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vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Origins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_Syriac" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_Syriac"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Literary Syriac </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_Syriac-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Current status </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Grammar </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Grammar subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Nouns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Verbs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Phonology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Phonology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Consonants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Vowels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Syriac language</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 87 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-87" aria-hidden="true" > 87 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siries" title="Siries – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Siries" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة السريانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة السريانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A0%DC%AB%DC%A2%DC%90_%DC%A3%DC%98%DC%AA%DC%9D%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_sir%C3%ADacu" title="Idioma siríacu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma siríacu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCryani_dili" title="Süryani dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Süryani dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="سوریانی دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سوریانی دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="সিরীয় ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সিরীয় ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%B8%D3%99_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Сүриә теле – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сүриә теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Сирийски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сирийски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirja%C4%8Dki_jezik" title="Sirjački jezik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sirjački jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirieg" title="Sirieg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sirieg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir%C3%ADac" title="Siríac – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Siríac" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syr%C5%A1tina" title="Syrština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Syrština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chisiriya" title="Chisiriya – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chisiriya" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrieg" title="Syrieg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Syrieg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrische_Sprache" title="Syrische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Syrische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanas%C3%BC%C3%BCria_keel" title="Vanasüüria keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vanasüüria keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Συριακή γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Συριακή γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_sir%C3%ADaco" title="Idioma siríaco – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma siríaco" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siria_lingvo" title="Siria lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Siria lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiriera" title="Asiriera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Asiriera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="زبان سریانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان سریانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_bhasa" title="Syriac bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Syriac bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriaque" title="Syriaque – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Syriaque" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrysk" title="Syrysk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Syrysk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tSiricis" title="An tSiricis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An tSiricis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_sir%C3%ADaca" title="Lingua siríaca – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua siríaca" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84%EC%96%B4" title="시리아어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시리아어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshen_Siriyanci" title="Harshen Siriyanci – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Harshen Siriyanci" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Սիրիական լեզու – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սիրիական լեզու" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="सीरियाई भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सीरियाई भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirski_jezik" title="Sirski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sirski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siriaka" title="Siriaka – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Siriaka" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Suryani" title="Bahasa Suryani – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Suryani" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_siriaca" title="Lingua siriaca – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua siriaca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="סורית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סורית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Сирия кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Сирия кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_suryan%C3%AE" title="Zimanê suryanî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê suryanî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Сирия тили – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Сирия тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Syriaca" title="Lingua Syriaca – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Syriaca" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%ABrie%C5%A1u_valoda" title="Sīriešu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sīriešu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir%C5%B3_kalba" title="Sirų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sirų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%ADr_nyelv" title="Szír nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szír nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Сириски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сириски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_siriaka" title="Fiteny siriaka – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny siriaka" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF" title="സുറിയാനി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സുറിയാനി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_Syriac" title="Reo Syriac – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Reo Syriac" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89" title="سيريانى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سيريانى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="سریانی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سریانی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Suryani" title="Bahasa Suryani – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Suryani" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrisch" title="Syrisch – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Syrisch" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="シリア語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シリア語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammelsyrisk" title="Gammelsyrisk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gammelsyrisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammalsyrisk" title="Gammalsyrisk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gammalsyrisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suryoniy_tili" title="Suryoniy tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Suryoniy tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%88_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਸੀਰੀਆਈ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੀਰੀਆਈ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="سریانی بولی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سریانی بولی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="سرياني ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سرياني ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_sir%C3%ACaca" title="Lenga sirìaca – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga sirìaca" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_syryjski" title="Język syryjski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język syryjski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_sir%C3%ADaca" title="Língua siríaca – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua siríaca" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_siriac%C4%83" title="Limba siriacă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba siriacă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Сирийский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сирийский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="سریانی – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="سریانی" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Syriac language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BDr%C4%8Dina" title="Sýrčina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sýrčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Sirščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sirščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="زمانی سوریانی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی سوریانی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Сиријски језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сиријски језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirijski_jezik" title="Sirijski jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sirijski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syyrian_kieli" title="Syyrian kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Syyrian kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriska" title="Syriska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Syriska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Siriako" title="Wikang Siriako – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Siriako" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="சிரியாக் மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிரியாக் மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81" title="ภาษาซีรีแอก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาซีรีแอก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D1%91%D0%BD%D3%A3" title="Забони сурёнӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони сурёнӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCryanice" title="Süryanice – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Süryanice" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCr%C3%BDany_dili" title="Sürýany dili – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Sürýany dili" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Сирійська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сирійська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سریانی زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سریانی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%87%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="سۇريانىي تىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="سۇريانىي تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Syriac" title="Tiếng Syriac – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Syriac" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="叙利亚语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="叙利亚语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E6%96%87" title="敘利亞文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="敘利亞文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suryanki" title="Suryanki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Suryanki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E" title="敘利亞語 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="敘利亞語" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Suryani" title="Bahasa Suryani – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Suryani" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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For the alphabet, see <a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac alphabet</a>. For Neo-Aramaic languages, see <a href="/wiki/Turoyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Turoyo">Turoyo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suret_language" title="Suret language">Suret language</a>. For Syro-Palestinian or Christian Palestinian Syriac, see <a href="/wiki/Christian_Palestinian_Aramaic" title="Christian Palestinian Aramaic">Christian Palestinian Aramaic</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #faecc8;">Syriac</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #faecc8;">Classical Syriac Edessan Aramaic</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #faecc8;">ܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ, Leššānā Suryāyā</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Syriac_-_Estrangelo_Nisibin_Calligraphy.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Syriac_-_Estrangelo_Nisibin_Calligraphy.png/200px-Syriac_-_Estrangelo_Nisibin_Calligraphy.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Syriac_-_Estrangelo_Nisibin_Calligraphy.png/300px-Syriac_-_Estrangelo_Nisibin_Calligraphy.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Syriac_-_Estrangelo_Nisibin_Calligraphy.png/400px-Syriac_-_Estrangelo_Nisibin_Calligraphy.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="361" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">Leššānā Suryāyā in written Syriac (Esṭrangelā script)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:IPA/Aramaic">lɛʃˈʃɑːnɑː surˈjɑːjɑː</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a> (northern <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, northwestern <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, southeastern <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>), <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabia" title="Eastern Arabia">eastern Arabia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a>), <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHealey2012637-652-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Era</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1st century AD; declined as a <a href="/wiki/Vernacular_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Vernacular language">vernacular language</a> after the 13th century; still in liturgical use<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHealey2012637,_649-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afro-Asiatic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Semitic_languages" title="West Semitic languages">West Semitic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Semitic_languages" title="Central Semitic languages">Central Semitic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Semitic_languages" title="Northwest Semitic languages">Northwest Semitic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Aramaic_languages" title="Eastern Aramaic languages">Eastern Aramaic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Syriac</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Afroasiatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Afroasiatic">Proto-Afroasiatic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Semitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Semitic">Proto-Semitic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Aramaic" title="Old Aramaic">Old Aramaic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Aramaic">Middle Aramaic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Middle_Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Middle Aramaic">Eastern Middle Aramaic</a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li>West-Syriac</li> <li>East-Syriac</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac abjad</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #faecc8;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=511">syc</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/syc" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:syc">syc</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/clas1252">clas1252</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;">This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="http://www.bethmardutho.org/meltho/" rel="nofollow"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Shlama.svg/40px-Shlama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Shlama.svg/60px-Shlama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Shlama.svg/80px-Shlama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="191" data-file-height="92" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains Syriac text, written from right to left in a cursive style with some letters joined. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support#Syriac/Aramaic_script" title="Help:Multilingual support">rendering support</a>, you may see unjoined Syriac letters or other symbols instead of <a href="/wiki/Syriac_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Syriac script">Syriac script</a>.</div></div> </div> The Syriac language (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈsɪriæk/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">SIH-ree-ak</a>; <a href="/wiki/Classical_Syriac_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Syriac language">Classical Syriac</a>: ܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ, romanized: Leššānā Suryāyā),<a href="#cite_note-4">[a]</a> also known natively in its spoken form in early <a href="/wiki/Syriac_literature" title="Syriac literature">Syriac literature</a> as Edessan (Urhāyā), the Mesopotamian language (Nahrāyā) and Aramaic (Aramāyā), is an <a href="/wiki/Aramaic#Eastern_Middle_Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Eastern Middle Aramaic</a> dialect.<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> Classical Syriac is the academic term used to refer to the dialect's literary usage and standardization, distinguishing it from other Aramaic dialects also known as 'Syriac' or 'Syrian'.<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> In its <a href="/wiki/West-Syriac_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="West-Syriac Rite">West-Syriac</a> tradition, Classical Syriac is often known as leššōnō kṯoḇonōyō (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'the written language or the book language') or simply kṯoḇonōyō, or kṯowonōyō,<a href="#cite_note-kthobonoyo-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> while in its <a href="/wiki/East-Syriac_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="East-Syriac Rite">East-Syriac</a> tradition, it is known as leššānā ʔatīqā (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'the old language') or saprāyā (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'scribal or literary').<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> It emerged during the first century AD from a local <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Aramaic_languages" title="Eastern Aramaic languages">Eastern Aramaic</a> dialect that was spoken in the ancient region of <a href="/wiki/Osroene" title="Osroene">Osroene</a>, centered in the city of <a href="/wiki/Edessa" title="Edessa">Edessa</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Early_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Christian">Early Christian</a> period, it became the main <a href="/wiki/Literary_language" title="Literary language">literary language</a> of various Aramaic-speaking Christian communities in the historical region of <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Ancient Syria</a> and throughout the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a>. As a <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical language">liturgical language</a> of <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac Christianity</a>, it gained a prominent role among <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Christian">Eastern Christian</a> communities that used both <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Syriac_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Syriac Rite">Eastern Syriac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Syriac_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Syriac Rite">Western Syriac</a> rites. Following the spread of Syriac Christianity, it also became a liturgical language of eastern Christian communities as far as <a href="/wiki/India_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="India (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East_in_China" title="Church of the East in China">China</a>. It flourished from the 4th to the 8th century, and continued to have an important role during the next centuries, but by the end of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> it was gradually reduced to liturgical use, since the role of <a href="/wiki/Vernacular_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Vernacular language">vernacular language</a> among its native speakers was overtaken by several emerging <a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_languages" title="Neo-Aramaic languages">Neo-Aramaic languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock1998708-719-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButts2011390-391-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHealey2012637-652-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButts2018137-165-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButts2019222-242-15">[14]</a> Classical Syriac is written in the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac alphabet</a>, a derivation of the <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic alphabet</a>. The language is preserved in a large body of <a href="/wiki/Syriac_literature" title="Syriac literature">Syriac literature</a>, that comprises roughly 90% of the extant Aramaic literature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock1989a11–23-16">[15]</a> Along with <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>, Syriac became one of the three most important languages of <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock20055-20-17">[16]</a> Already from the first and second centuries AD, the inhabitants of the region of <a href="/wiki/Osroene" title="Osroene">Osroene</a> began to embrace <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, and by the third and fourth centuries, local Edessan Aramaic language became the vehicle of the specific Christian culture that came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac Christianity</a>. Because of theological differences, Syriac-speaking Christians diverged during the 5th century into the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> that