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sectors</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Construction_industry_sectors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Construction industry sectors subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Construction_industry_sectors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Building_construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Building_construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Building construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Building_construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Residential_construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Residential_construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Residential construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Residential_construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-residential_construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-residential_construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Non-residential construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-residential_construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure_construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure_construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Infrastructure construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure_construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Industrial construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction_processes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction_processes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Construction processes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Construction_processes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Construction processes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Construction_processes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Planning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Planning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Finance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Legal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Procurement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Procurement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Procurement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Procurement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Traditional_or_Design-bid-build" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_or_Design-bid-build"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Traditional or Design-bid-build</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_or_Design-bid-build-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design-build" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design-build"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Design-build</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design-build-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.3</span> <span>Construction management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On-site_construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On-site_construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>On-site construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On-site_construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commissioning_and_handover" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commissioning_and_handover"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Commissioning and handover</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commissioning_and_handover-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defects_liability_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defects_liability_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Defects liability period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defects_liability_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maintenance,_repair_and_improvement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maintenance,_repair_and_improvement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Maintenance, repair and improvement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maintenance,_repair_and_improvement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demolition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demolition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Demolition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demolition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industry_scale_and_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry_scale_and_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Industry scale and characteristics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Industry_scale_and_characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Industry scale and characteristics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Industry_scale_and_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Economic activity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction_GVA_by_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction_GVA_by_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Construction GVA by country</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction_GVA_by_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Employment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Employment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Employment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Employment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Unskilled_and_semi-skilled_workers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unskilled_and_semi-skilled_workers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Unskilled and semi-skilled workers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unskilled_and_semi-skilled_workers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skilled_tradespeople" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skilled_tradespeople"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Skilled tradespeople</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skilled_tradespeople-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Professional,_technical_or_managerial_personnel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professional,_technical_or_managerial_personnel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>Professional, technical or managerial personnel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Professional,_technical_or_managerial_personnel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Safety</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Safety-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Safety subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sustainability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sustainability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Sustainability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sustainability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decarbonising_construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decarbonising_construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Decarbonising construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decarbonising_construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Construction</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 93 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-93" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">93 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="تشييد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تشييد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construcci%C3%B3n" title="Construcción – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Construcción" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jogapo" title="Jogapo – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Jogapo" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikinti" title="Tikinti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tikinti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3" title="নির্মাণ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নির্মাণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%C3%A0n-siat" title="Kiàn-siat – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kiàn-siat" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D2%99%D3%A9%D0%BB%D3%A9%D1%88" title="Төҙөлөш – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Төҙөлөш" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Будаўніцтва – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Будаўніцтва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Будаўніцтва – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Будаўніцтва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Строителство – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Строителство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saverezh" title="Saverezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Saverezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construcci%C3%B3" title="Construcció – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Construcció" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82-%D0%B9%C4%95%D1%80_%D1%82%C4%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85" title="Çурт-йĕр тăваслăх – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çурт-йĕр тăваслăх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstrukce" title="Konstrukce – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Konstrukce" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adeiladu" title="Adeiladu – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Adeiladu" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byggeri" title="Byggeri – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Byggeri" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauausf%C3%BChrung" title="Bauausführung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bauausführung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehitamine" title="Ehitamine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ehitamine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%AE" title="Κατασκευή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κατασκευή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construcci%C3%B3n" title="Construcción – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Construcción" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstruado" title="Konstruado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Konstruado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eraikuntza" title="Eraikuntza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eraikuntza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="ساخت‌وساز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ساخت‌وساز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction" title="Construction – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Construction" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foirgn%C3%ADocht" title="Foirgníocht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Foirgníocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construci%C3%B3n" title="Construción – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Construción" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%BE" title="ГӀишлонхо – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="ГӀишлонхо" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B1%B4%EC%84%A4" title="건설 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="건설" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Շինարարություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շինարարություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3" title="निर्माण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="निर्माण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstruiranje" title="Konstruiranje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Konstruiranje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstrukto" title="Konstrukto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Konstrukto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstruksi" title="Konstruksi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Konstruksi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannvirkjager%C3%B0" title="Mannvirkjagerð – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mannvirkjagerð" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edilizia" title="Edilizia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Edilizia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94" title="בנייה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בנייה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstruksi" title="Konstruksi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Konstruksi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A3" title="ನಿರ್ಮಾಣ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನಿರ್ಮಾಣ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="მშენებლობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მშენებლობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D2%B1%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%81" title="Құрылыс – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Құрылыс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujenzi" title="Ujenzi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ujenzi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstriksyon" title="Konstriksyon – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Konstriksyon" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avakirin" title="Avakirin – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Avakirin" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%81%E0%BB%8D%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%AA%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%87" title="ການກໍ່ສ້າງ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ການກໍ່ສ້າງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stateiba" title="Stateiba – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Stateiba" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtniec%C4%ABba" title="Celtniecība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Celtniecība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statyba" title="Statyba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Statyba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89p%C3%ADt%C5%91ipar" title="Építőipar – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Építőipar" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Градежништво – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Градежништво" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="बांधकाम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बांधकाम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembinaan" title="Pembinaan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pembinaan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B6" title="Байгууламж – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Байгууламж" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8" title="ဆောက်လုပ်ရေး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆောက်လုပ်ရေး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouw_(bedrijfstak)" title="Bouw (bedrijfstak) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bouw (bedrijfstak)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3" title="निर्माण – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="निर्माण" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3" title="निर्माण – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="निर्माण" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%BD%E5%B7%A5" title="施工 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="施工" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraveca" title="Fraveca – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Fraveca" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bygge-_og_anleggsn%C3%A6ringen" title="Bygge- og anleggsnæringen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bygge- og anleggsnæringen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bygg_og_anlegg" title="Bygg og anlegg – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bygg og anlegg" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qurilish" title="Qurilish – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qurilish" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87" title="رغاونه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="رغاونه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roboty_budowlane" title="Roboty budowlane – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Roboty budowlane" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constru%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Construção – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Construção" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construc%C8%9Bii" title="Construcții – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Construcții" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Строительство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Строительство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Тутааһын – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тутааһын" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/sanga%27" title="sanga' – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="sanga'" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nd%C3%ABrtimtaria" title="Ndërtimtaria – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ndërtimtaria" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edilizzia" title="Edilizzia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Edilizzia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction" title="Construction – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Construction" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavba_(%C4%8Dinnos%C5%A5)" title="Stavba (činnosť) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Stavba (činnosť)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhisid" title="Dhisid – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dhisid" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86" title="دروستکردن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دروستکردن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%92%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Грађевинарство – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Грађевинарство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gra%C4%91evinarstvo" title="Građevinarstvo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Građevinarstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byggprocess" title="Byggprocess – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Byggprocess" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstruksiyon" title="Konstruksiyon – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Konstruksiyon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கட்டுமானம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கட்டுமானம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Төзелеш – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Төзелеш" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%82" title="నిర్మాణం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నిర్మాణం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87" title="การก่อสร้าง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การก่อสร้าง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0n%C5%9Faat" title="İnşaat – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İnşaat" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Будівельна справа – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Будівельна справа" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="تعمیر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تعمیر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C3%A2y_d%E1%BB%B1ng" title="Xây dựng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Xây dựng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehit%C3%A4mine" title="Ehitämine – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Ehitämine" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstruksyon" title="Konstruksyon – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Konstruksyon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91%E6%96%BD%E5%B7%A5" title="建筑施工 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="建筑施工" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A2" title="קאנסטרוקציע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קאנסטרוקציע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89%E6%96%BD%E5%B7%A5" title="建築施工 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="建築施工" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat%C4%ABba" title="Statība – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Statība" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91%E6%96%BD%E5%B7%A5" title="建筑施工 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="建筑施工" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3875186#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Construction" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-indicator-fr-review-status" class="mw-indicator"><indicator name="fr-review-status" class="mw-fr-review-status-indicator" id="mw-fr-revision-toggle"><span class="cdx-fr-css-icon-review--status--stable"></span><b>Checked</b></indicator></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-autoreview" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#pending" title="All edits by unregistered and new users are subject to review prior to becoming visible to unregistered users"><img alt="Page protected with pending changes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/Pending-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Pending-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" 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							cdx-button--size-medium cdx-button--icon-only cdx-dialog__header__close-button" aria-label="Close" onclick="document.getElementById("mw-fr-revision-details").style.display = "none";" type="submit"><span class="cdx-icon cdx-icon--medium
