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title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ur.wikipedia.org&uselang=ur"><span>عطیہ دیجیے</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%82_%DA%A9%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%81&returnto=%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF+%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84+%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85" title="کھاتہ بنانے یا اس میں داخل ہونے کی سفارش کی جاتی ہے؛ تاہم یہ ضروری نہیں"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>کھاتہ بنائیں</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84_%DB%81%D9%88%DA%BA&returnto=%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF+%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84+%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85" title="کھاتے میں داخل ہونے کی سفارش کی جاتی ہے؛ تاہم یہ ضروری نہیں [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>داخل ہوں</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA:%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81" aria-label="ترمیم کاری کے متعلق مزید تفصیلات"><span>مزید تفصیلات</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%BA" title="اس آئی پی پتے سے انجام دی جانے والی تمام ترامیم کی فہرست [y]" accesskey="y"><span>شراکتیں</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%84%DB%81_%D8%AE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84" title="اس آئی پی پتے کی ترامیم سے متعلق گفتگو [n]" accesskey="n"><span>تبادلۂ خیال</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="ویب گاہ"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="مندرجات" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">مندرجات</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">بغلی پٹی پر جائیں</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">چھپائیں</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">دیباچہ</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-مزید_دیکھیے" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#مزید_دیکھیے"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>مزید دیکھیے</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-مزید_دیکھیے-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-حوالہ_جات" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#حوالہ_جات"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>حوالہ جات</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-حوالہ_جات-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>حوالہ جات کے ذیلی قطعہ پر جائیں</span> </button> <ul id="toc-حوالہ_جات-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-کتابیات" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#کتابیات"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>کتابیات</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-کتابیات-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-بیرونی_روابط" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#بیرونی_روابط"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>بیرونی روابط</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-بیرونی_روابط-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="مندرجات" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="فہرست عناوین دیکھیں" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">فہرست عناوین دیکھیں</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">نانجنگ قتل عام</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 68 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-68" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">68 زبانیں</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B0%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%BA" title="مذبحة نانجنغ – عربی" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مذبحة نانجنغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="عربی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84%E2%80%8C%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF" title="قتل‌عام نانجینگ – فارسی" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قتل‌عام نانجینگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="فارسی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre – انگریزی" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Nanjing Massacre" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="انگریزی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloedbad_van_Nanjing" title="Bloedbad van Nanjing – افریقی" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bloedbad van Nanjing" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="افریقی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masacre_de_Nank%C3%ADn" title="Masacre de Nankín – اسٹوریائی" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Masacre de Nankín" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="اسٹوریائی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nankin_q%C4%B1r%C4%9F%C4%B1n%C4%B1" title="Nankin qırğını – آذربائیجانی" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nankin qırğını" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="آذربائیجانی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%82_%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84%E2%80%8C%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C" title="نانجینق قتل‌عامی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نانجینق قتل‌عامی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE" title="নানচিং গণহত্যা – بنگلہ" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নানচিং গণহত্যা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="بنگلہ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A2m-kia%E2%81%BF_To%C4%81-t%C3%B4%CD%98-sat" title="Lâm-kiaⁿ Toā-tô͘-sat – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lâm-kiaⁿ Toā-tô͘-sat" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Нанкінская разня – بیلاروسی" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нанкінская разня" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="بیلاروسی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Клане в Нанкин – بلغاری" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Клане в Нанкин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="بلغاری" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazhadeg_Nanjing" title="Lazhadeg Nanjing – بریٹن" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lazhadeg Nanjing" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="بریٹن" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_de_Nanqu%C3%ADn" title="Massacre de Nanquín – کیٹالان" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Massacre de Nanquín" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="کیٹالان" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="بہترین مضمون"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nankingsk%C3%BD_masakr" title="Nankingský masakr – چیک" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nankingský masakr" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="چیک" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanjing-massakren" title="Nanjing-massakren – ڈینش" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nanjing-massakren" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="ڈینش" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massaker_von_Nanking" title="Massaker von Nanking – جرمن" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Massaker von Nanking" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="جرمن" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanjingi_veresaun" title="Nanjingi veresaun – اسٹونین" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nanjingi