>Ostsyrische Christen und Kurden im Osmanischen Reich des 19. und frühen 20. 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Münster: LIT Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783643506160" title="Special:BookSources/9783643506160"><bdi>9783643506160</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ostsyrische+Christen+und+Kurden+im+Osmanischen+Reich+des+19.+und+fr%C3%BChen+20.+Jahrhunderts&rft.place=M%C3%BCnster&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9783643506160&rft.aulast=Jakob&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvNV8BAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Joseph_(historian)" title="John Joseph (historian)">Joseph, John B.</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=79wj2hj4wKUC"><i>The Modern Assyrians of the Middle East: A History of Their Encounter with Western Christian Missions, Archaeologists, and Colonial Powers</i></a>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004116419" title="Special:BookSources/9004116419"><bdi>9004116419</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Modern+Assyrians+of+the+Middle+East%3A+A+History+of+Their+Encounter+with+Western+Christian+Missions%2C+Archaeologists%2C+and+Colonial+Powers&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9004116419&rft.aulast=Joseph&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D79wj2hj4wKUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLabourt1908" class="citation journal cs1">Labourt, Jérôme (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WtrNz6uG6bIC">"Note sur les schismes de l'Église nestorienne, du XVIe au XIXe siècle"</a>. <i>Journal Asiatique</i>. <b>11</b>: 227–235.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+Asiatique&rft.atitle=Note+sur+les+schismes+de+l%27%C3%89glise+nestorienne%2C+du+XVIe+au+XIXe+si%C3%A8cle&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=227-235&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Labourt&rft.aufirst=J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWtrNz6uG6bIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLampart1966" class="citation book cs1">Lampart, Albert (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iOFiQgAACAAJ"><i>Ein Märtyrer der Union mit Rom: Joseph I. 1681–1696, Patriarch der Chaldäer</i></a>. Einsiedeln: Benziger Verlag.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ein+M%C3%A4rtyrer+der+Union+mit+Rom%3A+Joseph+I.+1681%E2%80%931696%2C+Patriarch+der+Chald%C3%A4er&rft.place=Einsiedeln&rft.pub=Benziger+Verlag&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Lampart&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiOFiQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemmens1926" class="citation journal cs1">Lemmens, Leonhard (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bOzNAAAAMAAJ">"Relationes nationem Chaldaeorum inter et Custodiam Terrae Sanctae (1551-1629)"</a>. <i>Archivum Franciscanum Historicum</i>. <b>19</b>: 17–28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archivum+Franciscanum+Historicum&rft.atitle=Relationes+nationem+Chaldaeorum+inter+et+Custodiam+Terrae+Sanctae+%281551-1629%29&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=17-28&rft.date=1926&rft.aulast=Lemmens&rft.aufirst=Leonhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbOzNAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarthaler2003" class="citation book cs1">Marthaler, Berard L., ed. (2003). "Chaldean Catholic Church (Eastern Catholic)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QpAQAAMAAJ"><i>The New Catholic Encyclopedia</i></a>. Vol. 3. Thompson-Gale. pp. 366–369.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chaldean+Catholic+Church+%28Eastern+Catholic%29&rft.btitle=The+New+Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=366-369&rft.pub=Thompson-Gale&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQpAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurre_van_den_Berg1999" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Heleen_Murre-van_den_Berg" title="Heleen Murre-van den Berg">Murre van den Berg, Heleen</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/journals/hug/2/1/article-p235.pdf">"The Patriarchs of the Church of the East from the Fifteenth to Eighteenth Centuries"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies</i>. <b>2</b> (2): 235–264. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31826%2Fhug-2010-020119">10.31826/hug-2010-020119</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:212688640">212688640</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hugoye%3A+Journal+of+Syriac+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Patriarchs+of+the+Church+of+the+East+from+the+Fifteenth+to+Eighteenth+Centuries&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=235-264&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31826%2Fhug-2010-020119&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A212688640%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Murre+van+den+Berg&rft.aufirst=Heleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdownloadpdf%2Fjournals%2Fhug%2F2%2F1%2Farticle-p235.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurre_van_den_Berg2008" class="citation book cs1">Murre van den Berg, Heleen (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tfVZnCV6ABcC">"Classical Syriac, Neo-Aramaic, and Arabic in the Church of the East and the Chaldean Church between 1500 and 1800"</a>. <i>Aramaic in Its Historical and Linguistic Setting</i>. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 335–352. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783447057875" title="Special:BookSources/9783447057875"><bdi>9783447057875</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Classical+Syriac%2C+Neo-Aramaic%2C+and+Arabic+in+the+Church+of+the+East+and+the+Chaldean+Church+between+1500+and+1800&rft.btitle=Aramaic+in+Its+Historical+and+Linguistic+Setting&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pages=335-352&rft.pub=Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9783447057875&rft.aulast=Murre+van+den+Berg&rft.aufirst=Heleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtfVZnCV6ABcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMutlu-NumansenOssewaarde2019" class="citation journal cs1">Mutlu-Numansen, Sofia; Ossewaarde, Marinus (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.utwente.nl/files/191702532/Mutlu_Numansen2019struggle.pdf">"A Struggle for Genocide Recognition: How the Aramean, Assyrian, and Chaldean Diasporas Link Past and Present"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Holocaust and Genocide Studies</i>. <b>33</b> (3): 412–428. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhgs%2Fdcz045">10.1093/hgs/dcz045</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Holocaust+and+Genocide+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Struggle+for+Genocide+Recognition%3A+How+the+Aramean%2C+Assyrian%2C+and+Chaldean+Diasporas+Link+Past+and+Present&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=412-428&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fhgs%2Fdcz045&rft.aulast=Mutlu-Numansen&rft.aufirst=Sofia&rft.au=Ossewaarde%2C+Marinus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch.utwente.nl%2Ffiles%2F191702532%2FMutlu_Numansen2019struggle.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNichols2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aidan_Nichols" title="Aidan Nichols">Nichols, Aidan</a> (2010) [1992]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hje62q52XNsC"><i>Rome and the Eastern Churches: A Study in Schism</i></a> (2nd revised ed.). San Francisco: Ignatius Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781586172824" title="Special:BookSources/9781586172824"><bdi>9781586172824</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome+and+the+Eastern+Churches%3A+A+Study+in+Schism&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.edition=2nd+revised&rft.pub=Ignatius+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781586172824&rft.aulast=Nichols&rft.aufirst=Aidan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHje62q52XNsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO’Mahony2006" class="citation book cs1">O’Mahony, Anthony (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1xUV-nMxNGsC">"Syriac Christianity in the modern Middle East"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Michael_Angold" title="Michael Angold">Angold, Michael</a> (ed.). <i>The Cambridge History of Christianity: Eastern Christianity</i>. Vol. 5. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 511–536. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521811132" title="Special:BookSources/9780521811132"><bdi>9780521811132</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Syriac+Christianity+in+the+modern+Middle+East&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Christianity%3A+Eastern+Christianity&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=511-536&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780521811132&rft.aulast=O%E2%80%99Mahony&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1xUV-nMxNGsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOuterbridge1952" class="citation book cs1">Outerbridge, Leonard M. (1952). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lostchurchesofch0000oute"><i>The lost churches of China</i></a></span>. Philadelphia: Westminster Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+lost+churches+of+China&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Westminster+Press&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Outerbridge&rft.aufirst=Leonard+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flostchurchesofch0000oute&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberson1999" class="citation book cs1">Roberson, Ronald (1999) [1986]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b-8kAQAAIAAJ"><i>The Eastern Christian Churches: A Brief Survey</i></a> (6th ed.). Roma: Orientalia Christiana. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788872103210" title="Special:BookSources/9788872103210"><bdi>9788872103210</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eastern+Christian+Churches%3A+A+Brief+Survey&rft.place=Roma&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Orientalia+Christiana&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9788872103210&rft.aulast=Roberson&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db-8kAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTfinkdji1914" class="citation journal cs1">Tfinkdji, Joseph (1914). "L' église chaldéenne catholique autrefois et aujourd'hui". <i>Annuaire Pontifical Catholique</i>. <b>17</b>: 449–525.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annuaire+Pontifical+Catholique&rft.atitle=L%27+%C3%A9glise+chald%C3%A9enne+catholique+autrefois+et+aujourd%27hui&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=449-525&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Tfinkdji&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTisserant1931" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Tisserant" title="Eugène Tisserant">Tisserant, Eugène</a> (1931). "Église nestorienne". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JxhAAQAAMAAJ"><i>Dictionnaire de théologie catholique</i></a>. Vol. 11. pp. 157–323.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C3%89glise+nestorienne&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+de+th%C3%A9ologie+catholique&rft.pages=157-323&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=Tisserant&rft.aufirst=Eug%C3%A8ne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJxhAAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVine1937" class="citation book cs1">Vine, Aubrey R. (1937). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MN41565ucmf_1"><i>The Nestorian Churches</i></a>. London: Independent Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nestorian+Churches&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Independent+Press&rft.date=1937&rft.aulast=Vine&rft.aufirst=Aubrey+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FMN41565ucmf_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVosté1925" class="citation journal cs1">Vosté, Jacques Marie (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HiLxoQEACAAJ">"Missio duorum fratrum Melitensium O. P. in Orientem saec. XVI et relatio, nunc primum edita, eorum quae in istis regionibus gesserunt"</a>. <i>Analecta Ordinis Praedicatorum</i>. <b>33</b> (4): 261–278.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Analecta+Ordinis+Praedicatorum&rft.atitle=Missio+duorum+fratrum+Melitensium+O.+P.+in+Orientem+saec.+XVI+et+relatio%2C+nunc+primum+edita%2C+eorum+quae+in+istis+regionibus+gesserunt&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=261-278&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Vost%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Jacques+Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHiLxoQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVosté1928" class="citation journal cs1">Vosté, Jacques Marie (1928). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=REIH_SPO_VQC">"Catalogue de la bibliothèque syro-chaldéenne du couvent de Notre-Dame des Semences près d'Alqoš (Iraq)"</a>. <i>Angelicum</i>. <b>5</b>: 3–36, 161–194, 325–358, 481–498.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Angelicum&rft.atitle=Catalogue+de+la+biblioth%C3%A8que+syro-chald%C3%A9enne+du+couvent+de+Notre-Dame+des+Semences+pr%C3%A8s+d%27Alqo%C5%A1+%28Iraq%29&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=3-36%2C+161-194%2C+325-358%2C+481-498&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Vost%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Jacques+Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DREIH_SPO_VQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVosté1930" class="citation journal cs1">Vosté, Jacques Marie (1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jaBFAQAAIAAJ">"Les inscriptions de Rabban Hormizd et de N.