							cdx-fr-css-icon--close"></span></button></header><div class="cdx-dialog__body">This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Pending changes">latest accepted revision</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Construction">reviewed</a> on <i>26 November 2024</i>.</div></div><div tabindex="0"></div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Process of building or assembling a building or infrastructure</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Construction_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Construction (disambiguation)">Construction (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Construction site" redirects here. For the British children's TV series, see <a href="/wiki/Construction_Site_(TV_series)" title="Construction Site (TV series)">Construction Site (TV series)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Construction_site_in_Cologne,_Germany_(2017).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Construction_site_in_Cologne%2C_Germany_%282017%29.jpg/330px-Construction_site_in_Cologne%2C_Germany_%282017%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Construction_site_in_Cologne%2C_Germany_%282017%29.jpg/495px-Construction_site_in_Cologne%2C_Germany_%282017%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Construction_site_in_Cologne%2C_Germany_%282017%29.jpg/660px-Construction_site_in_Cologne%2C_Germany_%282017%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Construction site and equipment prepared for start of work in <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>, Germany (2017)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Construction</b> is a general term meaning the <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a> of forming <a href="/wiki/Physical_object" title="Physical object">objects</a>, <a href="/wiki/Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Systems">systems</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Organizations">organizations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OED_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It comes from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word <i>constructio</i> (from <i>com-</i> "together" and <i>struere</i> "to pile up") and <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> <i>construction</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To 'construct' is a <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verb</a>: the act of building, and the <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a> is construction: how something is built or the nature of its structure. </p><p>In its most widely used context, construction covers the processes involved in delivering <a href="/wiki/Building" title="Building">buildings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a>, industrial facilities, and associated activities through to the end of their life. It typically starts with <a href="/wiki/Planning" title="Planning">planning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Financing" class="mw-redirect" title="Financing">financing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Design" title="Design">design</a> that continues until the asset is built and ready for use. Construction also covers repairs and maintenance work, any works to expand, extend and improve the asset, and its eventual <a href="/wiki/Demolition" title="Demolition">demolition</a>, dismantling or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/decommission" class="extiw" title="wikt:decommission">decommissioning</a>. </p><p>The construction industry contributes significantly to many countries' gross domestic products (<a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a>). Global expenditure on construction activities was about $4 trillion in 2012. In 2022, expenditure on the construction industry exceeded $11 trillion a year, equivalent to about 13 percent of global <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a>. This spending was forecasted to rise to around $14.8 trillion in 2030.<sup id="cite_ref-GCP_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GCP-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The construction industry promotes economic development and brings many non-monetary benefits to many countries, but it is one of the most hazardous industries. For example, about 20% (1,061) of US industry fatalities in 2019 happened in construction.<sup id="cite_ref-OSHA_stats_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OSHA_stats-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Construction&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_construction" title="History of construction">History of construction</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture" title="History of architecture">History of architecture</a></div> <p>The first <a href="/wiki/Hut_(dwelling)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hut (dwelling)">huts</a> and shelters were constructed by hand or with simple tools. As <a href="/wiki/Cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities">cities</a> grew during the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, a class of professional <a href="/wiki/Artisan" title="Artisan">craftsmen</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Bricklayer" title="Bricklayer">bricklayers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carpentry" title="Carpentry">carpenters</a>, appeared. Occasionally, <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slaves</a> were used for construction work. In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, the artisan craftsmen were organized into <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guilds</a>. In the 19th century, steam-powered machinery appeared, and later, diesel- and electric-powered vehicles such as <a href="/wiki/Crane_(machine)" title="Crane (machine)">cranes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Excavator" title="Excavator">excavators</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bulldozer" title="Bulldozer">bulldozers</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fast-track_construction" title="Fast-track construction">Fast-track construction</a> has been increasingly popular in the 21st century. Some estimates suggest that 40% of construction projects are now fast-track construction.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction_industry_sectors">Construction industry sectors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Construction&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Construction industry sectors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Industrial-installation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Industrial-installation.jpg/220px-Industrial-installation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Industrial-installation.jpg/330px-Industrial-installation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Industrial-installation.jpg/440px-Industrial-installation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1203" data-file-height="676" /></a><figcaption>Industrial assemblage of a <a href="/wiki/Thermal_oxidiser" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal oxidiser">thermal oxidizer</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Broadly, there are three sectors of construction: buildings, infrastructure and industrial:<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Building construction is usually further divided into residential and non-residential.</li> <li>Infrastructure, also called '<a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">heavy civil' or 'heavy engineering'</a>, includes large public works, dams, bridges, highways, railways, water or wastewater and utility distribution.</li> <li>Industrial construction includes <a href="/wiki/Offshore_construction" title="Offshore construction">offshore construction</a> (mainly of energy installations), mining and quarrying, <a href="/wiki/Refining" title="Refining">refineries</a>, chemical processing, mills and <a href="/wiki/Factory" title="Factory">manufacturing plants</a>.</li></ul> <p>The industry can also be classified into sectors or markets.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <i><a href="/wiki/Engineering_News-Record" title="Engineering News-Record">Engineering News-Record</a></i> (<i>ENR</i>), a US-based construction trade magazine, has compiled and reported data about the size of design and construction contractors. In 2014, it split the data into nine market segments: transportation, <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry" title="Petroleum industry">petroleum</a>, buildings, power, industrial, water, manufacturing, sewage/waste, <a href="/wiki/Telecommunication" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunication">telecom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">hazardous waste</a>, and a tenth category for other projects.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>ENR</i> used data on transportation, sewage, hazardous waste and water to rank firms as heavy contractors.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Standard_Industrial_Classification" title="Standard Industrial Classification">Standard Industrial Classification</a> and the newer <a href="/wiki/North_American_Industry_Classification_System" title="North American Industry Classification System">North American Industry Classification System</a> classify companies that perform or engage in construction into three subsectors: building construction, heavy and civil engineering construction, and specialty trade contractors. There are also categories for professional services firms (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surveying" title="Surveying">surveying</a>, <a href="/wiki/Project_management" title="Project management">project management</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Building_construction">Building construction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Construction&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Building construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Construction" title="Special:EditPage/Construction">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_080629-N-6477M-095_Builder_3rd_Class_Merlyna_Crank_and_Builder_Constructionman_Irene_L._Reeves,_both_assigned_to_Naval_Mobile_Construction_Battalion_(NMCB)_3_Det._4,_place_trimming_on_birthing_spaces_being_built_for_Afg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/US_Navy_080629-N-6477M-095_Builder_3rd_Class_Merlyna_Crank_and_Builder_Constructionman_Irene_L._Reeves%2C_both_assigned_to_Naval_Mobile_Construction_Battalion_%28NMCB%29_3_Det._4%2C_place_trimming_on_birthing_spaces_being_built_for_Afg.jpg/170px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/US_Navy_080629-N-6477M-095_Builder_3rd_Class_Merlyna_Crank_and_Builder_Constructionman_Irene_L._Reeves%2C_both_assigned_to_Naval_Mobile_Construction_Battalion_%28NMCB%29_3_Det._4%2C_place_trimming_on_birthing_spaces_being_built_for_Afg.jpg/255px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/US_Navy_080629-N-6477M-095_Builder_3rd_Class_Merlyna_Crank_and_Builder_Constructionman_Irene_L._Reeves%2C_both_assigned_to_Naval_Mobile_Construction_Battalion_%28NMCB%29_3_Det._4%2C_place_trimming_on_birthing_spaces_being_built_for_Afg.jpg/340px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1395" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>Military residential unit construction by U.S. Navy personnel in Afghanistan</figcaption></figure> <p>Building construction is the process of adding structures to areas of land, also known as <a href="/wiki/Real_property" title="Real property">real property</a> sites. Typically, a project is instigated by or with the owner of the property (who may be an individual or an organisation); occasionally, land may be <a href="/wiki/Eminent_domain" title="Eminent domain">compulsorily purchased</a> from the owner for public use.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Residential_construction">Residential construction</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Construction&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Residential construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brighton_development_2024_b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Brighton_development_2024_b.jpg/220px-Brighton_development_2024_b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Brighton_development_2024_b.jpg/330px-Brighton_development_2024_b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Brighton_development_2024_b.jpg/440px-Brighton_development_2024_b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3634" data-file-height="2433" /></a><figcaption>Units under construction in <a href="/wiki/Brighton,_Victoria" title="Brighton, Victoria">Brighton, Victoria</a>, Australia</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Home_construction" title="Home construction">Home construction</a></div> <p>Residential construction may be undertaken by individual land-owners (<a href="/wiki/Self-build" title="Self-build">self-built</a>), by specialist <a href="/wiki/Home_construction" title="Home construction">housebuilders</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Real_estate_development" title="Real estate development">property developers</a>, by <a href="/wiki/General_contractor" title="General contractor">general contractors</a>, or by providers of <a href="/wiki/Public_housing" title="Public housing">public or social housing</a> (e.g.: local authorities, <a href="/wiki/Housing_association" title="Housing association">housing associations</a>). Where local <a href="/wiki/Zoning" title="Zoning">zoning</a> or <a href="/wiki/Planning_permission" title="Planning permission">planning</a> policies allow, <a href="/wiki/Mixed-use_development" title="Mixed-use development">mixed-use developments</a> may comprise both residential and non-residential construction (e.g.: retail, leisure, offices, public buildings, etc.). </p><p>Residential construction practices, <a href="/wiki/Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Technologies">technologies</a>, and resources must conform to local building <a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">authority's</a> regulations and <a href="/wiki/Building_code" title="Building code">codes of practice</a>. Materials readily available in the area generally dictate the construction materials used (e.g.: <a href="/wiki/Brick" title="Brick">brick</a> versus stone versus <a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">timber</a>). Costs of construction on a per square meter (or per square foot) basis for <a href="/wiki/House" title="House">houses</a> can vary dramatically based on site conditions, access routes, local regulations, <a href="/wiki/Economies_of_scale" title="Economies of scale">economies of scale</a> (custom-designed homes are often more expensive to build) and the availability of skilled tradespeople.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Non-residential_construction">Non-residential construction</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Construction&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Non-residential construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liberty_Memorial_043.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Liberty_Memorial_043.jpg/220px-Liberty_Memorial_043.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Liberty_Memorial_043.jpg/330px-Liberty_Memorial_043.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Liberty_Memorial_043.jpg/440px-Liberty_Memorial_043.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Construction of the Federal Reserve building in <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City, Missouri</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Depending upon the <a href="/wiki/List_of_building_types" title="List of building types">type of building</a>, non-residential building construction can be procured by a wide range of private and public organisations, including local authorities, educational and religious bodies, transport undertakings, retailers, hoteliers, property developers, financial institutions and other private companies. Most construction in these sectors is undertaken by general <a href="/wiki/Contractors" class="mw-redirect" title="Contractors">contractors</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infrastructure_construction">Infrastructure construction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Construction&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Infrastructure construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">Civil engineering</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shasta_dam_under_construction_new_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Shasta_dam_under_construction_new_edit.jpg/220px-Shasta_dam_under_construction_new_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Shasta_dam_under_construction_new_edit.jpg/330px-Shasta_dam_under_construction_new_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Shasta_dam_under_construction_new_edit.jpg/440px-Shasta_dam_under_construction_new_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6022" data-file-height="4498" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shasta_Dam" title="Shasta Dam">Shasta Dam</a> under construction in June 1942</figcaption></figure> <p>Civil engineering covers the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally <a href="/wiki/Built_environment" title="Built environment">built environment</a>, including public works such as roads, bridges, canals, dams, tunnels, airports, water and sewerage systems, pipelines, and railways.