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<span>Career</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_days" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_days"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early days</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_days-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hollywood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hollywood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Hollywood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hollywood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irving_and_Norma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irving_and_Norma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Irving and Norma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irving_and_Norma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transition_to_sound" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transition_to_sound"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Transition to sound</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transition_to_sound-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-Code" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Code"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Pre-Code</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Code-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_First_Lady_of_MGM" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_First_Lady_of_MGM"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>The First Lady of MGM</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_First_Lady_of_MGM-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retirement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retirement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Retirement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retirement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_nominations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_nominations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Awards and nominations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_nominations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filmography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filmography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Filmography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filmography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio_appearances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio_appearances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Radio appearances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio_appearances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Norma Shearer</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 61 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">61 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_Shearer" title="Norma Shearer – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Norma Shearer" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B1" title="نورما شيرر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نورما شيرر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_Shearer" title="Norma Shearer – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Norma Shearer" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_Shearer" title="Norma Shearer – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Norma Shearer" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%B1" title="نورما شیرر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نورما شیرر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="নর্মা শিয়েরার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নর্মা শিয়েরার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_Shearer" title="Norma Shearer – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Norma Shearer" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Норма Шырэр – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Норма Шырэр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Норма Шырэр – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Норма Шырэр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Норма Шиърър – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Норма Шиърър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_Shearer" title="Norma Shearer – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Norma Shearer" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_Shearer" title="Norma Shearer – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Norma Shearer" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_Shearerov%C3%A1" title="Norma Shearerová – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Norma Shearerová" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_Shearer" title="Norma Shearer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Norma Shearer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_Shearer" title="Norma Shearer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Norma Shearer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CE%A3%CE%AF%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Νόρμα Σίρερ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νόρμα Σίρερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_Shearer" title="Norma Shearer – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Norma Shearer" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_Shearer" title="Norma Shearer – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Norma Shearer" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_Shearer" title="Norma Shearer – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Norma Shearer" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%B1" title="نورما شیرر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نورما شیرر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_Shearer" title="Norma Shearer – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Norma Shearer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_Shearer" title="Norma Shearer – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Norma Shearer" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_Shearer" title="Norma Shearer – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Norma Shearer" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EB%A7%88_%EC%8B%9C%EC%96%B4%EB%9F%AC" title="노마 시어러 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="노마 시어러" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1_%D5%87%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Նորմա Շիրեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նորմա Շիրեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_Shearer" title="Norma Shearer – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Norma Shearer" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_Shearer" title="Norma Shearer – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Norma Shearer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_Shearer" title="Norma Shearer – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Norma Shearer" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%A8" title="נורמה שירר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נורמה שירר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ნორმა შირერი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნორმა შირერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_Shearer" title="Norma Shearer – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Norma Shearer" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AE_%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC" title="നോമ ഷേറെർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നോമ ഷേറെർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ნორმა შირერი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ნორმა შირერი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B1" title="نورما شيرر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نورما شيرر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_Shearer" title="Norma Shearer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Norma Shearer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC" title="ノーマ・シアラー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ノーマ・シアラー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_Shearer" title="Norma Shearer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Norma Shearer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_Shearer" title="Norma Shearer – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Norma Shearer" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_Shearer" title="Norma Shearer – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Norma Shearer" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_Shearer" title="Norma Shearer – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Norma Shearer" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_Shearer" title="Norma Shearer – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Norma Shearer" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_Shearer" title="Norma Shearer – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Norma Shearer" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Ширер, Норма – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ширер, Норма" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_Shearer" title="Norma Shearer – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Norma Shearer" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_Shearer" title="Norma Shearer – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Norma Shearer" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_Shearerov%C3%A1" title="Norma Shearerová – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Norma Shearerová" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%86%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%95%D8%B1" title="نۆرما شیرەر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نۆرما شیرەر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Норма Ширер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Норма Ширер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_Shearer" title="Norma Shearer – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Norma Shearer" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_Shearer" title="Norma Shearer – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Norma Shearer" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_Shearer" title="Norma Shearer – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Norma Shearer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="นอร์มา เชียเรอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นอร์มา เชียเรอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Норма Шеарер – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Норма Шеарер" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_Shearer" title="Norma Shearer – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Norma Shearer" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Норма Ширер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Норма Ширер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%B1" title="نورما شیئرر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نورما شیئرر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_Shearer" title="Norma Shearer – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Norma Shearer" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%91%99%E7%8E%9B%C2%B7%E5%B8%8C%E6%8B%89" title="瑙玛·希拉 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="瑙玛·希拉" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_Shearer" title="Norma Shearer – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Norma Shearer" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%9C%E7%91%AA%E7%B5%B2%E6%8B%89" title="娜瑪絲拉 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Norma Shearer</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Shearer-n_riptide_1934.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Shearer-n_riptide_1934.jpg/220px-Shearer-n_riptide_1934.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="386" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Shearer-n_riptide_1934.jpg/330px-Shearer-n_riptide_1934.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Shearer-n_riptide_1934.jpg/440px-Shearer-n_riptide_1934.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1385" data-file-height="2433" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Shearer in <i><a href="/wiki/Riptide_(1934_film)" title="Riptide (1934 film)">Riptide</a></i> (1934)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Edith Norma Shearer</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1902-08-11</span>)</span>August 11, 1902<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, Quebec, Canada</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">June 12, 1983<span style="display:none">(1983-06-12)</span> (aged 80)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Los Angeles, California, US</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Forest_Lawn_Memorial_Park,_Glendale" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale">Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data category"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Canada</li><li>United States<sup id="cite_ref-donnelley_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-donnelley-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role">Actress</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data">1919–1942</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Irving_Thalberg" title="Irving Thalberg">Irving Thalberg</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1927; died 1936)<wbr /></div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Martin Arrougé</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1942)<wbr /></div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2, including <a href="/wiki/Irving_Thalberg_Jr." title="Irving Thalberg Jr.">Irving Thalberg Jr.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Shearer_(lumber_merchant)" title="Andrew Shearer (lumber merchant)">Andrew Shearer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athole_Shearer" title="Athole Shearer">Athole Shearer</a> (sister)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Shearer" title="Douglas Shearer">Douglas Shearer</a> (brother)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Cresswell_Shearer" title="Cresswell Shearer">Cresswell Shearer</a> (uncle)</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Edith Norma Shearer</b> (August 11, 1902 – June 12, 1983)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a Canadian-American actress who was active on film from 1919 through 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shearer often played spunky, sexually liberated women.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She appeared in adaptations of <a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward" title="Noël Coward">Noël Coward</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill" title="Eugene O'Neill">Eugene O'Neill</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was the first five-time <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Award</a> acting nominee, winning <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Actress" title="Academy Award for Best Actress">Best Actress</a> for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Divorcee" title="The Divorcee">The Divorcee</a></i> (1930).<sup id="cite_ref-Alt_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alt-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reviewing Shearer's work, <a href="/wiki/Mick_LaSalle" title="Mick LaSalle">Mick LaSalle</a> called her a <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminist</a> pioneer, or "the exemplar of sophisticated modern womanhood and ... the first American film actress to make it chic and acceptable to be single and not a virgin on screen".