followed the <a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac Rite</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Persian</a> rule, and the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a> that followed the <a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac Rite</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> rule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeyer198644-18">[17]</a> As a liturgical language of <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac Christianity</a>, Classical Syriac spread throughout <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> as far as the South Indian <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeill200438-19">[18]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern China">Eastern China</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriquel-Chatonnet2012652–659-20">[19]</a> and became the medium of communication and cultural dissemination for the later <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>, and (to a lesser extent) the other peoples of <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a> empires. Primarily a <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> medium of expression, Syriac had a fundamental cultural and literary influence on the development of <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeninger2012747–755-21">[20]</a> which largely replaced it during the later medieval period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHealey2012643-22">[21]</a> Syriac remains the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">sacred language</a> of <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac Christianity</a> to this day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock1992b-23">[22]</a> It is used as liturgical language of several denominations, like those who follow the <a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac Rite</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient Church of the East</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean Catholic Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Church">Syro-Malabar Catholic Church</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Pentecostal_Church" title="Assyrian Pentecostal Church">Assyrian Pentecostal Church</a>, and also those who follow the <a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac Rite</a>, including: <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac Catholic Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Maronite Catholic Church">Maronite Catholic Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Malankara_Mar_Thoma_Syrian_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church">Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church" title="Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church">Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara Catholic Church</a>. Classical Syriac was originally the liturgical language of the Syriac <a href="/wiki/Melkite" title="Melkite">Melkites</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Antioch" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch">Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch</a> in <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Syria_Prima" title="Syria Prima">ancient Syria</a>. The Syriac Melkites changed their church's <a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac Rite</a> to that of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Constantinople</a> in the 9th-11th centuries, necessitating new translations of all their Syriac liturgical books.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Syriac_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syriac_Sert%C3%A2_book_script.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Syriac_Sert%C3%A2_book_script.jpg/265px-Syriac_Sert%C3%A2_book_script.jpg" decoding="async" width="265" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Syriac_Sert%C3%A2_book_script.jpg/398px-Syriac_Sert%C3%A2_book_script.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Syriac_Sert%C3%A2_book_script.jpg/530px-Syriac_Sert%C3%A2_book_script.jpg 2x" data-file-width="991" data-file-height="748" /></a><figcaption>An 11th-century Syriac <a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">manuscript</a></figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a>, the term "Syriac" is used as a <a href="/wiki/Linguonym" title="Linguonym">linguonym</a> (language name) designating a specific variant of the <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic language</a> in relation to its regional origin in northeastern parts of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Syria">Ancient Syria</a>, around <a href="/wiki/Edessa" title="Edessa">Edessa</a>, which lay outside of the provincial borders of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Roman Syria</a>. Since Aramaic was used by various Middle Eastern peoples, having several variants (<a href="/wiki/Dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialects">dialects</a>), this specific dialect that originated in northeastern Syria became known under its regional (Syrian/Syriac) designation (Suryaya).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinsonCoakley20131-2-28">[27]</a> In English <a href="/wiki/Scholarly_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholarly literature">scholarly literature</a>, the term "Syriac" is preferred over the alternative form "Syrian", since the latter is much more <a href="/wiki/Polysemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Polysemic">polysemic</a> and commonly relates to <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> in general.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinsonCoakley20131,_note_1-29">[28]</a> That distinction is used in English as a <a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">convention</a> and does not exist on the ancient <a href="/wiki/Endonymic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonymic">endonymic</a> level.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillar2006107-109-30">[29]</a> Several compound terms like "Syriac Aramaic", "Syrian Aramaic" or "Syro-Aramaic" are also used, thus emphasizing both the Aramaic nature of the language and its Syrian/Syriac regional origin. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Endonyms_and_exonyms">Endonyms and exonyms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Syriac_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Endonyms and exonyms">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aramaic_alphabet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Aramaic_alphabet.jpg/265px-Aramaic_alphabet.jpg" decoding="async" width="265" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Aramaic_alphabet.jpg/398px-Aramaic_alphabet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Aramaic_alphabet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="189" /></a><figcaption>The Syriac alphabet</figcaption></figure> Early native speakers and writers used several <a href="/wiki/Endonymic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonymic">endonymic</a> terms as designations for their language. In addition to common endonym (native name) for the <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic language</a> in general (Aramaya), another endonymic term was also used, designating more specifically the local Edessan dialect, known as Urhaya, a term derived directly from the native Aramaic name for the city of <a href="/wiki/Edessa" title="Edessa">Edessa</a> (Urhay).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock1992a16-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock1992c226-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButts2011390-391-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButts2019222-33">[32]</a> Among similar endonymic names with regional connotations, term Nahraya was also used. It was derived from <a href="/wiki/Choronym" title="Choronym">choronym</a> (regional name) <a href="/wiki/Bet-Nahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Bet-Nahrain">Bet-Nahrain</a>, an Aramaic name for <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> in general.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButts2011390-391-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButts2019222-33">[32]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:East_Syriac_Script_Thaksa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/East_Syriac_Script_Thaksa.jpg/265px-East_Syriac_Script_Thaksa.jpg" decoding="async" width="265" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/East_Syriac_Script_Thaksa.jpg/398px-East_Syriac_Script_Thaksa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/East_Syriac_Script_Thaksa.jpg/530px-East_Syriac_Script_Thaksa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="386" /></a><figcaption>Late Syriac text, written in Madnhāyā script, from <a href="/wiki/Thrissur" title="Thrissur">Thrissur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, 1799</figcaption></figure> Original endonymic (native) designations, for Aramaic in general (Aramaya), and Edessan Aramaic in particular (Urhaya), were later (starting from the 5th century) accompanied by another term, <a href="/wiki/Exonymic" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonymic">exonymic</a> (foreign) in origin: Suryaya (Syrian/Syriac), adopted under the influence of a long-standing Greek custom of referring to speakers of Aramaic as Syrians. Among ancient Greeks, term "Syrian language" was used as a common designation for Aramaic language in general, and such usage was also reflected in Aramaic, by subsequent (acquired) use of the term "Suryaya" as the most preferred <a href="/wiki/Synonym" title="Synonym">synonym</a> for "Aramaya" (Aramaic).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock1992c226-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrockTaylor20018-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrockCoakley201130-31-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButts2011390-391-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButts2019222-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinov2020256-257-36">[35]</a> Practice of interchangeable naming (Aramaya, Urhaya, Nahraya, and Suryaya) persisted for centuries, in common use and also in works of various prominent writers. One of those who used various terms was theologian <a href="/wiki/Jacob_of_Edessa" title="Jacob of Edessa">Jacob of Edessa</a> (d. 708), who was referring to the language as "Syrian or Aramaic" (Suryāyā awkēt Ārāmāyā), and also as Urhāyā, when referring to Edessan Aramaic, or Naḥrāyā when pointing to the region of <a href="/wiki/Bet-Nahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Bet-Nahrain">Bet-Nahrain</a> (Aramaic term for <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> in general).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERompay200078-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDebié2009106-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock20107-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarina2018182-183-40">[39]</a> Plurality of terms among native speakers (ārāmāyā, urhāyā, naḥrāyā, and suryāyā)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButts2011390-391-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButts2019222-33">[32]</a> was not reflected in Greek and Latin terminology, that preferred Syrian/Syriac designation, and the same preference was adopted by later scholars, with one important distinction: in western scholarly use, Syrian/Syriac label was subsequently reduced from the original Greek designation for Aramaic language in general to a more specific (narrower) designation for Edessan Aramaic language, that in its literary and liturgical form came to be known as Classical Syriac.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHealey2012638-41">[40]</a> That reduction resulted in the creation of a specific field of <a href="/wiki/Syriac_studies" title="Syriac studies">Syriac studies</a>, within <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_studies" title="Aramaic studies">Aramaic studies</a>. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Awondwashmayanetqaddash.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Awondwashmayanetqaddash.png/265px-Awondwashmayanetqaddash.png" decoding="async" width="265" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Awondwashmayanetqaddash.png/398px-Awondwashmayanetqaddash.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Awondwashmayanetqaddash.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="437" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a> in Syriac language</figcaption></figure> Preference of early scholars towards the use of the Syrian/Syriac label was also relied upon its notable use as an alternative designation for Aramaic language in the "<a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Treasures" title="Cave of Treasures">Cave of Treasures</a>",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuzer2014196-197-42">[41]</a> long held to be the 4th century work of an authoritative writer and revered Christian saint <a href="/wiki/Ephrem_of_Edessa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephrem of Edessa">Ephrem of Edessa</a> (d. 373), who was thus believed to be proponent of various linguistic notions and tendencies expressed in the mentioned work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1998322-323-43">[42]</a> Since modern scholarly analyses have shown that the work in question was written much later (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 600) by an unknown author,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToepel2013531-584-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinov2017129-229-45">[44]</a> several questions had to be reexamined. In regard to the scope and usage of Syrian/Syriac labels in linguistic terminology, some modern scholars have noted that diversity of Aramaic dialects in the wider historical <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">region of Syria</a> should not be overlooked by improper and unspecific use of Syrian/Syriac labels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2002303-46">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepardson2019140-47">[46]</a> Diversity of Aramaic dialects was recorded by <a href="/wiki/Theodoret_of_Cyrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodoret of Cyrus">Theodoret of Cyrus</a> (d. <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 466), who accepted Syrian/Syriac labels as common Greek designations for the Aramaic language in general, stating that "the Osroënians, the Syrians, the people of the Euphrates, the Palestinians, and the Phoenicians all speak Syriac, but with many differences in pronunciation".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetruccioneHill343-48">[47]</a> Theodoret's regional (provincial) differentiation of Aramaic dialects included an explicit distinction between the "Syrians" (as Aramaic speakers of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Syria</a> proper, western of <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a>), and the "Osroenians" as Aramaic speakers of <a href="/wiki/Osroene" title="Osroene">Osroene</a> (eastern region, centered in <a href="/wiki/Edessa" title="Edessa">Edessa</a>), thus showing that dialect of the "Syrians" (Aramaic speakers of proper Syria) was known to be different from that of the "Osroenians" (speakers of Edessan Aramaic).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock1994149-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2002302-50">[49]</a> Native (<a href="/wiki/Endonymic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonymic">endonymic</a>) use of the term Aramaic language (Aramaya/Oromoyo) among its speakers has continued throughout the medieval period, as attested by the works of prominent writers, including the Oriental Orthodox Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Michael_I_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael I of Antioch">Michael of Antioch</a> (d. 1199).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeltecke2009115-125-51">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wider_and_narrower_meanings">Wider and narrower meanings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Syriac_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Wider and narrower meanings">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Orpheus_Taming_Wild_Animals.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Roman_Orpheus_Taming_Wild_Animals.jpg/265px-Roman_Orpheus_Taming_Wild_Animals.jpg" decoding="async" width="265" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Roman_Orpheus_Taming_Wild_Animals.jpg/398px-Roman_Orpheus_Taming_Wild_Animals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Roman_Orpheus_Taming_Wild_Animals.jpg/530px-Roman_Orpheus_Taming_Wild_Animals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="558" /></a><figcaption>An ancient mosaic from <a href="/wiki/Edessa" title="Edessa">Edessa</a>, from the 2nd century CE, with inscriptions in early Edessan Aramaic (Old Syriac)</figcaption></figure> Since the proper dating of the <a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Treasures" title="Cave of Treasures">Cave of Treasures</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToepel2013531-539-52">[51]</a> modern scholars were left with no indications of native Aramaic adoption of Syrian/Syriac labels before the 5th century. In the same time, a growing body of later sources showed that both in Greek, and in native literature, those labels were most commonly used as designations for Aramaic language in general, including its various dialects (both eastern and western),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillar201349-53">[52]</a> thus challenging the conventional scholarly reduction of the term "Syriac language" to a specific designation for Edessan Aramaic. Such use, that excludes non-Edessan dialects, and particularly those of <a href="/wiki/Western_Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Aramaic language">Western Aramaic</a> provenience,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERompay2008366-54">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock201196-97-55">[54]</a> persist as an accepted convention, but in the same time stands in contradiction both with original Greek, and later native (acquired) uses of Syrian/Syriac labels as common designations for <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic language</a> in general. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ambrosianus_F128.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ambrosianus_F128.png/265px-Ambrosianus_F128.png" decoding="async" width="265" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ambrosianus_F128.png/398px-Ambrosianus_F128.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ambrosianus_F128.png/530px-Ambrosianus_F128.png 2x" data-file-width="2310" data-file-height="1263" /></a><figcaption>Syriac "Codex Ambrosianus" (F. 128) from the 11th century (CORRECTION: here the text is in Greek cursive)</figcaption></figure> Those problems were addressed by prominent scholars, including <a href="/wiki/Theodor_N%C3%B6ldeke" title="Theodor Nöldeke">Theodor Nöldeke</a> (d. 1930) who noted on several occasions that term "Syriac language" has come to have two distinctive meanings, wider and narrower, with first (historical and wider) serving as a common <a href="/wiki/Synonym" title="Synonym">synonym</a> for Aramaic language in general, while other (conventional and narrower) designating only the Edessan Aramaic, also referred to more specifically as the "Classical Syriac".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENöldeke1886649-56">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENöldeke1904XXXI-57">[56]</a> Noting the problem, scholars have tried to resolve the issue by being more consistent in their use of the term "Classical Syriac" as a strict and clear scientific designation for the old literary and liturgical language, but the consistency of such use was never achieved within the field.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock1989b363–375-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERompay199472-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHealey2012638-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGzella2015367-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGzella2019205-207-61">[60]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bilingual_Syriac-New_Persian_psalter_in_Syriac_script,_Bulayik,_12th-13th_century_AD,_paper_-_Ethnological_Museum,_Berlin_-_DSC01760.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Bilingual_Syriac-New_Persian_psalter_in_Syriac_script%2C_Bulayik%2C_12th-13th_century_AD%2C_paper_-_Ethnological_Museum%2C_Berlin_-_DSC01760.JPG/265px-Bilingual_Syriac-New_Persian_psalter_in_Syriac_script%2C_Bulayik%2C_12th-13th_century_AD%2C_paper_-_Ethnological_Museum%2C_Berlin_-_DSC01760.JPG" decoding="async" width="265" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Bilingual_Syriac-New_Persian_psalter_in_Syriac_script%2C_Bulayik%2C_12th-13th_century_AD%2C_paper_-_Ethnological_Museum%2C_Berlin_-_DSC01760.JPG/398px-Bilingual_Syriac-New_Persian_psalter_in_Syriac_script%2C_Bulayik%2C_12th-13th_century_AD%2C_paper_-_Ethnological_Museum%2C_Berlin_-_DSC01760.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Bilingual_Syriac-New_Persian_psalter_in_Syriac_script%2C_Bulayik%2C_12th-13th_century_AD%2C_paper_-_Ethnological_Museum%2C_Berlin_-_DSC01760.JPG/530px-Bilingual_Syriac-New_Persian_psalter_in_Syriac_script%2C_Bulayik%2C_12th-13th_century_AD%2C_paper_-_Ethnological_Museum%2C_Berlin_-_DSC01760.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5438" data-file-height="1953" /></a><figcaption>A bilingual Syriac and Neo-Persian <a href="/wiki/Psalter" title="Psalter">psalter</a>, in Syriac script, from the 12th–13th century</figcaption></figure> Inconsistent use of "Syrian/Syriac" labels in scholarly literature has led some researchers to raise additional questions, related not only to terminological issues but also to some more fundamental (methodological) problems, that were undermining the integrity of the field.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIshow1978359-365-62">[61]</a> Attempts to resolve those issues were unsuccessful, and in many scholarly works, related to the old literary and liturgical language, reduction of the term "Classical Syriac" to "Syriac" (only) remained a manner of convenience, even in titles of works, including encyclopedic entries, thus creating a large body of unspecific references, that became a base for the emergence of several new classes of terminological problems at the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Informational_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Informational era">informational era</a>. Those problems culminated during the process of <a href="/wiki/International_standardization" class="mw-redirect" title="International standardization">international standardization</a> of the terms "Syriac" and "Classical Syriac" within the <a href="/wiki/ISO_639" title="ISO 639">ISO 639</a> and <a href="/wiki/MARC_standards" title="MARC standards">MARC</a> systems. The term "Classical Syriac" was accepted in 2007 and codified (ISO code: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=511">syc</a>) as a designation for the old literary and liturgical language, thus confirming the proper use of the term.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> In the same time, within the MARC standard, code syc was accepted as designation for Classical Syriac, but under the name "Syriac", while the existing general code syr, that was until then named "Syriac", was renamed to "Syriac, Modern".