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some general contractors have expertise in civil engineering; civil engineering contractors are firms dedicated to work in this sector, and may specialise in particular types of infrastructure. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial_construction">Industrial construction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Construction&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Industrial construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Factory_of_National_Cement_Share_Company.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Factory_of_National_Cement_Share_Company.jpg/220px-Factory_of_National_Cement_Share_Company.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Factory_of_National_Cement_Share_Company.jpg/330px-Factory_of_National_Cement_Share_Company.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Factory_of_National_Cement_Share_Company.jpg/440px-Factory_of_National_Cement_Share_Company.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>The National Cement Share Company of <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>'s new plant in <a href="/wiki/Dire_Dawa" title="Dire Dawa">Dire Dawa</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Industrial_architecture" title="Industrial architecture">Industrial construction</a> includes offshore construction (mainly of energy installations: <a href="/wiki/Oil_platform" title="Oil platform">oil and gas platforms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Offshore_wind_power" title="Offshore wind power">wind power</a>), <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quarry" title="Quarry">quarrying</a>, <a href="/wiki/Refinery" title="Refinery">refineries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brewery" title="Brewery">breweries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">distilleries</a> and other processing plants, <a href="/wiki/Power_station" title="Power station">power stations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steel_mill" title="Steel mill">steel mills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warehouse" title="Warehouse">warehouses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Factory" title="Factory">factories</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction_processes">Construction processes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Construction&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Construction processes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some construction projects are small <a href="/wiki/Renovations" class="mw-redirect" title="Renovations">renovations</a> or repair jobs, like repainting or fixing leaks, where the owner may act as designer, paymaster and laborer for the entire project. However, more complex or ambitious projects usually require additional multi-disciplinary expertise and manpower, so the owner may commission one or more specialist businesses to undertake detailed planning, design, construction and handover of the work. Often the owner will appoint one business to oversee the project (this may be a <a href="/wiki/Designer" title="Designer">designer</a>, a <a href="/wiki/General_contractor" title="General contractor">contractor</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Construction_manager" class="mw-redirect" title="Construction manager">construction manager</a>, or other advisors); such specialists are normally appointed for their expertise in <a href="/wiki/Project_delivery_method" title="Project delivery method">project delivery</a> and construction management and will help the owner define the project <a href="/wiki/Brief_(architecture)" title="Brief (architecture)">brief</a>, agree on a <a href="/wiki/Budget" title="Budget">budget</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schedule" title="Schedule">schedule</a>, liaise with relevant public authorities, and procure materials and the services of other specialists (the <a href="/wiki/Supply_chain" title="Supply chain">supply chain</a>, comprising <a href="/wiki/Subcontractor" title="Subcontractor">subcontractors</a> and materials suppliers). <a href="/wiki/Contracts" class="mw-redirect" title="Contracts">Contracts</a> are agreed for the delivery of services by all businesses, alongside other detailed plans aimed at ensuring legal, timely, on-budget and safe delivery of the specified works. </p><p>Design, finance, and legal aspects overlap and interrelate. The design must be not only structurally sound and appropriate for the use and location, but must also be financially possible to build, and legal to use. The financial structure must be adequate to build the design provided and must pay amounts that are legally owed. Legal structures integrate design with other activities and enforce financial and other construction processes. </p><p>These processes also affect procurement strategies. <a href="/wiki/Client_(business)" title="Client (business)">Clients</a> may, for example, appoint a <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">business</a> to design the project, after which a competitive process is undertaken to appoint a lead contractor to construct the asset (<a href="/wiki/Design%E2%80%93bid%E2%80%93build" title="Design–bid–build">design–bid–build</a>); they may appoint a business to lead both design and construction (<a href="/wiki/Design-build" class="mw-redirect" title="Design-build">design-build</a>); or they may directly appoint a designer, contractor and specialist subcontractors (<a href="/wiki/Construction_management" title="Construction management">construction management</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some forms of procurement emphasize collaborative relationships (<a href="/wiki/Construction_partnering" title="Construction partnering">partnering</a>, alliancing) between the client, the contractor, and other stakeholders within a construction project, seeking to ameliorate often highly competitive and adversarial industry practices. <a href="/wiki/DFMA" title="DFMA">DfMA</a> (design for manufacture and assembly) approaches also emphasize early collaboration with manufacturers and suppliers regarding products and components. </p><p>Construction or refurbishment work in a "live" environment (where residents or businesses remain living in or operating on the site) requires particular care, planning and communication.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Planning">Planning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Construction&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Planning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Architectural_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Architectural plan">Architectural plan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pre-construction_services" title="Pre-construction services">Pre-construction services</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mall_culture_jakarta57.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Mall_culture_jakarta57.jpg/220px-Mall_culture_jakarta57.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Mall_culture_jakarta57.jpg/330px-Mall_culture_jakarta57.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Mall_culture_jakarta57.jpg/440px-Mall_culture_jakarta57.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Digging the foundation for a building construction in <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>When applicable, a proposed construction project must comply with local <a href="/wiki/Land-use_planning" title="Land-use planning">land-use planning</a> policies including <a href="/wiki/Zoning" title="Zoning">zoning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Building_code" title="Building code">building code</a> requirements. A project will normally be assessed (by the 'authority having jurisdiction', AHJ, typically the <a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">municipality</a> where the project will be located) for its potential impacts on neighbouring properties, and upon existing infrastructure (transportation, social infrastructure, and utilities including water supply, sewerage, electricity, telecommunications, etc.). Data may be gathered through <a href="/wiki/Site_analysis" title="Site analysis">site analysis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Site_survey" title="Site survey">site surveys</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geotechnical_investigation" title="Geotechnical investigation">geotechnical investigations</a>. Construction normally cannot start until <a href="/wiki/Planning_permission" title="Planning permission">planning permission</a> has been granted, and may require preparatory work to ensure relevant infrastructure has been upgraded before building work can commence. Preparatory works will also include surveys of existing utility lines to avoid damage-causing outages and other hazardous situations. </p><p>Some legal requirements come from <i><a href="/wiki/Malum_in_se" title="Malum in se">malum in se</a></i> considerations, or the desire to prevent indisputably bad phenomena, e.g. explosions or bridge collapses. Other legal requirements come from <i><a href="/wiki/Malum_prohibitum" title="Malum prohibitum">malum prohibitum</a></i> considerations, or factors that are a matter of custom or expectation, such as isolating businesses from a business district or residences from a residential district. An attorney may seek changes or exemptions in the law that governs the land where the building will be built, either by arguing that a rule is inapplicable (the bridge design will not cause a collapse), or that the custom is no longer needed (acceptance of live-work spaces has grown in the community).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the construction of a building, a municipal building inspector usually inspects the ongoing work periodically to ensure that construction adheres to the approved plans and the local building code. Once construction is complete, any later changes made to a building or other asset that affect safety, including its use, expansion, structural integrity, and <a href="/wiki/Fire_protection" title="Fire protection">fire protection</a>, usually require municipality approval. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finance">Finance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Construction&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Finance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Depending on the type of project, <a href="/wiki/Mortgage_bank" title="Mortgage bank">mortgage bankers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accountant" title="Accountant">accountants</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cost_engineering" title="Cost engineering">cost engineers</a> may participate in creating an overall plan for the financial management of a construction project. The presence of the mortgage banker is highly likely, even in relatively small projects since the owner's equity in the property is the most obvious source of funding for a building project. Accountants act to study the expected monetary flow over the life of the project and to monitor the payouts throughout the process. Professionals including cost engineers, <a href="/wiki/Estimators" class="mw-redirect" title="Estimators">estimators</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quantity_surveyor" title="Quantity surveyor">quantity surveyors</a> apply expertise to relate the work and materials involved to a proper valuation. </p><p>Financial planning ensures adequate safeguards and contingency plans are in place before the project is started, and ensures that the plan is properly executed over the life of the project. Construction projects can suffer from preventable financial problems.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Underbids happen when builders ask for too little money to complete the project. <a href="/wiki/Cash_flow" title="Cash flow">Cash flow</a> problems exist when the present amount of funding cannot cover the current costs for labour and materials; such problems may arise even when the overall budget is adequate, presenting a temporary issue. Cost overruns with government projects have occurred when the contractor identified change orders or project changes that increased costs, which are not subject to competition from other firms as they have already been eliminated from consideration after the initial bid.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">Fraud</a> is also an issue of growing significance within construction.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Large projects can involve highly complex financial plans and often start with a conceptual <a href="/wiki/Cost_estimate" title="Cost estimate">cost estimate</a> performed by a <a href="/wiki/Building_estimator" title="Building estimator">building estimator</a>. As portions of a project are completed, they may be sold, supplanting one lender or owner for another, while the logistical requirements of having the right trades and materials available for each stage of the building construction project carry forward. <a href="/wiki/Public%E2%80%93private_partnership" title="Public–private partnership">Public–private partnerships</a> (PPPs) or <a href="/wiki/Private_finance_initiative" title="Private finance initiative">private finance initiatives</a> (PFIs) may also be used to help deliver major projects. According to <a href="/wiki/McKinsey_%26_Company" title="McKinsey & Company">McKinsey</a> in 2019, the "vast majority of large construction projects go over budget and take 20% longer than expected".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal">Legal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Construction&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Legal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Construction" title="Special:EditPage/Construction">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2006</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Construction_law" title="Construction law">Construction law</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:401-403-410_and_Construction_crop.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/401-403-410_and_Construction_crop.png/220px-401-403-410_and_Construction_crop.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/401-403-410_and_Construction_crop.png/330px-401-403-410_and_Construction_crop.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/401-403-410_and_Construction_crop.png/440px-401-403-410_and_Construction_crop.png 2x" data-file-width="2226" data-file-height="1645" /></a><figcaption>Construction along <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Highway_401" title="Ontario Highway 401">Ontario Highway 401</a>, widening the road from six to twelve travel lanes</figcaption></figure> <p>A construction project is a complex net of <a href="/wiki/Construction_contract" title="Construction contract">construction contracts</a> and other legal obligations, each of which all parties must carefully consider. A contract is the exchange of a set of obligations between two or more parties, and provides structures to manage issues. For example, construction delays can be costly, so construction contracts set out clear expectations and clear paths to manage delays. Poorly drafted contracts can lead to confusion and costly disputes. </p><p>At the start of a project, legal advisors seek to identify ambiguities and other potential sources of trouble in the contract structures, and to present options for preventing problems. During projects, they work to avoid and resolve conflicts that arise. In each case, the lawyer facilitates an exchange of obligations that matches the reality of the project. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UnderConstruction-Apt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/UnderConstruction-Apt.jpg/220px-UnderConstruction-Apt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/UnderConstruction-Apt.jpg/330px-UnderConstruction-Apt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/UnderConstruction-Apt.jpg/440px-UnderConstruction-Apt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Apartment complex under construction in <a href="/wiki/Daegu" title="Daegu">Daegu</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Procurement">Procurement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Construction&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Procurement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Traditional_or_Design-bid-build">Traditional or Design-bid-build</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Construction&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Traditional or Design-bid-build"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Design%E2%80%93bid%E2%80%93build" title="Design–bid–build">Design–bid–build</a></div> <p>Design-bid-build is the most common and well-established method of construction procurement. In this arrangement, the <a href="/wiki/Architect" title="Architect">architect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engineer" title="Engineer">engineer</a> or builder acts for the client as the project coordinator. They design the works, prepare specifications and design deliverables (models, drawings, etc.), administer the contract, <a href="/wiki/Request_for_tender" class="mw-redirect" title="Request for tender">tender</a> the works, and manage the works from inception to completion. In parallel, there are direct contractual links between the client and the main contractor, who, in turn, has direct contractual relationships with subcontractors. The arrangement continues until the project is ready for handover. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Design-build">Design-build</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Construction&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Design-build"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Design-build" class="mw-redirect" title="Design-build">Design-build</a></div> <p>Design-build became more common from the late 20th century, and involves the client contracting a single entity to provide design and construction. In some cases, the design-build package can also include finding the site, arranging funding and applying for all necessary statutory consents. Typically, the client invites several Design & Build (D&B) contractors to submit proposals to meet the project brief and then selects a preferred supplier. Often this will be a <a href="/wiki/Consortium" title="Consortium">consortium</a> involving a design firm and a contractor (sometimes more than one of each). In the United States, <a href="/wiki/Department_of_transportation" title="Department of transportation">departments of transportation</a> usually use design-build contracts as a way of progressing projects where states lack the skills or resources, particularly for very large projects.