veresaun" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="اسٹونین" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%AE_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9D%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA" title="Σφαγή της Ναντσίνγκ – یونانی" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σφαγή της Ναντσίνγκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="یونانی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masacre_de_Nank%C3%ADn" title="Masacre de Nankín – ہسپانوی" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Masacre de Nankín" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="ہسپانوی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amasbu%C4%89o_de_Nankino" title="Amasbuĉo de Nankino – ایسپرانٹو" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Amasbuĉo de Nankino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="ایسپرانٹو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nankingo_sarraskia" title="Nankingo sarraskia – باسکی" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nankingo sarraskia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="باسکی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_de_Nankin" title="Massacre de Nankin – فرانسیسی" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Massacre de Nankin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="فرانسیسی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masacre_de_Nanjing" title="Masacre de Nanjing – گالیشیائی" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Masacre de Nanjing" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="گالیشیائی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%A4%A7%E5%B1%A0%E6%AE%BA" title="南京大屠殺 – gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="南京大屠殺" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A0m-k%C3%AEn_Thai-th%C3%B9-sat" title="Nàm-kîn Thai-thù-sat – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Nàm-kîn Thai-thù-sat" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%9C%EC%A7%95_%EB%8C%80%ED%95%99%EC%82%B4" title="난징 대학살 – کوریائی" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="난징 대학살" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="کوریائی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AE" title="Նանկինի կոտորած – آرمینیائی" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նանկինի կոտորած" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="آرمینیائی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="नानचिंग नरसंहार – ہندی" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नानचिंग नरसंहार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="ہندی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembantaian_Nanking" title="Pembantaian Nanking – انڈونیثیائی" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pembantaian Nanking" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="انڈونیثیائی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanjing-fj%C3%B6ldamor%C3%B0in" title="Nanjing-fjöldamorðin – آئس لینڈک" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Nanjing-fjöldamorðin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="آئس لینڈک" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacro_di_Nanchino" title="Massacro di Nanchino – اطالوی" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Massacro di Nanchino" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="اطالوی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%91%D7%97_%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92" title="טבח נאנג'ינג – عبرانی" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טבח נאנג'ינג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="عبرانی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BB%9D%E0%BA%B9%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B5%E0%BB%88%E0%BB%9C%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%B4%E0%BB%8B%E0%BA%87" title="ການສັງຫານໝູ່ທີ່ໜານຈິ໋ງ – لاؤ" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ການສັງຫານໝູ່ທີ່ໜານຈິ໋ງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="لاؤ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na%C5%86dzjinas_slakti%C5%86%C5%A1" title="Naņdzjinas slaktiņš – لیٹوین" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Naņdzjinas slaktiņš" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="لیٹوین" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nankino_%C5%BEudyn%C4%97s" title="Nankino žudynės – لیتھوینین" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nankino žudynės" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="لیتھوینین" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nankingi_m%C3%A9sz%C3%A1rl%C3%A1s" title="Nankingi mészárlás – ہنگیرین" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nankingi mészárlás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ہنگیرین" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B2" title="നാൻജിങ് കൂട്ടക്കൊല – مالایالم" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നാൻജിങ് കൂട്ടക്കൊല" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="مالایالم" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B2" title="नान्जिंगची कत्तल – مراٹهی" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नान्जिंगची कत्तल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="مراٹهی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembunuhan_beramai-ramai_di_Nanjing" title="Pembunuhan beramai-ramai di Nanjing – مالے" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pembunuhan beramai-ramai di Nanjing" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="مالے" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%85%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%96%E1%80%BC%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AF" title="နန်ကျင်း အစုလိုက်အပြုံလိုက် သတ်ဖြတ်မှု – برمی" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နန်ကျင်း အစုလိုက်အပြုံလိုက် သတ်ဖြတ်မှု" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="برمی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloedbad_van_Nanking" title="Bloedbad van Nanking – ڈچ" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bloedbad van Nanking" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="ڈچ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="नानचिङ नरसंहार – نیپالی" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="नानचिङ नरसंहार" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="نیپالی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%AC%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="南京事件 – جاپانی" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="南京事件" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="جاپانی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanjingmassakren" title="Nanjingmassakren – نارویجین بوکمل" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nanjingmassakren" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="نارویجین بوکمل" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%AE" title="ਨਾਨਜਿੰਗ ਕਤਲੇਆਮ – پنجابی" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨਾਨਜਿੰਗ ਕਤਲੇਆਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="پنجابی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85" title="نانجنگ قتل عام – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نانجنگ قتل عام" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AB_%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%88%DA%98%D9%86%D9%87" title="د نانجینګ ټول وژنه – پشتو" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د نانجینګ ټول وژنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="پشتو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masakra_nanki%C5%84ska" title="Masakra nankińska – پولش" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Masakra nankińska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="پولش" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_de_Nanquim" title="Massacre de Nanquim – پُرتگالی" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Massacre de Nanquim" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="پُرتگالی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masacrul_din_Nanking" title="Masacrul din Nanking – رومینین" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Masacrul din Nanking" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="رومینین" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Нанкинская резня – روسی" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нанкинская резня" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="روسی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masakra_e_Nanxhing" title="Masakra e Nanxhing – البانی" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Masakra e Nanxhing" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="البانی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nanjing Massacre" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nankinsk%C3%BD_masaker" title="Nankinský masaker – سلوواک" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nankinský masaker" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="سلوواک" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80" title="Нанкиншки масакр – سربین" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нанкиншки масакр" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="سربین" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanjingin_veril%C3%B6yly" title="Nanjingin verilöyly – فینیش" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nanjingin verilöyly" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="فینیش" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanjingmassakern" title="Nanjingmassakern – سویڈش" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nanjingmassakern" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="سویڈش" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masaker_sa_Nanking" title="Masaker sa Nanking – ٹیگا لوگ" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Masaker sa Nanking" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="ٹیگا لوگ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="நாங்கிங் படுகொலைகள் – تمل" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நாங்கிங் படுகொலைகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="تمل" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%8A%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A4" title="న్యాంజింగు ఊచకోత – تیلگو" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="న్యాంజింగు ఊచకోత" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="تیلگو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87" title="การสังหารหมู่ที่หนานจิง – تھائی" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การสังหารหมู่ที่หนานจิง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="تھائی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nankin_Katliam%C4%B1" title="Nankin Katliamı – ترکی" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nankin Katliamı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="ترکی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Різанина в Нанкіні – یوکرینیائی" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Різанина в Нанкіні" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="یوکرینیائی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%A3m_s%C3%A1t_Nam_Kinh" title="Thảm sát Nam Kinh – ویتنامی" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thảm sát Nam Kinh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="ویتنامی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%AC%E4%B9%8B%E5%B1%A0" title="南京之屠 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="南京之屠" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%A4%A7%E5%B1%A0%E6%9D%80" title="南京大屠杀 – وو چائینیز" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="南京大屠杀" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="وو چائینیز" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%A4%A7%E5%B1%A0%E6%AE%BA" title="南京大屠殺 – کینٹونیز" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="南京大屠殺" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="کینٹونیز" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%A4%A7%E5%B1%A0%E6%AE%BA" title="南京大屠殺 – چینی" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="南京大屠殺" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="چینی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">آزاد دائرۃ المعارف، ویکیپیڈیا سے</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-rtl mw-parser-output" lang="ur" dir="rtl"><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:315px;float:left;clear:left;border-spacing:2px;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%">نانجنگ قتل عام<br />Nanjing Massacre<br />(نانجنگ کی عصمت دری)<br />(Rape of Nanjing)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle">سلسلہ <a href="/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="دوسری چین-جاپانی جنگ">دوسری چین-جاپانی جنگ</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Nanking_bodies_1937.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Nanking_bodies_1937.jpg/300px-Nanking_bodies_1937.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Nanking_bodies_1937.jpg/450px-Nanking_bodies_1937.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Nanking_bodies_1937.jpg/600px-Nanking_bodies_1937.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="559" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%81%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="دریائے چینہوائی">دریائے چینہوائی</a> کے کنارے قتل عام کے متاثرین کی لاشیں قریب کھڑے ایک جاپانی فوجی کے ساتھ</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">تاریخ</th><td>دسمبر 13, 1937 – جنوری 1938</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">مقام</th><td><span class="location"><a href="/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="نانجنگ">نانجنگ</a>، <a href="/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="چین">چین</a></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">نتیجہ</th><td> <div class="plainlist" style="margin-Right: 0em;"> <ul><li>50,000–300,000 ہلاک (بنیادی ذرائع)<sup id="cite_ref-Wellesley.edu_1-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 75%;"><a href="#cite_note-Wellesley.edu-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nankingatrocities.net_2-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 75%;"><a href="#cite_note-nankingatrocities.net-2">[2]</a></sup></li> <li>40,000–300,000 ہلاک (علمی اتفاق رائے)<sup id="cite_ref-Berghahn_Books_3-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 75%;"><a href="#cite_note-Berghahn_Books-3">[3]</a></sup></li> <li>300,000 ہلاک (چینی حکومت، چین میں علمی اتفاق رائے)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference" style="font-size: 75%;"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference" style="font-size: 75%;"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference" style="font-size: 75%;"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox" style="width: 22em; font-size: 88%; text-align: right; line-height: 1.5em"> <tbody><tr> <th style="font-size: 125%; background-color: #b0c4de; text-align: center" colspan="2"><b>نانجنگ قتل عام</b> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #b0c4de">چینی نام </th></tr> <tr> <th style="width: 50%; white-space: nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AA%DB%8C_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81" class="mw-redirect" title="روائتی چینی حروف">روایتی چینی</a> </th> <td style="width: 50%; font-size: 130%"><span lang="zh-hant"> 南京大屠殺 </span> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="width: 50%; white-space: nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%81_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81" class="mw-redirect" title="سادہ چینی حروف">سادہ چینی</a> </th> <td style="width: 50%; font-size: 130%"><span lang="zh-hans"> 南京大屠杀 </span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <table class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" width="100%" style="margin:0; border: 0; background-color: #f7f8ff; font-size: 95%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: right; background-color: #f9ffbc">انتساخ </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #dcffc9"><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="ماندرین چینی">ماندرین</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="width: 50%; white-space: nowrap">- <a href="/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86" class="mw-redirect" title="پنین">ہانیو پنین</a> </th> <td style="width: 50%">Nánjīng Dàtúshā </td></tr> <tr> <th style="width: 50%; white-space: nowrap">- <a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%92-%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84%D8%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="وادے-جائلز">وادے-جائلز</a> </th> <td style="width: 50%">Nan<sup>2</sup>-ching<sup>1</sup> Ta<sup>4</sup>-t'u<sup>2</sup>-sha<sup>1</sup> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #b0c4de">جاپانی نام </th></tr> <tr> <th style="width: 50%; white-space: nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="کانجی">کانجی</a> </th> <td style="width: 50%"><span lang="ja"> 1. 南京大虐殺 <br /> 2. 南京事件 </span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <table class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" width="100%" style="border: 0; background-color: #f7f8ff; font-size: 95%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: right; background-color: #f9ffbc">انتساخ </th></tr> <tr> <th style="width: 50%; white-space: nowrap">- <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hepburn_romanization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hepburn romanization (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Traditional Hepburn</a> </th> <td style="width: 50%">1. Nankin Daigyakusatsu <br /> 2. Nankin Jiken </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>نانجنگ قتل عام</b> (<a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="انگریزی">انگریزی</a>: Nanjing Massacre) یا <b><a href="/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%B5%D9%85%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="نانجنگ کی عصمت دری">نانجنگ کی عصمت دری</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="انگریزی">انگریزی</a>: Rape of Nanjing) (<a href="/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="چینی زبان">چینی</a>: <span lang="zh">南京大屠殺</span>)（(<a href="/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جاپانی زبان">جاپانی</a>: <span lang="ja">南京事件<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference" style="font-size: 75%;"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup>、南京大虐殺、南京虐殺事件</span>)‏） <a href="/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="دوسری چین-جاپانی جنگ">دوسری چین-جاپانی جنگ</a> کے دوران <a href="/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سلطنت جاپان">جاپان</a> کی افواج کا اس وقت کے <a href="/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%81%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%81_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86_(1912%D8%A1%E2%80%931949%D8%A1)" title="جمہوریہ چین (1912ء–1949ء)">جمہوریہ چین</a> کے <a href="/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA" title="دار الحکومت">دار الحکومت</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="نانجنگ">نانجنگ</a> (نانکنگ) میں <a href="/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85" title="قتل عام">قتل عام</a> اور وسیع پیمانے پر خواتین کی <a href="/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B5%D9%85%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="عصمت دری">عصمت دری</a> تھی۔ کیونکہ اس زمانے میں انگریزی <a href="/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%81%DB%8C" title="نقل حرفی">نقل حرفی</a> کے لحاظ سے <b>نانکنگ</b> کہا جاتا تھا اسی لیے اس واقعے کو <b>نانکنگ قتل عام</b> اور <b>نانکنگ کی عصمت دری</b> کے نام سے بھی جانا جاتا ہے۔ </p><p>یہ <a href="/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85" title="قتل عام">قتل عام</a> <a href="/wiki/13_%D8%AF%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="13 دسمبر">13 دسمبر</a>، <a href="/wiki/1937%D8%A1" title="1937ء">1937ء</a> کو جس دن جاپانی افواج نے نانجنگ پر قبضہ کیا سے شروع ہو کر چھ ہفتے جاری رہا۔ اس مدت کے دوران <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="شاہی جاپانی فوج (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">شاہی جاپانی فوج</a> کے <a href="/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%81%DB%8C" title="سپاہی">سپاہیویں</a> نے چینی شہریوں اور غیر مسلح فوجیوں کو قتل کیا جن کی تعداد کا اندازہ 40،000 سے 300،000 تک لگایا جاتا ہے۔ <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference" style="font-size: 75%;"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tot_9-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 75%;"><a href="#cite_note-tot-9">[9]</a></sup> اس کے علاوہ جاپانی افواج نے وسیع پیمانے پر خواتین کی <a href="/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B5%D9%85%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="عصمت دری">عصمت دری</a> اور لوٹ مار کا بھی ارتکاب کیا۔ <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference" style="font-size: 75%;"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference" style="font-size: 75%;"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> </p><p>چونکہ جاپانی فوج کا زیادہ تر ریکارڈ مخفی رکھا جاتا تھا اور <a href="/wiki/1945%D8%A1" title="1945ء">1945ء</a> میں جاپان کے ہتھیار ڈال دینے کے بعد اسے تباہ کر دیا گیا تھا اس لیے مورخین درست طریقے سے قتل عام میں مرنے والوں کی تعداد کا اندازہ کرنے سے قاصر ہیں۔ <a href="/wiki/%D9%B9%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88" class="mw-redirect" title="ٹوکیو">ٹوکیو</a> میں قائم ہونے والے <b>بین الاقوامی فوجی ٹربیونل برائے مشرق بعید</b> کا اندازہ ہے کہ اس واقعہ میں 200،000 سے زائد چینی ہلاک ہوئے۔ <sup id="cite_ref-IMTFE_12-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 75%;"><a href="#cite_note-IMTFE-12">[12]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/1947%D8%A1" title="1947ء">1947ء</a> میں بننے والے <b>نانجنگ <a href="/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85" title="جنگی جرائم">جنگی جرائم</a> ٹربیونل</b> کے مطابق چین کا سرکاری اندازہ ہے کہ اس میں 300،000 سے زائد افراد ہلاک ہوئے۔ مرنے والوں کی صحیح تعداد کا اندازہ <a href="/wiki/1980%D8%A1" title="1980ء">1980ء</a> کی دہائی میں کئی <a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%82" title="محقق">محققین</a> کے درمیان زیر بحث رہا ہے۔ <sup id="cite_ref-Berghahn_Books_3-1" class="reference" style="font-size: 75%;"><a href="#cite_note-Berghahn_Books-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference" style="font-size: 75%;"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> </p><p>یہ واقعہ چین-جاپان تعلقات میں متنازع سیاسی مسئلہ اور ایک رکاوٹ بنا رہا۔ جاپانیوں کی طرف سے <a href="/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85" title="قتل عام">قتل عام</a> میں مرنے والوں کی تعداد میں مبالغہ آرائی کا الزام لگایا جاتا رہا، <sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference" style="font-size: 75%;"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> جبکہ کچھ تاریخی نفی پسندوں اور <a href="/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85" title="جاپانی قوم">جاپانی قوم</a> پرستوں نے قتل عام کا دعوے کو <a href="/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%AF%D9%86%DA%88%D8%A7" title="پروپیگنڈا">پروپیگنڈا</a> مقاصد کے لیے من گھڑت قصہ بھی قرار دیا۔ <sup id="cite_ref-tot_9-1" class="reference" style="font-size: 75%;"><a href="#cite_note-tot-9">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference" style="font-size: 75%;"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dillon_16-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 75%;"><a href="#cite_note-dillon-16">[16]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference" style="font-size: 75%;"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-gall_18-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 75%;"><a href="#cite_note-gall-18">[18]</a></sup> تنازع قتل عام <a href="/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جاپان">جاپان</a> کا <a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%A7%DB%81%D9%84" title="ایشیا بحر الکاہل">ایشیا بحر الکاہل</a> کی دیگر اقوام کے ساتھ تعلقات، خاص طور پر <a href="/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="جنوبی کوریا">جنوبی کوریا</a> کے ساتھ ایک مرکزی مسئلہ بنا رہا۔ <sup id="cite_ref-gall_18-1" class="reference" style="font-size: 75%;"><a href="#cite_note-gall-18">[18]</a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%D8%AD%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="حکومت جاپان">حکومت جاپان</a> سکوت <a href="/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="نانجنگ">نانجنگ</a> کے بعد شاہی جاپانی فوج کی بڑی تعداد میں غیر عسکریت پسندوں کے قتل، لوٹ مار اور دیگر جرائم کا اعتراف کر چکی ہے، <sup id="cite_ref-mofa_jp_19-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 75%;"><a href="#cite_note-mofa_jp-19">[19]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-I'm_Sorry_20-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 75%;"><a href="#cite_note-I'm_Sorry-20">[20]</a></sup> اور جاپانی فوجیوں جو وہاں موجود تھے اس کی تصدیق کی ہے، <sup id="cite_ref-Kingston_21-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 75%;"><a href="#cite_note-Kingston-21">[21]</a></sup> تاہم اب بھی جاپانی حکومت اور معاشرے کے اندر ایک چھوٹی اقلیت مرنے والوں کی تعداد کے بارے میں اعتراض کرتی ہے۔ </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="مزید_دیکھیے"><span id=".D9.85.D8.B2.DB.8C.D8.AF_.D8.AF.DB.8C.DA.A9.DA.BE.DB.8C.DB.92"></span>مزید دیکھیے</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85&action=edit&section=1" title="تدوینِ قطعہ: مزید دیکھیے"><span>ترمیم</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D8%AA%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86" title="خواتین برائے تسکین">خواتین برائے تسکین</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="حوالہ_جات"><span id=".D8.AD.D9.88.D8.A7.D9.84.DB.81_.D8.AC.D8.A7.D8.AA"></span>حوالہ جات</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85&action=edit&section=2" title="تدوینِ قطعہ: حوالہ جات"><span>ترمیم</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r4721619">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2" style=""> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Wellesley.edu-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Wellesley.edu_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110228031202/http://www.wellesley.edu/Polisci/wj/China/Nanjing/nanjing2.html">"<i>The Nanking Atrocities: Fact and Fable</i>"</a>۔ Wellesley.edu۔ فروری 28, 2011 میں <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wellesley.edu/Polisci/wj/China/Nanjing/nanjing2.html">اصل</a> سے آرکائیو شدہ<span class="reference-accessdate">۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 06 مارچ 2011</span></span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fur.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF+%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84+%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85&rft.btitle=The+Nanking+Atrocities%3A+Fact+and+Fable&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Wellesley.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wellesley.edu%2FPolisci%2Fwj%2FChina%2FNanjing%2Fnanjing2.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">تحقق من التاريخ في: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|archive-date=</code> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA:%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%81_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AA_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A7%DA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="معاونت:حوالہ جات کی غلطياں (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">معاونت</a>)</span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6342468">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-right:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nankingatrocities.net-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-nankingatrocities.net_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131026021444/http://www.nankingatrocities.net/1990s/nineties_01.htm">"Nanking Atrocities – In the 1990s"</a>۔ nankingatrocities.net۔ اکتوبر 26, 2013 میں <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nankingatrocities.net/1990s/nineties_01.htm">اصل</a> سے آرکائیو شدہ</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fur.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF+%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84+%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85&rft.atitle=Nanking+Atrocities+%93+In+the+1990s&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nankingatrocities.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nankingatrocities.net%2F1990s%2Fnineties_01.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">تحقق من التاريخ في: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|archive-date=</code> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA:%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%81_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AA_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A7%DA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="معاونت:حوالہ جات کی غلطياں (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">معاونت</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6342468"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berghahn_Books-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Berghahn_Books_3-0"><sup><b>ا</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berghahn_Books_3-1"><sup><b>ب</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi، مدیر (2008)۔ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nankingatrocity100btwa">The Nanking Atrocity, 1937–38: Complicating the Picture</a>۔ Berghahn Books۔ صفحہ: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nankingatrocity100btwa/page/362">362</a>۔ <a href="/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="رقم الكتاب المعياري الدولي">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84/1-84545-180-5" title="خاص:کتابی وسائل/1-84545-180-5">1-84545-180-5</a></span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fur.