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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Nodule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nodule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cavities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cavities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Cavities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cavities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pleural_abnormalities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pleural_abnormalities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Pleural abnormalities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pleural_abnormalities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diffuse_shadowing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diffuse_shadowing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Diffuse shadowing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diffuse_shadowing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Signs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Signs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Signs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Signs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disease_mimics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disease_mimics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Disease mimics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disease_mimics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limitations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limitations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Limitations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limitations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chest radiograph</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="تصوير الصدر بالأشعة السينية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تصوير الصدر بالأشعة السينية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiografia_de_t%C3%B2rax" title="Radiografia de tòrax – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Radiografia de tòrax" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6ntgen-Thorax" title="Röntgen-Thorax – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Röntgen-Thorax" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiograf%C3%ADa_de_t%C3%B3rax" title="Radiografía de tórax – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Radiografía de tórax" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C_%D9%82%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%87_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87" title="رادیوگرافی قفسه سینه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رادیوگرافی قفسه سینه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiographie_du_thorax" title="Radiographie du thorax – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Radiographie du thorax" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D6%80%D5%AE%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%AB_%D5%BC%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Կրծքավանդակի ռենտգեն հետազոտություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կրծքավանդակի ռենտգեն հետազոտություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="वक्ष विकिरणचित्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वक्ष विकिरणचित्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiograf_dada" title="Radiograf dada – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Radiograf dada" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiografia_del_torace" title="Radiografia del torace – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Radiografia del torace" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%97%D7%96%D7%94" title="צילום חזה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צילום חזה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiographia_thoracis" title="Radiographia thoracis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Radiographia thoracis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoraxfoto" title="Thoraxfoto – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Thoraxfoto" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zdj%C4%99cie_rentgenowskie_klatki_piersiowej" title="Zdjęcie rentgenowskie klatki piersiowej – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zdjęcie rentgenowskie klatki piersiowej" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiografia_de_t%C3%B3rax" title="Radiografia de tórax – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Radiografia de tórax" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Рентгенография грудной клетки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рентгенография грудной клетки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chest_x-ray" title="Chest x-ray – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chest x-ray" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skiagrafia_hrudn%C3%ADka" title="Skiagrafia hrudníka – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Skiagrafia hrudníka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%96%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81" title="การถ่ายภาพรังสีทรวงอก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การถ่ายภาพรังสีทรวงอก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_quang_ng%E1%BB%B1c" title="X quang ngực – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="X quang ngực" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%85%A7%E8%82%BA" title="照肺 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="照肺" data-language-autonym="粵語" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: lightblue">Chest radiograph</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Normal_posteroanterior_(PA)_chest_radiograph_(X-ray).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Normal_posteroanterior_%28PA%29_chest_radiograph_%28X-ray%29.jpg/280px-Normal_posteroanterior_%28PA%29_chest_radiograph_%28X-ray%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Normal_posteroanterior_%28PA%29_chest_radiograph_%28X-ray%29.jpg/420px-Normal_posteroanterior_%28PA%29_chest_radiograph_%28X-ray%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Normal_posteroanterior_%28PA%29_chest_radiograph_%28X-ray%29.jpg/560px-Normal_posteroanterior_%28PA%29_chest_radiograph_%28X-ray%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1929" data-file-height="2207" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A normal posteroanterior (PA) chest radiograph of someone without any signs of injury. <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Medial_and_lateral" title="Anatomical terms of location">Dx and Sin stand for "right" and "left"</a> respectively.