<sup id="cite_ref-Cronin_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cronin-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Construction_management">Construction management</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Construction&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Construction management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Construction_management" title="Construction management">Construction management</a></div> <p>In a construction management arrangement, the client enters into separate contracts with the designer (architect or engineer), a <a href="/wiki/Construction_management" title="Construction management">construction manager</a>, and individual <a href="/wiki/Tradesman" class="mw-redirect" title="Tradesman">trade contractors</a>. The client takes on the contractual role, while the construction or project manager provides the active role of managing the separate trade contracts, and ensuring that they complete all work smoothly and effectively together. This approach is often used to speed up <a href="/wiki/Procurement" title="Procurement">procurement</a> processes, to allow the client greater flexibility in design variation throughout the contract, to enable the appointment of individual work contractors, to separate contractual responsibility on each individual throughout the contract, and to provide greater client control. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Design">Design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Construction&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the industrialized world, construction usually involves the translation of designs into reality. Most commonly (i.e.: in a design-bid-build project), the design team is employed by (i.e. in contract with) the property owner. Depending upon the type of project, a design team may include <a href="/wiki/Architect" title="Architect">architects</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineer" title="Civil engineer">civil engineers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">mechanical engineers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">electrical engineers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Structural_engineer" title="Structural engineer">structural engineers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fire_protection_engineering" title="Fire protection engineering">fire protection engineers</a>, planning <a href="/wiki/Consultant" title="Consultant">consultants</a>, architectural consultants, and archaeological consultants. A 'lead designer' will normally be identified to help coordinate different disciplinary inputs to the overall design. This may be aided by integration of previously separate disciplines (often undertaken by separate firms) into multi-disciplinary firms with experts from all related fields,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or by firms establishing relationships to support design-build processes. </p><p>The increasing complexity of construction projects creates the need for design professionals trained in all phases of a project's life-cycle and develop an appreciation of the asset as an advanced technological system requiring close integration of many sub-systems and their individual components, including sustainability. For buildings, <a href="/wiki/Architectural_engineering" title="Architectural engineering">building engineering</a> is an emerging discipline that attempts to meet this new challenge. </p><p>Traditionally, design has involved the production of <a href="/wiki/Sketch_(drawing)" title="Sketch (drawing)">sketches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Architectural_drawing" title="Architectural drawing">architectural</a> and <a href="/wiki/Engineering_drawing" title="Engineering drawing">engineering drawings</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Specification_(technical_standard)" title="Specification (technical standard)">specifications</a>. Until the late 20th century, drawings were largely hand-<a href="/wiki/Drafter" title="Drafter">drafted</a>; adoption of <a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_design" title="Computer-aided design">computer-aided design</a> (CAD) technologies then improved design productivity, while the 21st-century introduction of <a href="/wiki/Building_information_modeling" title="Building information modeling">building information modeling</a> (BIM) processes has involved the use of computer-generated models that can be used in their own right or to generate drawings and other <a href="/wiki/Visualization_(graphics)" title="Visualization (graphics)">visualisations</a> as well as capturing non-geometric data about building components and systems. </p><p>On some projects, work on-site will not start until design work is largely complete; on others, some design work may be undertaken concurrently with the early stages of on-site activity (for example, work on a building's foundations may commence while designers are still working on the detailed designs of the building's internal spaces). Some projects may include elements that are designed for <a href="/wiki/Off-site_construction" title="Off-site construction">off-site construction</a> (see also <a href="/wiki/Prefabrication" title="Prefabrication">prefabrication</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modular_building" title="Modular building">modular building</a>) and are then delivered to the site ready for erection, installation or assembly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On-site_construction">On-site construction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Construction&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: On-site construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:-37_Construction.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/-37_Construction.jpg/220px--37_Construction.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/-37_Construction.jpg/330px--37_Construction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/-37_Construction.jpg/440px--37_Construction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12528" data-file-height="9967" /></a><figcaption>On-site <a href="/wiki/Foundation_(engineering)" title="Foundation (engineering)">foundation construction</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Once contractors and other relevant professionals have been appointed and designs are sufficiently advanced, work may commence on the project site. Typically, a construction site will include a secure perimeter to restrict unauthorised access, site access control points, office and welfare accommodation for personnel from the main contractor and other firms involved in the project team, and storage areas for materials, machinery and equipment. According to the <i>McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Architecture and Construction's</i> definition, construction may be said to have <i>started</i> when the first feature of the permanent structure has been put in place, such as pile driving, or the pouring of slabs or footings.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commissioning_and_handover">Commissioning and handover</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Construction&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Commissioning and handover"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New-construction_building_commissioning" class="mw-redirect" title="New-construction building commissioning">New-construction building commissioning</a></div> <p>Commissioning is the process of verifying that all subsystems of a new building (or other assets) work as intended to achieve the owner's project requirements and as designed by the project's architects and engineers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defects_liability_period">Defects liability period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Construction&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Defects liability period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A period after handover (or practical completion) during which the owner may identify any shortcomings in relation to the building specification ('defects'), with a view to the contractor correcting the defect.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maintenance,_repair_and_improvement"><span id="Maintenance.2C_repair_and_improvement"></span>Maintenance, repair and improvement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Construction&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Maintenance, repair and improvement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Maintenance_(technical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maintenance (technical)">Maintenance (technical)</a></div> <p>Maintenance involves functional checks, servicing, repairing or replacing of necessary devices, equipment, <a href="/wiki/Machine" title="Machine">machinery</a>, building infrastructure, and supporting utilities in industrial, business, governmental, and residential installations.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demolition">Demolition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Construction&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Demolition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demolition" title="Demolition">Demolition</a></div> <p>Demolition is the discipline of safely and efficiently tearing down <a href="/wiki/Building" title="Building">buildings</a> and other artificial <a href="/wiki/Structure" title="Structure">structures</a>. <a href="/wiki/Demolition" title="Demolition">Demolition</a> contrasts with <a href="/wiki/Deconstruction_(building)" title="Deconstruction (building)">deconstruction</a>, which involves taking a building apart while carefully preserving valuable elements for reuse purposes (<a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">recycling</a> – see also <a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy">circular economy</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Industry_scale_and_characteristics">Industry scale and characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Construction&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Industry scale and characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_activity">Economic activity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Construction&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Economic activity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:European_Antennas_Under_Construction.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/European_Antennas_Under_Construction.jpg/220px-European_Antennas_Under_Construction.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/European_Antennas_Under_Construction.jpg/330px-European_Antennas_Under_Construction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/European_Antennas_Under_Construction.jpg/440px-European_Antennas_Under_Construction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4194" data-file-height="2758" /></a><figcaption>Helicopter view of the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (<a href="/wiki/Atacama_Large_Millimeter_Array" title="Atacama Large Millimeter Array">ALMA</a>) Operations Support Facility (OSF) construction site</figcaption></figure> <p>The output of the global construction industry was worth an estimated $10.8 trillion in 2017, and in 2018 was forecast to rise to $12.9 trillion by 2022,<sup id="cite_ref-BDC-08Oct2018_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BDC-08Oct2018-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to around $14.8 trillion in 2030.<sup id="cite_ref-GCP_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GCP-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a sector, construction accounts for more than 10% of global GDP (in <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed countries</a>, construction comprises 6–9% of GDP),<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and employs around 7% of the total employed workforce around the globe<sup id="cite_ref-Potensis_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Potensis-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (accounting for over 273 million full- and part-time jobs in 2014).<sup id="cite_ref-ICED_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICED-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2010,<sup id="cite_ref-PBC-25Mar2019_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PBC-25Mar2019-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China has been the world's largest single construction market.<sup id="cite_ref-Reuters-03Mar2011_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuters-03Mar2011-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States is the second largest construction market with a 2018 output of $1.581 trillion.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>In the United States in February 2020, around $1.4 trillion worth of construction work was in progress, according to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">Census Bureau</a>, of which just over $1.0 trillion was for the <a href="/wiki/Private_sector" title="Private sector">private sector</a> (split roughly 55:45% between residential and nonresidential); the remainder was <a href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">public sector</a>, predominantly for state and local government.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, the construction sector experienced growth during the latter part of 2000s. Based on National Statistical Service, Armenia's construction sector generated approximately 20% of Armenia's GDP during the first and second quarters of 2007. In 2009, according to the World Bank, 30% of Armenia's economy was from construction sector.<sup id="cite_ref-ArmeniaLib-Sept-20-2007_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArmeniaLib-Sept-20-2007-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, the construction industry plays an important role in the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Vietnam" title="Economy of Vietnam">national economy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Vietnamese construction industry has been one of the fastest growing in the <a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Pacific" title="Asia–Pacific">Asia-Pacific</a> region in recent years.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The market was valued at nearly $60 billion in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the first half of 2022, Vietnam's construction industry growth rate reached 5.59%.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, Vietnam's construction industry accounted for more than 6% of the country's GDP, equivalent to over 589.7 billion <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_%C4%91%E1%BB%93ng" title="Vietnamese đồng">Vietnamese dong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The industry of industry and construction accounts for 38.26% of Vietnam's GDP.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, the industry is one of the most attractive industries for foreign direct investment (FDI) in recent years.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Construction is a major source of employment in most countries; high reliance on small businesses, and under-representation of women are common traits. For example: </p> <ul><li>In the US, construction employed around 11.4m people in 2020, with a further 1.8m employed in architectural, engineering, and related professional services – equivalent to just over 8% of the total US workforce.<sup id="cite_ref-womenUS_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-womenUS-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The construction workers were employed in over 843,000 organisations, of which 838,000 were privately held businesses.<sup id="cite_ref-USBLS-IAG_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USBLS-IAG-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2016, 60.4% of construction workers were employed by businesses with fewer than 50 staff.<sup id="cite_ref-TED-03Mar2017_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TED-03Mar2017-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women are substantially underrepresented (relative to their share of total employment), comprising 10.3% of the US construction workforce, and 25.9% of professional services workers, in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-womenUS_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-womenUS-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Construction industry of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom construction sector</a> contributed £117 billion (6%) to UK GDP in 2018, and in 2019 employed 2.4m workers (6.6% of all jobs). These worked either for 343,000 'registered' construction businesses, or for 'unregistered' businesses, typically self-employed contractors;<sup id="cite_ref-HoCbriefing_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HoCbriefing-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> just over one million small/medium-sized businesses, mainly self-employed individuals, worked in the sector in 2019, comprising about 18% of all UK businesses.<sup id="cite_ref-HoCbriefing2_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HoCbriefing2-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women comprised 12.5% of the UK construction workforce.