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF+%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84+%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85&rft.btitle=The+Nanking+Atrocity%2C+1937%9338%3A+Complicating+the+Picture&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-84545-180-5&rft.pages=362&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnankingatrocity100btwa&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6342468"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140322091900/http://jds.cass.cn/UploadFiles/2010/11/201011041014223781.pdf">"论南京大屠杀遇难人数认定的历史演变"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>۔ Jds.cass.cn۔ 22 مارچ 2014 میں <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jds.cass.cn/UploadFiles/2010/11/201011041014223781.pdf">اصل</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> سے آرکائیو شدہ<span class="reference-accessdate">۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 16 مارچ 2016</span></span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fur.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF+%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84+%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85&rft.atitle=%E8%AE%BA%E5%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%A4%A7%E5%B1%A0%E6%9D%E9%81%87%E9%9A%BE%E4%BA%BA%E6%95%B0+%E8%AE%A4%E5%AE%9A%E7%9A%84%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E6%BC%94%E5%8F%98&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jds.cass.cn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjds.cass.cn%2FUploadFiles%2F2010%2F11%2F201011041014223781.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6342468"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041945/http://www.hprc.org.cn/pdf/DSZI200603018.pdf">"近十年" 侵华日军南京大屠杀"研究述评"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>۔ Jds.cass.cn۔ 04 مارچ 2016 میں <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hprc.org.cn/pdf/DSZI200603018.pdf">اصل</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> سے آرکائیو شدہ<span class="reference-accessdate">۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ مارچ 16, 2016</span></span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fur.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF+%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84+%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85&rft.atitle=%E8%BF%91%E5%81%E5%B9%B4%22+%E4%BE%B5%E5%8E%E6%97%A5%E5%86%9B%E5%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%A4%A7%E5%B1%A0%E6%9D%22%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E8%BF%B0%E8%AF%84&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jds.cass.cn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hprc.org.cn%2Fpdf%2FDSZI200603018.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">الوسيط <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> تم تجاهله (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA:%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%81_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AA_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A7%DA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="معاونت:حوالہ جات کی غلطياں (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">معاونت</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">تحقق من التاريخ في: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|access-date=</code> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA:%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%81_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AA_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A7%DA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="معاونت:حوالہ جات کی غلطياں (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">معاونت</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6342468"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306190621/http://modernchina.org.cn/uploadfiles/zyqk/2010/12/201012021431330066.pdf">"Modern China"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>۔ مارچ 6, 2016 میں <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.modernchina.org.cn/UploadFiles/zyqk/2010/12/201012021431330066.pdf">اصل</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> سے آرکائیو شدہ<span class="reference-accessdate">۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 30 مئی، 2014</span></span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fur.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF+%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84+%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85&rft.btitle=Modern+China&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.modernchina.org.cn%2FUploadFiles%2Fzyqk%2F2010%2F12%2F201012021431330066.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">تحقق من التاريخ في: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|access-date=, |archive-date=</code> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA:%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%81_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AA_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A7%DA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="معاونت:حوالہ جات کی غلطياں (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">معاونت</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6342468"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/searchresult.html?cx=011758268112499481406:fkqokg_sxzw&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=南京事件&x=12&y=15&siteurl=www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/annai/honsho/shiryo/nitchu_nihon/01.html&ref=www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/annai/honsho/shiryo/nitchu_nihon/index.html&ss=6928j18201376j10">[1]</a>，日本政府机构对南京大屠杀的正式称呼，被日本学界、新闻界等社会各方面广泛采用。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Levene, Mark and Roberts, Penny. <i>The Massacre in History</i>. 1999, page 223–224</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tot-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tot_9-0"><sup><b>ا</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tot_9-1"><sup><b>ب</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Totten, Samuel. <i>Dictionary of Genocide</i>. 2008, 298–299.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Iris Chang, <i>The Rape of Nanking</i>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Lee, Min (March 31, 2010)۔ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/2010/03/31/as_film_japan_massacre_documentary">"New film has Japan vets confessing to Nanjing rape"</a>۔ Salon/Associated Press</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fur.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF+%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84+%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85&rft.atitle=New+film+has+Japan+vets+confessing+to+Nanjing+rape&rft.au=Lee%2C+Min&rft.date=2010-03-31&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2F2010%2F03%2F31%2Fas_film_japan_massacre_documentary&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6342468"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMTFE-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-IMTFE_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/PTO/IMTFE/IMTFE-8.html">"Judgement: International Military Tribunal for the Far East"</a>۔ Chapter VIII: Conventional War Crimes (Atrocities)۔ November 1948</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fur.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF+%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84+%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85&rft.atitle=Judgement%3A+International+Military+Tribunal+for+the+Far+East&rft.date=1948-11&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chapter+VIII%3A+Conventional+War+Crimes+%28Atrocities%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FPTO%2FIMTFE%2FIMTFE-8.