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ICD-9-CM_Volume_3" title="ICD-9-CM Volume 3">ICD-9-CM</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://icd9cm.chrisendres.com/index.php?srchtype=procs&srchtext=87.3&Submit=Search&action=search">87.3</a>-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://icd9cm.chrisendres.com/index.php?srchtype=procs&srchtext=87.4&Submit=Search&action=search">87.4</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D013902">D013902</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003804.htm">003804</a></span></td></tr><tr class="noprint"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="text-align: right;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1283318" class="extiw" title="d:Q1283318">edit on Wikidata</a>]</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>chest radiograph</b>, <b>chest X-ray</b> (<b>CXR</b>), or <b> chest film</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Projectional_radiography" title="Projectional radiography">projection radiograph</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chest" class="mw-redirect" title="Chest">chest</a> used to diagnose conditions affecting the chest, its contents, and nearby structures. Chest radiographs are the most common film taken in medicine. </p><p>Like all methods of <a href="/wiki/Radiography" title="Radiography">radiography</a>, chest radiography employs <a href="/wiki/Ionizing_radiation" title="Ionizing radiation">ionizing radiation</a> in the form of <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a> to generate images of the chest. The mean <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a> dose to an adult from a chest radiograph is around 0.02 <a href="/wiki/Sievert" title="Sievert">mSv</a> (2 <a href="/wiki/Roentgen_equivalent_man" title="Roentgen equivalent man">mrem</a>) for a front view (PA, or posteroanterior) and 0.08 mSv (8 mrem) for a side view (LL, or latero-lateral).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together, this corresponds to a <a href="/wiki/Background_radiation_equivalent_time" title="Background radiation equivalent time">background radiation equivalent time</a> of about 10 days.<sup id="cite_ref-radiologyinfo_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-radiologyinfo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_uses">Medical uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chest_radiograph&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Medical uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dedicated_chest_x-ray_room.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Dedicated_chest_x-ray_room.jpg/220px-Dedicated_chest_x-ray_room.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Dedicated_chest_x-ray_room.jpg/330px-Dedicated_chest_x-ray_room.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Dedicated_chest_x-ray_room.jpg/440px-Dedicated_chest_x-ray_room.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Dedicated chest radiography room</figcaption></figure> <p>Conditions commonly identified by chest radiography </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">Pneumonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumothorax" title="Pneumothorax">Pneumothorax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstitial_lung_disease" title="Interstitial lung disease">Interstitial lung disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_failure" title="Heart failure">Heart failure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fracture_(bone)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fracture (bone)">Bone fracture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiatal_hernia" title="Hiatal hernia">Hiatal hernia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_tuberculosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary tuberculosis">Pulmonary tuberculosis</a></li></ul> <p>Chest radiographs are used to diagnose many conditions involving the chest wall, including its bones, and also structures contained within the <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_cavity" title="Thoracic cavity">thoracic cavity</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lungs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Great_vessel" class="mw-redirect" title="Great vessel">great vessels</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">Pneumonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Congestive_heart_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Congestive heart failure">congestive heart failure</a> are very commonly diagnosed by chest radiograph. Chest radiographs are also used <a href="/wiki/Screening_(medicine)" title="Screening (medicine)">to screen</a> for job-related lung disease in industries such as mining where workers are exposed to dust.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For some conditions of the chest, radiography is good for screening but poor for diagnosis. When a condition is suspected based on chest radiography, additional imaging of the chest can be obtained to definitively diagnose the condition or to provide evidence in favor of the diagnosis suggested by initial chest radiography. Unless a fractured rib is suspected of being displaced, and therefore likely to cause damage to the lungs and other tissue structures, x-ray of the chest is not necessary as it will not alter patient management. </p><p>The main regions where a chest X-ray may identify problems may be summarized as <i>ABCDEF</i> by their first letters:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>A</b>irways, including hilar adenopathy or enlargement</li> <li><b>B</b>reast shadows</li> <li><b>B</b>ones, e.g. rib fractures and lytic bone lesions</li> <li><b>C</b>ardiac silhouette, detecting cardiac enlargement</li> <li><b>C</b>ostophrenic angles, including pleural effusions</li> <li><b>D</b>iaphragm, e.g. evidence of free air, indicative of perforation of an abdominal viscus</li> <li><b>E</b>dges, e.g. apices for fibrosis, pneumothorax, pleural thickening or plaques</li> <li><b>E</b>xtrathoracic tissues</li> <li><b>F</b>ields (<a href="/wiki/Lung_parenchyma" class="mw-redirect" title="Lung parenchyma">lung parenchyma</a>), being evidence of alveolar flooding</li> <li><b>F</b>ailure, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lung_disease" title="Alveolar lung disease">alveolar air space disease</a> with prominent vascularity with or without pleural effusions</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Views">Views</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chest_radiograph&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_090704-N-6259S-007_Hospital_Corpsman_2nd_Class_Kleinne_Lapid_takes_a_chest_X-ray_of_a_patient_during_a_Continuing_Promise_2009_medical_community_service_project_at_Hospital_Espana_in_Chaminga,_Nicaragua.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/US_Navy_090704-N-6259S-007_Hospital_Corpsman_2nd_Class_Kleinne_Lapid_takes_a_chest_X-ray_of_a_patient_during_a_Continuing_Promise_2009_medical_community_service_project_at_Hospital_Espana_in_Chaminga%2C_Nicaragua.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/US_Navy_090704-N-6259S-007_Hospital_Corpsman_2nd_Class_Kleinne_Lapid_takes_a_chest_X-ray_of_a_patient_during_a_Continuing_Promise_2009_medical_community_service_project_at_Hospital_Espana_in_Chaminga%2C_Nicaragua.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/US_Navy_090704-N-6259S-007_Hospital_Corpsman_2nd_Class_Kleinne_Lapid_takes_a_chest_X-ray_of_a_patient_during_a_Continuing_Promise_2009_medical_community_service_project_at_Hospital_Espana_in_Chaminga%2C_Nicaragua.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3490" data-file-height="2699" /></a><figcaption>Positioning for a PA chest x-ray</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Normal_lateral_chest_radiograph_(X-ray).