-D. des Semences près d'Alqoš (Iraq)"</a>. <i>Le Muséon</i>. <b>43</b>: 263–316.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Mus%C3%A9on&rft.atitle=Les+inscriptions+de+Rabban+Hormizd+et+de+N.-D.+des+Semences+pr%C3%A8s+d%27Alqo%C5%A1+%28Iraq%29&rft.volume=43&rft.pages=263-316&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=Vost%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Jacques+Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjaBFAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVosté1931" class="citation journal cs1">Vosté, Jacques Marie (1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=20fCp25zx4wC">"Mar Iohannan Soulaqa, premier Patriarche des Chaldéens, martyr de l'union avec Rome (†1555)"</a>. <i>Angelicum</i>. <b>8</b>: 187–234.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Angelicum&rft.atitle=Mar+Iohannan+Soulaqa%2C+premier+Patriarche+des+Chald%C3%A9ens%2C+martyr+de+l%27union+avec+Rome+%28%E2%80%A01555%29&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=187-234&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=Vost%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Jacques+Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D20fCp25zx4wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWigram1929" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Ainger_Wigram" title="William Ainger Wigram">Wigram, William Ainger</a> (1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282998"><i>The Assyrians and Their Neighbours</i></a>. London: G. Bell & Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Assyrians+and+Their+Neighbours&rft.place=London&rft.pub=G.+Bell+%26+Sons&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Wigram&rft.aufirst=William+Ainger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.282998&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilmshurst2000" class="citation book cs1">Wilmshurst, David (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jB8ir0ek8bgC"><i>The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318–1913</i></a>. Louvain: Peeters Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789042908765" title="Special:BookSources/9789042908765"><bdi>9789042908765</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ecclesiastical+Organisation+of+the+Church+of+the+East%2C+1318%E2%80%931913&rft.place=Louvain&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9789042908765&rft.aulast=Wilmshurst&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjB8ir0ek8bgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilmshurst2011" class="citation book cs1">Wilmshurst, David (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zfxNtwAACAAJ"><i>The Martyred Church: A History of the Church of the East</i></a>. London: East & West Publishing Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781907318047" title="Special:BookSources/9781907318047"><bdi>9781907318047</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Martyred+Church%3A+A+History+of+the+Church+of+the+East&rft.place=London&rft.pub=East+%26+West+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781907318047&rft.aulast=Wilmshurst&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzfxNtwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZora1994" class="citation book cs1">Zora, Subhi (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KNE9tp58Uq8C">"Some Outstanding Events in the History of the Chaldean Christians of the East (1551-1992)"</a>. <i>VI Symposium Syriacum 1992</i>. Roma: Pontificium institutum studiorum orientalium. pp. 347–359. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788872103050" title="Special:BookSources/9788872103050"><bdi>9788872103050</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Some+Outstanding+Events+in+the+History+of+the+Chaldean+Christians+of+the+East+%281551-1992%29&rft.btitle=VI+Symposium+Syriacum+1992&rft.place=Roma&rft.pages=347-359&rft.pub=Pontificium+institutum+studiorum+orientalium&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9788872103050&rft.aulast=Zora&rft.aufirst=Subhi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKNE9tp58Uq8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldean+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaldean_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yakoub, Afram (2020). <i>The Path to Assyria: A call for national revival.</i> Sweden: Tigris Press. ISBN 978-91-981541-6-0 </p><p>Lundgren, Svante (2016). <i>The Assyrians - From Nineveh to Södertälje.</i> Enschede, The Netherlands: Nineveh Press. ISBN 978-9198344127 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaldean_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chaldean_Catholic_Church_hierarchy" title="Template:Chaldean Catholic Church hierarchy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chaldean_Catholic_Church_hierarchy" title="Template talk:Chaldean Catholic Church hierarchy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chaldean_Catholic_Church_hierarchy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chaldean Catholic Church hierarchy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chaldean_Catholic_Church_episcopal_hierarchy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chaldean Catholic Church</a> episcopal hierarchy</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate" title="Patriarchate">Patriarchate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Patriarchate_of_Babylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaldean Catholic Patriarchate of Babylon">Chaldean Catholic Patriarchate of Babylon</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Chaldean_Catholic_Patriarchs_of_Babylon" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon">List</a>) at <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Our_Lady_of_Sorrows" title="Cathedral of Our Lady of Sorrows">Cathedral of Our Lady of Sorrows</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaldean_Catholic_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Chaldean_Catholic_COA.svg/100px-Chaldean_Catholic_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Chaldean_Catholic_COA.svg/150px-Chaldean_Catholic_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Chaldean_Catholic_COA.svg/200px-Chaldean_Catholic_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1388" data-file-height="1710" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">Metropolitan archeparchies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Baghdad" title="Chaldean Catholic Archeparchy of Baghdad">Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Kirkuk-Sulaimaniya" title="Chaldean Catholic Archeparchy of Kirkuk-Sulaimaniya">Kirkuk-Sulaimaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Tehran" title="Chaldean Catholic Archeparchy of