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6342468"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">David B. MacDonald (December 2005)۔ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140302182559/http://www.palgrave-journals.com/ip/journal/v42/n4/full/8800111a.html">"Forgetting and Denying: Iris Chang, the Holocaust and the Challenge of Nanking"</a>۔ International Politics۔ Palgrave Macmillan۔ <b>42</b> (4): 403–27۔ <a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85%D9%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="معرف الغرض الرقمي">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fpalgrave.ip.8800111">10.1057/palgrave.ip.8800111</a>۔ 02 مارچ 2014 میں <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palgrave-journals.com/ip/journal/v42/n4/full/8800111a.html">اصل</a> سے آرکائیو شدہ<span class="reference-accessdate">۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ <span class="nowrap">February 23,</span> 2014</span></span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fur.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF+%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84+%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85&rft.atitle=Forgetting+and+Denying%3A+Iris+Chang%2C+the+Holocaust+and+the+Challenge+of+Nanking&rft.aufirst=David+B.&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.date=2005-12&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=International+Politics&rft.pages=403-27&rft.volume=42&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.palgrave-journals.com%2Fip%2Fjournal%2Fv42%2Fn4%2Ffull%2F8800111a.html&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2Fpalgrave.ip.8800111&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">الوسيط <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> تم تجاهله (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA:%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%81_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AA_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A7%DA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="معاونت:حوالہ جات کی غلطياں (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">معاونت</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6342468"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">David Askew, Associate Professor, Ristumeikan Asia Pacific University, Japan۔ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japanesestudies.org.uk/articles/Askew.html">"The Nanjing Incident: Recent Research and Trends"</a>۔ www.japanesestudies.org.uk</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fur.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF+%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84+%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85&rft.atitle=The+Nanjing+Incident%3A+Recent+Research+and+Trends&rft.aufirst=David+Askew%2C+Associate+Professor%2C+Ristumeikan+Asia+Pacific+University%2C&rft.aulast=Japan&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.japanesestudies.org.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.japanesestudies.org.uk%2Farticles%2FAskew.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6342468"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fogel, Joshua A. <i>The Nanjing Massacre in History and Historiography</i>. 2000, pp 46–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dillon-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-dillon_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dillon, Dana R. <i>The China Challenge</i>. 2007, pp. 9–10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tokushi Kasahara, "数字いじりの不毛な論争は虐殺の実態解明を遠ざける", in 南京大虐殺否定論１３のウソ, ed. Research Committee on the Nanking Incident (Tokyo: Kashiwa Shobo, 1999), pp. 74–96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gall-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gall_18-0"><sup><b>ا</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gall_18-1"><sup><b>ب</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Gallicchio, Marc S. <i>The Unpredictability of the Past</i>. 2007, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mofa_jp-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-mofa_jp_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/q_a/faq16.html#q8">"Q8: What is the view of the Government of Japan on the incident known as the "Nanjing Massacre"?"</a>۔ Foreign Policy Q&A (page content changed to "Under construction following the Statement by Prime Minister Shinzo Abe on August 14, 2015"۔ Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fur.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF+%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84+%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85&rft.atitle=Q8%3A+What+is+the+view+of+the+Government+of+Japan+on+the+incident+known+as+the+%22Nanjing+Massacre%22%3F&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy+Q%26A+%28page+content+changed+to+%22Under+construction+following+the+Statement+by+Prime+Minister+Shinzo+Abe+on+August+14%2C+2015%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mofa.go.jp%2Fpolicy%2Fq_a%2Ffaq16.html%23q8&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6342468"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-I'm_Sorry-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-I'm_Sorry_20-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation episode">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080222005155/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/asia/july-dec98/china_12-1.html">I'm Sorry?</a>". <i>NewsHour with Jim Lehrer</i>. December 1, 1998. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/asia/july-dec98/china_12-1.html">the original</a> on February 22, 2008<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080222005155/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/asia/july-dec98/china_12-1.html">https://web.archive.org/web/20080222005155/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/asia/july-dec98/china_12-1.html</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=I%27m+Sorry%3F&rft.atitle=NewsHour+with+Jim+Lehrer&rft.date=December+1%2C+1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20080222005155%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Fbb%2Fasia%2Fjuly-dec98%2Fchina_12-1.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kingston-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Kingston_21-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kingston, Jeff, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2014/03/01/commentary/japans-reactionaries-waging-culture-war/#.UxMH8o1WF9A">"Japan's reactionaries waging culture war"</a>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan_Times&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japan Times (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Japan Times</a></i>, March 1, 2014</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="کتابیات"><span id=".DA.A9.D8.AA.D8.A7.D8.A8.DB.8C.D8.A7.D8.AA"></span>کتابیات</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85&action=edit&section=3" title="تدوینِ قطعہ: کتابیات"><span>ترمیم</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r4721629">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-right:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-right:0;padding-right:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-right:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iris_Chang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iris Chang (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Chang, Iris</a>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Rape_of_Nanking_(book)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Rape of Nanking (book) (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II</a></i>, Foreword by William C. Kirby; Penguin USA (Paper), 1998l; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6342468"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="بین الاقوامی معیاری عدد">آئی ایس بی این</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84/0-14-027744-7" title="خاص:کتابی وسائل/0-14-027744-7">0-14-027744-7</a></li> <li><span class="citation book">Joshua A. Fogel (2000)۔ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nanjingmassacreh00foge">The Nanjing Massacre in history and historiography</a>۔ Berkeley: University of California Press۔ صفحہ: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nanjingmassacreh00foge/page/n133">248</a>۔ <a href="/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="رقم الكتاب المعياري الدولي">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84/978-0-520-22007-2" title="خاص:کتابی وسائل/978-0-520-22007-2">978-0-520-22007-2</a></span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fur.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF+%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84+%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85&rft.aufirst=Joshua+A.&rft.aulast=Fogel&rft.btitle=The+Nanjing+Massacre+in+history+and+historiography&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-520-22007-2&rft.pages=248&rft.pub=Berkeley%3A+University+of+California+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnanjingmassacreh00foge&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6342468"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="بیرونی_روابط"><span id=".D8.A8.DB.8C.D8.B1.D9.88.D9.86.DB.8C_.D8.B1.D9.88.D8.A7.D8.A8.D8.B7"></span>بیرونی روابط</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85&action=edit&section=4" title="تدوینِ قطعہ: بیرونی روابط"><span>ترمیم</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:#f8f9fa"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">ویکی ذخائر پر <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nanjing_Massacre" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Nanjing Massacre">نانجنگ قتل عام </a></b> سے متعلق سمعی و بصری مواد ملاحظہ کریں۔</td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:#f8f9fa"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist"><a class="external text" href="https://ur.wikisource.org">ویکی ماخذ</a> میں <b><a class="external text" href="https://ur.wikisource.org/wiki/War_Damage_in_the_Nanking_area_Dec._1937_to_Mar._1938">نانجنگ قتل عام</a></b> سے متعلق وسیط موجود ہے۔</td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:#f8f9fa"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">چینی <a href="/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%B0" title="ویکی ماخذ">ویکی ماخذ</a> پر اس مضمون سے متعلق اصل متن موجود ہے: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://ur.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%E9%99%B7%E4%BA%AC%E4%B8%89%E6%9C%88%E8%AE%B0" class="extiw" title="s:zh:陷京三月记">陷京三月记</a></b> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q-NjDZqGwws">The Rape of Nanking – Nanjing Massacre – documentary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=vid&hl=en&source=hp&q=rape+of+nanking">Rape of Nanking videos</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/flagship-project-activities/memory-of-the-world/register/full-list-of-registered-heritage/registered-heritage-page-2/documents-of-nanjing-massacre/">Documents of Nanjing Massacre</a> – <a href="/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88" title="یونیسکو">یونیسکو</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7140357.stm">BBC News: Nanjing remembers massacre victims</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thenankingmassacre.org/">Online Documentary: The Nanking Atrocities</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thenankingmassacre.org/">آرکائیو شدہ</a> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">(Date missing)</span> بذریعہ thenankingmassacre.org <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">(Error: unknown archive URL)</span> A master's degree thesis that delves into the atrocity</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://museums.cnd.org/njmassacre/njm-tran/">English translation of a classified Chinese document on the Nanjing Massacre</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnd.org/njmassacre/njm-tran/">Japanese Imperialism and the Massacre in Nanjing</a> by Gao Xingzu, Wu Shimin, Hu Yungong, & Cha Ruizhen</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080106184114/http://japanfocus.org/products/details/2547">Kirk Denton, "Heroic Resistance and Victims of Atrocity: Negotiating the Memory of Japanese Imperialism in Chinese Museums"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110926075902/http://www.nanking-massacre.com/Home.html">Nanjing Massacre history site: History, Photos and Articles</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070621083354/http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/06/19/news/nanking.php">'No massacre in Nanking,' Japanese lawmakers say</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/marcuse/classes/133p/133p04papers/JChapelNanjing046.htm">"Denying Genocide: The Evolution of the Denial of the Holocaust and the Nanking Massacre,"</a> college research paper by Joseph Chapel, 2004</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/system/topicRoot/The_Rape_of_Nanking/">Rape of Nanking</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/system/topicRoot/The_Rape_of_Nanking/">آرکائیو شدہ</a> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">(Date missing)</span> بذریعہ timesonline.co.uk <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">(Error: unknown archive URL)</span> Original reports from <a href="/wiki/%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86_%D9%B9%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85%D8%B2" title="لندن ٹائمز">لندن ٹائمز</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130112025536/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/rss/fl20080810x1.html">War and reconciliation: a tale of two countries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/55/481.html">Review of Iris Chang, The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azalert.com/mogollonconnection/?p=1168">The Ghosts of Nanking: Mogollon Connection Special Series by Jesse Horn</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azalert.com/mogollonconnection/?p=1168">آرکائیو شدہ</a> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">(Date missing)</span> بذریعہ azalert.com <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">(Error: unknown archive URL)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.library.yale.edu/div/Nanking/index.html">The Nanking Massacre Project: A Digital Archive of Documents & Photographs from American Missionaries Who Witnessed the Rape of Nanking From the Special Collections of the Yale Divinity School Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japanesestudies.org.uk/articles/Askew.html">The Nanjing Incident: Recent Research and Trends</a> by David Askew in the Electronic Journal of Contemporary Japanese Studies, April 2002</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" 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