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaSalle20006_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaSalle20006-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norma_Shearer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shearer was of Scottish, English, and Irish descent. Her childhood was spent in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, where she was educated at <a href="/wiki/High_School_of_Montreal" title="High School of Montreal">Montreal High School for Girls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Westmount_High_School" title="Westmount High School">Westmount High School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert199015_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert199015-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her life was one of privilege, due to the success of her father's construction business. However, the marriage between her parents was unhappy. <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Shearer_(lumber_merchant)" title="Andrew Shearer (lumber merchant)">Andrew Shearer</a> was prone to <a href="/wiki/Manic_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Manic depression">manic depression</a> and "moved like a shadow or a ghost around the house";<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert199014_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert199014-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> her mother was Edith Mary (née Fisher) Shearer.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Young Norma was interested in music, as well, but after seeing a <a href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">vaudeville</a> show for her ninth birthday, she announced her intention to become an actress. Edith offered support, but as Shearer entered adolescence, she became secretly fearful that her daughter's physical flaws would jeopardize her chances. Norma Shearer "had no illusions about the image I saw in the mirror". She acknowledged her "dumpy figure, with shoulders too broad, legs too sturdy, hands too blunt", and was acutely aware of her small eyes that appeared crossed due to a <a href="/wiki/Strabismus" title="Strabismus">cast</a> in her left eye. By her own admission, she was "ferociously ambitious" even when she was young.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The childhood and adolescence that Shearer once described as "a pleasant dream" ended in 1918 when her father's company collapsed, and her older sister <a href="/wiki/Athole_Shearer" title="Athole Shearer">Athole</a> suffered her first serious mental breakdown. Forced to move into a small, dreary house in a "modest" Montreal suburb, Shearer found her determined attitude was strengthened by the sudden plunge into poverty: "At an early age, I formed a philosophy about failure. Perhaps an endeavor, like my father's business, could fail, but that didn't mean Father had failed."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Edith Shearer thought otherwise. Within weeks, she had left her husband and moved into a cheap boarding house with her two daughters. A few months later, encouraged by her brother, who believed his niece should try her luck in "the picture business", then operating largely on the East Coast of the United States, Edith sold her daughter's piano and the family dog.<sup id="cite_ref-Obit_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obit-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In her pocket was a letter of introduction for Norma, acquired from a local theatre owner, to <a href="/wiki/Florenz_Ziegfeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Florenz Ziegfeld">Florenz Ziegfeld</a>, who was preparing a new season of his famous <i><a href="/wiki/Ziegfeld_Follies" title="Ziegfeld Follies">Ziegfeld Follies</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norma_Shearer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_days">Early days</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norma_Shearer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early days"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_photograph_of_Norma_Shearer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Portrait_photograph_of_Norma_Shearer.jpg/220px-Portrait_photograph_of_Norma_Shearer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Portrait_photograph_of_Norma_Shearer.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="337" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Shearer by <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Genthe" title="Arnold Genthe">Arnold Genthe</a>, c. 1920</figcaption></figure> <p>In January 1920, the three Shearer women arrived in New York, each of them dressed up for the occasion. "I had my hair in little curls", Shearer remembered, "and I felt very ambitious and proud."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert199019_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert199019-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her heart sank, however, when she saw their rented apartment: "There was one double bed, a cot with no mattress and a stove with one gas jet. The communal bathroom was at the end of a long, dimly lit hallway. Athole and I took turns sleeping with mother in the bed, but sleep was impossible anyway—the elevated trains rattled right past our window every few minutes."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The introduction to Ziegfeld proved equally disastrous. He turned Shearer down flat, reportedly calling her a "dog", and criticized her crossed eyes and stubby legs.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She continued doing the rounds with her determination undimmed: "I learned that <a href="/wiki/Universal_Pictures" title="Universal Pictures">Universal Pictures</a> was looking for eight pretty girls to serve as extras. Athole and I showed up and found 50 girls ahead of us. An assistant casting director walked up and down looking us over. He passed up the first three and picked the fourth. The fifth and sixth were unattractive, but the seventh would do, and so on, down the line until seven had been selected—and he was still some ten feet ahead of us. I did some quick thinking. I coughed loudly, and when the man looked in the direction of the cough, I stood on my tiptoes and smiled right at him. Recognizing the awkward ruse to which I'd resorted, he laughed openly and walked over to me and said, 'You win, Sis. You're Number Eight.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaSalle200014_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaSalle200014-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Norma_Shearer_1926.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Norma_Shearer_1926.jpg/220px-Norma_Shearer_1926.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Norma_Shearer_1926.jpg/330px-Norma_Shearer_1926.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Norma_Shearer_1926.jpg/440px-Norma_Shearer_1926.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1162" data-file-height="1619" /></a><figcaption>Norma Shearer's <a href="/wiki/Strabismus" title="Strabismus">strabismus</a>, 1926</figcaption></figure> <p>Other extra parts followed, including one in <i><a href="/wiki/Way_Down_East" title="Way Down East">Way Down East</a></i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/D._W._Griffith" title="D. W. Griffith">D. W. Griffith</a>. Taking advantage of a break in filming and standing shrewdly near a powerful arc light, Shearer introduced herself to Griffith and began to confide her hopes for stardom. "The Master looked down at me, studied my upturned face in the glare of the arc, and shook his eagle head. Eyes no good, he said. A <a href="/wiki/Cast_of_the_eye" class="mw-redirect" title="Cast of the eye">cast</a> in one and far too blue; blue eyes always looked blank in close-up. You'll never make it, he declared, and turned solemnly away." </p><p>Still undeterred, Shearer risked some of her savings on a consultation with Dr. <a href="/wiki/William_Bates_(physician)" title="William Bates (physician)">William Bates</a>, a pioneer in the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Strabismus" title="Strabismus">strabismus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NormaShearer-COM_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NormaShearer-COM-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVieira2013180_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVieira2013180-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote out a series of muscle-strengthening exercises that after many years of daily practice would successfully conceal Shearer's cast for long periods of time on the screen. She spent hours in front of the mirror, exercising her eyes and striking poses that concealed or improved the physical flaws noted by Ziegfeld or Griffith. At night, she sat in the galleries of <a href="/wiki/Broadway_theatre" title="Broadway theatre">Broadway</a> theatres, studying the entrances of <a href="/wiki/Ina_Claire" title="Ina Claire">Ina Claire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lynn_Fontanne" title="Lynn Fontanne">Lynn Fontanne</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Katharine_Cornell" title="Katharine Cornell">Katharine Cornell</a>. </p><p>In desperate need of money, Shearer resorted to some modeling work, which proved successful. On her modeling career, she commented: "I could smile at a cake of laundry soap as if it were dinner at the Ritz. I posed with a strand of imitation pearls. I posed in dust-cap and house dress with a famous mop, for dental paste and for soft drink, holding my mouth in a whistling pose until it all but froze that way." She became the new model for Kelly-Springfield Tires, was bestowed with the title "Miss Lotta Miles" and depicted seated inside the rim of a tire, smiling down at traffic from a large floodlit billboard.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert199028_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert199028-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finally, a year after her arrival in New York, she received a break in film: fourth billing in a <a href="/wiki/B-movie" class="mw-redirect" title="B-movie">B-movie</a> titled <i><a href="/wiki/The_Stealers" title="The Stealers">The Stealers</a></i> (1920). In January 1923, Shearer received an offer from <a href="/wiki/Louis_B._Mayer_Pictures" title="Louis B. Mayer Pictures">Louis B. Mayer Pictures</a>, a studio in Northeast Los Angeles that was run by a small-time producer, <a href="/wiki/Louis_B._Mayer" title="Louis B. Mayer">Louis B. Mayer</a>. <a href="/wiki/Irving_Thalberg" title="Irving Thalberg">Irving Thalberg</a> had moved to Louis B. Mayer Pictures as vice president on February 15, 1923, but had already sent a telegram to Shearer's agent, inviting her to come to the studio. After three years of hardship, she found herself signing a contract. It called for $250 a week for six months, with options for renewal and a test for a leading role in a major film called <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wanters" title="The Wanters">The Wanters</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hollywood">Hollywood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norma_Shearer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hollywood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shearer left New York around February 17.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accompanied by her mother, she felt "dangerously sure of herself"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert199034_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert199034-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as her train neared Los Angeles. When she was not welcomed, even an hour after her arrival, she realized that there would be no star treatment from her new studio. Dispirited, she allowed Edith to hail a taxi. </p><p>The next morning, Shearer went to the Mayer Company on Mission Road to meet with Thalberg. Shearer was momentarily thrown by their confused introduction, but soon found herself "impressed by his air of dispassionate strength, his calm self-possession and the almost black, impenetrable eyes set in a pale olive face".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert199042_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert199042-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Norma_Shearer_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Norma_Shearer_portrait.jpg/170px-Norma_Shearer_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Norma_Shearer_portrait.jpg/255px-Norma_Shearer_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Norma_Shearer_portrait.jpg/340px-Norma_Shearer_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3810" data-file-height="5060" /></a><figcaption>Shearer in an early <a href="/wiki/MGM" class="mw-redirect" title="MGM">MGM</a> publicity photo</figcaption></figure> <p>Shearer was less impressed, however, with her first screen test: "The custom then was to use flat lighting, to throw a great deal of light from all directions, in order to kill all shadows that might be caused by wrinkles or blemishes. But the strong lights placed on either side of my face made my blue eyes look almost white, and by nearly eliminating my nose, made me seem cross-eyed. The result was hideous."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert199042_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert199042-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The day after the test had been screened for Mayer and Thalberg, cameraman <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Palmer_(American_cinematographer)" title="Ernest Palmer (American cinematographer)">Ernest Palmer</a> found Shearer frantic and trembling in the hallway. Speaking with her, he was struck by her "fierce, almost raging disappointment", and after viewing the test himself, agreed that she had been "poorly handled". Under Palmer's own supervision, a second test was made and judged a success by the studio brass. The lead in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wanters" title="The Wanters">The Wanters</a></i> seemed hers, until the film's director objected, finding her "unphotogenic". Again, Shearer was to be disappointed, relegated to a minor role. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Norma_Shearer_in_%22Slave_to_Fashion%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Norma_Shearer_in_%22Slave_to_Fashion%22.jpg/220px-Norma_Shearer_in_%22Slave_to_Fashion%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Norma_Shearer_in_%22Slave_to_Fashion%22.jpg/330px-Norma_Shearer_in_%22Slave_to_Fashion%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Norma_Shearer_in_%22Slave_to_Fashion%22.jpg/440px-Norma_Shearer_in_%22Slave_to_Fashion%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2751" /></a><figcaption>Shearer in <i><a href="/wiki/A_Slave_of_Fashion" title="A Slave of Fashion">A Slave of Fashion</a></i> (1925)</figcaption></figure><p> She accepted her next role in <i><a href="/wiki/Pleasure_Mad" title="Pleasure Mad">Pleasure Mad</a></i>, knowing "it was well understood that if I didn't deliver in this picture, I was through". After only a few days of shooting, things were not looking good. Shearer was struggling. Finally, the film's director complained to Mayer that he could get nothing out of the young actress, and when summoned to Mayer's office, she fully expected the axe to fall: </p><blockquote><p>"But to my surprise, Mr. Mayer's manner was paternal. 'There seems to be a problem,' he said, 'tell me about it.' I told him that the director had shouted at me and frightened me. Nobody had warned me that Mayer was a better actor than any of us, and I was unprepared for what happened next. He staged an alarming outburst, screaming at me, calling me a fool and a coward, accusing me of throwing away my career because I couldn't get on with a director. It worked. I became tearful, but obstinate. 'I'll show you!' I said to him. 'You'll see!' Delighted, Mayer resumed the paternal act. 'That's what I wanted to hear', he said, smiling."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert199044_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert199044-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> Returning to the set, Shearer plunged into an emotional scene. "I took that scene lock, stock, and barrel, fur, fins and feathers",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVieira200928_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVieira200928-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> she remembered, earning her the respect of her director and her studio. As a reward, Thalberg cast her in six films in eight months. </p><p>The apprenticeship served Shearer well. On April 26, 1924, Louis B. Mayer Pictures was merged with <a href="/wiki/Metro_Pictures" title="Metro Pictures">Metro Pictures</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Goldwyn_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Goldwyn Company">Samuel Goldwyn Company</a> to form <a href="/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer" title="Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer">Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer</a>. Shearer was cast with <a href="/wiki/Lon_Chaney" title="Lon Chaney">Lon Chaney</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Gilbert_(actor)" title="John Gilbert (actor)">John Gilbert</a> in the studio's first official production, <i><a href="/wiki/He_Who_Gets_Slapped_(film)" title="He Who Gets Slapped (film)">He Who Gets Slapped</a></i>. The film was a conspicuous success and contributed to the meteoric rise of the new company, and to Shearer's visibility. By late 1925, she was carrying her own films, and was one of MGM's biggest attractions, a <i>bona fide</i> star. She signed a new contract; it paid $1,000 a week and would rise to $5,000 over the next five years. She bought a house for herself and Edith at 2004 Vine Street, which was located under the <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Sign" title="Hollywood Sign">Hollywoodland sign</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irving_and_Norma">Irving and Norma</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norma_Shearer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Irving and Norma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Norma_Shearer_and_Irv_Thalberg.