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<span>Products</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Products-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-JCB_Dieselmax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#JCB_Dieselmax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>JCB Dieselmax</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-JCB_Dieselmax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies_and_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies_and_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Controversies and criticism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversies_and_criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Controversies and criticism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Controversies_and_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Violation_of_EU_antitrust_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Violation_of_EU_antitrust_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Violation of EU antitrust law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Violation_of_EU_antitrust_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tax_avoidance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tax_avoidance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Tax avoidance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tax_avoidance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Involvement_in_Israeli_settlements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Involvement_in_Israeli_settlements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Involvement in Israeli settlements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Involvement_in_Israeli_settlements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bailout_loan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bailout_loan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Bailout loan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bailout_loan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " 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Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%8A_(%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9)" title="جي سي بي (شركة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جي سي بي (شركة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._C._Bamford" title="J. C. Bamford – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="J. C. Bamford" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/JC_Bamford_Excavators" title="JC Bamford Excavators – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="JC Bamford Excavators" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.C._Bamford_Excavators" title="J.C. Bamford Excavators – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="J.C. Bamford Excavators" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/JCB_(empresa)" title="JCB (empresa) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="JCB (empresa)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="جی‌سی‌بی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جی‌سی‌بی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._C._Bamford_Excavators" title="J. C. Bamford Excavators – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="J. C. Bamford Excavators" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/JCB_(perusahaan)" title="JCB (perusahaan) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="JCB (perusahaan)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._C._Bamford" title="J. C. Bamford – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="J. C. Bamford" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/JCB_(%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A1%D7%99)" title="JCB (ציוד מכני הנדסי) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="JCB (ציוד מכני הנדסי)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%86.%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF.%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF." title="ജെ.സി.ബി. – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജെ.സി.ബി." data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/JC%E3%83%90%E3%83%B3%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A8%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AB%E3%83%99%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA" title="JCバンフォード・エクスカベターズ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="JCバンフォード・エクスカベターズ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/JCB" title="JCB – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="JCB" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J_C_Bamford_Excavators" title="J C Bamford Excavators – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="J C Bamford Excavators" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.C._Bamford" title="J.C. Bamford – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="J.C. Bamford" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/JCB_(%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="JCB (машиностроительная фирма) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="JCB (машиностроительная фирма)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/JCB" title="JCB – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="JCB" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._C._Bamford" title="J. C. Bamford – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="J. C. Bamford" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/JCB" title="JCB – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="JCB" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/JCB" title="JCB – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="JCB" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/JCB_(maskintillverkare)" title="JCB (maskintillverkare) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="JCB (maskintillverkare)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF_(%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D)" title="ஜேசிபி (நிறுவனம்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஜேசிபி (நிறுவனம்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BF" title="జెసిబి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జెసిబి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/JCB_(%C5%9Firket)" title="JCB (şirket) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="JCB (şirket)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/JCB_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="JCB (компанія) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="JCB (компанія)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1542317#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British multinational equipment manufacturer</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the equipment manufacturer. For the credit card company, see <a href="/wiki/JCB_(credit_card_company)" title="JCB (credit card company)">JCB (credit card company)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"J. C. Bamford" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/J._C._Bamford_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="J. C. Bamford (disambiguation)">J. C. Bamford (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">J.C. Bamford Excavators Limited</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:JCB-Logo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/JCB-Logo.jpg/220px-JCB-Logo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/JCB-Logo.jpg/330px-JCB-Logo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/JCB-Logo.jpg/440px-JCB-Logo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Trade_name" title="Trade name">Trade name</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">JCB</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Private_company_limited_by_shares" title="Private company limited by shares">Private limited company</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Heavy_equipment" title="Heavy equipment">Heavy equipment</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_machinery" title="Agricultural machinery">Agricultural machinery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1945<span class="noprint">; 79 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1945</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Cyril_Bamford" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Cyril Bamford">Joseph Cyril Bamford</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Rocester" title="Rocester">Rocester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Staffordshire" title="Staffordshire">Staffordshire</a>, <div class="ib-company-country country-name"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Bamford" title="Anthony Bamford">Anthony Bamford</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Chairman)</span><br />Graeme Macdonald<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Chief