<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> Within ISO 639 system, large body of unspecific references related to various linguistic uses of the term "Syriac" remained related to the original <a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a> code syr (Syriac),<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> but its scope is defined within the <a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a> standard as a <a href="/wiki/Macrolanguage" class="mw-redirect" title="Macrolanguage">macrolanguage</a> that currently includes only some of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Aramaic">Neo-Aramaic</a> languages.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> Such differences in classification, both terminological and substantial, within systems and between systems (ISO and MARC), led to the creation of several additional problems, that remain unresolved.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> Within linguistics, mosaic of terminological ambiguities related to Syrian/Syriac labels was additionally enriched by introduction of the term "Palaeo-Syrian language" as a variant designation for the ancient <a href="/wiki/Eblaite_language" title="Eblaite language">Eblaite language</a> from the third millennium BC,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarbini198181-68">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński200151-52-69">[68]</a> that is unrelated to the much later Edessan Aramaic, and its early phases, that were commonly labeled as Old/Proto- or even Paleo/Palaeo-Syrian/Syriac in scholarly literature. Newest addition to the terminological mosaic occurred <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2014, when it was proposed, also by a scholar, that one of regional dialects of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Aramaic" title="Old Aramaic">Old Aramaic</a> language from the first centuries of the <a href="/wiki/1st_millennium_BC" title="1st millennium BC">1st millennium BC</a> should be called "Central Syrian Aramaic",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGzella201473-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGzella201511,_67–87-71">[70]</a> thus introducing another ambiguous term, that can be used, in its generic meaning, to any local variant of Aramaic that occurred in central regions of Syria during any period in history. After more than five centuries of <a href="/wiki/Syriac_studies" title="Syriac studies">Syriac studies</a>, which were founded by western scholars at the end of the 15th century,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnett2005421-436-72">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2019751-769-73">[72]</a> main terminological issues related to the name and classification of the language known as Edessan Aramaic, and also referred to by several other names combined of Syrian/Syriac labels, remain opened and unsolved. Some of those issues have special <a href="/wiki/Sociolinguistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociolinguistic">sociolinguistic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnolinguistic">ethnolinguistic</a> significance for the remaining <a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Aramaic">Neo-Aramaic</a> speaking communities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinrichs1990-74">[73]</a> Since the occurrence of major political changes in the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a> (2003), those issues have acquired additional complexity, related to legal recognition of the language and its name.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaby2004197-203-75">[74]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iraq" title="Constitution of Iraq">Constitution of Iraq</a> (Article 4), adopted in 2005, and also in subsequent legislation, term "Syriac" (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: السريانية / al-suriania) is used as official designation for the language of <a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Aramaic">Neo-Aramaic</a>-speaking communities,<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> thus opening additional questions related to linguistic and cultural identity of those communities. Legal and other practical (educational and informational) aspects of the linguistic <a href="/wiki/Self-identification" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-identification">self-identification</a> also arose throughout Syriac-speaking <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a>, particularly in European countries (Germany, Sweden, Netherlands).<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Syriac_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syriac_Christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The distribution of the Syriac language in Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Syriac_Christianity.svg/265px-Syriac_Christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="265" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Syriac_Christianity.svg/398px-Syriac_Christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Syriac_Christianity.svg/530px-Syriac_Christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1273" data-file-height="685" /></a><figcaption>Once a major language in the <a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabia" title="Eastern Arabia">Eastern Arabia</a>, Syriac is now limited to the towns and villages in the <a href="/wiki/Nineveh_Plains" title="Nineveh Plains">Nineveh Plains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tur_Abdin" title="Tur Abdin">Tur Abdin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Khabur_(Euphrates)" title="Khabur (Euphrates)">Khabur</a> plains, in and around the cities of <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil">Erbil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a>.</figcaption></figure> Syriac was the local <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialect</a> of Aramaic in <a href="/wiki/Edessa" title="Edessa">Edessa</a>, and evolved under the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a> into its current form. Before Arabic became the dominant language, Syriac was a major language among Christian communities in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a> in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeill200438-19">[18]</a> and remains so among the <a href="/wiki/Terms_for_Syriac_Christians" title="Terms for Syriac Christians">Syriac Christians</a> to this day. It has been found as far afield as <a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Hadrian's Wall">Hadrian's Wall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>, with inscriptions written by Aramaic-speaking soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHealey200913-79">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Syriac_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syriac_Dialects_EN.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Syriac_Dialects_EN.svg/265px-Syriac_Dialects_EN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="265" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Syriac_Dialects_EN.svg/398px-Syriac_Dialects_EN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Syriac_Dialects_EN.svg/530px-Syriac_Dialects_EN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1190" data-file-height="810" /></a><figcaption>The modern distribution of <a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_languages" title="Neo-Aramaic languages">Neo-Aramaic languages</a>, including Neo-Syriac groups</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Early_Syriac_alphabet_form_of_the_name_of_Jesus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Early_Syriac_alphabet_form_of_the_name_of_Jesus.svg/265px-Early_Syriac_alphabet_form_of_the_name_of_Jesus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="265" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Early_Syriac_alphabet_form_of_the_name_of_Jesus.svg/398px-Early_Syriac_alphabet_form_of_the_name_of_Jesus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Early_Syriac_alphabet_form_of_the_name_of_Jesus.svg/530px-Early_Syriac_alphabet_form_of_the_name_of_Jesus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="198" /></a><figcaption>Īšoˁ, the Syriac pronunciation of the Hebrew and Aramaic name of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>, Yeshuʿ (ישוע)</figcaption></figure> History of Syriac language is divided into several successive periods, defined primarily by linguistic, and also by cultural criteria. Some terminological and chronological distinctions exist between different classifications, that were proposed among scholars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2008506-509-80">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButts2019225-231-81">[80]</a> <ul><li>"Old Syriac" (Old-Edessan Aramaic), represents the earliest stage in development of the language, that emerged by the beginning of the first century AD as the main Aramaic dialect in the region of <a href="/wiki/Osroene" title="Osroene">Osroene</a>, centered in <a href="/wiki/Edessa" title="Edessa">Edessa</a>, and continued to develop during the next two or three centuries, gradually gaining wider regional significance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHealey2007115–127-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHealey2008221-229-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButts2019225-227-84">[83]</a></li> <li>"Middle Syriac" (Middle-Edessan Aramaic), most commonly known as "Classical Syriac" or "Literary Syriac" (ܟܬܒܢܝܐ Kṯāḇānāyā), represents the most important period in the history of the language, marked by notable literary, liturgical and cultural development and expansion, from the third to the thirteenth century. The period is further subdivided into three stages: <ul><li>Early Classical Syriac (Pre-Classical Syriac), represents the earliest stage in development of Classical Syriac during the third and fourth century, preceding the later linguistic standardization.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButts2019227-230-85">[84]</a></li> <li>Classical Syriac (in the narrower sense of the term), represents the main, standardized stage in development of Classical Syriac, from the fourth century up to the eighth century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButts2019230-231-86">[85]</a></li> <li>Late Classical Syriac (Post-Classical Syriac), represents the later, somewhat declining stage in development of Classical Syriac, from the eighth century up to the twelfth or thirteenth century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButts2019231-87">[86]</a></li></ul></li> <li>"Modern Syriac" (Neo-Syriac Aramaic) represents modern <a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_languages" title="Neo-Aramaic languages">Neo-Aramaic languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński200170-88">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2008505-531-89">[88]</a> Neo-Syriac languages did not develop directly from Classical Syriac, but rather from closely related dialects belonging to the same branch of Aramaic. Those dialects have long co-existed with Classical Syriac as a liturgical and literary language, and were significantly influenced by it during the <a href="/wiki/Late_medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Late medieval">late medieval</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern">early modern</a> period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurre_van_den_Berg2008335–352-90">[89]</a> Modern Syriac is divided into: <ul><li>Modern Eastern Syriac (<a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Neo-Aramaic" title="Northeastern Neo-Aramaic">Northeastern Neo-Aramaic</a>), including primarily <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Neo-Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Neo-Aramaic">Assyrian Neo-Aramaic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Neo-Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaldean Neo-Aramaic">Chaldean Neo-Aramaic</a>. The term is usually not used in reference to <a href="/wiki/Neo-Mandaic" title="Neo-Mandaic">Neo-Mandaic</a>, another variety of Eastern Aramaic spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Mandaeans" title="Mandaeans">Mandaeans</a>.</li> <li>Modern Western Syriac (<a href="/wiki/Central_Neo-Aramaic" title="Central Neo-Aramaic">Central Neo-Aramaic</a>), including (<a href="/wiki/Turoyo_language" title="Turoyo language">Turoyo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mlahs%C3%B4_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mlahsô language">Mlahsô</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński200170-88">[87]</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Syriac_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alter_Orient_0100AD.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Alter_Orient_0100AD.svg/265px-Alter_Orient_0100AD.svg.png" decoding="async" width="265" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Alter_Orient_0100AD.svg/398px-Alter_Orient_0100AD.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Alter_Orient_0100AD.svg/530px-Alter_Orient_0100AD.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2102" data-file-height="1510" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_homeland" title="Linguistic homeland">Linguistic homeland</a> of Edessan Aramaic: the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Osroene" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Osroene">Kingdom of Osroene</a> between the Romans and Parthians, in the 1st century AD</figcaption></figure> During the first three centuries of the <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a>, a local Aramaic dialect spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Osroene" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Osroene">Kingdom of Osroene</a>, centered in <a href="/wiki/Edessa" title="Edessa">Edessa</a>, eastern of <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a>, started to gain prominence and regional significance. There are about eighty extant early inscriptions, written in Old-Edessan Aramaic, dated to the first three centuries AD, with the earliest inscription being dated to the 6th year AD, and the earliest parchment to 243 AD. All of these early examples of the language are non-Christian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHealey2007115–127-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHealey2008221-229-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHealey2012641-642-91">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButts2019225-247-92">[91]</a> As a language of public life and administration in the region of Osroene, Edessan Aramaic was gradually given a relatively coherent form, style and grammar that is lacking in other Aramaic dialects of the same period. Since Old-Edessan Aramaic later developed into Classical Syriac, it was retroactively labeled by western scholars as "Old Syrian/Syriac" or "Proto-Syrian/Syriac", although the <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_homeland" title="Linguistic homeland">linguistic homeland</a> of the language in the region of Osroene, was never part of contemporary (Roman) <a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Syria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHealey2007115–127-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHealey2008221-229-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHealey2012641-642-91">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButts2019225-247-92">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literary_Syriac">Literary Syriac</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Syriac_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Literary Syriac">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:6thBeatitude.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/6thBeatitude.svg/400px-6thBeatitude.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/6thBeatitude.svg/600px-6thBeatitude.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/6thBeatitude.svg/800px-6thBeatitude.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1496" data-file-height="86" /></a><figcaption>The sixth <a href="/wiki/Beatitudes" title="Beatitudes">beatitude</a> (<a href="/wiki/Matthew_5:8" title="Matthew 5:8">Matthew 5:8</a>) from an East Syriac Peshitta. ܛܘܼܒܲܝܗܘܿܢ ܠܐܲܝܠܹܝܢ ܕܲܕ݂ܟܹܝܢ ܒܠܸܒ̇ܗܘܿܢ܄ ܕܗܸܢ݂ܘܿܢ ܢܸܚܙܘܿܢ ܠܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ܂ Ṭūḇayhōn l-ʾaylên da-ḏḵên b-lebbhōn, d-hennōn neḥzōn l-ʾălāhā. 'Blessed are the pure in heart, for they shall see God.'</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Syriac_literature" title="Syriac literature">Syriac literature</a></div> In the 3rd century, churches in <a href="/wiki/Edessa" title="Edessa">Edessa</a> began to use local Aramaic dialect as the language of worship. Early literary efforts were focused on creation of an authoritative Aramaic translation of the Bible, the <a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a> (ܦܫܝܛܬܐ Pšīṭtā).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeursen2008231–256-93">[92]</a> At the same time, <a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a> was producing the most treasured collection of poetry and theology in the Edessan Aramaic language, that later became known as Syriac. In 489, many Syriac-speaking Christians living in the eastern reaches of the Roman Empire fled to the Sasanian Empire to escape persecution and growing animosity with Greek-speaking Christians.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Christological differences with the Church of the East led to the bitter <a href="/wiki/Nestorian_Schism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestorian Schism">Nestorian Schism</a> in the Syriac-speaking world. As a result, Syriac developed distinctive western and eastern varieties. Although remaining a single language with a high level of comprehension between the varieties, the two employ distinctive variations in pronunciation and writing system, and, to a lesser degree, in vocabulary. The Syriac language later split into a western variety, used mainly by the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a> in upper Mesopotamia and Syria proper, and an eastern variety used mainly by the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> in central and northeastern Mesopotamia. Religious divisions were also reflected in linguistic differences between the <a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">Western Syriac Rite</a> and the <a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">Eastern Syriac Rite</a>. During the 5th and the 6th century, Syriac reached its height as the lingua franca of <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> and surrounding regions. It existed in literary (liturgical) form, as well as in vernacular forms, as the native language of Syriac-speaking populations. Following the Arab conquest in the 7th century, vernacular forms of Syriac were gradually replaced during the next centuries by the advancing <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeninger2012747–755-21">[20]</a> Having an Aramaic (Syriac) <a href="/wiki/Substrata_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Substrata (linguistics)">substratum</a>, the regional Arabic dialect (<a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="Mesopotamian Arabic">Mesopotamian Arabic</a>) developed under the strong influence of local Aramaic (Syriac) dialects, sharing significant similarities in language structure, as well as having evident and stark influences from previous (ancient) languages of the region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan200795-114-94">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERío_Sánchez2013129-136-95">[94]</a> Syriac-influenced Arabic dialects developed among <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Arabs" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Arabs">Iraqi Muslims</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iraq" title="Christianity in Iraq">Iraqi Christians</a>, most of whom descend from native Syriac speakers. Western Syriac is the official language of the <a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac Rite</a>, practiced by the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac Catholic Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Maronite Catholic Church">Maronite Catholic Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church" title="Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church">Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Independent_Syrian_Church" title="Malabar Independent Syrian Church">Malabar Independent Syrian Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Malankara_Mar_Thoma_Syrian_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church">Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara Catholic Church</a> and some Parishes in the <a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Kottayam" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Kottayam">Syro-Malabar Knanaya Archeparchy of Kottayam</a>. Eastern Syriac is the liturgical language of the <a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac Rite</a>, practised in modern times by the ethnic Assyrian followers of the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Pentecostal_Church" title="Assyrian Pentecostal Church">Assyrian Pentecostal Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient Church of the East</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean Catholic Church</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Church">Syro-Malabar Catholic Church</a> in India. Syriac literature is by far the most prodigious of the various Aramaic languages. Its corpus covers poetry, prose, theology, liturgy, hymnody, history, philosophy, science, medicine and natural history. Much of this wealth remains unavailable in critical editions or modern translation. From the 7th century onwards, Syriac gradually gave way to <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> as the spoken language of much of the region, excepting northern Iraq and Mount Lebanon. The <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests" title="Mongol invasions and conquests">Mongol invasions and conquests</a> of the 13th century, and the religiously motivated massacres of Syriac Christians by <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a> further contributed to the rapid decline of the language. In many places outside of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia" title="Upper Mesopotamia">Upper Mesopotamia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon" title="Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon</a>, even in liturgy, it was replaced by Arabic. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_status">Current status</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Syriac_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Current status">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tabelayeke_bi_suryan%C3%AE_D%C3%AAra_Zehferan%C3%AA_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Tabelayeke_bi_suryan%C3%AE_D%C3%AAra_Zehferan%C3%AA_2008.jpg/220px-Tabelayeke_bi_suryan%C3%AE_D%C3%AAra_Zehferan%C3%AA_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Tabelayeke_bi_suryan%C3%AE_D%C3%AAra_Zehferan%C3%AA_2008.jpg/330px-Tabelayeke_bi_suryan%C3%AE_D%C3%AAra_Zehferan%C3%AA_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Tabelayeke_bi_suryan%C3%AE_D%C3%AAra_Zehferan%C3%AA_2008.jpg/440px-Tabelayeke_bi_suryan%C3%AE_D%C3%AAra_Zehferan%C3%AA_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A warning sign in <a href="/wiki/Mardin" title="Mardin">Mardin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>: <table> <tbody><tr> <th>Syriac </th> <th>Turkish </th></tr> <tr> <td>ܫܬܩܐ ܒܒܥܘ šeṯqā, b-ḇāʿū 'Silence, please') </td> <td>Lütfen! Sessiz olalım! 