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Norma_Shearer_and_Irv_Thalberg.png/170px-Norma_Shearer_and_Irv_Thalberg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Norma_Shearer_and_Irv_Thalberg.png/255px-Norma_Shearer_and_Irv_Thalberg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Norma_Shearer_and_Irv_Thalberg.png/340px-Norma_Shearer_and_Irv_Thalberg.png 2x" data-file-width="2750" data-file-height="4086" /></a><figcaption>Shearer and <a href="/wiki/Irving_Thalberg" title="Irving Thalberg">Irving Thalberg</a> outside the White House, 1929</figcaption></figure> <p>Having become a star, Shearer's new challenge was to remain one. Many other talented actresses were at the studio, and she realized she would have to fight hard to stay ahead of the pack. Seeing that sensational newcomer <a href="/wiki/Greta_Garbo" title="Greta Garbo">Greta Garbo</a> was one of a kind, she went to Thalberg and "demanded recognition as one of another kind". It was just one of the many visits she paid to his office, always to plead for better material, better parts. Thalberg would listen patiently, then invariably advise her to keep toeing the line, that MGM knew best, and that the movies she complained about had made her a popular actress. Occasionally, Shearer would burst into tears, but this seemed to make "no more impression than rain on a raincoat".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert199059_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert199059-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Privately, Thalberg was very impressed by Shearer. In a story conference, when her name was suggested to him for the part of a girl threatened with rape, Thalberg shook his head, and, with a wry smile, he said, "She looks too well able to take care of herself."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert199060_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert199060-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thalberg's appeal was not primarily sexual. What attracted Shearer was his commanding presence and steely grace, the impression he gave that wherever he sat was always the head of the table. In spite of his youth – he was only 26 – Thalberg became a father figure to the 23-year-old actress. </p><p>At the end of a working day in July 1925, Shearer received a phone call from Thalberg's secretary, asking if she would like to accompany Thalberg to the premiere of <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Chaplin</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Gold_Rush" title="The Gold Rush">The Gold Rush</a></i>. That night, they made their first appearance as a couple. A few weeks later, Shearer went to Montreal to visit her father. While there, she had a reunion with an old school friend, who remembered: "At the end of lunch, over coffee, Norma leant in across the table. 'I'm madly in love', she whispered. 'Who with?' I asked. 'With Irving Thalberg', she replied, smiling. I asked how Thalberg felt. 'I hope to marry him', Norma said, and then, with the flash of the assurance I remembered so well, 'I believe I will.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert199066_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert199066-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the next two years, both Shearer and Irving saw other people. <a href="/wiki/Louise_Brooks" title="Louise Brooks">Louise Brooks</a> remembered: "I held a dinner party sometime in 1926. All the place cards at the dinner table were books. In front of Thalberg's place was <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Dreiser" title="Theodore Dreiser">Dreiser's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_%22Genius%22_(novel)" title="The "Genius" (novel)">Genius</a></i>, and in front of Norma's place, I put <i>The Difficulty of Getting Married</i>. It was so funny because Irving walked right in and saw <i>Genius</i>, and sat right down, but Norma kept walking around. She wouldn't sit down in front of <i>The Difficulty of Getting Married</i> – no way!"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert199086_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert199086-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shearer_Thalberg_wedding_1927.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Shearer_Thalberg_wedding_1927.jpg/170px-Shearer_Thalberg_wedding_1927.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Shearer_Thalberg_wedding_1927.jpg/255px-Shearer_Thalberg_wedding_1927.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Shearer_Thalberg_wedding_1927.jpg/340px-Shearer_Thalberg_wedding_1927.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3199" data-file-height="4954" /></a><figcaption>Shearer and Thalberg on their wedding day, 1927</figcaption></figure> <p>By 1927, Shearer had made a total of 13 silent films for MGM. Each had been produced for under $200,000, and had, without fail, been a substantial box-office hit, often making a $200,000+ profit for the studio.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was rewarded for this consistent success by being cast in <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Lubitsch" title="Ernst Lubitsch">Ernst Lubitsch</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Student_Prince_in_Old_Heidelberg" title="The Student Prince in Old Heidelberg">The Student Prince in Old Heidelberg</a></i>, her first prestige production, with a budget over $1,000,000. While she was finishing <i>The Student Prince</i>, Shearer received a call summoning her to Thalberg's office. She entered to find Thalberg sitting at his desk before a tray of diamond engagement rings. He granted her the option to choose her own ring; she picked out the biggest. After weeks of rumors, provoked by wearing the ring, it was announced in August 1927 that they were to wed.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On September 29, 1927, they were married in the Hollywood wedding of the year. Shearer had two children with Thalberg – <a href="/wiki/Irving_Thalberg,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Irving Thalberg, Jr.">Irving Thalberg, Jr.</a> (1930–1987), and Katherine (1935–2006). Before they were married, Shearer <a href="/wiki/Converted_to_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Converted to Judaism">converted to Judaism</a> so she could marry Thalberg.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transition_to_sound">Transition to sound</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norma_Shearer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Transition to sound"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One week after the marriage, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jazz_Singer" title="The Jazz Singer">The Jazz Singer</a></i> was released. The first <a href="/wiki/Feature_film" title="Feature film">feature-length</a> motion picture with sound, it effectively changed the cinematic landscape overnight and signaled the end of the <a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent motion-picture</a> era. It also spelled the end of many silent careers, and Shearer was determined hers would not be one of them. Her brother, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Shearer" title="Douglas Shearer">Douglas Shearer</a>, was instrumental in the development of sound at MGM, and every care was taken to prepare her for the microphone. </p><p>Her first talkie, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Trial_of_Mary_Dugan_(1929_film)" title="The Trial of Mary Dugan (1929 film)">The Trial of Mary Dugan</a></i> (1929), turned out to be a tremendous success. Shearer's "medium-pitched, fluent, flexible Canadian accent, not quite American, but not at all foreign",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert1990121_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert1990121-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was critically applauded, and thereafter widely imitated by other actresses, nervous about succeeding in talkies. Despite the popularity of her subsequent early talking films, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_of_Mrs._Cheyney_(1929_film)" title="The Last of Mrs. Cheyney (1929 film)">The Last of Mrs. Cheyney</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Their_Own_Desire" title="Their Own Desire">Their Own Desire</a></i> (both 1929), Shearer feared the public would soon tire of her "good girl" image, and took the advice of friend and co-star <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Novarro" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramón Novarro">Ramón Novarro</a> to visit an unknown photographer named <a href="/wiki/George_Hurrell" title="George Hurrell">George Hurrell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There, she took a series of sensual portraits that convinced her husband that she could play the lead in MGM's racy new film, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Divorcee" title="The Divorcee">The Divorcee</a></i> (1930). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Code">Pre-Code</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norma_Shearer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pre-Code"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shearer won an <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Actress" title="Academy Award for Best Actress">Academy Award for Best Actress</a> for her role in <i>The Divorcee</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a series of highly successful <a href="/wiki/Pre-Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Code">pre-Code</a> films followed, including <i><a href="/wiki/Let_Us_Be_Gay" title="Let Us Be Gay">Let Us Be Gay</a></i> (1930), <i><a href="/wiki/Strangers_May_Kiss" title="Strangers May Kiss">Strangers May Kiss</a></i> (1931), <i><a href="/wiki/A_Free_Soul" title="A Free Soul">A Free Soul</a></i> (1931) with <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Howard" title="Leslie Howard">Leslie Howard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clark_Gable" title="Clark Gable">Clark Gable</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Private_Lives" title="Private Lives">Private Lives</a></i> (1931), and <i>Strange Interlude</i> (1932). All of these were box-office hits, placing Shearer in competition with <a href="/wiki/Joan_Crawford" title="Joan Crawford">Joan Crawford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greta_Garbo" title="Greta Garbo">Greta Garbo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Harlow" title="Jean Harlow">Jean Harlow</a> as MGM's top actress through the remainder of the decade.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shearer's marriage to Thalberg gave her a degree of power in Hollywood that was resented by rivals such as Crawford, who complained that Shearer would always be offered the best roles and best conditions: "How can I compete with Norma when she's sleeping with the boss?"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuirkSchoell2002102_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuirkSchoell2002102-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shearer's pre-Code films included period dramas and theatrical adaptations. <i><a href="/wiki/Smilin%27_Through_(1932_film)" title="Smilin' Through (1932 film)">Smilin' Through</a></i> (1932), which co-starred <a href="/wiki/Fredric_March" title="Fredric March">Fredric March</a>, was one of the most successful films of the period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVieira2009247_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVieira2009247-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill" title="Eugene O'Neill">Eugene O'Neill</a>'s four-hour experimental <i><a href="/wiki/Strange_Interlude_(film)" title="Strange Interlude (film)">Strange Interlude</a></i> (1932), which also starred <a href="/wiki/Clark_Gable" title="Clark Gable">Clark Gable</a>, was a disappointing adaptation of O'Neill, but a showcase for Shearer, thus a major hit.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_First_Lady_of_MGM">The First Lady of MGM</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norma_Shearer&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The First Lady of MGM"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:March-shearer-barretts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/March-shearer-barretts.jpg/170px-March-shearer-barretts.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/March-shearer-barretts.jpg/255px-March-shearer-barretts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/March-shearer-barretts.jpg/340px-March-shearer-barretts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="620" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fredric_March" title="Fredric March">Fredric March</a> and Shearer in <i>The Barretts of Wimpole Street</i> (1934)</figcaption></figure> <p>The enforcement of the <a href="/wiki/Motion_Picture_Production_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion Picture Production Code">Production Code</a> in 1934 forced Shearer to drop her celebrated "free soul" image, and move exclusively into period dramas and "prestige" pictures. Of these, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Barretts_of_Wimpole_Street_(1934_film)" title="The Barretts of Wimpole Street (1934 film)">The Barretts of Wimpole Street</a></i> (1934) proved her most successful at the box office, making a profit of $668,000, in part because the film contained elements that slipped by the newly instituted Production Code. In that film, she played a role made famous by <a href="/wiki/Katharine_Cornell" title="Katharine Cornell">Katharine Cornell</a>. Shearer also took on another play popularized by Cornell in <a href="/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet_(1936_film)" title="Romeo and Juliet (1936 film)"><i>Romeo and Juliet</i></a> (1936) (her first film of the 1930s to lose money), and <i><a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette_(1938_film)" title="Marie Antoinette (1938 film)">Marie Antoinette</a></i> (1938) (a budget of almost $2,500,000 was too great for the studio to expect a profit), though their elaborate sets and costumes helped make the films immensely popular with audiences.