<sup id="cite_ref-GMB_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GMB-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/McKinsey_%26_Company" title="McKinsey & Company">McKinsey</a> research, <a href="/wiki/Productivity" title="Productivity">productivity</a> growth per worker in construction has lagged behind many other industries across different countries including in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and in European countries. In the United States, construction productivity per worker has declined by half since the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Construction_GVA_by_country">Construction GVA by country</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Construction&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Construction GVA by country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238864702">.mw-parser-output .bar-chart{margin:0.5em;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid #c0c0c0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart caption{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th,.mw-parser-output .bar-chart td{padding:1px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th[scope="col"]:not(.bar-chart-label-type){width:15em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th[scope="row"]:not(.bar-chart-total){font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar{height:1.25em;width:40em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#cedff2;height:1.25em;margin:0 0 0 0;z-index:0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-comment{font-size:90%;padding-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-numbers{position:relative;top:-1.4em;height:1.25em;padding:0 0 0 2em;z-index:10;width:40em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-caption{border-top:1px solid #aaa}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-right{float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-center{margin:0.5em auto}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#74497e}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#74497e}}</style> <table class="bar-chart"> <caption>List of countries with the largest construction Gross Value Added in 2018 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" class="bar-chart-label-type">Economy </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 30em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Construction GVA in 2018 (billions in <a href="/wiki/USD" class="mw-redirect" title="USD">USD</a>)</div> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">(01) <b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></b> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 30em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:18.7em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 30em;"><span class="nowrap">934.2</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">(02) <b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></b> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 30em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:16.8em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 30em;"><span class="nowrap">839.1</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">(03) <b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></b> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 30em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:5.5em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 30em;"><span class="nowrap">275.5</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">(04) <b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></b> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 30em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:4em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 30em;"><span class="nowrap">201.2</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">(05) <b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></b> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 30em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:3.6em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 30em;"><span class="nowrap">180.5</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">(06) <b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></b> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 30em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:3.1em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 30em;"><span class="nowrap">154.7</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">(07) <b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></b> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 30em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:2.8em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 30em;"><span class="nowrap">138.7</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">(08) <b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></b> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 30em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:2.5em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 30em;"><span class="nowrap">125.4</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">(09) <b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></b> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 30em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:2.4em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 30em;"><span class="nowrap">121.2</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">(10) <b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></b> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 30em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:2.2em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 30em;"><span class="nowrap">111.8</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">(11) <b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></b> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 30em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:2.2em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 30em;"><span class="nowrap">109.7</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">(12) <b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></b> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 30em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:1.9em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 30em;"><span class="nowrap">93.0</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">(13) <b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></b> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 30em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:1.9em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 30em;"><span class="nowrap">92.6</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">(14) <b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></b> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 30em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:1.8em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 30em;"><span class="nowrap">89.0</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">(15) <b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></b> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 30em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:1.6em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 30em;"><span class="nowrap">80.0</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">(16) <b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></b> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 30em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:1.6em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 30em;"><span class="nowrap">78.9</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">(17) <b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></b> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 30em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:1.1em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 30em;"><span class="nowrap">55.3</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">(18) <b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></b> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 30em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.8em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 30em;"><span class="nowrap">40.2</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">(19) <b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></b> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 30em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.8em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 30em;"><span class="nowrap">39.5</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">(20) <b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></b> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 30em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.8em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 30em;"><span class="nowrap">39.4</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">(21) <b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></b> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 30em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.7em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 30em;"><span class="nowrap">36.3</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">(22) <b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></b> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 30em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.7em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 30em;"><span class="nowrap">34.5</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">(23) <b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></b> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 30em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.7em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 30em;"><span class="nowrap">33.3</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">(24) <b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></b> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 30em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.5em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 30em;"><span class="nowrap">27.2</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">(25) <b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></b> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 30em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.5em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 30em;"><span class="nowrap">27.0</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="bar-chart-caption" colspan="10"> <p><span style="font-size:88%;">The twenty-five largest countries in the world by construction GVA (2018)<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Employment">Employment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Construction&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Employment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Construction_Workers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Construction_Workers.jpg/220px-Construction_Workers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Construction_Workers.jpg/330px-Construction_Workers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Construction_Workers.jpg/440px-Construction_Workers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2254" data-file-height="2818" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ironworker" title="Ironworker">Ironworkers</a> erecting the steel frame of a new building at <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_General_Hospital" title="Massachusetts General Hospital">Massachusetts General Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Algamildj.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Algamildj.jpeg/220px-Algamildj.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Algamildj.jpeg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="199" /></a><figcaption>A truck operator at <a href="/wiki/Al_Gamil" title="Al Gamil">Al Gamil</a>, the largest construction company in <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Some workers may be engaged in <a href="/wiki/Manual_labour" title="Manual labour">manual labour</a><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as unskilled or semi-skilled workers; they may be skilled tradespeople; or they may be supervisory or managerial personnel. Under safety legislation in the United Kingdom, for example, construction workers are defined as people "who work for or under the control of a contractor on a construction site";<sup id="cite_ref-CDMRegs_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDMRegs-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Canada, this can include people whose work includes ensuring conformance with building codes and regulations, and those who supervise other workers.<sup id="cite_ref-CCOHS_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCOHS-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Laborers" class="mw-redirect" title="Laborers">Laborers</a> comprise a large grouping in most national construction industries. In the United States, for example, in May 2021 the construction sector employed just over 7.5 million people, of whom just over 820,000 were laborers, while 573,000 were <a href="/wiki/Carpentry" title="Carpentry">carpenters</a>, 508,000 were <a href="/wiki/Electrician" title="Electrician">electricians</a>, 258,000 were equipment operators and 230,000 were construction managers.<sup id="cite_ref-USBLS-con_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USBLS-con-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like most business sectors, there is also substantial <a href="/wiki/White-collar_worker" title="White-collar worker">white-collar</a> employment in construction – 681,000 US workers were recorded by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Labor" title="United States Department of Labor">United States Department of Labor</a> as in 'office and administrative support occupations' in May 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-USBLS-tables_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USBLS-tables-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Large-scale construction requires <a href="/wiki/Collaboration" title="Collaboration">collaboration</a> across multiple disciplines. A <a href="/wiki/Project_manager" title="Project manager">project manager</a> normally manages the budget on the job, and a <a href="/wiki/Construction_management" title="Construction management">construction manager</a>, <a href="/wiki/Design_engineer" title="Design engineer">design engineer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Construction_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Construction engineer">construction engineer</a> or <a href="/wiki/Architect" title="Architect">architect</a> supervises it. Those involved with the design and execution must consider zoning requirements and legal issues, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Environmental impact assessment">environmental impact</a> of the project, <a href="/wiki/Scheduling_(production_processes)" title="Scheduling (production processes)">scheduling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Budget" title="Budget">budgeting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Construction_bidding" title="Construction bidding">bidding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Construction_site_safety" title="Construction site safety">construction site safety</a>, availability and transportation of <a href="/wiki/Building_material" title="Building material">building materials</a>, logistics, and inconvenience to the public, including those caused by <a href="/wiki/Construction_delay" title="Construction delay">construction delays</a>. </p><p>Some models and policy-making organisations promote the engagement of local labour in construction projects as a means of tackling <a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">social exclusion</a> and addressing skill shortages. In the UK, the <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rowntree_Foundation" title="Joseph Rowntree Foundation">Joseph Rowntree Foundation</a> reported in 2000 on 25 projects which had aimed to offer training and employment opportunities for locally based school leavers and unemployed people.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Foundation published "a good practice resource book" in this regard at the same time.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Use of local labour and local materials were specified for the construction of the Danish <a href="/wiki/Storebaelt_bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Storebaelt bridge">Storebaelt bridge</a>, but there were legal issues which were challenged in court and addressed by the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice" title="European Court of Justice">European Court of Justice</a> in 1993. The court held that a <a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">contract</a> condition requiring use of local labour and local materials was incompatible with <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_European_Union" title="Treaty on European Union">EU treaty principles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later UK guidance noted that social and employment clauses, where used, must be compatible with relevant EU regulation.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Employment of local labour was identified as one of several social issues which could potentially be incorporated in a sustainable procurement approach, although the interdepartmental <i>Sustainable Procurement Group</i> recognised that "there is far less scope to incorporate [such] social issues in public procurement than is the case with environmental issues".<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are many routes to the different <a href="/wiki/Career" title="Career">careers</a> within the construction industry. There are three main tiers of <a href="/wiki/Construction_worker" title="Construction worker">construction workers</a> based on educational background and training, which vary by country: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Unskilled_and_semi-skilled_workers">Unskilled and semi-skilled workers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Construction&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Unskilled and semi-skilled workers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unskilled and semi-skilled workers provide general site labor, often have few or no construction qualifications, and may receive basic site training. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Skilled_tradespeople">Skilled tradespeople</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Construction&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Skilled tradespeople"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_construction_trades" title="List of construction trades">List of construction trades</a></div> <p>Skilled <a href="/wiki/Tradesmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Tradesmen">tradespeople</a> have typically served <a href="/wiki/Apprenticeship" title="Apprenticeship">apprenticeships</a> (sometimes in <a href="/wiki/Labor_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor union">labor unions</a>) or received technical training; this group also includes on-site managers who possess extensive knowledge and experience in their <a href="/wiki/Craft" title="Craft">craft</a> or <a href="/wiki/Profession" title="Profession">profession</a>. Skilled manual occupations include <a href="/wiki/Carpenter" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpenter">carpenters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electrician" title="Electrician">electricians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plumber" title="Plumber">plumbers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ironworker" title="Ironworker">ironworkers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heavy_equipment_operator" title="Heavy equipment operator">heavy equipment operators</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brick_mason" class="mw-redirect" title="Brick mason">masons</a>, as well as those involved in project management. In the UK these require <a href="/wiki/Further_education" title="Further education">further education</a> qualifications, often in <a href="/wiki/Vocation" title="Vocation">vocational</a> subject areas, undertaken either directly after completing <a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">compulsory education</a> or through "on the job" apprenticeships.