'Please! Let's be quiet!' </td></tr></tbody></table> </figcaption></figure> Revivals of literary Syriac in recent times have led to some success with the creation of newspapers in written Syriac (ܟܬܒܢܝܐ Kṯāḇānāyā) similar to the use of <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard Arabic</a> has been employed since the early decades of the 20th century.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] Modern forms of literary Syriac have also been used not only in religious literature but also in secular genres, often with <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_nationalism" title="Assyrian nationalism">Assyrian nationalistic</a> themes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiraz2007129-142-96">[95]</a> Syriac is spoken as the liturgical language of the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a>, as well as by some of <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Christians_(Middle_East)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syriac Orthodox Christians (Middle East)">its adherents</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt200958-97">[96]</a> Syriac has been recognised as an official <a href="/wiki/Minority_language" title="Minority language">minority language</a> in Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> It is also taught in some public schools in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a>,<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>,<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> <a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a> (Germany) and <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> (India). In 2014, an Assyrian <a href="/wiki/Preschool" title="Preschool">nursery school</a> could finally be opened in <a href="/wiki/Ye%C5%9Filk%C3%B6y" title="Yeşilköy">Yeşilköy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> after waging a lawsuit against the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Education_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of National Education (Turkey)">Ministry of National Education</a> which had denied it permission, but was required to respect non-Muslim minority rights as specified in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> In August 2016, the Ourhi Centre was founded by the Assyrian community in the city of Qamishli, to educate teachers in order to make Syriac an additional language to be taught in public schools in the <a href="/wiki/Jazira_Region" title="Jazira Region">Jazira Region</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria</a>,<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> which then started with the 2016/17 academic year.<a href="#cite_note-syriaclanguage-105">[104]</a> In April 2023, a team of AI researchers completed the first AI translation model and website for classical Syriac.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Syriac_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Grammar">edit</a>]</div> Many Syriac words, like those in other <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic languages</a>, belong to <a href="/wiki/Semitic_root#Triconsonantal_roots" title="Semitic root">triconsonantal roots</a>, collations of three Syriac consonants. New words are built from these three consonants with variable vowel and consonant sets. For example, the following words belong to the root ܫܩܠ (ŠQL), to which a basic meaning of taking can be assigned: <ul><li>ܫܩܠ – šqal: "he has taken"</li> <li>ܢܫܩܘܠ – nešqol: "he will take, ... let him take, ... so that he might take."</li> <li>ܫܩܘܠ – šqol: "take! (masculine singular)"</li> <li>ܫܩܠ – šāqel: "he takes, he is taking, the one (masculine) who takes"</li> <li>ܫܩܠ – šaqqel: "he has lifted/raised"</li> <li>ܐܫܩܠ – ʾašqel: "he has set out"</li> <li>ܫܩܠܐ – šqālā: "a taking, burden, recension, portion or syllable"</li> <li>ܫܩ̈ܠܐ – šeqlē: "takings, profits, taxes"</li> <li>ܫܩܠܘܬܐ – šaqluṯā: "a beast of burden"</li> <li>ܫܘܩܠܐ – šuqqālā: "arrogance"</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouns">Nouns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Syriac_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Nouns">edit</a>]</div> Most Syriac <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">nouns</a> are built from triliteral roots. Nouns carry <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">grammatical gender</a> (masculine or feminine), they can be either singular or plural in number (a very few can be dual) and can exist in one of three grammatical states. These states should not be confused with <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">grammatical cases</a> in other languages. <ul><li>The absolute state is the basic form of the noun – ܫܩ̈ܠܝܢ, šeqlin, "taxes".</li> <li>The emphatic state usually represents a definite noun – ܫܩ̈ܠܐ, šeqlē, "the taxes".</li> <li>The construct state marks a noun in relationship to another noun – ܫܩ̈ܠܝ, šeqlay, "taxes of...".</li></ul> However, very quickly in the development of Classical Syriac, the emphatic state became the ordinary form of the noun, and the absolute and construct states were relegated to certain stock phrases (for example, ܒܪ ܐܢܫܐ/ܒܪܢܫܐ, bar nāšā, "man, person", literally "son of man"). In Old and early Classical Syriac, most <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a> noun relationships are built using the construct state, but contrary to the genitive case, it is the head-noun which is marked by the construct state. Thus, ܫܩ̈ܠܝ ܡܠܟܘܬܐ, šeqlay malkuṯā, means "the taxes of the kingdom". Quickly, the construct relationship was abandoned and replaced by the use of the relative particle ܕ, d-, da-. Thus, the same <a href="/wiki/Noun_phrase" title="Noun phrase">noun phrase</a> becomes ܫܩ̈ܠܐ ܕܡܠܟܘܬܐ, šeqlē d-malkuṯā, where both nouns are in the emphatic state. Very closely related nouns can be drawn into a closer grammatical relationship by the addition of a pronominal suffix. Thus, the phrase can be written as ܫܩ̈ܠܝܗ ܕܡܠܟܘܬܐ, šeqlêh d-malkuṯā. In this case, both nouns continue to be in the emphatic state, but the first has the suffix that makes it literally read "her taxes" ("kingdom" is feminine), and thus is "her taxes, [those] of the kingdom". <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">Adjectives</a> always agree in gender and number with the nouns they modify. Adjectives are in the absolute state if they are <a href="/wiki/Predicative_expression#Predicative_(adjectival_or_nominal)" title="Predicative expression">predicative</a>, but agree with the state of their noun if <a href="/wiki/Adjective#Attributive_adjective" title="Adjective">attributive</a>. Thus, ܒܝܫܝ̈ܢ ܫܩ̈ܠܐ, bišin šeqlē, means "the taxes are evil", whereas ܫܩ̈ܠܐ ܒܝ̈ܫܐ, šeqlē ḇišē, means "evil taxes". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Syriac_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Verbs">edit</a>]</div> Most Syriac verbs are built on triliteral roots as well. Finite verbs carry <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">person</a>, gender (except in the first person) and number, as well as <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tense</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation" title="Grammatical conjugation">conjugation</a>. The non-finite verb forms are the <a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">infinitive</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Active_voice" title="Active voice">active</a> and <a href="/wiki/Passive_voice" title="Passive voice">passive</a> <a href="/wiki/Participle" title="Participle">participles</a>. Syriac has only two true <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphological</a> tenses: perfect and imperfect. Whereas these tenses were originally <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspectual</a> in Aramaic, they have become a truly temporal <a href="/wiki/Past_tense" title="Past tense">past</a> and <a href="/wiki/Future_tense" title="Future tense">future</a> tenses respectively. The <a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">present tense</a> is usually marked with the <a href="/wiki/Participle" title="Participle">participle</a> followed by the <a href="/wiki/Subject_(grammar)" title="Subject (grammar)">subject</a> <a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronoun</a>. Such pronouns are usually omitted in the case of the third person. This use of the participle to mark the present tense is the most common of a number of compound tenses that can be used to express varying senses of tense and aspect. Syriac also employs <a href="/wiki/Derived_stem" title="Derived stem">derived verb stems</a> such as are present in other Semitic languages. These are regular modifications of the verb's root to express other changes in meaning. The first stem is the ground state, or Pəʿal (this name models the shape of the root) form of the verb, which carries the usual meaning of the word. The next is the intensive stem, or Paʿʿel, form of the verb, which usually carries an <a href="/wiki/Intensive_word_form" title="Intensive word form">intensified meaning</a>. The third is the extensive stem, or ʾAp̄ʿel, form of the verb, which is often <a href="/wiki/Causative" title="Causative">causative</a> in meaning. Each of these stems has its parallel <a href="/wiki/Passive_voice" title="Passive voice">passive</a> conjugation: the ʾEṯpəʿel, ʾEṯpaʿʿal and ʾEttap̄ʿal respectively. To these six cardinal stems are added a few irregular stems, like the Šap̄ʿel and ʾEštap̄ʿal, which generally have an extensive meaning. The basic G-stem or "Peal" conjugation of "to write" in the perfect and imperfect is as follows:<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2">Perfect </th> <th colspan="2">Imperfect </th></tr> <tr> <th>singular</th> <th>plural </th> <th>singular</th> <th>plural </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">1st person </th> <td>ܟܬܒܬ keṯḇeṯ </td> <td>ܟܬܒܢ kəṯaḇn </td> <td>ܐܟܬܘܒ eḵtoḇ </td> <td>ܢܟܬܘܒ neḵtoḇ </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">2nd person </th> <th>m. </th> <td>ܟܬܒܬ kəṯaḇt </td> <td>ܟܬܒܬܘܢ kəṯaḇtûn </td> <td>ܬܟܬܘܒ teḵtoḇ </td> <td>ܬܟܬܒܘܢ teḵtəḇûn </td></tr> <tr> <th>f. </th> <td>ܟܬܒܬܝ kəṯaḇt </td> <td>ܟܬܒ̈ܬܝܢ kəṯaḇtên </td> <td>ܬܟܬܒܝܢ teḵtəḇîn </td> <td>ܬܟܬܒ̈ܢ teḵtəḇān </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">3rd person </th> <th>m. </th> <td>ܟܬܒ kəṯaḇ </td> <td>ܟܬܒܘ kəṯaḇ </td> <td>ܢܟܬܘܒ neḵtoḇ </td> <td>ܢܟܬܒܘܢ neḵtəḇûn </td></tr> <tr> <th>f. </th> <td>ܟܬܒܬ keṯbaṯ </td> <td>ܟܬܒ kəṯaḇ </td> <td>ܬܟܬܘܒ teḵtoḇ </td> <td>ܢܟܬܒ̈ܢ neḵtəḇān </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Syriac_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Phonology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Aboun.ogg" title="File:Aboun.ogg">ʾAḇôn daḇašmayyā</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="88" data-mwtitle="Aboun.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Aboun.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/ba/Aboun.ogg/Aboun.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description"><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a>, ʾAḇōn daḇašmayyā sung in Western Syriac</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> Phonologically, like the other Northwest Semitic languages, Syriac has 22 consonants. The consonantal phonemes are: <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td>transliteration </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph">ʾ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bet_(letter)" title="Bet (letter)">b</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gimel" title="Gimel">g</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dalet" title="Dalet">d</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/He_(letter)" title="He (letter)">h</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)" title="Waw (letter)">w</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zayin" title="Zayin">z</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Heth" title="Heth">ḥ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Teth" title="Teth">ṭ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yodh" title="Yodh">y</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaph" title="Kaph">k</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lamedh" title="Lamedh">l</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mem" title="Mem">m</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nun_(letter)" title="Nun (letter)">n</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Samekh" title="Samekh">s</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ayin" title="Ayin">ʿ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pe_(Semitic_letter)" title="Pe (Semitic letter)">p</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tsade" title="Tsade">ṣ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Qoph" title="Qoph">q</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Resh" title="Resh">r</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)" title="Shin (letter)">š</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Taw" title="Taw">t</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>letter </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;">ܐ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;">ܒ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;">ܓ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;">ܕ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;">ܗ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;">ܘ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;">ܙ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;">ܚ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;">ܛ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;">ܝ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;">ܟ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;">ܠ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;">ܡ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;">ܢ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;">ܣ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;">ܥ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;">ܦ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;">ܨ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;">ܩ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;">ܪ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;">ܫ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;">ܬ </td></tr> <tr> <td>pronunciation </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>], [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">g</a>], [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>], [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">tˤ</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>], [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">ʕ</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>], [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">sˤ</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>], [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a>] </td></tr></tbody></table> Phonetically, there is some variation in the pronunciation of Syriac in its various forms. The various Modern Eastern Aramaic vernaculars have quite different pronunciations, and these sometimes influence how the classical language is pronounced, for example, in public prayer. Classical Syriac has two major streams of pronunciation: western and eastern. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Syriac_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Consonants">edit</a>]</div> Syriac shares with Aramaic a set of lightly contrasted <a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">stop</a>/<a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">fricative</a> pairs. In different variations of a certain lexical root, a root consonant might exist in stop form in one variation and fricative form in another. In the Syriac alphabet, a single letter is used for each pair. Sometimes a dot is placed above the letter (quššāyā "strengthening"; equivalent to a <a href="/wiki/Dagesh" title="Dagesh">dagesh</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>) to mark that the stop pronunciation is required, and a dot is placed below the letter (rukkāḵā "softening") to mark that the fricative pronunciation is required. The pairs are: <ul><li>Voiced <a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">labial</a> pair – /b/ and /v/</li> <li>Voiced <a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">velar</a> pair – /ɡ/ and /ɣ/</li> <li>Voiced <a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">dental</a> pair – /d/ and /ð/</li> <li>Voiceless <a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">labial</a> pair – /p/ and /f/</li> <li>Voiceless <a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">velar</a> pair – /k/ and /x/</li> <li>Voiceless <a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">dental</a> pair – /t/ and /θ/</li></ul> Like some Semitic languages, Syriac too has <a href="/wiki/Emphatic_consonant" title="Emphatic consonant">emphatic consonants</a>, and it has three of them, /q/ being a historically emphatic variant of /k/. These are consonants that have a coarticulation in the <a href="/wiki/Human_pharynx" class="mw-redirect" title="Human pharynx">pharynx</a> or slightly higher. There are two <a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant">pharyngeal</a> fricatives, another class of consonants typically found in Semitic languages. Syriac also has a rich array of <a href="/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant">sibilants</a>: <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Table of Syriac consonants </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_consonant" title="Labiodental consonant">Labio- dental</a> </th> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post- alveolar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant">Pharyn- geal</a> </th> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">plain</th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">emphatic</a> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a> </th> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">tˤ</a></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">sˤ</a></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-right: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">ʕ</a> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Syriac_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Vowels">edit</a>]</div> As with most Semitic languages, the vowels of Syriac are mostly subordinated to consonants. Especially in the presence of an emphatic consonant, vowels tend to become mid-centralised. Classical Syriac had the following distinguishable vowels: <table> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption class="nowrap">Vowel phonemes in Classical Syriac </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">unrounded</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">rounded</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> In the western dialect, /ɑ/ has become [ɔ], and the original /o/ has merged with /u/. In eastern dialects, there is more fluidity in the pronunciation of <a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">front vowels</a>, with some speakers distinguishing five qualities of such vowels, and others only distinguishing three. Vowel length is generally not important: <a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">close vowels</a> tend to be longer than <a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">open vowels</a>. The open vowels form <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">approximants</a> /j/ and /w/. In almost all dialects, the full sets of possible diphthongs collapses into two or three actual pronunciations: <ul><li>/ɑj/ usually becomes /aj/, but the western dialect has /oj/</li> <li>/aj/, further, sometimes <a href="/wiki/Monophthong" title="Monophthong">monophthongized</a> to /e/</li> <li>/aw/ usually becomes /ɑw/</li> <li>/ɑw/, further, sometimes monophthongized to /o/</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Syriac_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/MiddleEast_blacky.svg/21px-MiddleEast_blacky.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/MiddleEast_blacky.svg/32px-MiddleEast_blacky.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/MiddleEast_blacky.svg/42px-MiddleEast_blacky.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1551" data-file-height="1402" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Middle East">Middle East</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/21px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/42px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/19px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/29px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/38px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Languages">Languages</a></li></ul></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_literature" title="Syriac literature">Syriac literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_sacral_music" title="Syriac sacral music">Syriac sacral music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_studies" title="Syriac studies">Syriac studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_studies" title="Aramaic studies">Aramaic studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Syriac" class="mw-redirect" title="Bible translations into Syriac">Bible translations into Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Aramaic" title="Bible translations into Aramaic">Bible translations into Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_languages" title="Neo-Aramaic languages">Neo-Aramaic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_loanwords_in_Classical_Syriac" title="List of loanwords in Classical Syriac">List of loanwords in Classical Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Scriptorum_Christianorum_Orientalium" title="Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium">Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Syriac_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Classical, unvocalized spelling; with Eastern Syriac vowels: ܠܸܫܵܢܵܐ ܣܘܼܪܝܵܝܵܐ; with Western Syriac vowels: ܠܶܫܳ݁ܢܳܐ ܣܽܘܪܝܳܝܳܐ. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Syriac_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMario_KozahAbdulrahim_Abu-HusaynSaif_Shaheen_Al-MurikhiHaya_Al_Thani2014" class="citation book cs1">Mario Kozah; <a href="/wiki/Abdulrahim_Abu-Husayn" title="Abdulrahim Abu-Husayn">Abdulrahim Abu-Husayn</a>; Saif Shaheen Al-Murikhi; Haya Al Thani (9 December 2014). The Syriac Writers of Qatar in the Seventh Century. Gorgias Press. p. 298. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781463236649" title="Special:BookSources/9781463236649"><bdi>9781463236649</bdi></a>. <q>The Syriac writers of Qatar themselves produced some of the best and most sophisticated writing to be found in all Syriac literature of the seventh century, but they have not received the scholarly attention that they deserve in the last half century. This volume seeks to redress this underdevelopment by setting the standard for further research in the sub-field of Beth Qatraye studies.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Syriac+Writers+of+Qatar+in+the+Seventh+Century&rft.pages=298&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2014-12-09&rft.isbn=9781463236649&rft.au=Mario+Kozah&rft.au=Abdulrahim+Abu-Husayn&rft.au=Saif+Shaheen+Al-Murikhi&rft.au=Haya+Al+Thani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHealey2012637-652-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHealey2012637-652_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHealey2012637-652_2-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHealey2012">Healey 2012</a>, p. 637-652. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHealey2012637,_649-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHealey2012637,_649_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHealey2012">Healey 2012</a>, p. 637, 649. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Religious Origins of Nations?. BRILL. 2010. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004173750" title="Special:BookSources/9789004173750"><bdi>9789004173750</bdi></a>. <q>In the grammar of <a href="/wiki/Jacob_of_Edessa" title="Jacob of Edessa">Jacob of Edessa</a>, the Syriac language is in fact called mamllā Urhāyā (2a9) or leššānā Urhāyā (2b, 12-13), mamllā Nahrāyā (2b, 19-20), the Edessan or Mesopotamian tongue or language.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Origins+of+Nations%3F&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9789004173750&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatonnetDebie2023" class="citation book cs1">Chatonnet, Francoise Briquel; Debie, Muriel (20 June 2023). The Syriac World. Yale University Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300271256" title="Special:BookSources/9780300271256"><bdi>9780300271256</bdi></a>. <q>The fact that the Syriac language can be known as suryāyā (the adjectival form of "Syrian" in the old sense), aramāyā (formed from "Aramean"), or urhāyā (formed from the Aramaic name Edessa, Urhay) shows the complexity of identity and self-definition within this culture.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Syriac+World&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2023-06-20&rft.isbn=9780300271256&rft.aulast=Chatonnet&rft.aufirst=Francoise+Briquel&rft.au=Debie%2C+Muriel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Eusebius, Christianity and Judaism. Brill. 4 October 2022. p. 226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004509139" title="Special:BookSources/9789004509139"><bdi>9789004509139</bdi></a>. <q>Syriac is nothing other than a literary dialect of Aramaic which possesses its own distinctive script. Early Syriac writers use a variety of terms to refer to the language, but besides the more general terms "Aramaya" (Aramaic) and "Suryaya" (Syriac), a third term stands out, "Urhaya," the dialect of Urhay/Edessa, or "Edessene (Aramaic)". The existence of this term must indicate that Syriac, which came to be adopted as the literary and cultural language of Aramaic-speaking Christians throughout the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire and over the border in the Sassanid Empire, started out as the local Aramaic dialect of Edessa.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eusebius%2C+Christianity+and+Judaism&rft.pages=226&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2022-10-04&rft.isbn=9789004509139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatonnetDebie2023" class="citation book cs1">Chatonnet, Francoise Briquel; Debie, Muriel (20 June 2023). The Semitic Languages. Yale University Press. p. 638. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300271256" title="Special:BookSources/9780300271256"><bdi>9780300271256</bdi></a>. <q>This chapter summarizes linguistic data on Classical Syriac, one of the best attested of the literary dialects of Aramaic (alongside Jewish Aramaic and Mandaic). Classical Syriac survives in restricted ecclesiastical and literary use.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Semitic+Languages&rft.pages=638&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2023-06-20&rft.isbn=9780300271256&rft.aulast=Chatonnet&rft.aufirst=Francoise+Briquel&rft.au=Debie%2C+Muriel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kthobonoyo-9"><a href="#cite_ref-kthobonoyo_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiraz2020" class="citation journal cs1">Kiraz, George A. (4 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31826%2Fhug-2011-100113">"Kthobonoyo Syriac: Some Observations and Remarks"</a>. Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies. 10 (1): 113–124. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31826%2Fhug-2011-100113">10.31826/hug-2011-100113</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:188192926">188192926</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hugoye%3A+Journal+of+Syriac+Studies&rft.atitle=Kthobonoyo+Syriac%3A+Some+Observations+and+Remarks&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=113-124&rft.date=2020-03-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31826%2Fhug-2011-100113&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A188192926%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kiraz&rft.aufirst=George+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.31826%252Fhug-2011-100113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIskandar2022" class="citation web cs1">Iskandar, Amine (27 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://syriacpress.com/blog/2022/02/27/about-the-origin-of-the-lebanese-language/">"About the origin of the Lebanese language (I)"</a>. syriacpress.com. Syriacpress.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=syriacpress.com&rft.atitle=About+the+origin+of+the+Lebanese+language+%28I%29&rft.date=2022-02-27&rft.aulast=Iskandar&rft.aufirst=Amine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsyriacpress.com%2Fblog%2F2022%2F02%2F27%2Fabout-the-origin-of-the-lebanese-language%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShabo_Talay2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Shabo Talay (2008). Die neuaramäischen Dialekte der Khabur-Assyrer in Nordostsyrien (in German). Harrassowitz. pp. 8–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783447057028" title="Special:BookSources/9783447057028"><bdi>9783447057028</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+neuaram%C3%A4ischen+Dialekte+der+Khabur-Assyrer+in+Nordostsyrien&rft.pages=8-9&rft.pub=Harrassowitz&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9783447057028&rft.au=Shabo+Talay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock1998708-719-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock1998708-719_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrock1998">Brock 1998</a>, p. 708-719. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEButts2011390-391-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButts2011390-391_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButts2011390-391_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButts2011390-391_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButts2011390-391_13-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButts2011390-391_13-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFButts2011">Butts 2011</a>, p. 390-391. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEButts2018137-165-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButts2018137-165_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFButts2018">Butts 2018</a>, p. 137-165. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEButts2019222-242-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButts2019222-242_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFButts2019">Butts 2019</a>, p. 222-242. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock1989a11–23-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock1989a11–23_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrock1989a">Brock 1989a</a>, p. 11–23. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBrock1989a (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock20055-20-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock20055-20_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrock2005">Brock 2005</a>, p. 5-20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeyer198644-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeyer198644_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeyer1986">Beyer 1986</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeill200438-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeill200438_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeill200438_19-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeill2004">Neill 2004</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriquel-Chatonnet2012652–659-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriquel-Chatonnet2012652–659_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBriquel-Chatonnet2012">Briquel-Chatonnet 2012</a>, p. 652–659. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeninger2012747–755-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeninger2012747–755_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeninger2012747–755_21-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeninger2012">Weninger 2012</a>, p. 747–755. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHealey2012643-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHealey2012643_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHealey2012">Healey 2012</a>, p. 643. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock1992b-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock1992b_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrock1992b">Brock 1992b</a>. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBrock1992b (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">CLASSICAL SYRIAC. Gorgias Handbooks. p. 14. <q>In contrast to "Nestorians" and "Jacobites", a small group of Syriacs accepted the decisions of the Council of Chalcedon. Non-Chalcedonian Syriacs called them "Melkites" (from Aramaic malka "king"), thereby connecting them to the Byzantine Emperor's denomination. Melkite Syriacs were mostly concentrated around Antioch and adjacent regions of northern Syria and used Syriac as their literary and liturgical language. The Melkite community also included the Aramaic-speaking Jewish converts to Christianity in Palestine and the Orthodox Christians of Transjordan. During the 5th-6th centuries, they were engaged in literary work (mainly translation) in Palestinian Christian Aramaic, a Western Aramaic dialect, using a script closely resembling the Estrangela cursive of Osrhoene.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CLASSICAL+SYRIAC&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Gorgias+Handbooks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> "JACOB BARCLAY, Melkite Orthodox Syro-Byzantine Manuscripts in Syriac and Palestinian Aramaic" quote from the German book Internationale Zeitschriftenschau für Bibelwissenschaft und Grenzgebiete, p. 291 </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> "The west Syriac tradition covers the Syriac Orthodox, Maronite, and Melkite churches, though the Melkites changed their Church's rite to that of Constantinople in the 9th-11th centuries, which required new translations of all its liturgical books.", quote from the book The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity, p.917 </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArman_Akopian2017" class="citation book cs1">Arman Akopian (11 December 2017). "Other branches of Syriac Christianity: Melkites and Maronites". Introduction to Aramean and Syriac Studies. Gorgias Press. p. 573. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781463238933" title="Special:BookSources/9781463238933"><bdi>9781463238933</bdi></a>. <q>The main center of Aramaic-speaking Melkites was Palestine. During the 5th-6th centuries, they were engaged in literary, mainly translation work in the local Western Aramaic dialect, known as "Palestinian Christian Aramaic", using a script closely resembling the cursive Estrangela of Osrhoene. Palestinian Melkites were mostly Jewish converts to Christianity, who had a long tradition of using Palestinian Aramaic dialects as literary languages. Closely associated with the Palestinian Melkites were the Melkites of Transjordan, who also used Palestinian Christian Aramaic. Another community of Aramaic-speaking Melkites existed in the vicinity of Antioch and parts of Syria. These Melkites used Classical Syriac as a written language, the common literary language of the overwhelming majority of Christian Arameans.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Other+branches+of+Syriac+Christianity%3A+Melkites+and+Maronites&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Aramean+and+Syriac+Studies&rft.pages=573&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2017-12-11&rft.isbn=9781463238933&rft.au=Arman+Akopian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinsonCoakley20131-2-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinsonCoakley20131-2_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobinsonCoakley2013">Robinson & Coakley 2013</a>, p. 1-2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinsonCoakley20131,_note_1-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinsonCoakley20131,_note_1_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobinsonCoakley2013">Robinson & Coakley 2013</a>, p. 1, note 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillar2006107-109-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillar2006107-109_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillar2006">Millar 2006</a>, p. 107-109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock1992a16-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock1992a16_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrock1992a">Brock 1992a</a>, p. 16. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBrock1992a (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock1992c226-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock1992c226_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock1992c226_32-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrock1992c">Brock 1992c</a>, p. 226. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBrock1992c (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEButts2019222-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButts2019222_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButts2019222_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButts2019222_33-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButts2019222_33-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFButts2019">Butts 2019</a>, p. 222. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrockTaylor20018-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrockTaylor20018_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrockTaylor2001">Brock & Taylor 2001</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrockCoakley201130-31-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrockCoakley201130-31_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrockCoakley2011">Brock & Coakley 2011</a>, p. 30-31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinov2020256-257-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinov2020256-257_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMinov2020">Minov 2020</a>, p. 256-257. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERompay200078-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERompay200078_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRompay2000">Rompay 2000</a>, p. 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDebié2009106-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDebié2009106_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDebié2009">Debié 2009</a>, p. 106. sfn error: no target: CITEREFDebié2009 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock20107-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock20107_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrock2010">Brock 2010</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarina2018182-183-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarina2018182-183_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFarina2018">Farina 2018</a>, p. 182-183. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHealey2012638-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHealey2012638_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHealey2012638_41-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHealey2012">Healey 2012</a>, p. 638. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERuzer2014196-197-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuzer2014196-197_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRuzer2014">Ruzer 2014</a>, p. 196-197. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1998322-323-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin1998322-323_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1998">Rubin 1998</a>, p. 322-323. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToepel2013531-584-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToepel2013531-584_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFToepel2013">Toepel 2013</a>, p. 531-584. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinov2017129-229-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinov2017129-229_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMinov2017">Minov 2017</a>, p. 129-229. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2002303-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2002303_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaylor2002">Taylor 2002</a>, p. 303. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepardson2019140-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShepardson2019140_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShepardson2019">Shepardson 2019</a>, p. 140. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetruccioneHill343-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetruccioneHill343_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPetruccioneHill">Petruccione & Hill</a>, p. 343. sfn error: no target: CITEREFPetruccioneHill (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock1994149-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock1994149_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrock1994">Brock 1994</a>, p. 149. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2002302-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2002302_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaylor2002">Taylor 2002</a>, p. 302. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeltecke2009115-125-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeltecke2009115-125_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeltecke2009">Weltecke 2009</a>, p. 115-125. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToepel2013531-539-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToepel2013531-539_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFToepel2013">Toepel 2013</a>, p. 531-539. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillar201349-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillar201349_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillar2013">Millar 2013</a>, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERompay2008366-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERompay2008366_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRompay2008">Rompay 2008</a>, p. 366. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock201196-97-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock201196-97_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrock2011">Brock 2011</a>, p. 96-97. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENöldeke1886649-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENöldeke1886649_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNöldeke1886">Nöldeke 1886</a>, p. 649. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENöldeke1904XXXI-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENöldeke1904XXXI_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNöldeke1904">Nöldeke 1904</a>, p. XXXI. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock1989b363–375-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock1989b363–375_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrock1989b">Brock 1989b</a>, p. 363–375. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBrock1989b (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERompay199472-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERompay199472_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRompay1994">Rompay 1994</a>, p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGzella2015367-60"><a 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Retrieved 8 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.syriac.io&rft.atitle=Syriac.IO+%E2%80%93+Translator&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriac.io%2Ftranslate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Robinson and Coakley, 2013 p.36, p. 60. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Syriac_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrade2013" class="citation book cs1">Andrade, Nathanael J. 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Brock">Brock, Sebastian P.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hp_YAAAAMAAJ">Studies in Syriac Christianity: History, Literature, and Theology</a>. Aldershot: Variorum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780860783053" title="Special:BookSources/9780860783053"><bdi>9780860783053</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Syriac+Christianity%3A+History%2C+Literature%2C+and+Theology&rft.place=Aldershot&rft.pub=Variorum&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780860783053&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Sebastian+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHp_YAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_P._Brock" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian P. Brock">Brock, Sebastian P.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jVyzbHAJ_hAC">"Eusebius and Syriac Christianity"</a>. Eusebius, Christianity, and Judaism. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. pp. 212–234. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0814323618" title="Special:BookSources/0814323618"><bdi>0814323618</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eusebius+and+Syriac+Christianity&rft.btitle=Eusebius%2C+Christianity%2C+and+Judaism&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pages=212-234&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0814323618&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Sebastian+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjVyzbHAJ_hAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_P._Brock" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian P. Brock">Brock, Sebastian P.</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y7lVYMeLtfQC">"Greek and Syriac in Late Antique Syria"</a>. Literacy and Power in the Ancient World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 149–160, 234–235. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521587365" title="Special:BookSources/9780521587365"><bdi>9780521587365</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Greek+and+Syriac+in+Late+Antique+Syria&rft.btitle=Literacy+and+Power+in+the+Ancient+World&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=149-160%2C+234-235&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780521587365&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Sebastian+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY7lVYMeLtfQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_P._Brock" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian P. Brock">Brock, Sebastian P.</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wUzgAAAAMAAJ">Syriac Studies: A Classified Bibliography, 1960-1990</a>. Kaslik: Parole de l'Orient.