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shearer was nominated for an <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Actress" title="Academy Award for Best Actress">Academy Award for Best Actress</a> on six occasions, winning only for <i>The Divorcee</i> in 1930. She was nominated the same year for <i>Their Own Desire</i>, for <i><a href="/wiki/A_Free_Soul" title="A Free Soul">A Free Soul</a></i> in 1931, <i>The Barretts of Wimpole Street</i> in 1934, <i>Romeo and Juliet</i> in 1936, and <i>Marie Antoinette</i> in 1938. <a href="/wiki/Marion_Davies" title="Marion Davies">Marion Davies</a> later recalled that Shearer came to a party at <a href="/wiki/San_Simeon" class="mw-redirect" title="San Simeon">San Simeon</a> in her <a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a> costume; Davies said she was not about to remove the door so Shearer could enter, so Norma made her grand entrance through wider doors leading from another room. Four chairs were arranged so she could sit at the table in her voluminous skirts. </p><p>George Cukor, who directed Shearer in <i>Romeo and Juliet</i>, offered this character sketch of the actress: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>“I found that Norma Shearer, when I made <i>Romeo and Juliet</i>, is a nervous, highly self-critical woman who has schooled herself to give an impression of self-confidence. If one had accepted that impression, one would have gone far astray in working with her. She needed sympathy and reassurance. Another way in which Miss Shearer might mislead a—I am sure she continually misleads herself—is in the matter of physical resources and sheer stamina. She becomes so engrossed in her work, so keyed up with a kind of taut, nervous energy, that she is apt to overtax her strength. She will play a long, exhausting scene over and over again without appearing to lose an atom of her freshness and verve. When it is over she will tell you she feels fine—and believe it. Then she will go to her dressing room and collapse. If one worked her as hard as she seems to want to work, she would be worn out before the film was half finished. With her, the director has to reverse the normal process of inspiring his star to greater efforts. He has to persuade her to spare herself. The greatest joy of working with Miss Shearer comes from her complete lack of vanity. Far from bridling at minor criticisms as many actresses do, she will criticize herself with a penetrating, almost unfeminine, impersonal judgment. When she sees the unedited versions of the previous days footage [“rushes”] she seems to cease to be an actress and to look at her own work on the screen with the shrewd and critical mind of a producer.”<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Norma_Shearer_Marie_Antoinette_1938.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Norma_Shearer_Marie_Antoinette_1938.jpg/220px-Norma_Shearer_Marie_Antoinette_1938.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Norma_Shearer_Marie_Antoinette_1938.jpg/330px-Norma_Shearer_Marie_Antoinette_1938.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Norma_Shearer_Marie_Antoinette_1938.jpg/440px-Norma_Shearer_Marie_Antoinette_1938.jpg 2x" data-file-width="708" data-file-height="538" /></a><figcaption>Shearer in <i><a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette_(1938_film)" title="Marie Antoinette (1938 film)">Marie Antoinette (1938)</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1939, she attempted an unusual role in the dark comedy <i><a href="/wiki/Idiot%27s_Delight_(film)" title="Idiot's Delight (film)">Idiot's Delight</a></i>, adapted from the 1936 <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Sherwood" title="Robert E. Sherwood">Robert E. Sherwood</a> play. It was the last of Shearer's three films with <a href="/wiki/Clark_Gable" title="Clark Gable">Clark Gable</a>, after <i>A Free Soul</i> (1931) and <i>Strange Interlude</i> (1932). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Women_(1939_film)" title="The Women (1939 film)">The Women</a></i> (1939) followed, with an entirely female cast of more than 130 speaking roles. </p><p>Shearer was also one of the many actresses considered for the role of <a href="/wiki/Scarlett_O%27Hara" title="Scarlett O'Hara">Scarlett O'Hara</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Gone_with_the_Wind_(film)" title="Gone with the Wind (film)">Gone With The Wind</a></i> (1939) and some publications even reported that she won the role in 1938. However, she withdrew herself from consideration after negative feedback from movie fans. Years later when asked about potentially playing Scarlett, Shearer jokingly said, "Scarlett is a thankless role. The one I'd really like to play is <a href="/wiki/Rhett_Butler" title="Rhett Butler">Rhett</a>!"<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Critics praised the suspenseful atmosphere in her next film, <i><a href="/wiki/Escape_(1940_film)" title="Escape (1940 film)">Escape</a></i> (1940), where she played the lover of a <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> general who helps an American free his mother from a <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camp" title="Concentration camp">concentration camp</a>. With increasing interest in the war in Europe, the film performed well at the box office, but Shearer passed up roles in highly successful films <i><a href="/wiki/Now,_Voyager" title="Now, Voyager">Now, Voyager</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Mrs._Miniver" title="Mrs. Miniver">Mrs. Miniver</a></i>, to star in <i><a href="/wiki/We_Were_Dancing_(film)" title="We Were Dancing (film)">We Were Dancing</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Her_Cardboard_Lover" title="Her Cardboard Lover">Her Cardboard Lover</a></i> (1942), which both failed at the box office. In 1942, Shearer unofficially retired from acting. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Retirement">Retirement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norma_Shearer&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Retirement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lionel_Barrymore_61st_birthday_1939.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Lionel_Barrymore_61st_birthday_1939.jpg/220px-Lionel_Barrymore_61st_birthday_1939.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Lionel_Barrymore_61st_birthday_1939.jpg/330px-Lionel_Barrymore_61st_birthday_1939.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Lionel_Barrymore_61st_birthday_1939.jpg/440px-Lionel_Barrymore_61st_birthday_1939.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1076" /></a><figcaption>Lionel Barrymore's 61st birthday in 1939, standing: <a href="/wiki/Mickey_Rooney" title="Mickey Rooney">Mickey Rooney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Montgomery_(actor)" title="Robert Montgomery (actor)">Robert Montgomery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clark_Gable" title="Clark Gable">Clark Gable</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_B._Mayer" title="Louis B. Mayer">Louis B. Mayer</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Powell" title="William Powell">William Powell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Taylor_(American_actor)" title="Robert Taylor (American actor)">Robert Taylor</a>, seated: Norma Shearer, <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Barrymore" title="Lionel Barrymore">Lionel Barrymore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Russell" title="Rosalind Russell">Rosalind Russell</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After Thalberg's unexpected death on September 14, 1936, Shearer retained a lawyer to ensure that Thalberg's percentages of films on which he had worked were still paid to his estate, which was contested by MGM. When she took the story to gossip columnist <a href="/wiki/Louella_Parsons" title="Louella Parsons">Louella Parsons</a>, the studio was forced to give in and granted all the profits from MGM movies made and released from 1924 to 1938, meaning the estate eventually received over $1.5 million in percentage payments. Nevertheless, Shearer's contract was renewed for six films at $150,000 each.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time, she embarked on a brief romance with the younger actor <a href="/wiki/James_Stewart" title="James Stewart">James Stewart</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then with the married actor <a href="/wiki/George_Raft" title="George Raft">George Raft</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Raft (who had separated from his wife years earlier, soon after they married) stated publicly that he wanted to marry Shearer. However, his wife's refusal to allow a divorce and the disapproval of MGM studio head Louis B. Mayer caused Shearer to end the affair.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following her retirement in 1942, she married Martin Arrougé (March 23, 1914 – August 8, 1999),<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a World War II Navy aviator,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a former ski instructor to her children, 11 years her junior.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite often attending public events in her later life, Shearer gradually withdrew from the Hollywood social scene. In 1960, her secretary stated: "Miss Shearer does not want any publicity. She doesn't talk to anyone. But I can tell you that she has refused many requests to appear in motion pictures and TV shows."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arrougé and Shearer remained married until her death. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norma_Shearer&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Norma_Shearer_Grave.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Norma_Shearer_Grave.JPG/200px-Norma_Shearer_Grave.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Norma_Shearer_Grave.JPG/300px-Norma_Shearer_Grave.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Norma_Shearer_Grave.JPG/400px-Norma_Shearer_Grave.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Shearer's <a href="/wiki/Crypt" title="Crypt">crypt</a> in the Great Mausoleum, Forest Lawn Glendale</figcaption></figure> <p>On June 12, 1983, Shearer died of <a href="/wiki/Bronchial_pneumonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronchial pneumonia">bronchial pneumonia</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Motion_Picture_Country_Home" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion Picture Country Home">Motion Picture Country Home</a> in <a href="/wiki/Woodland_Hills,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodland Hills, California">Woodland Hills, California</a>, where she had been living since 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-Obit_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obit-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She is entombed in the Great Mausoleum at <a href="/wiki/Forest_Lawn_Memorial_Park,_Glendale" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale">Forest Lawn Memorial Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Glendale,_California" title="Glendale, California">Glendale, California</a>, in a crypt marked Norma Arrouge, along with her first husband, Irving Thalberg. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norma_Shearer&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shearer's fame declined after her retirement in 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was rediscovered in the late 1950s, when her films were sold to television, and in the 1970s, when her films enjoyed theatrical revivals. By the time of her death in 1983, she was best known for her "noble" roles in <i>Marie Antoinette</i> and <i>The Women</i>. </p><p>A Shearer revival began in 1988, when <a href="/wiki/Turner_Network_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="Turner Network Television">Turner Network Television</a> began broadcasting the entire Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film library. In 1994, <a href="/wiki/Turner_Classic_Movies" title="Turner Classic Movies">Turner Classic Movies</a> began showcasing her films, most of which had not been seen since the <a href="/wiki/Motion_Picture_Production_Code#Breen_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion Picture Production Code">reconstitution of the Production Code in 1934</a>. Shearer's work was seen anew, and the critical focus shifted from her "noble" roles to her pre-Code roles. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:30em; ; color: #202122;background-color: cornsilk;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>Even for a pampered star, her output in the sound era is strikingly meager. And yet this was part of her undeniable aura – that she did not make movies lightly and frivolously, but with great care, sincerity and conviction. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—<a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sarris" title="Andrew Sarris">Andrew Sarris</a>, from <i>"You Ain't Heard Nothin' Yet": The American Talking Film History & Memory, 1927–1949</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarris1998422_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarris1998422-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>Shearer's work gained more attention in the 1990s through the publication of a series of books. The first was a biography by <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Lambert" title="Gavin Lambert">Gavin Lambert</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Next came <i>Complicated Women: Sex and Power in Pre-Code Hollywood</i> by Mick LaSalle, film critic at the <i><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle" title="San Francisco Chronicle">San Francisco Chronicle</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mark A. Vieira published three books on subjects closely related to Shearer: a biography of her husband, producer <a href="/wiki/Irving_Thalberg" title="Irving Thalberg">Irving Thalberg</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and two biographies of photographer <a href="/wiki/George_Hurrell" title="George Hurrell">George Hurrell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVieira199722_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVieira199722-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVieira201318_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVieira201318-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shearer was noted not only for the control she exercised over her work, but also for her patronage of Hurrell<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVieira2009185_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVieira2009185-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Adrian_(costume_designer)" title="Adrian (costume designer)">Adrian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutner2001_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutner2001-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and for discovering actress <a href="/wiki/Janet_Leigh" title="Janet Leigh">Janet Leigh</a><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and actor-producer <a href="/wiki/Robert_Evans_(producer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Evans (producer)">Robert Evans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For her contribution to the motion-picture industry, Shearer has a star on the <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame" title="Hollywood Walk of Fame">Hollywood Walk of Fame</a>, at 6636 Hollywood Boulevard.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On June 30, 2008, <a href="/wiki/Canada_Post_stamp_releases_(2005%E2%80%932009)" title="Canada Post stamp releases (2005–2009)">Canada Post</a> issued a postage stamp in its "Canadians in Hollywood" series to honour Norma Shearer, along with others for <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Burr" title="Raymond Burr">Raymond Burr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marie_Dressler" title="Marie Dressler">Marie Dressler</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chief_Dan_George" title="Chief Dan George">Chief Dan George</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shearer and Thalberg are reportedly the models for Stella and Miles, the hosts of the Hollywood party in the short story "<a href="/wiki/Crazy_Sunday" title="Crazy Sunday">Crazy Sunday</a>" (1932) by <a href="/wiki/F._Scott_Fitzgerald" title="F. Scott Fitzgerald">F. Scott Fitzgerald</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of Shearer's MGM films are broadcast on Turner Classic Movies, and many of them are also available on DVD from <a href="/wiki/Warner_Home_Video" class="mw-redirect" title="Warner Home Video">Warner Home Video</a>. In 2008, she was inducted into <a href="/wiki/Canada%27s_Walk_of_Fame" title="Canada's Walk of Fame">Canada's Walk of Fame</a>. In 2015, a number of Shearer films became available in high-definition format, authored by Warner Home Video, in most cases, from the nitrate camera negatives: <i>A Free Soul</i>, <i>Romeo and Juliet</i>, <i>Marie Antoinette</i>, and <i>The Women</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shearer is portrayed in director <a href="/wiki/David_Fincher" title="David Fincher">David Fincher</a>’s film <i><a href="/wiki/Mank" title="Mank">Mank</a></i> by actress Jessie Cohen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_nominations">Awards and nominations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norma_Shearer&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Awards and nominations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shearer was the first person to receive five <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award">Academy Award</a> nominations for acting.