Executive)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Products</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Backhoe" title="Backhoe">Backhoes</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Excavator" title="Excavator">Excavators</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Dumpster" title="Dumpster">Dumpster</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Forklift" title="Forklift">Forklift trucks</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Loader_(equipment)" title="Loader (equipment)">Loaders</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Telescopic_handler" title="Telescopic handler">Telescopic handlers</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tractor" title="Tractor">Tractors</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">Diesel engines</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Diesel_generator" title="Diesel generator">Diesel generators</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Axle" title="Axle">Axles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gearbox" class="mw-redirect" title="Gearbox">Gearboxes</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Revenue</th><td class="infobox-data">£4.1 billion $341 billion (2019)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Net_income" title="Net income">Net income</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">£341 million and $341 million</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Number of employees</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Approximately 11,000<sup id="cite_ref-companyinfo_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-companyinfo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jcb.com">www<wbr />.jcb<wbr />.com</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>J.C. Bamford Excavators Limited</b> (<b>JCB</b>) is a British <a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">multinational</a> manufacturer of equipment for <a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">construction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Global_waste_trade" title="Global waste trade">waste handling</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Demolition" title="Demolition">demolition</a>. It was founded in 1945 and is based in <a href="/wiki/Rocester" title="Rocester">Rocester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Staffordshire" title="Staffordshire">Staffordshire</a>, England.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/JCB" class="extiw" title="wikt:JCB">JCB</a>" is also often used <a href="/wiki/Colloquial" class="mw-redirect" title="Colloquial">colloquially</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Genericized_trademark" class="mw-redirect" title="Genericized trademark">generic description</a> for mechanical diggers and <a href="/wiki/Excavator" title="Excavator">excavators</a>, and the word even appears in the <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i>, although it is still held as a trademark.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JCB_(heavy_equipment_manufacturer)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Joseph Cyril Bamford Excavators Ltd. was founded by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Cyril_Bamford" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Cyril Bamford">Joseph Cyril Bamford</a> in October 1945 in <a href="/wiki/Uttoxeter" title="Uttoxeter">Uttoxeter</a>, Staffordshire, England. He rented a lock-up garage 3.7 by 4.6 m (12 by 15 ft). In it, using a welding set which he bought second-hand for £1 from <a href="/wiki/English_Electric" title="English Electric">English Electric</a>, he made his first vehicle, a tipping trailer from war-surplus materials. The trailer's sides and floor were made from steel sheet that had been part of <a href="/wiki/Air_raid_shelter" title="Air raid shelter">air raid shelters</a>. On the same day as his son Anthony was born, he sold the trailer at a nearby market for £45 (plus a part-exchanged farm <a href="/wiki/Cart" title="Cart">cart</a>) and at once made another trailer.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> At one time he made vehicles in Eckersley's coal yard in Uttoxeter. The first trailer and the welding set have been preserved. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aa_jcbs_first_welder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Aa_jcbs_first_welder.jpg/170px-Aa_jcbs_first_welder.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Aa_jcbs_first_welder.jpg/255px-Aa_jcbs_first_welder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Aa_jcbs_first_welder.jpg/340px-Aa_jcbs_first_welder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>JCB's first welding set</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aa_jcb_firstproduct.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Aa_jcb_firstproduct.jpg/220px-Aa_jcb_firstproduct.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Aa_jcb_firstproduct.jpg/330px-Aa_jcb_firstproduct.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Aa_jcb_firstproduct.jpg/440px-Aa_jcb_firstproduct.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The first vehicle JCB made (a farm trailer)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Digger-man_-_geograph.org.uk_-_397018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Digger-man_-_geograph.org.uk_-_397018.jpg/220px-Digger-man_-_geograph.org.uk_-_397018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Digger-man_-_geograph.org.uk_-_397018.jpg/330px-Digger-man_-_geograph.org.uk_-_397018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Digger-man_-_geograph.org.uk_-_397018.jpg/440px-Digger-man_-_geograph.org.uk_-_397018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="463" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption> <i>The Fossor</i> (1979) by <a href="/wiki/Walenty_Pytel" title="Walenty Pytel">Walenty Pytel</a>, made from parts of JCB vehicles, at the headquarters in Rocester</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1948, six people were working for the company, and it made the first <a href="/wiki/Hydraulics" title="Hydraulics">hydraulic</a> tipping trailer in Europe. In 1950, it moved to an old cheese factory in <a href="/wiki/Rocester" title="Rocester">Rocester</a>, still employing six. A year later, Bamford began painting his products yellow. In 1953, he developed JCB's first backhoe loader, and the JCB logo appeared for the first time. It was designed by Derby Media and advertising designer Leslie Smith. In 1957, the firm launched the "hydra-digga", incorporating the excavator and the major loader as a single all-purpose tool useful for the agricultural and construction industries.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1964, JCB had sold over 3,000 3C backhoe loaders. The next year, the first 360-degree excavator was introduced, the JCB 7.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1975, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Bamford" title="Anthony Bamford">Anthony Bamford</a>, Bamford's son, was made Chairman of the company. </p><p>In 1978, the <a href="/wiki/Telescopic_handler" title="Telescopic handler">Loadall</a> machine was introduced. The next year, the firm started its operation in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. In 1991, the firm entered a joint venture with <a href="/wiki/Sumitomo" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumitomo">Sumitomo</a> of Japan to produce excavators, which ended in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two years later, a JCB factory was completed in <a href="/wiki/Pooler,_Georgia" title="Pooler, Georgia">Pooler</a> near <a href="/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia" title="Savannah, Georgia">Savannah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, in the US, and in 2012 a factory was opened in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2005, JCB bought a company, purchasing the German equipment firm <a href="/wiki/JCB_Vibromax" title="JCB Vibromax">Vibromax</a>. In the same year, it opened a new factory in <a href="/wiki/Pudong" title="Pudong">Pudong</a>, China.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Planning of a new £40M JCB Heavy Products site began following the launch of an <a href="/wiki/Architectural_design_competition" title="Architectural design competition">architectural design competition</a> in 2007 managed by <a href="/wiki/RIBA_Competitions" title="RIBA Competitions">RIBA Competitions</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by the next year, the firm began to move from its old site on Pinfold Street in Uttoxeter to the new site beside the A50; the Pinfold Street site was demolished in 2009. During that year, JCB announced plans to make India its largest manufacturing hub. Its factory at <a href="/wiki/Ballabgarh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballabgarh">Ballabgarh</a> in Haryana was to become the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Backhoe_loader" title="Backhoe loader">backhoe loader</a> manufacturing facility.