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Professional,_technical_or_managerial_personnel"><span id="Professional.2C_technical_or_managerial_personnel"></span>Professional, technical or managerial personnel</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Construction&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Professional, technical or managerial personnel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Professional, technical and managerial personnel often have <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher education</a> qualifications, usually <a href="/wiki/Graduate_degrees" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate degrees">graduate degrees</a>, and are trained to design and manage construction processes. These roles require more training as they demand greater technical knowledge, and involve more legal responsibility. Example roles (and qualification routes) include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architect" title="Architect">Architect</a> – Will usually have studied <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a> to degree level, and then undertaken further study and gained professional experience. In many countries, the title of "architect" is protected by law, strictly limiting its use to qualified people.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_engineer" title="Civil engineer">Civil engineer</a> – Typically holds a degree in a related subject and may only be eligible for membership of a professional institution (such as the UK's <a href="/wiki/Institution_of_Civil_Engineers" title="Institution of Civil Engineers">ICE</a>) following completion of additional training and experience. In some jurisdictions, a new university graduate must hold a <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">master's degree</a> to become chartered,<sup id="cite_ref-CEng_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CEng-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and persons with <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degrees</a> may become <a href="/wiki/Engineering_technologist" title="Engineering technologist">Incorporated Engineers</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_services_engineering" title="Building services engineering">Building services engineer</a> – May also be referred to as an "M&E" or "<a href="/wiki/Mechanical,_electrical,_and_plumbing" title="Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing">mechanical, electrical, and plumbing</a> (MEP) engineer" and typically holds a degree in mechanical or electrical engineering.<sup id="cite_ref-CEng_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CEng-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_manager" title="Project manager">Project manager</a> – Typically holds a 4-year or greater <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher education</a> qualification, but are often also qualified in another field such as architecture, civil engineering or quantity surveying.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_engineer" title="Structural engineer">Structural engineer</a> – Typically holds a bachelor's or master's degree in structural engineering.<sup id="cite_ref-CEng_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CEng-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantity_surveyor" title="Quantity surveyor">Quantity surveyor</a> – Typically holds a bachelor's degree in quantity surveying. UK chartered status is gained from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Institution_of_Chartered_Surveyors" title="Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors">Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Construction&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Construction_site_safety" title="Construction site safety">Construction site safety</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Construction_workers_not_wearing_fall_protection_equipment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Construction_workers_not_wearing_fall_protection_equipment.jpg/220px-Construction_workers_not_wearing_fall_protection_equipment.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Construction_workers_not_wearing_fall_protection_equipment.jpg/330px-Construction_workers_not_wearing_fall_protection_equipment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Construction_workers_not_wearing_fall_protection_equipment.jpg/440px-Construction_workers_not_wearing_fall_protection_equipment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="766" /></a><figcaption>At-risk workers without appropriate safety equipment</figcaption></figure> <p>Construction is one of the most dangerous occupations in the world, incurring more occupational fatalities than any other sector in both the United States and in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OSHA_stats_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OSHA_stats-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eurostat_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eurostat-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the US in 2019, 1,061, or about 20%, of worker fatalities in private industry occurred in construction.<sup id="cite_ref-OSHA_stats_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OSHA_stats-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, more than a third of US construction fatalities (366 out of 971 total fatalities) were the result of falls;<sup id="cite_ref-Garza_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garza-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the UK, half of the average 36 fatalities per annum over a five-year period to 2021 were attributed to falls from height.<sup id="cite_ref-HSE2021_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HSE2021-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proper safety equipment such as harnesses, hard hats and guardrails and procedures such as securing ladders and inspecting <a href="/wiki/Scaffolding" title="Scaffolding">scaffolding</a> can curtail the risk of occupational injuries in the construction industry.<sup id="cite_ref-osha-campaign_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osha-campaign-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other major causes of fatalities in the construction industry include electrocution, transportation accidents, and trench cave-ins.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other safety risks for workers in construction include <a href="/wiki/Hearing_loss" title="Hearing loss">hearing loss</a> due to high noise exposure, <a href="/wiki/Musculoskeletal_injury" title="Musculoskeletal injury">musculoskeletal injury</a>, chemical exposure, and high levels of stress.<sup id="cite_ref-NIOSHblog_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIOSHblog-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides that, the high turnover of workers in construction industry imposes a huge challenge of accomplishing the restructuring of work practices in individual workplaces or with individual workers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Construction has been identified by the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> (NIOSH) as a priority industry sector in the <a href="/wiki/National_Occupational_Research_Agenda" title="National Occupational Research Agenda">National Occupational Research Agenda</a> (NORA) to identify and provide intervention strategies regarding occupational health and safety issues.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study conducted in 2022 found “significant effect of air pollution exposure on construction-related injuries and fatalities”, especially with the exposure of <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide" title="Nitrogen dioxide">nitrogen dioxide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lse2023_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lse2023-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sustainability">Sustainability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Construction&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Sustainability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sustainability_in_construction" title="Sustainability in construction">Sustainability in construction</a></div> <p>Sustainability is an aspect of "green building", defined by the United States <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA) as "the practice of creating structures and using processes that are environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building's life-cycle from siting to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation and deconstruction."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decarbonising_construction">Decarbonising construction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Construction&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Decarbonising construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The construction industry may require transformation at pace and at scale if it is to successfully contribute to achieving the target set out in <a href="/wiki/The_Paris_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="The Paris Agreement">The Paris Agreement</a> of limiting global temperature rise to 1.5C above industrial levels.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/World_Green_Building_Council" title="World Green Building Council">World Green Building Council</a> has stated the buildings and infrastructure around the world can reach 40% less embodied carbon emissions but that this can only be achieved through urgent transformation.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conclusions from industry leaders have suggested that the <a href="/wiki/Net_zero" class="mw-redirect" title="Net zero">net zero</a> transformation is likely to be challenging for the construction industry, but it does present an opportunity. Action is demanded from <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">governments</a>, standards bodies, the construction sector, and the <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a> profession to meet the decarbonising targets.<sup id="cite_ref-nationalengineeringpolicycentre_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nationalengineeringpolicycentre-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Engineering" title="Royal Academy of Engineering">National Engineering Policy Centre</a> published its report <i>Decarbonising Construction: Building a new net zero industry,</i><sup id="cite_ref-nationalengineeringpolicycentre_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nationalengineeringpolicycentre-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which outlined key areas to decarbonise the construction sector and the wider <a href="/wiki/Built_environment" title="Built environment">built environment</a>. This report set out around 20 different recommendations to transform and decarbonise the construction sector, including recommendations for <a href="/wiki/Engineer" title="Engineer">engineers</a>, the construction industry and decision makers, plus outlined six-overarching ‘system levers’ where action taken now will result in rapid decarbonisation of the construction sector.<sup id="cite_ref-nationalengineeringpolicycentre_88-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nationalengineeringpolicycentre-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These levels are: </p> <ul><li>Setting and stipulating progressive targets for carbon reduction</li> <li>Embedding quantitative whole-life carbon assessment into public procurement</li> <li>Increasing design efficiency, materials reuse and retrofit of buildings</li> <li>Improving whole-life carbon performance</li> <li>Improving skills for net zero</li> <li>Adopting a joined up, systems approach to decarbonisation across the construction sector and with other sectors</li></ul> <p>Progress is being made internationally to decarbonise the sector including improvements to sustainable procurement practice such as the CO2 performance ladder in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and the Danish Partnership for Green Public Procurement.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also now demonstrations of applying the principles of circular economy practices in practice such as Circl, <a href="/wiki/ABN_AMRO" title="ABN AMRO">ABN AMRO</a>'s sustainable pavilion and the <a href="/wiki/Waste_House" title="Waste House">Brighton Waste House</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Construction&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/construction" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/construction">construction</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agile_construction" title="Agile construction">Agile construction</a> – Management system in the construction industry</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_material" title="Building material">Building material</a> – Material which is used for construction purposes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">Civil engineering</a> – Engineering discipline focused on physical infrastructure</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissioning_(construction)" title="Commissioning (construction)">Commissioning (construction)</a> – Process to ensure that all building systems perform according to the "Design Intent"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_concrete" title="Environmental impact of concrete">Environmental impact of concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impervious_surface" title="Impervious surface">Impervious surface</a> – Artificial structures such as pavements covered with water-tight materials</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_construction_articles" title="Index of construction articles">Index of construction articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</a> – Gradual destruction of land</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures" title="List of tallest structures">List of tallest structures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_built_before_the_20th_century" title="List of tallest structures built before the 20th century">List of tallest structures built before the 20th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_methods_of_construction" title="Modern methods of construction">Modern methods of construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_construction" title="Outline of construction">Outline of construction</a> – Overview of and topical guide to construction</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_development" title="Real estate development">Real estate development</a> – Process that creates or renovates new or existing spaces</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_robustness" title="Structural robustness">Structural robustness</a> – Ability of a structure to withstand physical strain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umarell" title="Umarell">Umarell</a> – Bolognese slang term</li></ul> <p><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_parthenon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/31px-P_parthenon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/47px-P_parthenon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/62px-P_parthenon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Architecture" title="Portal:Architecture">Architecture portal</a> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/28px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/42px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/56px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Engineering" title="Portal:Engineering">Engineering portal</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Construction&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CEng-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CEng_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CEng_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CEng_73-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">In the UK, the <a href="/wiki/Chartered_Engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chartered Engineer">Chartered Engineer</a> qualification is controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Engineering_Council" title="Engineering Council">Engineering Council</a>, and is often achieved through membership of the relevant professional institution (ICE, CIBSE, IStructE, etc).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Construction&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-OED-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OED_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Construction" def. 1.a. 1.b. and 1.c. <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i> Second Edition on CD-ROM (v. 4.0) Oxford University Press 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Construction". <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=construction">http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=construction</a> accessed 3/6/2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GCP-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GCP_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GCP_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.databasedanalysis.com/global-construction-perspectives/">"Global Construction Report 2030"</a>. <i>GCP DBA</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GCP+DBA&rft.atitle=Global+Construction+Report+2030&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.databasedanalysis.com%2Fglobal-construction-perspectives%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstruction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OSHA_stats-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OSHA_stats_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OSHA_stats_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OSHA_stats_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osha.gov/data/commonstats">"Commonly Used Statistics: Worker fatalities"</a>. <i>Occupational Safety and Health Administration</i>. United States Department of Labor<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Log_cabin_corner_joints" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Log cabin corner joints">Log cabin corner joints</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Construction" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Construction_overview" title="Template:Construction overview"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Construction_overview" title="Template talk:Construction overview"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Construction_overview" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Construction overview"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Construction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Construction</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Home_construction" title="Home construction">Home construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_construction" title="Offshore construction">Offshore construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_construction" title="Underground construction">Underground construction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_construction" title="Tunnel construction">Tunnel construction</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture" title="History of architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_construction" title="History of construction">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_structural_engineering" title="History of structural engineering">Structural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_architecture" title="Timeline