Tehran">Tehran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Urmy%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaldean Catholic Archeparchy of Urmyā">Urmyā</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">Other archeparchies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Ahvaz" title="Chaldean Catholic Archeparchy of Ahvaz">Ahvaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Basra" title="Chaldean Catholic Archeparchy of Basra">Basra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Amida" title="Chaldean Catholic Archeparchy of Amida">Diyarbakir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Arbil" title="Chaldean Catholic Archeparchy of Arbil">Arbil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Mosul" title="Chaldean Catholic Archeparchy of Mosul">Mosul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eparchy" title="Eparchy">Eparchies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Aleppo" title="Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Aleppo">Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Alquoch" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Alquoch">Alquoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Aqra" title="Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Aqra">Aqra (Akra)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Beirut" title="Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Beirut">Beirut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Cairo" title="Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Cairo">Cairo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Mar_Addai_of_Toronto" title="Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Mar Addai of Toronto">Mar Addai of Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Saint_Peter_the_Apostle_of_San_Diego" title="Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Saint Peter the Apostle of San Diego">Saint Peter the Apostle of San Diego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Saint_Thomas_the_Apostle_of_Detroit" title="Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Saint Thomas the Apostle of Detroit">Saint Thomas the Apostle of Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Saint_Thomas_the_Apostle_of_Sydney" title="Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Saint Thomas the Apostle of Sydney">Saint Thomas the Apostle of Sydney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Salmas" title="Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Salmas">Salmas (suffragan of Urmya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Amadiyah_and_Zaku" title="Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Amadiyah and Zaku">Amadiyah and Zaku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Patriarchal dependencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Territory_Dependent_on_the_Patriarch_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaldean Catholic Territory Dependent on the Patriarch of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Territory_Dependent_on_the_Patriarch_of_Jordan" title="Chaldean Catholic Territory Dependent on the Patriarch of Jordan">Jordan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Titular_see" title="Titular see">Titular sees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Metropolitan : <a href="/wiki/Rew-Ardashir_(Chaldean_Catholic_diocese)" title="Rew-Ardashir (Chaldean Catholic diocese)">Rew-Ardashir</a> / Other Archiepiscopal : <a href="/wiki/Titular_see_of_Kaskar_of_the_Chaldeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Titular see of Kaskar of the Chaldeans">Kaškar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nisibis_of_the_Chaldeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Nisibis of the Chaldeans">Nisibis</a> /</li> <li>Episcopal : <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Anbar" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Anbar">Anbar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Mardin" title="Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Mardin">Mardin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Seert" title="Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Seert">Seert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Other former eparchies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Amadiya" title="Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Amadiya">Amadia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gazireh_of_the_Chaldeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Gazireh of the Chaldeans">Gazireh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perat-Maishan_of_the_Chaldeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Perat-Maishan of the Chaldeans">Perat-Maishan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Sulaimaniya" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Sulaimaniya">Sulaimaniya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zaku_of_the_Chaldeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaku of the Chaldeans">Zaku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_after_1552" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East after 1552">Dioceses of the Church of the East after 1552</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" 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jurisdiction</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarchal churches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:gold"><a href="/wiki/Pentarchy#Council_of_Nicaea" title="Pentarchy">Ancient patriarchates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Church" title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic</a></li> <li>Antiochian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:gold">Junior <a href="/wiki/Patriarchate" title="Patriarchate">patriarchates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chaldean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Patriarchal_or_Archbishop_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Patriarchal_or_Archbishop_Cross.svg/60px-Patriarchal_or_Archbishop_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Patriarchal_or_Archbishop_Cross.svg/90px-Patriarchal_or_Archbishop_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Patriarchal_or_Archbishop_Cross.svg/120px-Patriarchal_or_Archbishop_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="169" data-file-height="289" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Major_archbishop" title="Major archbishop">Major archiepiscopal churches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Church" title="Syro-Malabar Church">Syro-Malabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Romanian Greek Catholic Church">Romania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Metropolitan churches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Catholic_Church" title="Ethiopian Catholic Church">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church">Ruthenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Slovak