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syriac+Studies%3A+A+Classified+Bibliography%2C+1960-1990&rft.place=Kaslik&rft.pub=Parole+de+l%27Orient&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Sebastian+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwUzgAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_P._Brock" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian P. Brock">Brock, Sebastian P.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZB1jAAAAMAAJ">A Brief Outline of Syriac Literature</a>. Kottayam: St. Ephrem Ecumenical Research Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61143-563-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61143-563-4"><bdi>978-1-61143-563-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+Outline+of+Syriac+Literature&rft.place=Kottayam&rft.pub=St.+Ephrem+Ecumenical+Research+Institute&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-61143-563-4&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Sebastian+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZB1jAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_P._Brock" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian P. Brock">Brock, Sebastian P.</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zdoUNivK_hsC">"Syriac Culture, 337–425"</a>. The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 13. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 708–719. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521302005" title="Special:BookSources/9780521302005"><bdi>9780521302005</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Syriac+Culture%2C+337%E2%80%93425&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=708-719&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780521302005&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Sebastian+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzdoUNivK_hsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_P._Brock" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian P. Brock">Brock, Sebastian P.</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jB8LAQAAMAAJ">From Ephrem to Romanos: Interactions Between Syriac and Greek in Late Antiquity</a>. Aldershot: Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780860788003" title="Special:BookSources/9780860788003"><bdi>9780860788003</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Ephrem+to+Romanos%3A+Interactions+Between+Syriac+and+Greek+in+Late+Antiquity&rft.place=Aldershot&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780860788003&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Sebastian+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjB8LAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock1999" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_P._Brock" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian P. Brock">Brock, Sebastian P.</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Beth-Mardutho/hugoye-data/master/pdf/vol2/HV2N1Brock.pdf">"St. Ephrem in the Eyes of Later Syriac Liturgical Tradition"</a> (PDF). Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies. 2 (1): 5–25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31826%2Fhug-2010-020103">10.31826/hug-2010-020103</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:212688898">212688898</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hugoye%3A+Journal+of+Syriac+Studies&rft.atitle=St.+Ephrem+in+the+Eyes+of+Later+Syriac+Liturgical+Tradition&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-25&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31826%2Fhug-2010-020103&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A212688898%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Sebastian+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fraw.githubusercontent.com%2FBeth-Mardutho%2Fhugoye-data%2Fmaster%2Fpdf%2Fvol2%2FHV2N1Brock.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrockTaylor2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_P._Brock" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian P. Brock">Brock, Sebastian P.</a>; Taylor, David G. K., eds. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=grfuAAAAMAAJ">The Hidden Pearl: The Syrian Orthodox Church and its Ancient Aramaic Heritage</a>. Vol. 1. Rome: Trans World Film Italia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hidden+Pearl%3A+The+Syrian+Orthodox+Church+and+its+Ancient+Aramaic+Heritage&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=Trans+World+Film+Italia&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgrfuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_P._Brock" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian P. Brock">Brock, Sebastian P.</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aepYpUVf9OkC">"The Earliest Syriac Literature"</a>. The Cambridge History of Early Christian Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 161–172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521460835" title="Special:BookSources/9780521460835"><bdi>9780521460835</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Earliest+Syriac+Literature&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Early+Christian+Literature&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=161-172&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780521460835&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Sebastian+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaepYpUVf9OkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock2005" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_P._Brock" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian P. Brock">Brock, Sebastian P.</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QOckAQAAIAAJ">"The Syriac Orient: A Third 'Lung' for the Church?"</a>. Orientalia Christiana Periodica. 71: 5–20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orientalia+Christiana+Periodica&rft.atitle=The+Syriac+Orient%3A+A+Third+%27Lung%27+for+the+Church%3F&rft.volume=71&rft.pages=5-20&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Sebastian+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQOckAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_P._Brock" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian P. Brock">Brock, Sebastian P.</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ey_FW7acTycC">Fire from Heaven: Studies in Syriac Theology and Liturgy</a>. Aldershot: Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780754659082" title="Special:BookSources/9780754659082"><bdi>9780754659082</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fire+from+Heaven%3A+Studies+in+Syriac+Theology+and+Liturgy&rft.place=Aldershot&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780754659082&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Sebastian+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEy_FW7acTycC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock2007" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_P._Brock" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian P. Brock">Brock, Sebastian P.</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081006105753/http://www.jaas.org/toc/v21022007toc.htm">"Early Dated Manuscripts of the Church of the East, 7th-13th Century"</a>. Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies. 21 (2): 8–34. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jaas.org/toc/v21022007toc.htm">the original</a> on 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Assyrian+Academic+Studies&rft.atitle=Early+Dated+Manuscripts+of+the+Church+of+the+East%2C+7th-13th+Century&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=8-34&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Sebastian+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jaas.org%2Ftoc%2Fv21022007toc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_P._Brock" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian P. Brock">Brock, Sebastian P.</a> (2008) [1979]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bbdVAAAAYAAJ">The Holy Spirit in the Syrian Baptismal Tradition</a> (3rd ed.). Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781593338442" title="Special:BookSources/9781593338442"><bdi>9781593338442</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holy+Spirit+in+the+Syrian+Baptismal+Tradition&rft.place=Piscataway%2C+NJ&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781593338442&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Sebastian+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbbdVAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_P._Brock" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian P. Brock">Brock, Sebastian P.</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/view/book/9781463216634/10.31826/9781463216634-002.xml">"Jacob the Annotator: Jacob's Annotations to His Revised Translation of Severus' Cathedral Homilies"</a>. Studies on Jacob of Edessa. Piscataway: Gorgias Press. pp. 1–13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31826%2F9781463216634-002">10.31826/9781463216634-002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781463216634" title="Special:BookSources/9781463216634"><bdi>9781463216634</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jacob+the+Annotator%3A+Jacob%E2%80%99s+Annotations+to+His+Revised+Translation+of+Severus%E2%80%99+Cathedral+Homilies&rft.btitle=Studies+on+Jacob+of+Edessa&rft.place=Piscataway&rft.pages=1-13&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31826%2F9781463216634-002&rft.isbn=9781463216634&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Sebastian+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fview%2Fbook%2F9781463216634%2F10.31826%2F9781463216634-002.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_P._Brock" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian P. Brock">Brock, Sebastian P.</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Christian-Palestinian-Aramaic">"Christian Palestinian Aramaic"</a>. Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. pp. 96–97.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Christian+Palestinian+Aramaic&rft.btitle=Gorgias+Encyclopedic+Dictionary+of+the+Syriac+Heritage&rft.place=Piscataway%2C+NJ&rft.pages=96-97&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Sebastian+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgedsh.bethmardutho.org%2FChristian-Palestinian-Aramaic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrockButts2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_P._Brock" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian P. Brock">Brock, Sebastian P.</a>; Butts, Aaron M. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Syriac-Conferences">"Syriac Conferences"</a>. Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. pp. 389–390.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Syriac+Conferences&rft.btitle=Gorgias+Encyclopedic+Dictionary+of+the+Syriac+Heritage&rft.place=Piscataway%2C+NJ&rft.pages=389-390&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Sebastian+P.&rft.au=Butts%2C+Aaron+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgedsh.bethmardutho.org%2FSyriac-Conferences&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrockCoakley2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_P._Brock" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian P. Brock">Brock, Sebastian P.</a>; Coakley, James F. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Arameans">"Arameans"</a>. Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. pp. 30–31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arameans&rft.btitle=Gorgias+Encyclopedic+Dictionary+of+the+Syriac+Heritage&rft.place=Piscataway%2C+NJ&rft.pages=30-31&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Sebastian+P.&rft.au=Coakley%2C+James+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgedsh.bethmardutho.org%2FArameans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_P._Brock" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian P. Brock">Brock, Sebastian P.</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VDxItAEACAAJ">An Introduction to Syriac Studies</a>. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781463207137" title="Special:BookSources/9781463207137"><bdi>9781463207137</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Syriac+Studies&rft.place=Piscataway%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781463207137&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Sebastian+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVDxItAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_P._Brock" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian P. Brock">Brock, Sebastian P.</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qg2ktwEACAAJ">"Scribal Tradition and the Transmission of Syriac Literature in Late Antiquity and Early Islam"</a>. Scribal Practices and the Social Construction of Knowledge in Antiquity. Leuven: Peeters Publishers. pp. 61–68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789042933149" title="Special:BookSources/9789042933149"><bdi>9789042933149</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Scribal+Tradition+and+the+Transmission+of+Syriac+Literature+in+Late+Antiquity+and+Early+Islam&rft.btitle=Scribal+Practices+and+the+Social+Construction+of+Knowledge+in+Antiquity&rft.place=Leuven&rft.pages=61-68&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9789042933149&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Sebastian+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQg2ktwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_P._Brock" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian P. Brock">Brock, Sebastian P.</a> (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J7_NwgEACAAJ">The People and the Peoples: Syriac Dialogue Poems from Late Antiquity</a>. Oxford: Journal of Jewish Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780957522817" title="Special:BookSources/9780957522817"><bdi>9780957522817</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+People+and+the+Peoples%3A+Syriac+Dialogue+Poems+from+Late+Antiquity&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Journal+of+Jewish+Studies&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780957522817&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Sebastian+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ7_NwgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_P._Brock" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian P. Brock">Brock, Sebastian P.</a> (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E48JswEACAAJ">"Later Syriac Poetry"</a>. The Syriac World. London: Routledge. pp. 327–338. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138899018" title="Special:BookSources/9781138899018"><bdi>9781138899018</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Later+Syriac+Poetry&rft.btitle=The+Syriac+World&rft.place=London&rft.pages=327-338&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781138899018&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Sebastian+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE48JswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrockelmann1895" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Brockelmann" title="Carl Brockelmann">Brockelmann, Carl</a> (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bTJIAQAAMAAJ">Lexicon Syriacum</a> (1st ed.). Berlin: Reuther & Reichard.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lexicon+Syriacum&rft.place=Berlin&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Reuther+%26+Reichard&rft.date=1895&rft.aulast=Brockelmann&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbTJIAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnett2005" class="citation book cs1">Burnett, Stephen G. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210827102740/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/188050924.pdf">"Christian Aramaism: The Birth and Growth of Aramaic Scholarship in the Sixteenth Century"</a> (PDF). Seeking Out the Wisdom of the Ancients. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. pp. 421–436. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/188050924.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 27 August 2021. Retrieved 28 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Christian+Aramaism%3A+The+Birth+and+Growth+of+Aramaic+Scholarship+in+the+Sixteenth+Century&rft.btitle=Seeking+Out+the+Wisdom+of+the+Ancients&rft.place=Winona+Lake&rft.pages=421-436&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Burnett&rft.aufirst=Stephen+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F188050924.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButts2011" class="citation book cs1">Butts, Aaron M. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Syriac-Language">"Syriac Language"</a>. Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. pp. 390–391.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Syriac+Language&rft.btitle=Gorgias+Encyclopedic+Dictionary+of+the+Syriac+Heritage&rft.place=Piscataway%2C+NJ&rft.pages=390-391&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Butts&rft.aufirst=Aaron+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgedsh.bethmardutho.org%2FSyriac-Language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButts2016" class="citation book cs1">Butts, Aaron M. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kxsMMQAACAAJ">Language Change in the Wake of Empire: Syriac in its Greco-Roman Context</a>. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781575064215" title="Special:BookSources/9781575064215"><bdi>9781575064215</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Change+in+the+Wake+of+Empire%3A+Syriac+in+its+Greco-Roman+Context&rft.place=Winona+Lake&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781575064215&rft.aulast=Butts&rft.aufirst=Aaron+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkxsMMQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButts2018" class="citation book cs1">Butts, Aaron M. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/36472678">"The Greco-Roman Context of the Syriac Language"</a>. Les auteurs syriaques et leur langue. Paris: Geuthner. pp. 137–165.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Greco-Roman+Context+of+the+Syriac+Language&rft.btitle=Les+auteurs+syriaques+et+leur+langue&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=137-165&rft.pub=Geuthner&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Butts&rft.aufirst=Aaron+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F36472678&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButts2019" class="citation book cs1">Butts, Aaron M. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/26842432">"The Classical Syriac Language"</a>. The Syriac World. London: Routledge. pp. 222–242.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Classical+Syriac+Language&rft.btitle=The+Syriac+World&rft.place=London&rft.pages=222-242&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Butts&rft.aufirst=Aaron+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F26842432&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlson2019" class="citation book cs1">Carlson, Thomas A. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E48JswEACAAJ">"Syriac in a Diverse Middle East: From the Mongol Ilkhanate to Ottoman Dominance, 1286–1517"</a>. The Syriac World. London: Routledge. pp. 718–730. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138899018" title="Special:BookSources/9781138899018"><bdi>9781138899018</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Syriac+in+a+Diverse+Middle+East%3A+From+the+Mongol+Ilkhanate+to+Ottoman+Dominance%2C+1286%E2%80%931517&rft.btitle=The+Syriac+World&rft.place=London&rft.pages=718-730&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781138899018&rft.aulast=Carlson&rft.aufirst=Thomas+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE48JswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonabed2015" class="citation book cs1">Donabed, Sargon G. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bwLdCQAAQBAJ">Reforging a Forgotten History: Iraq and the Assyrians in the Twentieth Century</a>. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780748686056" title="Special:BookSources/9780748686056"><bdi>9780748686056</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reforging+a+Forgotten+History%3A+Iraq+and+the+Assyrians+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780748686056&rft.aulast=Donabed&rft.aufirst=Sargon+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbwLdCQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonabed2017" class="citation book cs1">Donabed, Sargon G. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sxt4rgEACAAJ">"Neither Syriac-speaking nor Syrian Orthodox Christians: Harput Assyrians in the United States as a Model for Ethnic Self-Categorization and Expression"</a>. Syriac in its Multi-Cultural Context. Leuven: Peeters Publishers. pp. 359–369. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789042931640" title="Special:BookSources/9789042931640"><bdi>9789042931640</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Neither+Syriac-speaking+nor+Syrian+Orthodox+Christians%3A+Harput+Assyrians+in+the+United+States+as+a+Model+for+Ethnic+Self-Categorization+and+Expression&rft.btitle=Syriac+in+its+Multi-Cultural+Context&rft.place=Leuven&rft.pages=359-369&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9789042931640&rft.aulast=Donabed&rft.aufirst=Sargon+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dsxt4rgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrijvers1980" class="citation book cs1">Drijvers, Hendrik J. 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Berlin-Boston: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 747–755. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110251586" title="Special:BookSources/9783110251586"><bdi>9783110251586</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aramaic-Arabic+Language+Contact&rft.btitle=The+Semitic+Languages%3A+An+International+Handbook&rft.place=Berlin-Boston&rft.pages=747-755&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9783110251586&rft.aulast=Weninger&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSMzgBLT87MkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeltecke2009" class="citation journal cs1">Weltecke, Dorothea (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/previewpdf/book/edcoll/9789047444367/Bej.9789004173750.i-366_006.xml">"Michael the Syrian and Syriac Orthodox Identity"</a>. Church History and Religious Culture. 89 (1–3): 115–125. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F187124109X408023">10.1163/187124109X408023</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Church+History+and+Religious+Culture&rft.atitle=Michael+the+Syrian+and+Syriac+Orthodox+Identity&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=1%E2%80%933&rft.pages=115-125&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F187124109X408023&rft.aulast=Weltecke&rft.aufirst=Dorothea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fpreviewpdf%2Fbook%2Fedcoll%2F9789047444367%2FBej.9789004173750.i-366_006.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelteckeYounansardaroud2019" class="citation book cs1">Weltecke, Dorothea; Younansardaroud, Helen (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E48JswEACAAJ">"The Renaissance of Syriac Literature in the Twelfth–Thirteenth Centuries"</a>. The Syriac World. London: Routledge. pp. 698–717. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138899018" title="Special:BookSources/9781138899018"><bdi>9781138899018</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Renaissance+of+Syriac+Literature+in+the+Twelfth%E2%80%93Thirteenth+Centuries&rft.btitle=The+Syriac+World&rft.place=London&rft.pages=698-717&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781138899018&rft.aulast=Weltecke&rft.aufirst=Dorothea&rft.au=Younansardaroud%2C+Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE48JswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2019" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, Robert J. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E48JswEACAAJ">"The Early Study of Syriac in Europe"</a>. The Syriac World. London: Routledge. pp. 751–769. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138899018" title="Special:BookSources/9781138899018"><bdi>9781138899018</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Early+Study+of+Syriac+in+Europe&rft.btitle=The+Syriac+World&rft.place=London&rft.pages=751-769&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781138899018&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE48JswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilmshurst2019" class="citation book cs1">Wilmshurst, David (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E48JswEACAAJ">"The Church of the East in the 'Abbasid Era"</a>. The Syriac World. London: Routledge. pp. 189–201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138899018" title="Special:BookSources/9781138899018"><bdi>9781138899018</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Church+of+the+East+in+the+%27Abbasid+Era&rft.btitle=The+Syriac+World&rft.place=London&rft.pages=189-201&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781138899018&rft.aulast=Wilmshurst&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE48JswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2019" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Philip (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E48JswEACAAJ">"Historiography in the Syriac-Speaking World, 300–1000"</a>. The Syriac World. London: Routledge. pp. 405–421. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138899018" title="Special:BookSources/9781138899018"><bdi>9781138899018</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Historiography+in+the+Syriac-Speaking+World%2C+300%E2%80%931000&rft.btitle=The+Syriac+World&rft.place=London&rft.pages=405-421&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781138899018&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE48JswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+language" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Syriac_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Syriac_language" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Syriac language">Syriac language</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="arc:"> Aramaic edition</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.17169/refubium-2261">A Coursebook of Classical Syriac</a> Freie Universität Berlin Repository</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qfwoGQS_ieE">YouTube video: Associate professor Svante Lundgren explains the history and origin of the term "Syriac" (Suryoyo/Suroyo)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/27766400/Leshono_Suryoyo_-_Die_traditionelle_Aussprache_des_Westsyrischen_-_The_traditional_pronunciation_of_Western_Syriac">Syriac traditional pronunciation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atour.com/dictionary">Aramaic Dictionary (lexicon and concordance)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scriptsource.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=script_detail&key=Syrc">Syriac at ScriptSource.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cal.huc.edu/">The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lib.byu.edu/collections/syriac-studies-reference-library/about/">Syriac Studies Reference Library</a>, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Syriac_Language">"Syriac Language" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Syriac+Language&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/27766400/Leshono_Suryoyo_-_Die_traditionelle_Aussprache_des_Westsyrischen_-_The_traditional_pronunciation_of_Western_Syriac">Leshono Suryoyo – Die traditionelle Aussprache des Westsyrischen – The traditional pronunciation of Western Syriac</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160509075443/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/Bengaluru-Youth-Learn-Dying-Language-Preserve-It/2016/05/09/article3422438.ece">"City Youth Learn Dying Language, Preserve It"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Indian_Express" title="The New Indian Express">The New Indian Express</a>. 9 May 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/Bengaluru-Youth-Learn-Dying-Language-Preserve-It/2016/05/09/article3422438.ece">the original</a> on 9 May 2016. Retrieved 9 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=City+Youth+Learn+Dying+Language%2C+Preserve+It&rft.date=2016-05-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fcities%2Fbengaluru%2FBengaluru-Youth-Learn-Dying-Language-Preserve-It%2F2016%2F05%2F09%2Farticle3422438.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2015/548988/EPRS_BRI(2015)548988_REV1_EN.pdf">"Minorities of Iraq: EU Research Service"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minorities+of+Iraq%3A+EU+Research+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europarl.europa.eu%2FRegData%2Fetudes%2FBRIE%2F2015%2F548988%2FEPRS_BRI%282015%29548988_REV1_EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hiphilangsci.net/2020/03/07/what-is-syriac/">What is Syriac and what is Aramaic according to Syriac grammarians</a> on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hiphilangsci.net/">History and Philosophy of the Language Sciences</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/index.html">Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/syriac-language-parent">Syriac Language</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/">Encyclopaedia Iranica</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblicalcyclopedia.com/S/syriac-language.html">Syriac Language</a> in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblicalcyclopedia.com/">McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dss-syriacpatriarchate.org/syriac-language/?lang=en">Syriac Language</a> at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dss-syriacpatriarchate.org/?lang=en">Department of Syriac Studies</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Semitic_languages" title="Template:Semitic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Semitic_languages" title="Template talk:Semitic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Semitic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Semitic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Semitic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Semitic_languages" title="East Semitic languages">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Semitic_languages" title="West Semitic languages">West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Semitic_languages" title="Central Semitic languages">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Semitic_languages" title="South Semitic languages">South</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Semitic_languages" title="East Semitic languages">East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canaano-Akkadian_language" title="Canaano-Akkadian language">Canaano-Akkadian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilmun#People,_language_and_religion" title="Dilmun">Dilmunite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eblaite_language" title="Eblaite language">Eblaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishite_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kishite language">Kishite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Semitic_languages" title="Central Semitic languages">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Arabic_language" title="Proto-Arabic language">Proto-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Arabic" title="Old Arabic">Old Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dadanitic" title="Dadanitic">Dadanitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Arabian#Dumaitic" title="Ancient North Arabian">Dumaitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasaitic" title="Hasaitic">Hasaitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hismaic" title="Hismaic">Hismaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safaitic#Language" title="Safaitic">Safaitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamudic" title="Thamudic">Thamudic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Arabic" title="Nabataean Arabic">Nabataean Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-classical_Arabic" title="Pre-classical Arabic">Pre-classical Arabic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic" title="Varieties of Arabic">Dialect groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian Arabic">Egyptian Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic" title="Levantine Arabic">Levantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Arabic" title="Maghrebi Arabic">Maghrebi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siculo-Arabic" title="Siculo-Arabic">Siculo-Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="Mesopotamian Arabic">Mesopotamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Arabic" title="Peninsular Arabic">Peninsular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Semitic_languages" title="Northwest Semitic languages">Northwest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Aramaic" title="Old Aramaic">Old Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Aramaic" title="Imperial Aramaic">Imperial Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Aramaic" title="Biblical Aramaic">Biblical Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic#Middle_Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Middle Aramaic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dialect groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armazic_language" title="Armazic language">Armazic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Aramaic_languages" title="Eastern Aramaic languages">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hatran_Aramaic" title="Hatran Aramaic">Ashurian and Hatran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic">Jewish Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_language" title="Mandaic language">Mandaic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Syriac</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judeo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Aramaic_languages" title="Western Aramaic languages">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Aramaic" title="Lebanese Aramaic">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Aramaic" title="Nabataean Aramaic">Nabataean</a></li> <li>Palestinian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Palestinian_Aramaic" title="Christian Palestinian Aramaic">Christian Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galilean_dialect" title="Galilean dialect">Galilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Palestinian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Palestinian Aramaic">Jewish Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Samaritan Aramaic language">Samaritan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_Aramaic" title="Palmyrene Aramaic">Palmyrene</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_languages" title="Neo-Aramaic languages">Neo- Aramaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Neo-Aramaic" title="Central Neo-Aramaic">Central</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mla%E1%B8%A5s%C3%B4_language" title="Mlaḥsô language">Mlaḥsô</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turoyo_language" title="Turoyo language">Turoyo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Mandaic" title="Neo-Mandaic">Neo-Mandaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Neo-Aramaic" title="Northeastern Neo-Aramaic">Northeastern</a> <ul><li>Christian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Barwar" title="Christian Neo-Aramaic dialect of Barwar">Barwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Bohtan" title="Neo-Aramaic dialect of Bohtan">Bohtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Hertevin" title="Neo-Aramaic dialect of Hertevin">Hértevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koy_Sanjaq_Christian_Neo-Aramaic" title="Koy Sanjaq Christian Neo-Aramaic">Koy Sanjaq Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Qaraqosh" title="Neo-Aramaic dialect of Qaraqosh">Qaraqosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Senaya" title="Christian Neo-Aramaic dialect of Senaya">Senaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suret_language" title="Suret language">Suret</a> <ul><li>Assyrian</li> <li>Chaldean</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Urmia" title="Christian Neo-Aramaic dialect of Urmia">Urmia Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li>Jewish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Barzani" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Barzani">Barzani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Betanure" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Betanure">Betanure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Inter-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Inter-Zab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Koy_Sanjaq" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Koy Sanjaq">Koy Sanjaq Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanandaj_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Sanandaj Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Sanandaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Trans-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Trans-Zab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Urmia" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Urmia">Urmia Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Zakho" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Zakho">Zakho</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Neo-Aramaic" title="Western Neo-Aramaic">Western</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_languages" title="Canaanite languages">Canaanite</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonite_language" title="Ammonite language">Ammonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edomite_language" title="Edomite language">Edomite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israelian_Hebrew" title="Israelian Hebrew">northern dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moabite_language" title="Moabite language">Moabite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_language" title="Phoenician language">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punic_language" title="Punic language">Punic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amorite_language" title="Amorite language">Amorite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic" title="Ugaritic">Ugaritic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_Alla_inscription#Language" title="Deir Alla inscription">South Gileadite</a> (Deir Alla)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taymanitic" title="Taymanitic">Taymanitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samalian_language" title="Samalian language">Samalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutean_language" title="Sutean language">Sutean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Semitic_languages" title="South Semitic languages">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Semitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast Semitic">Southeast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%E1%B9%AD%E1%B8%A5ari_language" title="Baṭḥari language">Baṭḥari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%A4arsusi_language" title="Ḥarsusi language">Ḥarsusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoby%C3%B3t_language" title="Hobyót language">Hobyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehri_language" title="Mehri language">Mehri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shehri_language" title="Shehri language">Shehri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soqotri_language" title="Soqotri language">Soqotri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southwest</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abyssinian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Abyssinian languages">Abyssinian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez" title="Geʽez">Geʽez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahalik_language" title="Dahalik language">Dahalik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigre_language" title="Tigre language">Tigre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrinya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trans- versal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amharic" title="Amharic">Amharic</a>–<a href="/wiki/Argobba_language" title="Argobba language">Argobba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harari_language" title="Harari language">Harari</a>–<a href="/wiki/Gurage_people" title="Gurage people">East Gurage</a> <ul><li>East Gurage <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silt%CA%BCe_language" title="Siltʼe language">Siltʼe</a> <ul><li>Inneqor</li> <li>Ulbare</li> <li>Wolane</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zay_language" title="Zay language">Zay</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>N-group <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gafat_language" title="Gafat language">Gafat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soddo_language" title="Soddo language">Soddo</a></li></ul></li> <li>Tt-group <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesmes_language" title="Mesmes language">Mesmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muher_language" title="Muher language">Muher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurage_people" title="Gurage people">West Gurage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inor_language" title="Inor language">Inor</a> <ul><li>Endegen</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesqan_language" title="Mesqan language">Mesqan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebat_Bet_Gurage_language" title="Sebat Bet Gurage language">Sebat Bet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaha_language" title="Chaha language">Chaha</a></li> <li>Ezha</li> <li>Gumer</li> <li>Gura</li> <li>Gyeto</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemenite languages">Yemenite</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faifi_language" title="Faifi language">Faifi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadramautic_language" title="Hadramautic language">Hadramautic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minaean_language" title="Minaean language">Minaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatabanian_language" title="Qatabanian language">Qatabanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rijal_Alma_(speech_variety)" title="Rijal Alma (speech variety)">Rijal Alma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razihi_language" title="Razihi language">Razihi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabaic" title="Sabaic">Sabaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himyaritic_language" title="Himyaritic language">Himyaritic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Italics indicate <a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">extinct</a> or historical languages.</li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Syriac_Christianity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Syriac_Christianity_footer" title="Template:Syriac Christianity footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Syriac_Christianity_footer" title="Template talk:Syriac Christianity footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Syriac_Christianity_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Syriac Christianity footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Syriac_Christianity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac</a>, legacy of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Antioch" title="Church of Antioch">Church of Antioch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite Church</a> (685)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac Catholic Church</a> (1662)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a> (512)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac</a>, legacy of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> (the "Nestorian Church") (<a href="/wiki/Council_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Council of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">410</a>–<a href="/wiki/Schism_of_1552" title="Schism of 1552">1552</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean Catholic Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/Schism_of_1552" title="Schism of 1552">1552</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a> (1552)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient Church of the East</a> (1968)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Protestant_Christianity" title="Eastern Protestant Christianity">Eastern Protestant</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Evangelical_Church" title="Assyrian Evangelical Church">Assyrian Evangelical Church</a> (1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Pentecostal_Church" title="Assyrian Pentecostal Church">Assyrian Pentecostal Church</a> (1940)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christian_denominations" title="Saint Thomas Christian denominations">Saint Thomas Christians</a>, legacy of the <a href="/wiki/Malankara_Church" title="Malankara Church">Malankara Church</a> (active 1st century–1601) in <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Eastern_Catholic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Church">Syro-Malabar Church</a> (East Syriac) (1665)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara Catholic Church</a> (West Syriac) (1932)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_Syrian_Christian_Church" title="Jacobite Syrian Christian Church">Jacobite Syrian Christian Church</a> (1665)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church" title="Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church">Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_Independent_Syrian_Church" title="Malabar Independent Syrian Church">Malabar Independent Syrian Church</a> (1772)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nestorian (<a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Syrian_Church" title="Chaldean Syrian Church">Chaldean Syrian Church</a> (1701)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Protestant_Christianity" title="Eastern Protestant Christianity">Eastern Protestant</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mar_Thoma_Syrian_Church" title="Mar Thoma Syrian Church">Mar Thoma Syrian Church</a> (1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_Evangelical_Church_of_India" title="St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India">St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Believers_Eastern_Church" title="Believers Eastern Church">Believers Eastern Church</a> (2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphrahat" title="Aphrahat">Aphrahat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorius" title="Nestorius">Nestorius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Baradaeus" title="Jacob Baradaeus">Jacob Baradaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_of_Serugh" title="Jacob of Serugh">Jacob of Serugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_of_Antioch" title="Severus of Antioch">Severus