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although JCB shed 2,000 jobs during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a>, in 2010 it rehired up to 200 new workers.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, JCB set up its fourth manufacturing facility in India.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, it was reported that three out of every four pieces of construction equipment sold in India was a JCB, and that its Indian operations accounted for 17.5% of its total revenue.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> JCB-based memes have also become prevalent in India.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>JCB began manufacturing 20-30 tonne excavators in <a href="/wiki/Solnechnogorsky_District" title="Solnechnogorsky District">Solnechnogorsky District</a> in Russia in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to <a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="International sanctions during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">trade sanctions</a> imposed following the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, JCB suspended its operations in Russia in March 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020, JCB launched <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jcbexplore.com/">www.jcbexplore.com</a> - a website dedicated to promoting <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jcbexplore.com/journal/constructive-play/">constructive play</a> and outdoor activities for kids. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Products">Products</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JCB_(heavy_equipment_manufacturer)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Products"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JCB_215LC_Padum_Zanskar_Jun24_A7CR_01095.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/JCB_215LC_Padum_Zanskar_Jun24_A7CR_01095.jpg/220px-JCB_215LC_Padum_Zanskar_Jun24_A7CR_01095.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/JCB_215LC_Padum_Zanskar_Jun24_A7CR_01095.jpg/330px-JCB_215LC_Padum_Zanskar_Jun24_A7CR_01095.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/JCB_215LC_Padum_Zanskar_Jun24_A7CR_01095.jpg/440px-JCB_215LC_Padum_Zanskar_Jun24_A7CR_01095.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8822" data-file-height="4962" /></a><figcaption>js215LC tracked backhoe excavator in the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> (elev. 3,770 m (12,370 ft)</figcaption></figure> <p>Many of the vehicles produced by JCB are variants of the <a href="/wiki/Backhoe_loader" title="Backhoe loader">backhoe loader</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Continuous_track" title="Continuous track">tracked</a> or wheeled variants, mini and large version and other variations, such as <a href="/wiki/Forklift" title="Forklift">forklift</a> vehicles and <a href="/wiki/Telescopic_handler" title="Telescopic handler">telescopic handlers</a> for moving materials to the upper floors of a building site. The company also produces wheeled loading shovels and articulated dump trucks. </p><p>Its <a href="/wiki/JCB_Fastrac" title="JCB Fastrac">JCB Fastrac</a> range of tractors, which entered production in 1990, can drive at speeds of up to 75 km/h (40 mph) on roads and was shown on the BBC television programme <i><a href="/wiki/Tomorrow%27s_World" title="Tomorrow's World">Tomorrow's World</a></i>, and years later as <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Clarkson" title="Jeremy Clarkson">Jeremy Clarkson</a>'s tractor of choice in <i><a href="/wiki/Top_Gear_(2002_TV_series)" title="Top Gear (2002 TV series)">Top Gear</a></i>. The firm makes a range of military vehicles, including the <a href="/wiki/JCB_HMEE" title="JCB HMEE">JCB HMEE</a>. It licenses a range of rugged feature phones and smartphones designed for construction sites. The design and marketing contract was awarded to Data Select in 2010, which then lost the exclusive rights in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>JCB power systems make a <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_combustion_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen combustion engine">hydrogen combustion engine</a> which aims to be cost effective by reusing parts from the company's <a href="/wiki/Dieselmax" class="mw-redirect" title="Dieselmax">Dieselmax</a> engines.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>JCB Insurance Services is a fully owned subsidiary of JCB that provides insurance for customers with funding from another fully owned subsidiary, JCB Finance.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="JCB_Dieselmax">JCB Dieselmax</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JCB_(heavy_equipment_manufacturer)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: JCB Dieselmax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JCB_Diesel_Max_Heritage_Motor_Centre,_Gaydon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/JCB_Diesel_Max_Heritage_Motor_Centre%2C_Gaydon.jpg/220px-JCB_Diesel_Max_Heritage_Motor_Centre%2C_Gaydon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/JCB_Diesel_Max_Heritage_Motor_Centre%2C_Gaydon.jpg/330px-JCB_Diesel_Max_Heritage_Motor_Centre%2C_Gaydon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/JCB_Diesel_Max_Heritage_Motor_Centre%2C_Gaydon.jpg/440px-JCB_Diesel_Max_Heritage_Motor_Centre%2C_Gaydon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1362" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/JCB_Dieselmax" title="JCB Dieselmax">JCB Dieselmax</a> on display at the <a href="/wiki/British_Motor_Museum" title="British Motor Museum">Heritage Motor Centre</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/JCB_Dieselmax" title="JCB Dieselmax">JCB Dieselmax</a></div> <p>In April 2006, JCB announced that they were developing a <a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">diesel</a>-powered <a href="/wiki/Land_speed_record" title="Land speed record">land speed record</a> vehicle known as the '<a href="/wiki/JCB_Dieselmax" title="JCB Dieselmax">JCB Dieselmax</a>'. The car is powered by two modified JCB 444 diesel power plants using a two-stage <a href="/wiki/Turbocharger" title="Turbocharger">turbocharger</a> to generate 750 bhp (560 kW), one engine driving the front wheels and the other the rear wheels. </p><p>On 22 August 2006 the Dieselmax, driven by <a href="/wiki/Andy_Green_(RAF_officer)" title="Andy Green (RAF officer)">Andy Green</a>, broke the diesel engine land speed record, attaining a speed of 328.767 mph (529.099 km/h). The following day, the record was again broken, this time with a speed of 350.092 mph (563.418 km/h). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies_and_criticism">Controversies and criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JCB_(heavy_equipment_manufacturer)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Controversies and criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Violation_of_EU_antitrust_law">Violation of EU antitrust law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JCB_(heavy_equipment_manufacturer)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Violation of EU antitrust law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In December 2000, JCB was fined €39.6M by the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> for violating <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> <a href="/wiki/European_Union_competition_law" title="European Union competition law">antitrust law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fine related to restrictions on sales outside allotted territories, purchases between authorised distributors, bonuses and fees which restricted out of territory sales, and occasional joint fixing of resale prices and discounts across different territories.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> JCB appealed the decision, with the <a href="/wiki/General_Court_(European_Union)" title="General Court (European Union)">European Court of First Instance</a> upholding portions of the appeal and reducing the original fine by 25%. JCB appealed to the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice" title="European Court of Justice">European Court of Justice</a> but this final appeal was rejected in 2006,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the court slightly increasing the reduced fine by €864,000.