Greek Catholic Church">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Catholic_Church" title="Eritrean Catholic Church">Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Hungarian Greek Catholic Church">Hungarian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Other <i>sui iuris</i> churches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Albanian Greek Catholic Church">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Belarusian Greek Catholic Church">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Catholic_Church_of_Croatia_and_Serbia" title="Greek Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia">Croat and Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Byzantine_Catholic_Church" title="Greek Byzantine Catholic Church">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Albanian_Catholic_Church" title="Italo-Albanian Catholic Church">Italo-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Macedonian Greek Catholic Church">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Russian Greek Catholic Church">Russian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul> <div class="reflist"> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Syriac_Christianity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Syriac_Christianity_footer" title="Template:Syriac Christianity footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Syriac_Christianity_footer" title="Template talk:Syriac Christianity footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Syriac_Christianity_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Syriac Christianity footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Syriac_Christianity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac</a>, legacy of <br />the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Antioch" title="Church of Antioch">Church of Antioch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite Church</a> (685)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac Catholic Church</a> (1662)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a> (512)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac</a>, legacy of<br />the <i><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></i><br />(the <i>"Nestorian Church"</i>)<br />(<a href="/wiki/Council_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Council of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">410</a>–<a href="/wiki/Schism_of_1552" title="Schism of 1552">1552</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chaldean Catholic Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/Schism_of_1552" title="Schism of 1552">1552</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a> (1552)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient Church of the East</a> (1968)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Protestant_Christianity" title="Eastern Protestant Christianity">Eastern Protestant</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Evangelical_Church" title="Assyrian Evangelical Church">Assyrian Evangelical Church</a> (1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Pentecostal_Church" title="Assyrian Pentecostal Church">Assyrian Pentecostal Church</a> (1940)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christian_denominations" title="Saint Thomas Christian denominations">Saint Thomas Christians</a>,<br />legacy of<br />the <i><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Church" title="Malankara Church">Malankara Church</a></i><br />(active 1st century–1601)<br />in <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Eastern_Catholic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Church">Syro-Malabar Church</a> (East Syriac) (1665)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara Catholic Church</a> (West Syriac) (1932)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_Syrian_Christian_Church" title="Jacobite Syrian Christian Church">Jacobite Syrian Christian Church</a> (1665)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church" title="Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church">Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_Independent_Syrian_Church" title="Malabar Independent Syrian Church">Malabar Independent Syrian Church</a> (1772)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nestorian (<a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Syrian_Church" title="Chaldean Syrian Church">Chaldean Syrian Church</a> (1701)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Protestant_Christianity" title="Eastern Protestant Christianity">Eastern Protestant</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mar_Thoma_Syrian_Church" title="Mar Thoma Syrian Church">Mar Thoma Syrian Church</a> (1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_Evangelical_Church_of_India" title="St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India">St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Believers_Eastern_Church" title="Believers Eastern Church">Believers Eastern Church</a> (2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphrahat" title="Aphrahat">Aphrahat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorius" title="Nestorius">Nestorius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Baradaeus" title="Jacob Baradaeus">Jacob Baradaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_of_Serugh" title="Jacob of Serugh">Jacob of Serugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_of_Antioch" title="Severus of Antioch">Severus of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Jew" title="Paul the Jew">Paul the Jew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maron" title="Maron">Maron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philoxenus_of_Mabbug" title="Philoxenus of Mabbug">Philoxenus of Mabbug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Cana" title="Thomas of Cana">Thomas of Cana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_the_Syrian" title="Isaac the Syrian">Isaac the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maron" title="John Maron">John Maron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar_Sabor_and_Mar_Proth" title="Mar Sabor and Mar Proth">Mar Sabor and Mar Proth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_bar_Salibi" title="Dionysius bar Salibi">Dionysius bar Salibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Hebraeus" title="Bar Hebraeus">Bar Hebraeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimun_VIII_Yohannan_Sulaqa" title="Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa">Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_of_Angamaly" title="Abraham of Angamaly">Abraham of Angamaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorios_Abdal_Jaleel" title="Gregorios Abdal Jaleel">Gregorios Abdal Jaleel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoma_I" title="Thoma I">Thoma I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Koorilos_I" title="Abraham