of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Jew" title="Paul the Jew">Paul the Jew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maron" title="Maron">Maron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philoxenus_of_Mabbug" title="Philoxenus of Mabbug">Philoxenus of Mabbug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Cana" title="Thomas of Cana">Thomas of Cana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_the_Syrian" title="Isaac the Syrian">Isaac the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maron" title="John Maron">John Maron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar_Sabor_and_Mar_Proth" title="Mar Sabor and Mar Proth">Mar Sabor and Mar Proth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_bar_Salibi" title="Dionysius bar Salibi">Dionysius bar Salibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Hebraeus" title="Bar Hebraeus">Bar Hebraeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimun_VIII_Yohannan_Sulaqa" title="Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa">Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_of_Angamaly" title="Abraham of Angamaly">Abraham of Angamaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorios_Abdal_Jaleel" title="Gregorios Abdal Jaleel">Gregorios Abdal Jaleel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoma_I" title="Thoma I">Thoma I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Koorilos_I" title="Abraham Koorilos I">Abraham Koorilos I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Andrew_Akijan" title="Ignatius Andrew Akijan">Ignatius Andrew Akijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_VI_Tanas" title="Cyril VI Tanas">Cyril VI Tanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Mellus" title="Elias Mellus">Elias Mellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Vattasseril" class="mw-redirect" title="Dionysius of Vattasseril">Dionysius of Vattasseril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geevarghese_Ivanios" title="Geevarghese Ivanios">Geevarghese Ivanios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coorilos_Paulose" title="Coorilos Paulose">Coorilos Paulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoma_Darmo" title="Thoma Darmo">Thoma Darmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baselios_Paulose_II" title="Baselios Paulose II">Baselios Paulose II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suret_language" title="Suret language">Assyrian Neo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Bohtan" title="Neo-Aramaic dialect of Bohtan">Bohtan Neo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suret_language" title="Suret language">Chaldean Neo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garshuni" title="Garshuni">Garshuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Hertevin" title="Neo-Aramaic dialect of Hertevin">Hertevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koy_Sanjaq_Christian_Neo-Aramaic" title="Koy Sanjaq Christian Neo-Aramaic">Koy Sanjaq Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mla%E1%B8%A5s%C3%B4_language" title="Mlaḥsô language">Mlaḥsô</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Senaya" title="Christian Neo-Aramaic dialect of Senaya">Senaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriyani_Malayalam" title="Suriyani Malayalam">Syriac Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turoyo_language" title="Turoyo language">Turoyo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Syriac</a> (Liturgical)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_nationalism" title="Assyrian nationalism">Assyrian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_homeland" title="Assyrian homeland">Assyrian homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_independence_movement" title="Assyrian independence movement">Assyrian independence movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proposals_for_Assyrian_autonomy_in_Iraq" title="Proposals for Assyrian autonomy in Iraq">Proposals for Assyrian autonomy in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_diaspora" title="Assyrian diaspora">Assyrian diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terms_for_Syriac_Christians" title="Terms for Syriac Christians">Terms for Syriac Christians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Arameans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicianism" title="Phoenicianism">Phoenicianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malankara%E2%80%93Persian_ecclesiastical_relations" title="Malankara–Persian ecclesiastical relations">Malankara–Persian ecclesiastical relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_sacral_music" title="Syriac sacral music">Syriac sacral music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>* Defunct with <a href="/wiki/Schism_of_1552" title="Schism of 1552">schism of 1552</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Assyrian_people" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Assyrian_people_footer" title="Template:Assyrian people footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Assyrian_people_footer" title="Template talk:Assyrian people footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Assyrian_people_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Assyrian people footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Assyrian_people" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian people</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Ethno-linguistic group(s) indigenous to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> with various additional/alternate self-identifications, such as Syriacs, Arameans, or Chaldeans</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Identity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_continuity" title="Assyrian continuity">Assyrian continuity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian%E2%80%93Chaldean%E2%80%93Syriac_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian–Chaldean–Syriac diaspora">Assyrian diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholics" title="Chaldean Catholics">Chaldean Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terms_for_Syriac_Christians" title="Terms for Syriac Christians">Terms for Syriac Christians</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Assyrians_(gold_and_blue_Assur).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Assyrian flag"><img alt="The Assyrian flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Assyrians_%28gold_and_blue_Assur%29.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Assyrians_%28gold_and_blue_Assur%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Assyrians_%28gold_and_blue_Assur%29.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Assyrians_%28gold_and_blue_Assur%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Assyrians_%28gold_and_blue_Assur%29.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Assyrians_%28gold_and_blue_Assur%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_flag" title="Assyrian flag">Assyrian flag</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Syriac-Aramaic_People.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Syriac-Aramean flag"><img alt="The Syriac-Aramean flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_Syriac-Aramaic_People.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Syriac-Aramaic_People.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_Syriac-Aramaic_People.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Syriac-Aramaic_People.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_Syriac-Aramaic_People.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Syriac-Aramaic_People.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="750" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Aramean-Syriac_flag" title="Aramean-Syriac flag">Aramean-Syriac flag</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Chaldean_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Chaldean flag"><img alt="The Chaldean flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Chaldean_flag.svg/100px-Chaldean_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Chaldean_flag.svg/150px-Chaldean_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Chaldean_flag.svg/200px-Chaldean_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_flag" title="Chaldean flag">Chaldean flag</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac Rite</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a> (518–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac Catholic Church</a> (1662–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Evangelical_Church" title="Assyrian Evangelical Church">Assyrian Evangelical Church</a> (1870–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Pentecostal_Church" title="Assyrian Pentecostal Church">Assyrian Pentecostal Church</a> (1940–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac Rite</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean Catholic Church</a> (1552–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a> (1692–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient Church of the East</a> (1968–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>/<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Syriac</a> languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suret_language" title="Suret language">Assyrian Neo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suret_language" title="Suret language">Chaldean Neo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turoyo_language" title="Turoyo language">Turoyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Bohtan" title="Neo-Aramaic dialect of Bohtan">Bohtan Neo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Hertevin" title="Neo-Aramaic dialect of Hertevin">Hertevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Senaya" title="Christian Neo-Aramaic dialect of Senaya">Senaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mla%E1%B8%A5s%C3%B4_language" title="Mlaḥsô language">Mlaḥsô</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac script</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_culture" title="Assyrian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_folk/pop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian folk/pop music">Assyrian folk/pop music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mesopotamia" title="Music of Mesopotamia">Music of Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_sacral_music" title="Syriac sacral music">Syriac sacral music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_folk_dance" title="Assyrian folk dance">Folk dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuisine" title="Assyrian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_clothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian clothing">Clothing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Assyrian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Assyrian people">History</a> (including related contexts)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_ancient_Assyria" title="Timeline of ancient Assyria">Ancient Assyria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Assyrian_period" title="Early Assyrian period">Early Assyrian period</a> (2600–2025 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Assyrian_period" title="Old Assyrian period">Old Assyrian period</a> (2025–1364 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian Empire</a> (1363–912 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> (911–609 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-imperial_Assyria" title="Post-imperial Assyria">Post-imperial Assyria</a> (609 BCE–240 CE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Ancient Mesopotamian religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Arameans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Assyrian_tribes" title="List of Assyrian tribes">Assyrian tribes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classical antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a> (312–63 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a> (247 BCE–224 CE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osroene" title="Osroene">Osroene</a> (132 BCE–244 CE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Wars" title="Syrian Wars">Syrian Wars</a> (66 BCE–217 CE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Roman Syria</a> (64 BCE–637 CE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adiabene" title="Adiabene">Adiabene</a> (15–116)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria_(Roman_province)" title="Assyria (Roman province)">Roman Assyria</a> (116–118)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Christianization</a> (1st to 3rd c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorian_schism" title="Nestorian schism">Nestorian schism</a> (5th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> (<a href="/wiki/Council_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Council of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">410</a>-<a href="/wiki/Schism_of_1552" title="Schism of 1552">1552</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asoristan" title="Asoristan">Asoristan</a> (226–651)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Sasanian_Wars" title="Byzantine–Sasanian Wars">Byzantine–Sasanian Wars</a> (502–628)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia">Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia</a> (630s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Muslim conquest of Syria</a> (630s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> (750–1258)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Mosul" title="List of rulers of Mosul">Emirs of Mosul</a> (905–1383)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid amirate</a> (945–1055)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Antioch" title="Principality of Antioch">Principality of Antioch</a> (1098–1268)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a> (1258–1335)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalayirid_Sultanate" title="Jalayirid Sultanate">Jalayirid Sultanate</a> (1335–1432)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Qoyunlu" title="Qara Qoyunlu">Qara Qoyunlu</a> (1375–1468)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu</a> (1453–1501)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Assyrian_people#Islamic_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Assyrian people">Safavid Empire</a> (1508–55)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Assyrian_people#Islamic_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Assyrian people">Ottoman Empire</a> (1555–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schism_of_1552" title="Schism of 1552">Schism of 1552</a> (16th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1843_and_1846_massacres_in_Hakkari" title="1843 and 1846 massacres in Hakkari">Massacres of Badr Khan</a> (1840s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Diyarbekir_(1895)" title="Massacres of Diyarbekir (1895)">Massacres of Diyarbekir</a> (1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_nationalism" title="Assyrian nationalism">Rise of nationalism</a> (19th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adana_massacre" title="Adana massacre">Adana massacre</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide</a> (1914–20)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_independence_movement" title="Assyrian independence movement">Independence movement</a> (1919–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simele_massacre" title="Simele massacre">Simele massacre</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Iraq#Post-Saddam_Iraq" title="Assyrians in Iraq">Post-Saddam Iraq</a> (2003–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Christians_by_ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocide of Christians by ISIL">Genocide of Christians by ISIL</a> (2014–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_population_by_country" title="Assyrian population by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_homeland" title="Assyrian homeland">Homeland</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Assyrian_settlements" title="List of Assyrian settlements">Settlements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Iraq" title="Assyrians in Iraq">Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nineveh_Plains" title="Nineveh Plains">Nineveh Plains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qaraqosh" title="Qaraqosh">Qaraqosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alqosh" title="Alqosh">Alqosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Keppe" title="Tel Keppe">Tel Keppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartella" title="Bartella">Bartella</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankawa" title="Ankawa">Ankawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaqlawa" title="Shaqlawa">Shaqlawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakho" title="Zakho">Zakho</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Iran" title="Assyrians in Iran">Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urmia" title="Urmia">Urmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmas" title="Salmas">Salmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanandaj" title="Sanandaj">Sanandaj</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Syria" title="Assyrians in Syria">Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah_Governorate" title="Al-Hasakah Governorate">Al-Hasakah Governorate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah" title="Al-Hasakah">Al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Tamer" title="Tell Tamer">Tell Tamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qamishli" title="Qamishli">Qamishli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khabur_(Euphrates)" title="Khabur (Euphrates)">Khabur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Turkey" title="Assyrians in Turkey">Turkey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakkari_(historical_region)" title="Hakkari (historical region)">Hakkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r" title="Diyarbakır">Diyarbakır</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaz%C4%B1%C4%9F" title="Elazığ">Elazığ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardin_Province" title="Mardin Province">Mardin Province</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mardin" title="Mardin">Mardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maz%C4%B1da%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Mazıdağı">Mazıdağı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tur_Abdin" title="Tur Abdin">Tur Abdin</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian%E2%80%93Chaldean%E2%80%93Syriac_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian–Chaldean–Syriac diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Armenia" title="Assyrians in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Australians" title="Assyrian Australians">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Belgium" title="Assyrians in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Canadians" title="Assyrian Canadians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Finland" title="Assyrians in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_France" title="Assyrians in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Georgia" title="Assyrians in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Assyrians" title="German Assyrians">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Greece" title="Assyrians in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Israel" title="Assyrians in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Jordan" title="Assyrians in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Lebanon" title="Assyrians in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Mexicans" title="Assyrian Mexicans">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_the_Netherlands" title="Assyrians in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_New_Zealand" title="Assyrians in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Assyrians in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Russia" title="Assyrians in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians/Syriacs_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrians/Syriacs in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Assyrians" title="British Assyrians">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Americans" title="Assyrian Americans">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Middle_Eastern_people_in_Metro_Detroit" title="History of the Middle Eastern people in Metro Detroit">Detroit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Uruguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrians in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_nationalism" title="Assyrian nationalism">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Democratic_Movement" title="Assyrian Democratic Movement">Assyrian Democratic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Democratic_Organization" title="Assyrian Democratic Organization">Assyrian Democratic Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Universal_Alliance" title="Assyrian Universal Alliance">Assyrian Universal Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawronoye" title="Dawronoye">Dawronoye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Syriac Union Party (Syria)">Syriac Union Party (Syria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Union_Party_(Lebanon)" title="Syriac Union Party (Lebanon)">Syriac Union Party (Lebanon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Military_Council" title="Syriac Military Council">Syriac Military Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutoro" title="Sutoro">Sutoro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/16px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/24px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33538#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33538#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33538#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph536910&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX538168">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000265602&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007556051405171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/suryanice">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syriac_language&oldid=1253379278">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syriac_language&oldid=1253379278</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Syriac_language" title="Category:Syriac language">Syriac language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Standard_languages" title="Category:Standard languages">Standard languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_attested_from_the_1st_century" title="Category:Languages attested from the 1st century">Languages attested from the 1st century</a></li><li><a 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text">Articles containing Arabic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Hebrew-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Hebrew-language text">Articles containing Hebrew-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Syriac-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Syriac-language text">Articles containing Syriac-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2009" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Turkish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Turkish-language text">Articles containing Turkish-language text</a></li><li><a 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