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tax_avoidance">Tax avoidance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JCB_(heavy_equipment_manufacturer)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Tax avoidance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2017, a Reuters study of JCB group accounts found that between 2001 and 2013, the JCB group paid £577M to JCB Research, an unlimited company that does not have to file public accounts and which has only two shares, both owned by Anthony Bamford. JCB Research has been described as an obscure company, allegedly worth £27,000, but which donated £2M to the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a> in the run up to the 2010 election, making it the largest donor. Ownership of the company which has never filed accounts is disputed by the Bamford brothers. According to a Guardian report, much of the Bamford money was held in shares in offshore trusts.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> JCB Service, the main JCB holding company, is owned by a Dutch parent company, ‘Transmissions and engineering Netherlands BV’, which is ultimately controlled by “Bamford family interests”.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Ethical Consumer, JCB has six subsidiaries in jurisdictions considered to be <a href="/wiki/Tax_havens" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax havens">tax havens</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a> and <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Involvement_in_Israeli_settlements">Involvement in Israeli settlements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JCB_(heavy_equipment_manufacturer)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Involvement in Israeli settlements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_operating_in_West_Bank_settlements" title="List of companies operating in West Bank settlements">List of companies operating in West Bank settlements</a></div> <p>On 12 February 2020, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> published a <a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_operating_in_West_Bank_settlements" title="List of companies operating in West Bank settlements">database</a> of all business enterprises involved in certain specified activities related to the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlement" title="Israeli settlement">Israeli settlements</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian territories">Occupied Palestinian Territories</a>, including <a href="/wiki/East_Jerusalem" title="East Jerusalem">East Jerusalem</a>, and in the occupied <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-unlist_ohchr_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unlist_ohchr-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-unlist_reliefweb_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unlist_reliefweb-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> JCB has been listed on the database in light of its involvement in activities related to "the supply of equipment and materials facilitating the construction and the expansion of settlements and the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_West_Bank_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli West Bank barrier">wall</a>, and associated infrastructures".<sup id="cite_ref-unlist_bbc_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unlist_bbc-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-unlist_ohchr_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unlist_ohchr-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-unlist_reliefweb_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unlist_reliefweb-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/International_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="International Community">international community</a> considers Israeli settlements built on <a href="/wiki/Israeli-occupied_territories" title="Israeli-occupied territories">land occupied by Israel</a> to be <a href="/wiki/International_law_and_Israeli_settlements" class="mw-redirect" title="International law and Israeli settlements">in violation of international law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-unsc2334_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unsc2334-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-icj_settlements_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icj_settlements-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-icc_settlements_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icc_settlements-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2020, the British government decided to investigate a complaint that JCB’s sale of equipment to Israel did not comply with the human rights guidelines set by the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a>. The UK National Contact Point (NCP), part of the UK’s Department of International Trade, agreed to review a complaint against JCB submitted by a charity, Lawyers for Palestinian Human Rights. JCB said it had no “legal ownership” of its machinery once sold to Comasco, its sole distributor of JCB equipment in Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bailout_loan">Bailout loan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JCB_(heavy_equipment_manufacturer)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bailout loan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2020, JCB received a £600M loan in emergency financial aid from the UK government, during the coronavirus pandemic, despite its ultimate ownership being in the Netherlands and having reported a record £447M profit the previous year. Its chief executive Graeme Macdonald said: “Although not a public company, we are eligible for CCF because of our contribution to the UK economy. We don’t expect to utilise it in the short-term but it gives us an insurance policy if there is further disruption from or second spike or other impact around the world.”<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JCB_(heavy_equipment_manufacturer)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>JCB is a significant donor to the UK <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a>. Between 2007 and 2017, JCB and related Bamford entities donated £8.1m in cash or kind to the party.<sup id="cite_ref-TCI-25Aug2017_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TCI-25Aug2017-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 2019 and 2021 JCB donated a further £2.5m.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, Anthony Bamford donated £100,000 to <a href="/wiki/Vote_Leave" title="Vote Leave">Vote Leave</a>, the official pro-Brexit group,<sup id="cite_ref-Telegraph-10Oct2016_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telegraph-10Oct2016-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and wrote to JCB's 6,500 staff explaining why he supported the UK leaving the EU.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2016, it was reported that JCB had left the <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_British_Industry" title="Confederation of British Industry">CBI</a> business <a href="/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying">lobby group</a> in the summer of the same year due to the organisation's anti-Brexit stance.<sup id="cite_ref-Telegraph-10Oct2016_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telegraph-10Oct2016-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2021, Anthony Bamford rejected an invitation to rejoin CBI, after previously having called it a "waste of time" that "didn’t represent my business or private companies".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JCB_(heavy_equipment_manufacturer)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output 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0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insidermedia.com/news/midlands/pre-tax-profits-jump-100m-at-jcb">"PRE-TAX PROFITS JUMP £100M AT JCB"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=EU+referendum%3A+JCB+chairman+tells+staff+of+Brexit+support&rft.date=2016-06-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-36485985&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJCB+%28heavy+equipment+manufacturer%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillard2021" class="citation news cs1">Millard, Rachel (15 May 2021). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2021/05/15/jcb-chief-rejects-invitation-rejoin-cbi-brexit-row/">"JCB chief rejects invitation to rejoin CBI after Brexit row"</a></span>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2021/05/15/jcb-chief-rejects-invitation-rejoin-cbi-brexit-row/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=New+CBI+boss+tells+Brexiters+to+rejoin+business+lobby+group.&rft.date=2021-05-10&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft.aulast=Burton&rft.aufirst=Lucy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fbusiness%2F2021%2F05%2F10%2Fnew-cbi-boss-tells-brexiters-rejoin-business-lobby-group%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJCB+%28heavy+equipment+manufacturer%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JCB_(heavy_equipment_manufacturer)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:JCB_(J._C._Bamford_(Excavators)_Ltd.)