of architecture">Timeline of architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_water_supply_and_sanitation" title="History of water supply and sanitation">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architect" title="Architect">Architect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_engineer" title="Building engineer">Building engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_estimator" title="Building estimator">Building estimator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_officials" title="Building officials">Building officials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartered_Building_Surveyor" title="Chartered Building Surveyor">Chartered Building Surveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_engineer" title="Civil engineer">Civil engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_estimator" title="Civil estimator">Civil estimator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerk_of_works" title="Clerk of works">Clerk of works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_manager" title="Project manager">Project manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantity_surveyor" title="Quantity surveyor">Quantity surveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Site_manager" title="Site manager">Site manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_engineer" title="Structural engineer">Structural engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superintendent_(construction)" title="Superintendent (construction)">Superintendent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trades workers<br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_construction_trades" title="List of construction trades">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banksman" title="Banksman">Banksman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boilermaker" title="Boilermaker">Boilermaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricklayer" title="Bricklayer">Bricklayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpentry" title="Carpentry">Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_finisher" title="Concrete finisher">Concrete finisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_foreman" title="Construction foreman">Construction foreman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_worker" title="Construction worker">Construction worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrician" title="Electrician">Electrician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glazier" title="Glazier">Glazier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ironworker" title="Ironworker">Ironworker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millwright" title="Millwright">Millwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasterer" title="Plasterer">Plasterer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumber" title="Plumber">Plumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roofer" title="Roofer">Roofer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_fixer" title="Steel fixer">Steel fixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welder" title="Welder">Welder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Constructors" title="American Institute of Constructors">American Institute of Constructors</a> (AIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Civil_Engineers" title="American Society of Civil Engineers">American Society of Civil Engineers</a> (ASCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asbestos_Testing_and_Consultancy_Association" title="Asbestos Testing and Consultancy Association">Asbestos Testing and Consultancy Association</a> (ATAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associated_General_Contractors_of_America" title="Associated General Contractors of America">Associated General Contractors of America</a> (AGC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Plumbing_and_Heating_Contractors" title="Association of Plumbing and Heating Contractors">Association of Plumbing and Heating Contractors</a> (APHC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Build_UK" title="Build UK">Build UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_History_Society" title="Construction History Society">Construction History Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartered_Institution_of_Civil_Engineering_Surveyors" title="Chartered Institution of Civil Engineering Surveyors">Chartered Institution of Civil Engineering Surveyors</a> (CICES)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartered_Institute_of_Plumbing_and_Heating_Engineering" title="Chartered Institute of Plumbing and Heating Engineering">Chartered Institute of Plumbing and Heating Engineering</a> (CIPHE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Engineering_Contractors_Association" title="Civil Engineering Contractors Association">Civil Engineering Contractors Association</a> (CECA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Concrete_Society" title="The Concrete Society">The Concrete Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_Management_Association_of_America" title="Construction Management Association of America">Construction Management Association of America</a> (CMAA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_Specifications_Institute" title="Construction Specifications Institute">Construction Specifications Institute</a> (CSI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDIC" class="mw-redirect" title="FIDIC">FIDIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Builders_Federation" title="Home Builders Federation">Home Builders Federation</a> (HBF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting_Association" title="Lighting Association">Lighting Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Home_Builders" title="National Association of Home Builders">National Association of Home Builders</a> (NAHB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Women_in_Construction" title="National Association of Women in Construction">National Association of Women in Construction</a> (NAWIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fire_Protection_Association" title="National Fire Protection Association">National Fire Protection Association</a> (NFPA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Kitchen_%26_Bath_Association" title="National Kitchen & Bath Association">National Kitchen & Bath Association</a> (NKBA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Railroad_Construction_and_Maintenance_Association" title="National Railroad Construction and Maintenance Association">National Railroad Construction and Maintenance Association</a> (NRC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Tile_Contractors_Association" title="National Tile Contractors Association">National Tile Contractors Association</a> (NTCA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_Tie_Association" title="Railway Tie Association">Railway Tie Association</a> (RTA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Institution_of_Chartered_Surveyors" title="Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors">Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors</a> (RICS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Building_Federation" title="Scottish Building Federation">Scottish Building Federation</a> (SBF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Construction_Arbitrators" title="Society of Construction Arbitrators">Society of Construction Arbitrators</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_India" title="Construction industry of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_Iran" title="Construction industry of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_Japan" title="Construction industry of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_Romania" title="Construction industry of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_construction_and_contracting_industry" title="Turkish construction and contracting industry">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Construction industry of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Construction industry in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Building_code" title="Building code">Building code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_law" title="Construction law">Construction law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_site_safety" title="Construction site safety">Site safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoning" title="Zoning">Zoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_style" title="Architectural style">Style</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_architectural_styles" title="List of architectural styles">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_architecture" title="Industrial architecture">Industrial architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_industrial_architecture" title="British industrial architecture">British</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_architecture" title="Indigenous architecture">Indigenous architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_architecture" title="Interior architecture">Interior architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">Landscape architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_architecture" title="Vernacular architecture">Vernacular architecture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Engineering</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_engineering" title="Architectural engineering">Architectural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_services_engineering" title="Building services engineering">Building services engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">Civil engineering</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_engineering" title="Coastal engineering">Coastal engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_engineering" title="Construction engineering">Construction engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_engineering" title="Structural engineering">Structural engineering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthquake_engineering" title="Earthquake engineering">Earthquake engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geotechnical_engineering" title="Geotechnical engineering">Geotechnical engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_construction_methods" title="List of construction methods">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthbag_construction" title="Earthbag construction">Earthbag construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_methods_of_construction" title="Modern methods of construction">Modern methods of construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monocrete_construction" title="Monocrete construction">Monocrete construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slip_forming" title="Slip forming">Slip forming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Building_material" title="Building material">Building material</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_building_materials" title="List of building materials">List of building materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millwork_(building_material)" class="mw-redirect" title="Millwork (building material)">Millwork</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_bidding" title="Construction bidding">Construction bidding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_delay" title="Construction delay">Construction delay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_equipment_theft" title="Construction equipment theft">Construction equipment theft</a></li> <li>Construction loan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_management" title="Construction management">Construction management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_waste" title="Construction waste">Construction waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demolition" title="Demolition">Demolition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design%E2%80%93build" title="Design–build">Design–build</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design%E2%80%93bid%E2%80%93build" title="Design–bid–build">Design–bid–build</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DFMA" title="DFMA">DfMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_equipment" title="Heavy equipment">Heavy equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_design" title="Interior design">Interior design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_buildings_and_structures" title="Lists of buildings and structures">Lists of buildings and structures</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures" title="List of tallest buildings and structures">List of tallest buildings and structures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megaproject" title="Megaproject">Megaproject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megastructure" title="Megastructure">Megastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasterwork" title="Plasterwork">Plasterwork</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damp_(structural)" title="Damp (structural)">Damp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damp_proofing" title="Damp proofing">Proofing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parge_coat" title="Parge coat">Parge coat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roughcast" title="Roughcast">Roughcast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harling_(wall_finish)" title="Harling (wall finish)">Harling</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_development" title="Real estate development">Real estate development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonemasonry" title="Stonemasonry">Stonemasonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_in_construction" title="Sustainability in construction">Sustainability in construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfinished_building" title="Unfinished building">Unfinished building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_design" title="Urban design">Urban design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">Urban planning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_construction" title="Outline of construction">Outline</a> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Construction" title="Category:Construction">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Construction_industry_by_country" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist 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title="Construction industry of Canada (page does not exist)">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_India" title="Construction industry of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_Iran" title="Construction industry of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_Japan" title="Construction industry of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Construction_industry_of_Hong_Kong_SAR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Construction industry of Hong Kong SAR (page does not exist)">Hong Kong SAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_Romania" title="Construction industry of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Construction industry of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Construction industry of the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tallest_buildings_and_structures" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tallest_buildings_and_structures" title="Template:Tallest buildings and structures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tallest_buildings_and_structures" title="Template talk:Tallest buildings and structures"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tallest_buildings_and_structures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tallest buildings and structures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tallest_buildings_and_structures" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures" title="List of tallest buildings and structures">Tallest buildings and structures</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_world%27s_tallest_buildings" title="History of the world's tallest buildings">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyscraper" title="Skyscraper">Skyscraper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storey" title="Storey">Storey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings" title="List of tallest buildings">Buildings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Africa" title="List of tallest buildings in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Asia" title="List of tallest buildings in Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="List of tallest buildings and structures in the Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Southeast_Asia" title="List of tallest buildings in Southeast Asia">Southeast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Europe" title="List of tallest buildings in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_the_Balkans" title="List of tallest buildings in the Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_the_Baltic_states" title="List of tallest buildings in the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Scandinavia" title="List of tallest buildings in Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Oceania" title="List of tallest buildings in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li>The Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_North_America" title="List of tallest buildings in North America">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Central_America" title="List of tallest buildings in Central America">Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Latin_America" title="List of tallest buildings in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_South_America" title="List of tallest buildings in South America">South America</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_by_country" title="List of tallest buildings by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Albania" title="List of tallest buildings in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Algeria" title="List of tallest buildings in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Argentina" title="List of tallest buildings in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Australia" title="List of tallest buildings in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Austria" title="List of tallest buildings in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Azerbaijan" title="List of tallest buildings in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Bangladesh" title="List of tallest buildings in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Bolivia" title="List of tallest buildings in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="List of tallest buildings in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Brazil" title="List of tallest buildings in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Bulgaria" title="List of tallest buildings in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Cambodia" title="List of tallest buildings in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Canada" title="List of