<sup id="cite_ref-Alt_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alt-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her brother Douglas Shearer and she are the first Oscar-winning siblings.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" width="90%"> <tbody><tr> <th width="5%">Year </th> <th width="50%">Award </th> <th width="30%">Film </th> <th width="5%">Result </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1930 </td> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Actress" title="Academy Award for Best Actress">Academy Award for Best Actress</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Their_Own_Desire" title="Their Own Desire">Their Own Desire</a></i> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Divorcee" title="The Divorcee">The Divorcee</a></i> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td>1931 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/A_Free_Soul" title="A Free Soul">A Free Soul</a></i> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td></tr> <tr> <td>1934 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Barretts_of_Wimpole_Street_(1934_film)" title="The Barretts of Wimpole Street (1934 film)">The Barretts of Wimpole Street</a></i> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td></tr> <tr> <td>1936 </td> <td rowspan="2"><i><a href="/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet_(1936_film)" title="Romeo and Juliet (1936 film)">Romeo and Juliet</a></i> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td></tr> <tr> <td>1936 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York_Film_Critics_Circle_Award_for_Best_Actress" title="New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress">New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress</a> (3rd) </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td></tr> <tr> <td>1938 </td> <td>Academy Award for Best Actress </td> <td rowspan="2"><i><a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette_(1938_film)" title="Marie Antoinette (1938 film)">Marie Antoinette</a></i> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td></tr> <tr> <td>1938 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Venice_Film_Festival" title="Venice Film Festival">Venice Film Festival</a> – <a href="/wiki/Volpi_Cup_for_Best_Actress" title="Volpi Cup for Best Actress">Volpi Cup for Best Actress</a> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Filmography">Filmography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norma_Shearer&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Filmography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Norma_Shearer_filmography" title="Norma Shearer filmography">Norma Shearer filmography</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Radio_appearances">Radio appearances</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norma_Shearer&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Radio appearances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Program</th> <th>Episode/source </th></tr> <tr> <td>1941</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Screen_Guild_Theater" title="The Screen Guild Theater">Gulf Screen Guild Theatre</a></i></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/No_Time_for_Comedy" title="No Time for Comedy">No Time for Comedy</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-rg_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rg-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1951</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Screen_Directors_Playhouse" title="Screen Directors Playhouse">Screen Directors Playhouse</a></i></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Waterloo_Bridge_(1940_film)" title="Waterloo Bridge (1940 film)">Waterloo Bridge</a></i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norma_Shearer&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/28px-Video-x-generic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/42px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/56px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Film" title="Portal:Film">Film portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_actors_with_Academy_Award_nominations" title="List of actors with Academy Award nominations">List of actors with Academy Award nominations</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norma_Shearer&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norma_Shearer&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-donnelley-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-donnelley_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDonnelley2005" class="citation book cs1">Donnelley, Paul (2005). <i>Fade to Black: A Book of Movie Obituaries</i> (3 ed.). Omnibus Press. p. 848. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84449-430-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-84449-430-6"><bdi>1-84449-430-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fade+to+Black%3A+A+Book+of+Movie+Obituaries&rft.pages=848&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Omnibus+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-84449-430-6&rft.aulast=Donnelley&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorma+Shearer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cineartistes.com/?page=images&id=1101&type=3">"Norma Shearer: 1902 Birth certificate (Montreal, Quebec, Canada)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20170521171844/http://www.cineartistes.com/?page=images&id=1101&type=3">Archived</a> from the original on May 21, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 21,</span> 2017</span> – via CineArtistes.com. <q>Edith Norma Shearer, daughter of Andrew Shearer and Edith May Fisher his wife was born on the eleventh day of August nineteen hundred two, and was baptized on the thirty-first day of May, nineteen hundred three</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Norma+Shearer%3A+1902+Birth+certificate+%28Montreal%2C+Quebec%2C+Canada%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cineartistes.com%2F%3Fpage%3Dimages%26id%3D1101%26type%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorma+Shearer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some sources give August 10. It is August 11 per the birth certificate, as well as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/norma-shearer/">"Norma Shearer"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia" title="The Canadian Encyclopedia">The Canadian Encyclopedia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Historica_Canada" title="Historica Canada">Historica Canada</a>)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 5,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Norma+Shearer&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia+%28Historica+Canada%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fnorma-shearer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorma+Shearer" class="Z3988"></span> It is "c. August 11" per <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180323023739/https://www.biography.com/people/norma-shearer-38357">"Norma Shearer Biography: Film Actress (c. 1902–1983)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Biography.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Biography.com">Biography.com</a> (<a href="/wiki/FYI_(TV_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="FYI (TV network)">FYI</a> / <a href="/wiki/A%26E_Networks" title="A&E Networks">A&E Networks</a>). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biography.com/people/norma-shearer-38357">the original</a> on March 23, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 5,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Norma+Shearer+Biography%3A+Film+Actress+%28c.+1902%E2%80%931983%29&rft.pub=Biography.com+%28FYI+%2F+A%26E+Networks%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biography.com%2Fpeople%2Fnorma-shearer-38357&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorma+Shearer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shipman, David. <i>The Great Movie Stars: The Golden Years</i>. <a href="/wiki/Crown_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown Publishers">Crown Publishers</a>, 1970. p. 487-492</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShen2016" class="citation book cs1">Shen, Ann (2016). <i>Bad Girls Throughout History: 100 Remarkable Women Who Changed the World</i>. Chronicle Books. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4521-5702-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4521-5702-3"><bdi>978-1-4521-5702-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bad+Girls+Throughout+History%3A+100+Remarkable+Women+Who+Changed+the+World&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Chronicle+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4521-5702-3&rft.aulast=Shen&rft.aufirst=Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorma+Shearer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris1996" class="citation web cs1">Morris, Gary (April 1, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brightlightsfilm.com/queen-norma-shearer/#.WlUsOa6nGUk">"Queen Norma – Shearer, That Is"</a>. <i>Bright Lights Film Journal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 9,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bright+Lights+Film+Journal&rft.atitle=Queen+Norma+%E2%80%93+Shearer%2C+That+Is&rft.date=1996-04-01&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbrightlightsfilm.com%2Fqueen-norma-shearer%2F%23.WlUsOa6nGUk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorma+Shearer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alt-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alt_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alt_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoares2015" class="citation web cs1">Soares, Andre (November 11, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.altfg.com/film/norma-shearer/">"Norma Shearer: 'Queen of MGM' & 'Liberated Woman'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Alt Film Guide</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 9,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alt+Film+Guide&rft.atitle=Norma+Shearer%3A+%27Queen+of+MGM%27+%26+%27Liberated+Woman%27&rft.date=2015-11-11&rft.aulast=Soares&rft.aufirst=Andre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.altfg.com%2Ffilm%2Fnorma-shearer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorma+Shearer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaSalle20006-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaSalle20006_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaSalle2000">LaSalle 2000</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert199015-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert199015_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert1990">Lambert 1990</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert199014-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert199014_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert1990">Lambert 1990</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-newark-advocate-obituary-for-edith-f/43612050/">https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-newark-advocate-obituary-for-edith-f/43612050/</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/21596557/mother_of_norma_shearer/">https://www.newspapers.com/article/21596557/mother_of_norma_shearer/</a></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaSalle2014" class="citation book cs1">LaSalle, Mick (2014). <i>Complicated Women"Sex and Power in Pre-Code Hollywood</i>. p. 13. <q>At the height of her stardom, she described herself as a young woman: 'I was ferociously ambitious.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Complicated+Women%22Sex+and+Power+in+Pre-Code+Hollywood&rft.pages=13&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=LaSalle&rft.aufirst=Mick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorma+Shearer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWayne2003" class="citation book cs1">Wayne, Jane Ellen (2003). <i>The Golden Girls of Mgm: Greta Garbo, Joan Crawford, Lana Turner, Judy Garland, Ava Gardner, Grace Kelly and Others</i>. Da Capo Press. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7867-1303-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7867-1303-8"><bdi>0-7867-1303-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Golden+Girls+of+Mgm%3A+Greta+Garbo%2C+Joan+Crawford%2C+Lana+Turner%2C+Judy+Garland%2C+Ava+Gardner%2C+Grace+Kelly+and+Others&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7867-1303-8&rft.aulast=Wayne&rft.aufirst=Jane+Ellen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorma+Shearer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Obit-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Obit_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Obit_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPace1983" class="citation news cs1">Pace, Eric (June 14, 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1983/06/14/obituaries/norma-shearer-film-star-two-decades-is-dead.html">"Norma Shearer, Film Star Two Decades, is Dead"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 4,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Norma+Shearer%2C+Film+Star+Two+Decades%2C+is+Dead&rft.date=1983-06-14&rft.aulast=Pace&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1983%2F06%2F14%2Fobituaries%2Fnorma-shearer-film-star-two-decades-is-dead.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorma+Shearer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert199019-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert199019_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert1990">Lambert 1990</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacobs and Braum, p. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaSalle200014-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaSalle200014_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaSalle2000">LaSalle 2000</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NormaShearer-COM-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NormaShearer-COM_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVieira2017" class="citation web cs1">Vieira, Mark A. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171030130617/http://normashearer.com/biography/moving-picture-actress/new-york/">"New York"</a>. <i>Norma Shearer</i>. Darin Barnes. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://normashearer.com/biography/moving-picture-actress/new-york/">the original</a> on October 30, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 21,</span> 2020</span>. <q>She also had flaws. Her legs were not well turned. Her eyes were blue, which went pale when shot with the orthochromatic film of the time. Her left eye had a tendency to wander, the symptom of a strabismus.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Norma+Shearer&rft.atitle=New+York&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Vieira&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnormashearer.com%2Fbiography%2Fmoving-picture-actress%2Fnew-york%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorma+Shearer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVieira2013180-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVieira2013180_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVieira2013">Vieira 2013</a>, p. 180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDart1981" class="citation journal cs1">Dart, William (Spring 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210131093803/http://art-newzealand.com/Issues21to30/books2102.htm">"Book review: The Art Of The Great Hollywood Portrait Photographers 1925 to 1940 by John Kobal"</a>. <i>Art New Zealand</i>. <b>21</b>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.art-newzealand.com/Issues21to30/books2102.htm">the original</a> on January 31, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Art+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=Book+review%3A+The+Art+Of+The+Great+Hollywood+Portrait+Photographers+1925+to+1940+by+John+Kobal&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=21&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Dart&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.art-newzealand.com%2FIssues21to30%2Fbooks2102.