Koorilos I">Abraham Koorilos I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Andrew_Akijan" title="Ignatius Andrew Akijan">Ignatius Andrew Akijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_VI_Tanas" title="Cyril VI Tanas">Cyril VI Tanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Mellus" title="Elias Mellus">Elias Mellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Vattasseril" class="mw-redirect" title="Dionysius of Vattasseril">Dionysius of Vattasseril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geevarghese_Ivanios" title="Geevarghese Ivanios">Geevarghese Ivanios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coorilos_Paulose" title="Coorilos Paulose">Coorilos Paulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoma_Darmo" title="Thoma Darmo">Thoma Darmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baselios_Paulose_II" title="Baselios Paulose II">Baselios Paulose II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suret_language" title="Suret language">Assyrian Neo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Bohtan" title="Neo-Aramaic dialect of Bohtan">Bohtan Neo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suret_language" title="Suret language">Chaldean Neo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garshuni" title="Garshuni">Garshuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Hertevin" title="Neo-Aramaic dialect of Hertevin">Hertevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koy_Sanjaq_Christian_Neo-Aramaic" title="Koy Sanjaq Christian Neo-Aramaic">Koy Sanjaq Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mla%E1%B8%A5s%C3%B4_language" title="Mlaḥsô language">Mlaḥsô</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Senaya" title="Christian Neo-Aramaic dialect of Senaya">Senaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriyani_Malayalam" title="Suriyani Malayalam">Syriac Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turoyo_language" title="Turoyo language">Turoyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> (Liturgical)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_nationalism" title="Assyrian nationalism">Assyrian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_homeland" title="Assyrian homeland">Assyrian homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_independence_movement" title="Assyrian independence movement">Assyrian independence movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proposals_for_Assyrian_autonomy_in_Iraq" title="Proposals for Assyrian autonomy in Iraq">Proposals for Assyrian autonomy in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_diaspora" title="Assyrian diaspora">Assyrian diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terms_for_Syriac_Christians" title="Terms for Syriac Christians">Terms for Syriac Christians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Arameans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicianism" title="Phoenicianism">Phoenicianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malankara%E2%80%93Persian_ecclesiastical_relations" title="Malankara–Persian ecclesiastical relations">Malankara–Persian ecclesiastical relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_sacral_music" title="Syriac sacral music">Syriac sacral music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>* Defunct with <a href="/wiki/Schism_of_1552" title="Schism of 1552">schism of 1552</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Assyrian_people" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Assyrian_people_footer" title="Template:Assyrian people footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Assyrian_people_footer" title="Template talk:Assyrian people footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Assyrian_people_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Assyrian people footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Assyrian_people" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian people</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Ethno-linguistic group(s) indigenous to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> with various additional/alternate self-identifications, such as Syriacs, Arameans, or Chaldeans</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Identity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_continuity" title="Assyrian continuity">Assyrian continuity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian%E2%80%93Chaldean%E2%80%93Syriac_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian–Chaldean–Syriac diaspora">Assyrian diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholics" title="Chaldean Catholics">Chaldean Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terms_for_Syriac_Christians" title="Terms for Syriac Christians">Terms for Syriac Christians</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Assyrians_(gold_and_blue_Assur).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Assyrian flag"><img alt="The Assyrian flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Assyrians_%28gold_and_blue_Assur%29.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Assyrians_%28gold_and_blue_Assur%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Assyrians_%28gold_and_blue_Assur%29.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Assyrians_%28gold_and_blue_Assur%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Assyrians_%28gold_and_blue_Assur%29.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Assyrians_%28gold_and_blue_Assur%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_flag" title="Assyrian flag">Assyrian flag</a><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Syriac-Aramaic_People.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Syriac-Aramean flag"><img alt="The Syriac-Aramean flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_Syriac-Aramaic_People.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Syriac-Aramaic_People.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_Syriac-Aramaic_People.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Syriac-Aramaic_People.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_Syriac-Aramaic_People.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Syriac-Aramaic_People.