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:JCB (J. 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.navbox-title{background-color:inherit}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox navbox-musical-artist navbox-musical-artist-group" aria-labelledby="JCB" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks vcard hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:JCB" title="Template:JCB"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:JCB" title="Template talk:JCB"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:JCB" title="Special:EditPage/Template:JCB"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="JCB" class="fn org" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">JCB</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JCB_Dieselmax" title="JCB Dieselmax">JCB Dieselmax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JCB_Fastrac" title="JCB Fastrac">JCB Fastrac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JCB_Vibromax" title="JCB Vibromax">JCB Vibromax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Bamford" title="Anthony Bamford">Anthony Bamford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carole_Bamford" title="Carole Bamford">Carole Bamford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bamford" title="Joseph Bamford">Joseph Bamford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JCB_Academy" title="JCB Academy">JCB Academy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Automotive_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Automotive_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Automotive industry in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Automotive_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Automotive industry in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Automotive_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Automotive industry in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Automotive_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Automotive industry in the United Kingdom">Automotive industry in the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Manufacturing in the United Kingdom">Manufacturing in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economy of the United Kingdom">Economy of the United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Companies and<br /><a href="/wiki/Marque" class="mw-redirect" title="Marque">marques</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Commercialvehicleproducers" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Commercial<br />vehicle<br />producers</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dennis" title="Alexander Dennis">Alexander Dennis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plaxton" title="Plaxton">Plaxton</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrival_(company)" title="Arrival (company)">Arrival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BEDEO" title="BEDEO">BEDEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Eagle" title="Dennis Eagle">Dennis Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBC_Vehicles" title="IBC Vehicles">IBC Vehicles</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">JCB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leyland_Trucks" title="Leyland Trucks">Leyland Trucks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AWD_Trucks" title="AWD Trucks">Multidrive Vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Electric_Vehicle_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="London Electric Vehicle Company">London Electric Vehicle Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellor_Coachcraft" title="Mellor Coachcraft">Mellor Coachcraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optare" class="mw-redirect" title="Optare">Optare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/REE_Automotive" title="REE Automotive">REE Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrightbus" title="Wrightbus">Wrightbus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associated_Equipment_Company" title="Associated Equipment Company">AEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albion_Motors" title="Albion Motors">Albion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_Chassis_Engineering" title="Alternative Chassis Engineering">Alternative Chassis Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aveling-Barford" title="Aveling-Barford">Aveling-Barford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AWD_Trucks" title="AWD Trucks">AWD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedford_Vehicles" title="Bedford Vehicles">Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Commercial_Vehicles" title="Bristol Commercial Vehicles">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_United_Traction" title="British United Traction">British United Traction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlyle_Works" title="Carlyle Works">Carlyle Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_H_Roe" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles H Roe">Charles H Roe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clough,_Smith" title="Clough, Smith">Clough, Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commer" title="Commer">Commer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossley_Motors" title="Crossley Motors">Crossley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daimler_Company" title="Daimler Company">Daimler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Specialist_Vehicles" title="Dennis Specialist Vehicles">Dennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duple_Coachbuilders" title="Duple Coachbuilders">Duple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Lancashire_Coachbuilders" title="East Lancashire Coachbuilders">East Lancashire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Coach_Works" title="Eastern Coach Works">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ERF_(truck_manufacturer)" title="ERF (truck manufacturer)">ERF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foden_Trucks" title="Foden Trucks">Foden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_of_Britain" title="Ford of Britain">Ford</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ford_Southampton_plant" title="Ford Southampton plant">Southampton</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Motors" title="Guy Motors">Guy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honda_UK_Manufacturing" title="Honda UK Manufacturing">Honda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J_%26_E_Hall" title="J & E Hall">Hallford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jensen_Motors" title="Jensen Motors">Jensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karrier" title="Karrier">Karrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LDV_Group" title="LDV Group">LDV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leyland_Bus" title="Leyland Bus">Leyland Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leyland_DAF" title="Leyland DAF">Leyland DAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leyland_Motors" title="Leyland Motors">Leyland Motors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Taxi_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="London Taxi Company">London Taxi Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longwell_Green_Coachworks" title="Longwell Green Coachworks">Longwell Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Bus" title="Marshall Bus">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudslay_Motor_Company" title="Maudslay Motor Company">Maudslay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_Cammell_Weymann" title="Metro Cammell Weymann">Metro Cammell Weymann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modec" title="Modec">Modec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrison-Electricar" title="Morrison-Electricar">Morrison-Electricar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Counties_Motor_%26_Engineering_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Counties Motor & Engineering Company">Northern Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Royal_Vehicles" title="Park Royal Vehicles">Park Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reeve_Burgess" title="Reeve Burgess">Reeve Burgess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scammell" class="mw-redirect" title="Scammell">Scammell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seddon_Atkinson" title="Seddon Atkinson">Seddon Atkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel_Waggon_Works" title="Sentinel Waggon Works">Sentinel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelvoke_%26_Drewry" class="mw-redirect" title="Shelvoke & Drewry">Shelvoke & Drewry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Electric_Vehicles" title="Smith