tallest buildings in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Chile" title="List of tallest buildings in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_China" title="List of tallest buildings in China">China</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of tallest buildings in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Macau" title="List of tallest buildings in Macau">Macau</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Colombia" title="List of tallest buildings in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Croatia" title="List of tallest buildings in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Cyprus" title="List of tallest buildings in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="List of tallest buildings in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Denmark" title="List of tallest buildings in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Ecuador" title="List of tallest buildings in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Estonia" title="List of tallest buildings in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Finland" title="List of tallest buildings in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_France" title="List of tallest buildings in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Georgia_(country)" title="List of tallest buildings in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Germany" title="List of tallest buildings in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures_in_Greece" title="List of tallest buildings and structures in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Iceland" title="List of tallest buildings in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_India" title="List of tallest buildings in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Indonesia" title="List of tallest buildings in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Iran" title="List of tallest buildings in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Ireland" title="List of tallest buildings in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Israel" title="List of tallest buildings in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Italy" title="List of tallest buildings in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Japan" title="List of tallest structures in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Kazakhstan" title="List of tallest buildings in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Kenya" title="List of tallest buildings in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Kosovo" title="List of tallest buildings in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Kuwait" title="List of tallest buildings in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Latvia" title="List of tallest buildings in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Lebanon" title="List of tallest buildings in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Lithuania" title="List of tallest buildings in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Malaysia" title="List of tallest buildings in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Malta" title="List of tallest buildings in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Mexico" title="List of tallest buildings in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Monaco" title="List of tallest buildings in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Mongolia" title="List of tallest buildings in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Morocco" title="List of tallest buildings in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Myanmar" title="List of tallest buildings in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of tallest buildings in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Nigeria" title="List of tallest buildings in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_North_Korea" title="List of tallest buildings in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_North_Macedonia" title="List of tallest buildings in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Norway" title="List of tallest buildings in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Panama_City" title="List of tallest buildings in Panama City">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Pakistan" title="List of tallest buildings in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Peru" title="List of tallest buildings in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_the_Philippines" title="List of tallest structures in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Poland" title="List of tallest buildings in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Portugal" title="List of tallest buildings in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Romania" title="List of tallest buildings in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Russia" title="List of tallest buildings in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of tallest buildings in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Serbia#Buildings" title="List of tallest structures in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Singapore" title="List of tallest buildings in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Slovenia" title="List of tallest buildings in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Slovakia" title="List of tallest buildings in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_South_Africa" title="List of tallest buildings in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_South_Korea" title="List of tallest buildings in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Spain" title="List of tallest buildings in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Sweden" title="List of tallest buildings in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Switzerland" title="List of tallest buildings in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Taiwan" title="List of tallest buildings in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Tanzania" title="List of tallest buildings in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Thailand" title="List of tallest structures in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Turkey" title="List of tallest buildings in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Ukraine" title="List of tallest buildings in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="List of tallest buildings in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of tallest buildings in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_the_United_States" title="List of tallest buildings in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Uruguay" title="List of tallest buildings in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Venezuela" title="List of tallest buildings in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Vietnam" title="List of tallest buildings in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Zimbabwe" title="List of tallest buildings in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_buildings_with_100_floors_or_more" title="List of buildings with 100 floors or more">100+ floors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_architects_of_supertall_buildings" title="List of architects of supertall buildings">Architects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_by_height_to_roof" class="mw-redirect" title="List of tallest buildings by height to roof">Buildings by height to roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_with_the_most_skyscrapers" title="List of cities with the most skyscrapers">Cities with most skyscrapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_with_the_most_skyscrapers" title="List of countries with the most skyscrapers">Countries with most skyscrapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_church_buildings" title="List of tallest church buildings">Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_designed_by_women" title="List of tallest buildings designed by women">Designed by women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_Eastern_Orthodox_church_buildings" title="List of tallest Eastern Orthodox church buildings">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_mosques" title="List of tallest mosques">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_educational_buildings" title="List of tallest educational buildings">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_future_tallest_buildings" class="mw-redirect" title="List of future tallest buildings">Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_hospitals" title="List of tallest hospitals">Hospitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_hotels" title="List of tallest hotels">Hotels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_buildings" title="List of most expensive buildings">Most expensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_residential_buildings" title="List of tallest residential buildings">Residential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_skyscrapers_by_floor_area" title="List of skyscrapers by floor area">Skyscrapers by floor area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_twin_buildings_and_structures" title="List of tallest twin buildings and structures">Twin buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_voluntarily_demolished_buildings" title="List of tallest voluntarily demolished buildings">Voluntarily demolished</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_wooden_buildings" title="List of tallest wooden buildings">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_early_skyscrapers" title="List of early skyscrapers">Early skyscrapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supertall_skyscrapers" title="List of supertall skyscrapers">Supertall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_megatall_skyscrapers" title="List of megatall skyscrapers">Megatall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures" title="List of tallest structures">Structures</a><br />(of any type)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Africa" title="List of tallest structures in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_the_Middle_East" title="List of tallest structures in the Middle East">West Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Europe" title="List of tallest structures in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_built_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of tallest structures built in the Soviet Union">former Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li>The Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_South_America" title="List of tallest structures in South America">South America</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_by_country" title="List of tallest structures by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures_in_Afghanistan" title="List of tallest buildings and structures in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Albania" title="List of tallest structures in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Algeria" title="List of tallest structures in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Armenia" title="List of tallest structures in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Australia" title="List of tallest structures in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Austria" title="List of tallest structures in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Bahrain" title="List of tallest structures in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Belgium" title="List of tallest structures in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Bulgaria" title="List of tallest structures in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Canada" title="List of tallest structures in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_China" title="List of tallest structures in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="List of tallest structures in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Denmark" title="List of tallest structures in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures_in_Egypt" title="List of tallest buildings and structures in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Estonia" title="List of tallest structures in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Finland" title="List of tallest structures in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_France" title="List of tallest structures in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Germany" title="List of tallest structures in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures_in_Greece" title="List of tallest buildings and structures in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Hungary" title="List of tallest structures in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of tallest structures in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_India" title="List of tallest structures in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Indonesia" title="List of tallest structures in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Iran" title="List of tallest structures in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Ireland" title="List of tallest structures in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Italy" title="List of tallest structures in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Japan" title="List of tallest structures in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Kosovo" title="List of tallest structures in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Luxembourg" title="List of tallest structures in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Myanmar" title="List of tallest structures in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of tallest structures in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_New_Zealand" title="List of tallest structures in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Norway" title="List of tallest structures in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_the_Philippines" title="List of tallest structures in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Poland" title="List of tallest structures in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Portugal" title="List of tallest structures in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Romania" title="List of tallest structures in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_tallest_structures_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of the tallest structures in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Serbia" title="List of tallest structures in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Slovakia" title="List of tallest structures in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_South_Africa" title="List of tallest structures in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Spain" title="List of tallest structures in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of tallest structures in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Sweden" title="List of tallest structures in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Switzerland" title="List of tallest structures in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Tunisia" title="List of tallest structures in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Turkey" title="List of tallest structures in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Turkmenistan" title="List of tallest structures in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of tallest structures in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_the_United_States" title="List of tallest structures in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Uzbekistan" title="List of tallest structures in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_%E2%80%93_300_to_400_metres" title="List of tallest structures – 300 to 400 metres">300 to 400 metres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_%E2%80%93_400_to_500_metres" title="List of tallest structures – 400 to 500 metres">400 to 500 metres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_built_before_the_20th_century" title="List of tallest structures built before the 20th century">Before the 20th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_bridges" title="List of tallest bridges">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_chimneys" title="List of tallest chimneys">Chimneys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_crosses_in_the_world" title="List of tallest crosses in the world">Crosses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_dams" title="List of tallest dams">Dams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flagpoles_by_height" title="List of flagpoles by height">Flagpoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ferris_wheels" title="List of Ferris wheels">Ferris wheels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_freestanding_structures" title="List of tallest freestanding structures">Freestanding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_lighthouses" title="List of tallest lighthouses">Lighthouses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_statues" title="List of tallest statues">Statues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_towers" title="List of tallest towers">Towers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_twin_buildings_and_structures" title="List of tallest twin buildings and structures">Twin structures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related<br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Additionally_guyed_tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Additionally guyed tower">Additionally guyed tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_traffic_obstacle" title="Air traffic obstacle">Air traffic obstacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_buildings_and_structures" title="Lists of buildings and structures">All buildings and structures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antenna_height_considerations" class="mw-redirect" title="Antenna height considerations">Antenna height considerations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_engineering" title="Architectural engineering">Architectural engineering</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_skyscrapers" title="Early skyscrapers">Early skyscrapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fires_in_high-rise_buildings" title="List of fires in high-rise buildings">Fires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundscraper" title="Groundscraper">Groundscraper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Height_restriction_laws" title="Height restriction laws">Height restriction laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_visionary_tall_buildings_and_structures" title="List of visionary tall buildings and structures">List of visionary tall buildings and structures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_platform" title="Oil platform">Oil platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partially_guyed_tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Partially guyed tower">Partially guyed tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_block" title="Tower block">Tower block</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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