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="750" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Aramean-Syriac_flag" title="Aramean-Syriac flag">Aramean-Syriac flag</a><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaldean_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Chaldean flag"><img alt="The Chaldean flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Chaldean_flag.svg/100px-Chaldean_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Chaldean_flag.svg/150px-Chaldean_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Chaldean_flag.svg/200px-Chaldean_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="500" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_flag" title="Chaldean flag">Chaldean flag</a><br /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac Rite</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a> (518–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac Catholic Church</a> (1662–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Evangelical_Church" title="Assyrian Evangelical Church">Assyrian Evangelical Church</a> (1870–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Pentecostal_Church" title="Assyrian Pentecostal Church">Assyrian Pentecostal Church</a> (1940–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac Rite</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chaldean Catholic Church</a> (1552–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a> (1692–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient Church of the East</a> (1968–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>/<a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a><br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suret_language" title="Suret language">Assyrian Neo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suret_language" title="Suret language">Chaldean Neo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turoyo_language" title="Turoyo language">Turoyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Bohtan" title="Neo-Aramaic dialect of Bohtan">Bohtan Neo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Hertevin" title="Neo-Aramaic dialect of Hertevin">Hertevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Senaya" title="Christian Neo-Aramaic dialect of Senaya">Senaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mla%E1%B8%A5s%C3%B4_language" title="Mlaḥsô language">Mlaḥsô</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac script</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_culture" title="Assyrian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_folk/pop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian folk/pop music">Assyrian folk/pop music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mesopotamia" title="Music of Mesopotamia">Music of Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_sacral_music" title="Syriac sacral music">Syriac sacral music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_folk_dance" title="Assyrian folk dance">Folk dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuisine" title="Assyrian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_clothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian clothing">Clothing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Assyrian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Assyrian people">History</a><br /><small>(including<br />related<br />contexts)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_ancient_Assyria" title="Timeline of ancient Assyria">Ancient Assyria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Assyrian_period" title="Early Assyrian period">Early Assyrian period</a> (2600–2025 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Assyrian_period" title="Old Assyrian period">Old Assyrian period</a> (2025–1364 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian Empire</a> (1363–912 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> (911–609 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-imperial_Assyria" title="Post-imperial Assyria">Post-imperial Assyria</a> (609 BCE–240 CE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Ancient Mesopotamian religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Arameans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Assyrian_tribes" title="List of Assyrian tribes">Assyrian tribes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classical<br />antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a> (312–63 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a> (247 BCE–224 CE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osroene" title="Osroene">Osroene</a> (132 BCE–244 CE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Wars" title="Syrian Wars">Syrian Wars</a> (66 BCE–217 CE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Roman Syria</a> (64 BCE–637 CE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adiabene" title="Adiabene">Adiabene</a> (15–116)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria_(Roman_province)" title="Assyria (Roman province)">Roman Assyria</a> (116–118)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Christianization</a> (1st to 3rd c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorian_schism" title="Nestorian schism">Nestorian schism</a> (5th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> (<a href="/wiki/Council_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Council of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">410</a>-<a href="/wiki/Schism_of_1552" title="Schism of 1552">1552</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asoristan" title="Asoristan">Asoristan</a> (226–651)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Sasanian_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine–Sasanian wars">Byzantine–Sasanian wars</a> (502–628)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia">Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia</a> (630s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Muslim conquest of Syria</a> (630s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> (750–1258)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Mosul" title="List of rulers of Mosul">Emirs of Mosul</a> (905–1383)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid amirate</a> (945–1055)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Antioch" title="Principality of Antioch">Principality of Antioch</a> (1098–1268)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a> (1258–1335)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalayirid_Sultanate" title="Jalayirid Sultanate">Jalayirid Sultanate</a> (1335–1432)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Qoyunlu" title="Qara Qoyunlu">Qara Qoyunlu</a> (1375–1468)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu</a> (1453–1501)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Assyrian_people#Islamic_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Assyrian people">Safavid Empire</a> (1508–55)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Assyrian_people#Islamic_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Assyrian people">Ottoman Empire</a> (1555–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schism_of_1552" title="Schism of 1552">Schism of 1552</a> (16th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1843_and_1846_massacres_in_Hakkari" title="1843 and 1846 massacres in Hakkari">Massacres of Badr Khan</a> (1840s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Diyarbekir_(1895)" title="Massacres of Diyarbekir (1895)">Massacres of