Electric Vehicles">Smith EV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevens_Vehicles" title="Stevens Vehicles">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straker-Squire" title="Straker-Squire">Straker-Squire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunbeam_Commercial_Vehicles" title="Sunbeam Commercial Vehicles">Sunbeam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thornycroft" title="Thornycroft">Thornycroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilling-Stevens" title="Tilling-Stevens">Tilling-Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcan_(motor_vehicles)" title="Vulcan (motor vehicles)">Vulcan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadham_Stringer" title="Wadham Stringer">Wadham Stringer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_%26_Edwards" title="Wales & Edwards">Wales & Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Alexander_Coachbuilders" title="Walter Alexander Coachbuilders">Walter Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willowbrook_(bus_manufacturer)" title="Willowbrook (bus manufacturer)">Willowbrook</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Motorsport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Motorsport in the United Kingdom">Motorsport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Engine_Research" title="Advanced Engine Research">Advanced Engine Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_F1_Team" title="Alpine F1 Team">Alpine F1 Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aston_Martin_in_Formula_One" title="Aston Martin in Formula One">AMR GP Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arena_Motorsport" title="Arena Motorsport">Arena Motorsport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlin_Motorsport" title="Carlin Motorsport">Carlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevron_Racing_Cars" class="mw-redirect" title="Chevron Racing Cars">Chevron Cars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosworth" title="Cosworth">Cosworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Morrison_(driver)" title="Phil Morrison (driver)">Driftworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judd_(engine)" title="Judd (engine)">Engine Developments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_World_Rally_Team" title="Ford World Rally Team">Ford World Rally Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortec_Motorsport" title="Fortec Motorsport">Fortec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibson_Technology" title="Gibson Technology">Gibson Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hewland" title="Hewland">Hewland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahn_Design" title="Kahn Design">Kahn Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilmor" title="Ilmor">Ilmor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lola_Cars" title="Lola Cars">Lola Cars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McLaren" title="McLaren">McLaren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes_AMG_High_Performance_Powertrains" title="Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains">Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_in_Formula_One" title="Mercedes-Benz in Formula One">Mercedes AMG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-Sport" title="M-Sport">M-Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munchi%27s_Ford_World_Rally_Team" title="Munchi's Ford World Rally Team">Munchi's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prodrive" title="Prodrive">Prodrive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Sportscars" title="Radical Sportscars">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Bull_Racing" title="Red Bull Racing">Red Bull Racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodin_Motorsport" title="Rodin Motorsport">Rodin Motorsport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RML_Group" title="RML Group">RML Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Dowson_Engineering" title="Roger Dowson Engineering">Roger Dowson Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumo_Power" title="Sumo Power">Sumo Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Team_Dynamics" title="Team Dynamics">Team Dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_Eight_Racing" title="Triple Eight Racing">Triple Eight Racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Diemen" title="Van Diemen">Van Diemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williams_Grand_Prix_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Williams Grand Prix Engineering">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wirth_Research" title="Wirth Research">Wirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xtrac" class="mw-redirect" title="Xtrac">Xtrac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_car_manufacturers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of car manufacturers of the United Kingdom">Passenger car<br />producers</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_Motor_Company" title="Ariel Motor Company">Ariel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aston_Martin" title="Aston Martin">Aston Martin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lagonda" title="Lagonda">Lagonda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Group" title="Volkswagen Group">Volkswagen Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bentley" title="Bentley">Bentley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bentley_Crewe" title="Bentley Crewe">Crewe plant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mini_(marque)" title="Mini (marque)">Mini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_Oxford" title="Plant Oxford">Oxford plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressed_Steel_Company" title="Pressed Steel Company">Swindon plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Motor_Cars" title="Rolls-Royce Motor Cars">Rolls-Royce</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goodwood_plant" title="Goodwood plant">Goodwood plant</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Briggs_Automotive_Company" title="Briggs Automotive Company">Briggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caterham_Cars" title="Caterham Cars">Caterham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Brown_Automotive" title="David Brown Automotive">David Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginetta_Cars" title="Ginetta Cars">Ginetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaguar_Land_Rover" title="Jaguar Land Rover">Jaguar Land Rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jaguar_Cars" title="Jaguar Cars">Jaguar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Rover" title="Land Rover">Land Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Bromwich_Assembly" title="Castle Bromwich Assembly">Castle Bromwich plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaguar_Land_Rover_Gaydon_Centre" title="Jaguar Land Rover Gaydon Centre">Gaydon Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaguar_Land_Rover_Halewood" title="Jaguar Land Rover Halewood">Halewood plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solihull_plant" title="Solihull plant">Solihull plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitley_plant" title="Whitley plant">Whitley Engineering Centre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightning_Car_Company" title="Lightning Car Company">Lightning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geely" title="Geely">Geely</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_Cars" title="Lotus Cars">Lotus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McLaren_Automotive" title="McLaren Automotive">McLaren</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McLaren_Technology_Centre" title="McLaren Technology Centre">McLaren Technology Centre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAIC_Motor_UK" title="SAIC Motor UK">SAIC Motor UK</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MG_Motor" title="MG Motor">MG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LDV_Group" title="LDV Group">Eco Concept</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Motor_Company" title="Morgan Motor Company">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nissan_Motor_Manufacturing_UK" title="Nissan Motor Manufacturing UK">Nissan UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Automotive" title="Noble Automotive">Noble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overfinch" title="Overfinch">Overfinch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Sportscars" title="Radical Sportscars">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spyker_Cars" title="Spyker Cars">Spyker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyota_Manufacturing_UK" title="Toyota Manufacturing UK">Toyota UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TVR" title="TVR">TVR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vauxhall_Motors" title="Vauxhall Motors">Vauxhall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vauxhall_Ellesmere_Port" title="Vauxhall Ellesmere Port">Ellesmere Port</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westfield_Sportscars" title="Westfield Sportscars">Westfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenos_Cars" title="Zenos Cars">Zenos</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Kit_car" title="Kit car">Kit cars</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Caterham_Cars" title="Caterham Cars">Caterham</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Davrian" title="Davrian">Davrian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/GKD_sports_cars" class="mw-redirect" title="GKD sports cars">GKD</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/GTM_Cars" title="GTM Cars">GTM</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/JBA_Motors" title="JBA Motors">JBA Motors</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marc_Nordon_Racing" title="Marc Nordon Racing">Marc Nordon Racing</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Onyx_Sports_Cars" title="Onyx Sports Cars">Onyx</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Quantum_Sports_Cars" title="Quantum Sports Cars">Quantum</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sylva_Autokits" title="Sylva Autokits">Sylva</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ultima_Sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultima Sports">Ultima Sports</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Westfield_Sportscars" title="Westfield Sportscars">Westfield</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allard_Motor_Company" title="Allard Motor Company">Allard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvis_Car_and_Engineering_Company" title="Alvis Car and Engineering Company">Alvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Siddeley" title="Armstrong Siddeley">Armstrong Siddeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascari_Cars" title="Ascari Cars">Ascari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Motor_Company" title="Austin Motor Company">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin-Healey" title="Austin-Healey">Austin-Healey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belsize_Motors" title="Belsize Motors">Belsize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharp%27s_Commercials" title="Sharp's Commercials">Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brabham_Automotive" title="Brabham Automotive">Brabham Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Cars" title="Bristol Cars">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Motor_Corporation" title="British Motor Corporation">BMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Motor_Holdings" title="British Motor Holdings">BMH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Leyland" title="British Leyland">British Leyland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caparo_Vehicle_Technologies" title="Caparo Vehicle Technologies">Caparo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A9ment-Talbot" title="Clément-Talbot">Clément-Talbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daimler_Company" title="Daimler Company">Daimler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Cars" title="Eagle Cars">Eagle Cars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_Car_Corporation" title="Electric Car Corporation">Electric Car Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenix_Automotive" title="Fenix Automotive">Fenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_of_Britain" title="Ford of Britain">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frazer_Nash" title="Frazer Nash">Frazer Nash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbern" title="Gilbern">Gilbern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jensen_Motors" title="Jensen Motors">Jensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jowett_Cars" title="Jowett Cars">Jowett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanchester_Motor_Company" title="Lanchester Motor Company">Lanchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lister_Motor_Company" title="Lister Motor Company">Lister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_Engineering" title="Marcos Engineering">Marcos Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Melling" title="Al Melling">Melling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MG_Rover_Group" title="MG Rover Group">MG Rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MG_Motor" title="MG Motor">MG</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longbridge_plant" title="Longbridge plant">Longbridge plant</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_Motors" title="Morris Motors">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peel_Engineering_Company" title="Peel Engineering Company">Peel Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliant_Motors" title="Reliant Motors">Reliant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riley_Motor" title="Riley Motor">Riley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rootes_Group" title="Rootes Group">Rootes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ryton_plant" title="Ryton plant">Ryton plant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rover_Company" title="Rover Company">Rover Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rover_Group" title="Rover Group">Rover Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Motor_Company" title="Standard Motor Company">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunbeam_Motor_Car_Company" title="Sunbeam Motor Car Company">Sunbeam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunbeam-Talbot" title="Sunbeam-Talbot">Sunbeam-Talbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumph_Motor_Company" title="Triumph Motor Company">Triumph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_(automobile)" title="Trojan (automobile)">Trojan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolseley_Motors" title="Wolseley Motors">Wolseley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Suppliers and<br />consultancies</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosworth" title="Cosworth">Cosworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cummins_UK" title="Cummins UK">Cummins UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunlop_Tyres" title="Dunlop Tyres">Dunlop Tyres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GKN" title="GKN">GKN</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GKN_Driveline" class="mw-redirect" title="GKN Driveline">GKN Driveline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grayson_Thermal_Systems" title="Grayson Thermal Systems">Grayson Thermal Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Matthey" title="Johnson Matthey">Johnson Matthey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahn_Design" title="Kahn Design">Kahn Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_Cars#Lotus_Engineering" title="Lotus Cars">Lotus Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millbrook_Proving_Ground" title="Millbrook Proving Ground">Millbrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_Industry_Research_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor Industry Research Association">MIRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perkins_Engines" title="Perkins Engines">Perkins Engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilkington" title="Pilkington">Pilkington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaife" title="Quaife">Quaife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_plc" class="mw-redirect" title="Ricardo plc">Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tata_Steel_Europe" title="Tata Steel Europe">Tata Steel Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tickford" title="Tickford">Tickford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_Research_Laboratory" title="Transport Research Laboratory">Transport Research Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unipart" title="Unipart">Unipart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WMG,_University_of_Warwick" title="WMG, University of Warwick">WMG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wipac" title="Wipac">Wipac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zytek_Automotive" title="Zytek Automotive">Zytek Automotive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbey_Panels" title="Abbey Panels">Abbey Panels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caparo_Vehicle_Technologies" title="Caparo Vehicle Technologies">Caparo Vehicle Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunlop_Rubber" title="Dunlop Rubber">Dunlop Rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferodo" title="Ferodo">Ferodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L_Gardner_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="L Gardner & Sons">Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardy_Spicer" title="Hardy Spicer">Hardy Spicer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Meadows" title="Henry Meadows">Henry Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laycock_Engineering" title="Laycock Engineering">Laycock Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucas_Industries" title="Lucas Industries">Lucas Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LucasVarity" title="LucasVarity">LucasVarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomkins_plc" title="Tomkins plc">Tomkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_and_Poppe" title="White and Poppe">White and Poppe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dealerships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Clark_Automobiles" title="Arnold Clark Automobiles">Arnold Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcraft" title="Carcraft">Carcraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_Retail_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford Retail Group">Ford Retail Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_1_Automotive" title="Group 1 Automotive">Group 1 Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inchcape_plc" title="Inchcape plc">Inchcape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jardine_Motors_Group" title="Jardine Motors Group">Jardine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JCT600" title="JCT600">JCT600</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookers" title="Lookers">Lookers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H.R._Owen" title="H.R. Owen">H.R. Owen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Barclay_Bentley" title="Jack Barclay Bentley">Jack Barclay Bentley</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perrys_Motor_Sales" title="Perrys Motor Sales">Perrys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSA_Group#United_Kingdom" title="PSA Group">Robins & Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoneacre_Motor_Group" title="Stoneacre Motor Group">Stoneacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sytner_Group" title="Sytner Group">Sytner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertu_Motors" title="Vertu Motors">Vertu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATS_Euromaster" title="ATS Euromaster">ATS Euromaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoglass" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoglass">Autoglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auto_Windscreens" title="Auto Windscreens">Auto Windscreens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Vehicle_Rental_and_Leasing_Association" title="British Vehicle Rental and Leasing Association">British Vehicle Rental and Leasing Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellation_Automotive_Group" title="Constellation Automotive Group">Constellation Automotive Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Flag" title="Green Flag">Green Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfords_Autocentre" title="Halfords Autocentre">Halfords Autocentre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfords" title="Halfords">Halfords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HiQ_(tyres)" title="HiQ (tyres)">HiQ (tyres)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwik_Fit" title="Kwik Fit">Kwik Fit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LeasePlan" title="LeasePlan">LeasePlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lex_Autolease" title="Lex Autolease">Lex Autolease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millbrook_Proving_Ground" title="Millbrook Proving Ground">Millbrook Proving Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Tyres_and_Autocare" title="National Tyres and Autocare">National Tyres and Autocare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinewood_Technologies" title="Pinewood Technologies">Pinewood Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAC_Limited" title="RAC Limited">RAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_AA" title="The AA">The AA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_Buy_Any_Car" title="We Buy Any Car">We Buy Any Car</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Government and<br />regulatory bodies</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_Council_UK" title="Automotive Council UK">Automotive Council UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Transport" title="Department for Transport">Department for Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driver_%26_Vehicle_Licensing_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Driver & Vehicle Licensing Agency">Driver & Vehicle Licensing Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_Standards_Agency" title="Driving Standards Agency">Driving Standards Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_Certification_Agency" title="Vehicle Certification Agency">Vehicle Certification Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_%26_Operator_Services_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Vehicle & Operator Services Agency">Vehicle & Operator Services Agency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bauer_Media_Group#Other_publications" title="Bauer Media Group">AM Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Autocar_(magazine)" title="Autocar (magazine)">Autocar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Autosport" title="Autosport">Autosport</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Auto_Trader_Group" title="Auto Trader Group">Auto Trader</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Auto_Express" title="Auto Express">Auto Express</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buses_(magazine)" title="Buses (magazine)">Buses</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Car_(magazine)" title="Car (magazine)">Car</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Classic_%26_Sports_Car" title="Classic & Sports Car">Classic & Sports Car</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coach_%26_Bus_Week" title="Coach & Bus Week">Coach & Bus Week</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Motor" title="Commercial Motor">Commercial Motor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Evo_(magazine)" title="Evo (magazine)">Evo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fast_Car_(magazine)" title="Fast Car (magazine)">Fast Car</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Gear" title="Fifth Gear">Fifth Gear</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Advanced_Motorists" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Advanced Motorists">Institute of Advanced Motorists</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Motor_Sport_(magazine)" title="Motor Sport (magazine)">Motor Sport</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Octane_(magazine)" title="Octane (magazine)">Octane</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_for_the_Prevention_of_Accidents" title="Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents">Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Motor_Manufacturers_and_Traders" title="Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders">Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Top_Gear_(magazine)" title="Top Gear (magazine)">Top Gear (magazine)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Top_Gear_(2002_TV_series)" title="Top Gear (2002 TV series)">Top Gear (TV series)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/What_Car%3F" title="What Car?">What Car?</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Automotive_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Automotive industry in the United Kingdom">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:JCB_(company)" title="Category:JCB (company)">JCB (company)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Construction_equipment_manufacturers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Construction equipment manufacturers of the United Kingdom">Construction equipment manufacturers of the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mining_equipment_companies" title="Category:Mining equipment companies">Mining equipment companies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Engine_manufacturers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Engine manufacturers of the United Kingdom">Engine manufacturers of the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Manufacturing_companies_of_England" title="Category:Manufacturing companies of England">Manufacturing companies of England</a></li><li><a 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