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorma+Shearer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert199028-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert199028_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert1990">Lambert 1990</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vieira, <i>Irving Thalberg</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert199034-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert199034_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert1990">Lambert 1990</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert199042-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert199042_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert199042_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert1990">Lambert 1990</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert199044-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert199044_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert1990">Lambert 1990</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVieira200928-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVieira200928_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVieira2009">Vieira 2009</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert199059-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert199059_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert1990">Lambert 1990</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert199060-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert199060_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert1990">Lambert 1990</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert199066-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert199066_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert1990">Lambert 1990</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert199086-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert199086_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert1990">Lambert 1990</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110817234423/http://hollywood-legends.webs.com/ladyofthenight/boxoffice.htm">"Shearer at Hollywood Legends website"</a>. Hollywood-legends.webs.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hollywood-legends.webs.com/ladyofthenight/boxoffice.htm">the original</a> on August 17, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 21,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shearer+at+Hollywood+Legends+website&rft.pub=Hollywood-legends.webs.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhollywood-legends.webs.com%2Fladyofthenight%2Fboxoffice.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorma+Shearer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Norma Shearer To Wed Metro Film Executive". <i>Pittsburgh Press</i>. Pittsburgh. United Press. August 18, 1927. p. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+Press&rft.atitle=Norma+Shearer+To+Wed+Metro+Film+Executive&rft.pages=12&rft.date=1927-08-18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorma+Shearer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFComayCohn-Sherbok2019" class="citation book cs1">Comay, Joan; Cohn-Sherbok, Lavinia (June 27, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fxouLp7j7PYC&q=norma+shearer+jewish%3E&pg=PA381"><i>Who's who in Jewish History: After the Period of the Old Testament</i></a>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415260305" title="Special:BookSources/9780415260305"><bdi>9780415260305</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who%27s+who+in+Jewish+History%3A+After+the+Period+of+the+Old+Testament&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2019-06-27&rft.isbn=9780415260305&rft.aulast=Comay&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft.au=Cohn-Sherbok%2C+Lavinia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfxouLp7j7PYC%26q%3Dnorma%2Bshearer%2Bjewish%253E%26pg%3DPA381&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorma+Shearer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert1990121-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert1990121_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert1990">Lambert 1990</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Postrel" title="Virginia Postrel">Postrel, Virginia</a>: "Starlight and Shadow", <i>The Atlantic</i>, July/August 2007, p. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1930/11/07/archives/film-awards-are-made-norma-shearer-and-george-arliss-get-high.html?sq=norma%2520shearer%2520the%2520divorcee%2520academy%2520awards&scp=2&st=cse">"FILM AWARDS ARE MADE.; Norma Shearer and George Arliss Get High Honors"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. November 7, 1930<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 9,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=FILM+AWARDS+ARE+MADE.%3B+Norma+Shearer+and+George+Arliss+Get+High+Honors&rft.date=1930-11-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1930%2F11%2F07%2Farchives%2Ffilm-awards-are-made-norma-shearer-and-george-arliss-get-high.html%3Fsq%3Dnorma%252520shearer%252520the%252520divorcee%252520academy%252520awards%26scp%3D2%26st%3Dcse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorma+Shearer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGary_Morris2010" class="citation web cs1">Gary Morris (March 31, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120727231958/http://www.brightlightsfilm.com/16/norma.html">"Shearer at Bright Lights website"</a>. Brightlightsfilm.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brightlightsfilm.com/16/norma.html">the original</a> on July 27, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 21,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shearer+at+Bright+Lights+website&rft.pub=Brightlightsfilm.com&rft.date=2010-03-31&rft.au=Gary+Morris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brightlightsfilm.com%2F16%2Fnorma.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorma+Shearer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuirkSchoell2002102-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuirkSchoell2002102_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFQuirkSchoell2002">Quirk & Schoell 2002</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVieira2009247-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVieira2009247_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVieira2009">Vieira 2009</a>, p. 247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samuel Marx, <i>Mayer and Thalberg: The Make-Believe Saints</i> (New York: Random House, 1975)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'Marie Antoinette' was Shearer's first film after her husband Irving Thalberg's death. An album of Film Stars (third series) John Player and sons card no 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Koszarski, 1976 p. 329-330</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Clark Gable: A Biography</i>, Harris, Warren G., p. 408</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Lion of Hollywood by Scott Eyman, pp. 250–251</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuirk2000" class="citation book cs1">Quirk, Lawrence J. (2000). <i>James Stewart: Behind the Scenes of a Wonderful Life</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 3,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Camera+in+the+Sun&rft.atitle=Canadians+at+the+Oscars%3A+A+History&rft.aulast=Uytdewilligen&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcamerainthesun.com%2F%3Fp%3D20457&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorma+Shearer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rg-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rg_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181116073852/http://www.radiogoldindex.com/cgi-local/p4.cgi?ArtistName=Abel,%20Walter&ArtistNumber=46568">"Abel, Walter"</a>. <i>radioGOLDINdex</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radiogoldindex.com/cgi-local/p4.cgi?ArtistName=Abel,%20Walter&ArtistNumber=46568">the original</a> on November 16, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 26,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=radioGOLDINdex&rft.atitle=Abel%2C+Walter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiogoldindex.com%2Fcgi-local%2Fp4.cgi%3FArtistName%3DAbel%2C%2520Walter%26ArtistNumber%3D46568&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorma+Shearer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norma_Shearer&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarris1998" class="citation book cs1">Sarris, Andrew (1998). <i>You Ain't Heard Nothin' Yet - The American Talking Film History & Memory, 1927–1949</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 422. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195038835" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195038835"><bdi>978-0195038835</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=You+Ain%27t+Heard+Nothin%27+Yet+-+The+American+Talking+Film+History+%26+Memory%2C+1927%E2%80%931949&rft.pages=422&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press.&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0195038835&rft.aulast=Sarris&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorma+Shearer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaSalle2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mick_LaSalle" title="Mick LaSalle">LaSalle, Mick</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BH98QgAACAAJ"><i>Complicated Women: Sex and Power in Pre-Code Hollywood</i></a>. New York: St Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-25207-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-25207-6"><bdi>978-0-312-25207-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Complicated+Women%3A+Sex+and+Power+in+Pre-Code+Hollywood&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-312-25207-6&rft.aulast=LaSalle&rft.aufirst=Mick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBH98QgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorma+Shearer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGutner2001" class="citation book cs1">Gutner, Howard (2001). <i>Gowns By Adrian: The MGM Years 1928–1941</i>. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-0898-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-0898-7"><bdi>978-0-8109-0898-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gowns+By+Adrian%3A+The+MGM+Years+1928%E2%80%931941&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harry+N.+Abrams%2C+Inc&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8109-0898-7&rft.aulast=Gutner&rft.aufirst=Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorma+Shearer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambert1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Lambert" title="Gavin Lambert">Lambert, Gavin</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VvYdAAAAMAAJ"><i>Norma Shearer: A Life</i></a>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-55158-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-55158-6"><bdi>978-0-394-55158-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Norma+Shearer%3A+A+Life&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-394-55158-6&rft.aulast=Lambert&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVvYdAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorma+Shearer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Jacobs, Jack and Braum, Myron (1976). <i>The Films of Norma Shearer</i>. South Brunswick and New York: A. S. Barnes and Company. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-498-01552-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-498-01552-1">0-498-01552-1</a></li> <li>Koszarski, Richard. 1976. <i>Hollywood Directors: 1914-1940</i>. Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Catalog Number: 76-9262.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuirkSchoell2002" class="citation book cs1">Quirk, Lawrence J.; Schoell, William (September 30, 2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/joancrawford00lawr"><i>Joan Crawford: The Essential Biography</i></a></span>. University Press of Kentucky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2254-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2254-0"><bdi>978-0-8131-2254-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joan+Crawford%3A+The+Essential+Biography&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2002-09-30&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-2254-0&rft.aulast=Quirk&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+J.&rft.au=Schoell%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjoancrawford00lawr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorma+Shearer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVieira2009" class="citation book cs1">Vieira, Mark A. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=irving+thalberg+boy+wonder+to+producer+prince"><i>Irving Thalberg: Boy Wonder to Producer Prince</i></a>. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-26048-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-26048-1"><bdi>978-0-520-26048-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Irving+Thalberg%3A+Boy+Wonder+to+Producer+Prince&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-520-26048-1&rft.aulast=Vieira&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Dirving%2Bthalberg%2Bboy%2Bwonder%2Bto%2Bproducer%2Bprince&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorma+Shearer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVieira1997" class="citation book cs1">Vieira, Mark A. (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hurrellshollywoo0000viei"><i>Hurrell's Hollywood Portraits: The Chapman Collection</i></a></span>. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8109-3434-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8109-3434-5"><bdi>0-8109-3434-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hurrell%27s+Hollywood+Portraits%3A+The+Chapman+Collection&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harry+N.+Abrams%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-8109-3434-5&rft.aulast=Vieira&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhurrellshollywoo0000viei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorma+Shearer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVieira2013" class="citation book cs1">Vieira, Mark A. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=George+Hurrell%27s+Hollywood%3A+Glamour+Portraits+1925-1992"><i>George Hurrell's Hollywood: Glamour Portraits, 1925 to 1992</i></a>. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Running Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7624-5039-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7624-5039-8"><bdi>978-0-7624-5039-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Hurrell%27s+Hollywood%3A+Glamour+Portraits%2C+1925+to+1992&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=Running+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-7624-5039-8&rft.aulast=Vieira&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3DGeorge%2BHurrell%2527s%2BHollywood%253A%2BGlamour%2BPortraits%2B1925-1992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorma+Shearer" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norma_Shearer&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Norma_Shearer" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Norma Shearer">Norma Shearer</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://normashearer.com">Official website</a></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0790454/">Norma Shearer</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/175586%7C118297/wp">Norma Shearer</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Turner_Classic_Movies" title="Turner Classic Movies">TCM Movie Database</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q95019#P3056" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmovie.com/artist/p65025">Norma Shearer</a> at <a href="/wiki/AllMovie" title="AllMovie">AllMovie</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://film.virtual-history.com/person.php?personid=588">Photographs of Norma Shearer</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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"}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Academy_Award_for_Best_Actress" title="Template:Academy Award for Best Actress"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li 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title="Mary Pickford">Mary Pickford</a> (1929)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Norma Shearer</a> (1930)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marie_Dressler" title="Marie Dressler">Marie Dressler</a> (1931)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Helen_Hayes" title="Helen Hayes">Helen Hayes</a> (1932)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Hepburn" title="Katharine Hepburn">Katharine Hepburn</a> (1933)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Claudette_Colbert" title="Claudette Colbert">Claudette Colbert</a> (1934)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bette_Davis" title="Bette Davis">Bette Davis</a> (1935)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luise_Rainer" title="Luise Rainer">Luise Rainer</a> (1936)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luise_Rainer" title="Luise Rainer">Luise Rainer</a> (1937)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bette_Davis" title="Bette Davis">Bette Davis</a> (1938)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vivien_Leigh" title="Vivien Leigh">Vivien Leigh</a> (1939)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ginger_Rogers" title="Ginger Rogers">Ginger Rogers</a> (1940)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joan_Fontaine" title="Joan Fontaine">Joan Fontaine</a> (1941)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greer_Garson" title="Greer Garson">Greer Garson</a> (1942)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Jones" title="Jennifer Jones">Jennifer Jones</a> (1943)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ingrid_Bergman" title="Ingrid Bergman">Ingrid Bergman</a> (1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joan_Crawford" title="Joan Crawford">Joan Crawford</a> (1945)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Olivia_de_Havilland" title="Olivia de Havilland">Olivia de Havilland</a> (1946)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Loretta_Young" title="Loretta Young">Loretta Young</a> (1947)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jane_Wyman" title="Jane Wyman">Jane Wyman</a> (1948)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Olivia_de_Havilland" title="Olivia de Havilland">Olivia de Havilland</a> (1949)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Judy_Holliday" title="Judy Holliday">Judy Holliday</a> (1950)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EEDD82;width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vivien_Leigh" title="Vivien Leigh">Vivien Leigh</a> (1951)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Booth" title="Shirley Booth">Shirley Booth</a> (1952)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Audrey_Hepburn" title="Audrey Hepburn">Audrey Hepburn</a> (1953)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Grace_Kelly" title="Grace Kelly">Grace Kelly</a> (1954)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anna_Magnani" title="Anna Magnani">Anna Magnani</a> (1955)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ingrid_Bergman" title="Ingrid Bergman">Ingrid Bergman</a> (1956)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joanne_Woodward" title="Joanne Woodward">Joanne Woodward</a> (1957)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Hayward" title="Susan Hayward">Susan Hayward</a> (1958)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Simone_Signoret" title="Simone Signoret">Simone Signoret</a> (1959)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor" title="Elizabeth Taylor">Elizabeth Taylor</a> (1960)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sophia_Loren" title="Sophia Loren">Sophia Loren</a> (1961)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Bancroft" title="Anne Bancroft">Anne Bancroft</a> (1962)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Neal" title="Patricia Neal">Patricia Neal</a> (1963)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Julie_Andrews" title="Julie Andrews">Julie Andrews</a> (1964)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Julie_Christie" title="Julie Christie">Julie Christie</a> (1965)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor" title="Elizabeth Taylor">Elizabeth Taylor</a> (1966)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Hepburn" title="Katharine Hepburn">Katharine Hepburn</a> (1967)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Hepburn" title="Katharine Hepburn">Katharine Hepburn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barbra_Streisand" title="Barbra Streisand">Barbra Streisand</a> (1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maggie_Smith" title="Maggie Smith">Maggie Smith</a> (1969)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Glenda_Jackson" title="Glenda Jackson">Glenda Jackson</a> (1970)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jane_Fonda" title="Jane Fonda">Jane Fonda</a> (1971) </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liza_Minnelli" title="Liza Minnelli">Liza Minnelli</a> (1972)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Glenda_Jackson" title="Glenda Jackson">Glenda Jackson</a> (1973)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Burstyn" title="Ellen Burstyn">Ellen Burstyn</a> (1974)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louise_Fletcher" title="Louise Fletcher">Louise Fletcher</a> (1975)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EEDD82;width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Faye_Dunaway" title="Faye Dunaway">Faye Dunaway</a> (1976)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Diane_Keaton" title="Diane Keaton">Diane Keaton</a> (1977)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jane_Fonda" title="Jane Fonda">Jane Fonda</a> (1978)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sally_Field" title="Sally Field">Sally Field</a> (1979)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sissy_Spacek" title="Sissy Spacek">Sissy Spacek</a> (1980)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Hepburn" title="Katharine Hepburn">Katharine Hepburn</a> (1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Meryl_Streep" title="Meryl Streep">Meryl Streep</a> (1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shirley_MacLaine" title="Shirley MacLaine">Shirley MacLaine</a> (1983)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sally_Field" title="Sally Field">Sally Field</a> (1984)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Page" title="Geraldine Page">Geraldine Page</a> (1985)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marlee_Matlin" title="Marlee Matlin">Marlee Matlin</a> (1986)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cher" title="Cher">Cher</a> (1987)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jodie_Foster" title="Jodie Foster">Jodie Foster</a> (1988)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Tandy" title="Jessica Tandy">Jessica Tandy</a> (1989)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kathy_Bates" title="Kathy Bates">Kathy Bates</a> (1990)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jodie_Foster" title="Jodie Foster">Jodie Foster</a> (1991)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Emma_Thompson" title="Emma Thompson">Emma Thompson</a> (1992)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Holly_Hunter" title="Holly Hunter">Holly Hunter</a> (1993)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Lange" title="Jessica Lange">Jessica Lange</a> (1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Sarandon" title="Susan Sarandon">Susan Sarandon</a> (1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frances_McDormand" title="Frances McDormand">Frances McDormand</a> (1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Helen_Hunt" title="Helen Hunt">Helen Hunt</a> (1997)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gwyneth_Paltrow" title="Gwyneth Paltrow">Gwyneth Paltrow</a> (1998)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Swank" title="Hilary Swank">Hilary Swank</a> (1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Julia_Roberts" title="Julia Roberts">Julia Roberts</a> (2000)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EEDD82;width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Halle_Berry" title="Halle Berry">Halle Berry</a> (2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Kidman" title="Nicole Kidman">Nicole Kidman</a> (2002)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charlize_Theron" title="Charlize Theron">Charlize Theron</a> (2003)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Swank" title="Hilary Swank">Hilary Swank</a> (2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Reese_Witherspoon" title="Reese Witherspoon">Reese Witherspoon</a> (2005)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Helen_Mirren" title="Helen Mirren">Helen Mirren</a> (2006)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marion_Cotillard" title="Marion Cotillard">Marion Cotillard</a> (2007)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kate_Winslet" title="Kate Winslet">Kate Winslet</a> (2008)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Bullock" title="Sandra Bullock">Sandra Bullock</a> (2009)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Natalie_Portman" title="Natalie Portman">Natalie Portman</a> (2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Meryl_Streep" title="Meryl Streep">Meryl Streep</a> (2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Lawrence" title="Jennifer Lawrence">Jennifer Lawrence</a> (2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cate_Blanchett" title="Cate Blanchett">Cate Blanchett</a> (2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Julianne_Moore" title="Julianne Moore">Julianne Moore</a> (2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Brie_Larson" title="Brie Larson">Brie Larson</a> (2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Emma_Stone" title="Emma Stone">Emma Stone</a> (2016)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frances_McDormand" title="Frances McDormand">Frances McDormand</a> (2017)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Olivia_Colman" title="Olivia Colman">Olivia Colman</a> (2018)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_Zellweger" title="Renée Zellweger">Renée Zellweger</a> (2019)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frances_McDormand" title="Frances McDormand">Frances McDormand</a> (2020)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Chastain" title="Jessica Chastain">Jessica Chastain</a> (2021)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Yeoh" title="Michelle Yeoh">Michelle Yeoh</a> (2022)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Emma_Stone" title="Emma Stone">Emma Stone</a> (2023)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Volpi_Cup_for_Best_Actress" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Volpi_Cup_for_Best_Actress" title="Template:Volpi Cup for Best Actress"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Volpi_Cup_for_Best_Actress" title="Template talk:Volpi Cup for Best Actress"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Volpi_Cup_for_Best_Actress" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Volpi Cup for Best Actress"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Volpi_Cup_for_Best_Actress" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Volpi_Cup_for_Best_Actress" title="Volpi Cup for Best Actress">Volpi Cup for Best Actress</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1932–1968</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Hayes" title="Helen Hayes">Helen Hayes</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Hepburn" title="Katharine Hepburn">Katharine Hepburn</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paula_Wessely" title="Paula Wessely">Paula Wessely</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annabella_(actress)" title="Annabella (actress)">Annabella</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bette_Davis" title="Bette Davis">Bette Davis</a> (1937)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Norma Shearer</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luise_Ullrich" title="Luise Ullrich">Luise Ullrich</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristina_S%C3%B6derbaum" title="Kristina Söderbaum">Kristina Söderbaum </a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Magnani" title="Anna Magnani">Anna Magnani</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Simmons" title="Jean Simmons">Jean Simmons</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivia_de_Havilland" title="Olivia de Havilland">Olivia de Havilland</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Parker" title="Eleanor Parker">Eleanor Parker</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivien_Leigh" title="Vivien Leigh">Vivien Leigh</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrid_Bergman" title="Ingrid Bergman">Ingrid Bergman</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilli_Palmer" title="Lilli Palmer">Lilli Palmer</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Schell" title="Maria Schell">Maria Schell</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzidra_Ritenberga" title="Dzidra Ritenberga">Dzidra Ritenberga</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_Loren" title="Sophia Loren">Sophia Loren</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Robinson" title="Madeleine Robinson">Madeleine Robinson</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_MacLaine" title="Shirley MacLaine">Shirley MacLaine</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Flon" title="Suzanne Flon">Suzanne Flon</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuelle_Riva" title="Emmanuelle Riva">Emmanuelle Riva</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphine_Seyrig" title="Delphine Seyrig">Delphine Seyrig</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Andersson" title="Harriet Andersson">Harriet Andersson</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Girardot" title="Annie Girardot">Annie Girardot</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalya_Arinbasarova" title="Natalya Arinbasarova">Natalya Arinbasarova</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Knight" title="Shirley Knight">Shirley Knight</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Betti" title="Laura Betti">Laura Betti</a> (1968)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1983–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darling_L%C3%A9gitimus" title="Darling Légitimus">Darling Légitimus</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascale_Ogier" title="Pascale Ogier">Pascale Ogier</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valeria_Golino" title="Valeria Golino">Valeria Golino</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Soo-yeon" title="Kang Soo-yeon">Kang Soo-yeon</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabelle_Huppert" title="Isabelle Huppert">Isabelle Huppert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shirley_MacLaine" title="Shirley MacLaine">Shirley MacLaine</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peggy_Ashcroft" title="Peggy Ashcroft">Peggy Ashcroft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geraldine_James" title="Geraldine James">Geraldine James</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_M%C3%BCnchmeyer" title="Gloria Münchmeyer">Gloria Münchmeyer</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilda_Swinton" title="Tilda Swinton">Tilda Swinton</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gong_Li" title="Gong Li">Gong Li</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliette_Binoche" title="Juliette Binoche">Juliette Binoche</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anna_Bonaiuto" title="Anna Bonaiuto">Anna Bonaiuto</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_de_Medeiros" title="Maria de Medeiros">Maria de Medeiros</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vanessa_Redgrave" title="Vanessa Redgrave">Vanessa Redgrave</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandrine_Bonnaire" title="Sandrine Bonnaire">Sandrine Bonnaire</a> / <a href="/wiki/Isabelle_Huppert" title="Isabelle Huppert">Isabelle Huppert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Isabella_Ferrari" title="Isabella Ferrari">Isabella Ferrari</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoire_Thivisol" title="Victoire Thivisol">Victoire Thivisol</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Tunney" title="Robin Tunney">Robin Tunney</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Deneuve" title="Catherine Deneuve">Catherine Deneuve</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathalie_Baye" title="Nathalie Baye">Nathalie