Diyarbekir</a> (1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_nationalism" title="Assyrian nationalism">Rise of nationalism</a> (19th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adana_massacre" title="Adana massacre">Adana massacre</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide</a> (1914–20)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_independence_movement" title="Assyrian independence movement">Independence movement</a> (1919–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simele_massacre" title="Simele massacre">Simele massacre</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Iraq#Post-Saddam_Iraq" title="Assyrians in Iraq">Post-Saddam Iraq</a> (2003–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Christians_by_ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocide of Christians by ISIL">Genocide of Christians by ISIL</a> (2014–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_population_by_country" title="Assyrian population by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_homeland" title="Assyrian homeland">Homeland</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/List_of_Assyrian_settlements" title="List of Assyrian settlements">Settlements</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Iraq" title="Assyrians in Iraq">Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nineveh_Plains" title="Nineveh Plains">Nineveh Plains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qaraqosh" title="Qaraqosh">Qaraqosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alqosh" title="Alqosh">Alqosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Keppe" title="Tel Keppe">Tel Keppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartella" title="Bartella">Bartella</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankawa" title="Ankawa">Ankawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaqlawa" title="Shaqlawa">Shaqlawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakho" title="Zakho">Zakho</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Iran" title="Assyrians in Iran">Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urmia" title="Urmia">Urmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmas" title="Salmas">Salmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanandaj" title="Sanandaj">Sanandaj</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Syria" title="Assyrians in Syria">Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah_Governorate" title="Al-Hasakah Governorate">Al-Hasakah Governorate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah" title="Al-Hasakah">Al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Tamer" title="Tell Tamer">Tell Tamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qamishli" title="Qamishli">Qamishli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khabur_(Euphrates)" title="Khabur (Euphrates)">Khabur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Turkey" title="Assyrians in Turkey">Turkey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakkari_(historical_region)" title="Hakkari (historical region)">Hakkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r" title="Diyarbakır">Diyarbakır</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaz%C4%B1%C4%9F" title="Elazığ">Elazığ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardin_Province" title="Mardin Province">Mardin Province</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mardin" title="Mardin">Mardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maz%C4%B1da%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Mazıdağı">Mazıdağı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tur_Abdin" title="Tur Abdin">Tur Abdin</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian%E2%80%93Chaldean%E2%80%93Syriac_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian–Chaldean–Syriac diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Armenia" title="Assyrians in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Australians" title="Assyrian Australians">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Belgium" title="Assyrians in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Canadians" title="Assyrian Canadians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Finland" title="Assyrians in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_France" title="Assyrians in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Georgia" title="Assyrians in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Assyrians" title="German Assyrians">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Greece" title="Assyrians in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Israel" title="Assyrians in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Jordan" title="Assyrians in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Lebanon" title="Assyrians in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Mexicans" title="Assyrian Mexicans">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_the_Netherlands" title="Assyrians in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_New_Zealand" title="Assyrians in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Assyrians in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Russia" title="Assyrians in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians/Syriacs_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrians/Syriacs in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Assyrians" title="British Assyrians">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Americans" title="Assyrian Americans">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Middle_Eastern_people_in_Metro_Detroit" title="History of the Middle Eastern people in Metro Detroit">Detroit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Uruguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrians in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_nationalism" title="Assyrian nationalism">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Democratic_Movement" title="Assyrian Democratic Movement">Assyrian Democratic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Democratic_Organization" title="Assyrian Democratic Organization">Assyrian Democratic Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Universal_Alliance" title="Assyrian Universal Alliance">Assyrian Universal Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawronoye" title="Dawronoye">Dawronoye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Syriac Union Party (Syria)">Syriac Union Party (Syria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Union_Party_(Lebanon)" title="Syriac Union Party (Lebanon)">Syriac Union Party (Lebanon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Military_Council" title="Syriac Military Council">Syriac Military Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutoro" title="Sutoro">Sutoro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" 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