Baye</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Byrne" title="Rose Byrne">Rose Byrne</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Ceccarelli" title="Sandra Ceccarelli">Sandra Ceccarelli</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julianne_Moore" title="Julianne Moore">Julianne Moore</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katja_Riemann" title="Katja Riemann">Katja Riemann</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imelda_Staunton" title="Imelda Staunton">Imelda Staunton</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanna_Mezzogiorno" title="Giovanna Mezzogiorno">Giovanna Mezzogiorno</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Mirren" title="Helen Mirren">Helen Mirren</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cate_Blanchett" title="Cate Blanchett">Cate Blanchett</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Blanc" title="Dominique Blanc">Dominique Blanc</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kseniya_Rappoport" title="Kseniya Rappoport">Kseniya Rappoport</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_Labed" title="Ariane Labed">Ariane Labed</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deanie_Ip" title="Deanie Ip">Deanie Ip</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadas_Yaron" title="Hadas Yaron">Hadas Yaron</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Cotta" title="Elena Cotta">Elena Cotta</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alba_Rohrwacher" title="Alba Rohrwacher">Alba Rohrwacher</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valeria_Golino" title="Valeria Golino">Valeria Golino</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Stone" title="Emma Stone">Emma Stone</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Rampling" title="Charlotte Rampling">Charlotte Rampling</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivia_Colman" title="Olivia Colman">Olivia Colman</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_Ascaride" title="Ariane Ascaride">Ariane Ascaride</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanessa_Kirby" title="Vanessa Kirby">Vanessa Kirby</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pen%C3%A9lope_Cruz" title="Penélope Cruz">Penélope Cruz</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cate_Blanchett" title="Cate Blanchett">Cate Blanchett</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cailee_Spaeny" title="Cailee Spaeny">Cailee Spaeny</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Kidman" title="Nicole Kidman">Nicole Kidman</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Irving_Thalberg" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Irving_Thalberg" title="Template:Irving Thalberg"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Irving_Thalberg" title="Template talk:Irving Thalberg"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Irving_Thalberg" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Irving Thalberg"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Irving_Thalberg" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Irving_Thalberg" title="Irving Thalberg">Irving Thalberg</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Producer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame_(1923_film)" title="The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923 film)">The Hunchback of Notre Dame</a></i> (1923)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Merry-Go-Round_(1923_film)" title="Merry-Go-Round (1923 film)">Merry-Go-Round</a></i> (1923)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/His_Hour" title="His Hour">His Hour</a></i> (1924)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/He_Who_Gets_Slapped_(film)" title="He Who Gets Slapped (film)">He Who Gets Slapped</a></i> (1924)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Unholy_Three_(1925_film)" title="The Unholy Three (1925 film)">The Unholy Three</a></i> (1925)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Merry_Widow_(1925_film)" title="The Merry Widow (1925 film)">The Merry Widow</a></i> (1925)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tower_of_Lies" title="The Tower of Lies">The Tower of Lies</a></i> (1925)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Parade" title="The Big Parade">The Big Parade</a></i> (1925)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ben-Hur:_A_Tale_of_the_Christ_(1925_film)" title="Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ (1925 film)">Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ</a></i> (1925)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Torrent_(1926_film)" title="Torrent (1926 film)">Torrent</a></i> (1926)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Boh%C3%A8me_(1926_film)" title="La Bohème (1926 film)">La Bohème</a></i> (1926)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown_of_Harvard_(1926_film)" title="Brown of Harvard (1926 film)">Brown of Harvard</a></i> (1926)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Mandalay_(1926_film)" title="The Road to Mandalay (1926 film)">The Road to Mandalay</a></i> (1926)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Temptress_(1926_film)" title="The Temptress (1926 film)">The Temptress</a></i> (1926)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Valencia_(1926_film)" title="Valencia (1926 film)">Valencia</a></i> (1926)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flesh_and_the_Devil" title="Flesh and the Devil">Flesh and the Devil</a></i> (1926)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Miles_Out" title="Twelve Miles Out">Twelve Miles Out</a></i> (1927)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Student_Prince_in_Old_Heidelberg" title="The Student Prince in Old Heidelberg">The Student Prince in Old Heidelberg</a></i> (1927)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/London_After_Midnight_(film)" title="London After Midnight (film)">London After Midnight</a></i> (1927)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Crowd_(1928_film)" title="The Crowd (1928 film)">The Crowd</a></i> (1928)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laugh,_Clown,_Laugh" title="Laugh, Clown, Laugh">Laugh, Clown, Laugh</a></i> (1928)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/White_Shadows_in_the_South_Seas" title="White Shadows in the South Seas">White Shadows in the South Seas</a></i> (1928)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Show_People" title="Show People">Show People</a></i> (1928)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/West_of_Zanzibar_(1928_film)" title="West of Zanzibar (1928 film)">West of Zanzibar</a></i> (1928)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Broadway_Melody" title="The Broadway Melody">The Broadway Melody</a></i> (1929)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Trial_of_Mary_Dugan_(1929_film)" title="The Trial of Mary Dugan (1929 film)">The Trial of Mary Dugan</a></i> (1929)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_the_City" title="Voice of the City">Voice of the City</a></i> (1929)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Where_East_Is_East" title="Where East Is East">Where East Is East</a></i> (1929)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_of_Mrs._Cheyney_(1929_film)" title="The Last of Mrs. Cheyney (1929 film)">The Last of Mrs. Cheyney</a></i> (1929)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hollywood_Revue" title="The Hollywood Revue">The Hollywood Revue</a></i> (1929)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hallelujah_(film)" title="Hallelujah (film)">Hallelujah</a></i> (1929)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/His_Glorious_Night" title="His Glorious Night">His Glorious Night</a></i> (1929)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Kiss_(1929_film)" title="The Kiss (1929 film)">The Kiss</a></i> (1929)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anna_Christie_(1930_English-language_film)" title="Anna Christie (1930 English-language film)">Anna Christie</a></i> (1930)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Redemption_(1930_film)" title="Redemption (1930 film)">Redemption</a></i> (1930)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Divorcee" title="The Divorcee">The Divorcee</a></i> (1930)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rogue_Song" title="The Rogue Song">The Rogue Song</a></i> (1930)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Big_House_(1930_film)" title="The Big House (1930 film)">The Big House</a></i> (1930)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Unholy_Three_(1930_film)" title="The Unholy Three (1930 film)">The Unholy Three</a></i> (1930)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Let_Us_Be_Gay" title="Let Us Be Gay">Let Us Be Gay</a></i> (1930)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Billy_the_Kid_(1930_film)" title="Billy the Kid (1930 film)">Billy the Kid</a></i> (1930)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Way_for_a_Sailor" title="Way for a Sailor">Way for a Sailor</a></i> (1930)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Lady%27s_Morals" title="A Lady's Morals">A Lady's Morals</a></i> (1930)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Inspiration_(1931_film)" title="Inspiration (1931 film)">Inspiration</a></i> (1931)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trader_Horn_(1931_film)" title="Trader Horn (1931 film)">Trader Horn</a></i> (1931)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Six" title="The Secret Six">The Secret Six</a></i> (1931)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Free_Soul" title="A Free Soul">A Free Soul</a></i> (1931)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Just_a_Gigolo_(1931_film)" title="Just a Gigolo (1931 film)">Just a Gigolo</a></i> (1931)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sin_of_Madelon_Claudet" title="The Sin of Madelon Claudet">The Sin of Madelon Claudet</a></i> (1931)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardsman" title="The Guardsman">The Guardsman</a></i> (1931)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Champ_(1931_film)" title="The Champ (1931 film)">The Champ</a></i> (1931)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Possessed_(1931_film)" title="Possessed (1931 film)">Possessed</a></i> (1931)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Private_Lives_(1931_film)" title="Private Lives (1931 film)">Private Lives</a></i> (1931)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mata_Hari_(1931_film)" title="Mata Hari (1931 film)">Mata Hari</a></i> (1931)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Freaks_(1932_film)" title="Freaks (1932 film)">Freaks</a></i> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tarzan_the_Ape_Man_(1932_film)" title="Tarzan the Ape Man (1932 film)">Tarzan the Ape Man</a></i> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Grand_Hotel_(1932_film)" title="Grand Hotel (1932 film)">Grand Hotel</a></i> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Letty_Lynton" title="Letty Lynton">Letty Lynton</a></i> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/As_You_Desire_Me_(film)" title="As You Desire Me (film)">As You Desire Me</a></i> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Red-Headed_Woman" title="Red-Headed Woman">Red-Headed Woman</a></i> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Smilin%27_Through_(1932_film)" title="Smilin' Through (1932 film)">Smilin' Through</a></i> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Red_Dust_(1932_film)" title="Red Dust (1932 film)">Red Dust</a></i> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rasputin_and_the_Empress" title="Rasputin and the Empress">Rasputin and the Empress</a></i> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strange_Interlude_(film)" title="Strange Interlude (film)">Strange Interlude</a></i> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tugboat_Annie" title="Tugboat Annie">Tugboat Annie</a></i> (1933)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bombshell_(1933_film)" title="Bombshell (1933 film)">Bombshell</a></i> (1933)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eskimo_(1933_film)" title="Eskimo (1933 film)">Eskimo</a></i> (1933)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Riptide_(1934_film)" title="Riptide (1934 film)">Riptide</a></i> (1934)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Barretts_of_Wimpole_Street_(1934_film)" title="The Barretts of Wimpole Street (1934 film)">The Barretts of Wimpole Street</a></i> (1934)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Merry_Widow_(1934_film)" title="The Merry Widow (1934 film)">The Merry Widow</a></i> (1934)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/What_Every_Woman_Knows_(1934_film)" title="What Every Woman Knows (1934 film)">What Every Woman Knows</a></i> (1934)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/No_More_Ladies" title="No More Ladies">No More Ladies</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/China_Seas_(film)" title="China Seas (film)">China Seas</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mutiny_on_the_Bounty_(1935_film)" title="Mutiny on the Bounty (1935 film)">Mutiny on the Bounty</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Night_at_the_Opera_(film)" title="A Night at the Opera (film)">A Night at the Opera</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Riffraff_(1936_film)" title="Riffraff (1936 film)">Riffraff</a></i> (1936)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet_(1936_film)" title="Romeo and Juliet (1936 film)">Romeo and Juliet</a></i> (1936)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Camille_(1936_film)" title="Camille (1936 film)">Camille</a></i> (1936)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maytime_(1937_film)" title="Maytime (1937 film)">Maytime</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Day_at_the_Races_(film)" title="A Day at the Races (film)">A Day at the Races</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Broadway_Melody_of_1938" title="Broadway Melody of 1938">Broadway Melody of 1938</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Good_Earth_(film)" title="The Good Earth (film)">The Good Earth</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette_(1938_film)" title="Marie Antoinette (1938 film)">Marie Antoinette</a></i> (1938)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Trap_(1922_film)" title="The Trap (1922 film)">The Trap</a></i> (1922)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Norma Shearer</a> <small>(wife)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Thalberg_Jr." title="Irving Thalberg Jr.">Irving Thalberg Jr.</a> <small>(son)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Love_of_the_Last_Tycoon" class="mw-redirect" title="The Love of the Last Tycoon">The Love of the Last Tycoon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q95019#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q95019#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q95019#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000116454347">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/54348273">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1799797/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhRMfPPPQHGYykDfjVjYP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119459183">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85151863">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb140436974">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb140436974">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36023609">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0187766&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5057937">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90865475">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000043216">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2020Q7469">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810655717605606">Poland</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/9a414192-acf8-4611-9870-98794d5a7d09">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/104954">Discography of American Historical Recordings</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119459183.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119459183">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/059708182">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w69p3j5h">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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