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Normal_lateral_chest_radiograph_%28X-ray%29.jpg/220px-Normal_lateral_chest_radiograph_%28X-ray%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Normal_lateral_chest_radiograph_%28X-ray%29.jpg/330px-Normal_lateral_chest_radiograph_%28X-ray%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Normal_lateral_chest_radiograph_%28X-ray%29.jpg/440px-Normal_lateral_chest_radiograph_%28X-ray%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1769" data-file-height="2453" /></a><figcaption>Normal lateral chest radiograph.</figcaption></figure> <p>Different <i>views</i> (also known as <a href="/wiki/Projectional_radiography" title="Projectional radiography"><i>projections</i></a>) of the chest can be obtained by changing the relative orientation of the body and the direction of the x-ray beam. The most common views are <i>posteroanterior</i>, <i>anteroposterior</i>, and <i>lateral</i>. In a posteroanterior (PA) view, the x-ray source is positioned so that the x-ray beam enters through the posterior (back) aspect of the chest and exits out of the anterior (front) aspect, where the beam is detected. To obtain this view, the patient stands facing a flat surface behind which is an x-ray detector. A radiation source is positioned behind the patient at a standard distance (most often 6 feet, 1,8m), and the x-ray beam is fired toward the patient. </p><p>In anteroposterior (AP) views, the positions of the x-ray source and detector are reversed: the x-ray beam enters through the anterior aspect and exits through the posterior aspect of the chest. AP chest x-rays are harder to read than PA x-rays and are therefore generally reserved for situations where it is difficult for the patient to get an ordinary chest x-ray, such as when the patient is bedridden. In this situation, mobile X-ray equipment is used to obtain a lying down chest x-ray (known as a "supine film"). As a result, most supine films are also AP. </p><p>Lateral views of the chest are obtained in a similar fashion as the posteroanterior views, except in the lateral view, the patient stands with both arms raised and the left side of the chest pressed against a flat surface. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Typical_views">Typical views</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chest_radiograph&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Typical views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Required projections can vary by country and hospital, although an erect posteroanterior (PA) projection is typically the first preference. If this is not possible, then an anteroposterior view will be taken. Further imaging depends on local protocols which is dependent on the hospital protocols, the availability of other imaging modalities and the preference of the image interpreter. In the UK, the standard chest radiography protocol is to take an erect posteroanterior view only and a lateral one only on request by a radiologist.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the US, chest radiography includes a PA and Lateral with the patient standing or sitting up. Special projections include an AP in cases where the image needs to be obtained <a href="/wiki/List_of_abbreviations_used_in_medical_prescriptions#stat" title="List of abbreviations used in medical prescriptions">stat</a> (immediately) and with a portable device, particularly when a patient cannot be safely positioned upright. Lateral decubitus may be used for visualization of air-fluid levels if an upright image cannot be obtained. Anteroposterior (AP) Axial Lordotic projects the clavicles above the lung fields, allowing better visualization of the apices (which is extremely useful when looking for evidence of primary <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Additional_views">Additional views</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chest_radiograph&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Additional views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decubitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Decubitus">Decubitus</a> – taken while the patient is lying down, typically on their side. Useful for differentiating <a href="/wiki/Pleural_effusion" title="Pleural effusion">pleural effusions</a> from consolidation (e.g. pneumonia) and loculated effusions from free fluid in the <a href="/wiki/Pleural_cavity" title="Pleural cavity">pleural space</a>. In effusions, the fluid <i>layers out</i> (by comparison to an up-right view, when it often accumulates in the <a href="/wiki/Costophrenic_angle" class="mw-redirect" title="Costophrenic angle">costophrenic angles</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Lordotic">Lordotic</a> view – used to visualize the <a href="/wiki/Apex_of_the_lung" class="mw-redirect" title="Apex of the lung">apex of the lung</a>, to pick up abnormalities such as a <a href="/wiki/Pancoast_tumor" title="Pancoast tumor">Pancoast tumor</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expiratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Expiratory">Expiratory</a> view – helpful for the diagnosis of <a href="/wiki/Pneumothorax" title="Pneumothorax">pneumothorax</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblique_projection" title="Oblique projection">Oblique</a> view – useful for the visualization of the ribs and sternum. Although it is necessary to do the appropriate adaptations to the x-ray dosage to be used.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Landmarks">Landmarks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chest_radiograph&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Landmarks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chest_labeled.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Chest_labeled.png/300px-Chest_labeled.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Chest_labeled.png/450px-Chest_labeled.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Chest_labeled.png/600px-Chest_labeled.png 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="374" /></a><figcaption>A chest radiograph with the <a href="/wiki/Angle_(rib)" class="mw-redirect" title="Angle (rib)">angle</a> parts of the <a href="/wiki/Rib" title="Rib">ribs</a> and some other landmarks labeled.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mediastinal_structures_on_chest_X-ray,_annotated.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Mediastinal_structures_on_chest_X-ray%2C_annotated.jpg/300px-Mediastinal_structures_on_chest_X-ray%2C_annotated.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Mediastinal_structures_on_chest_X-ray%2C_annotated.jpg/450px-Mediastinal_structures_on_chest_X-ray%2C_annotated.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Mediastinal_structures_on_chest_X-ray%2C_annotated.jpg/600px-Mediastinal_structures_on_chest_X-ray%2C_annotated.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2573" data-file-height="2086" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mediastinum" title="Mediastinum">Mediastinal</a> structures on a chest radiograph.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the average person, the diaphragm should be intersected by the 5th to 7th anterior ribs at the mid-clavicular line, and 9 to 10 posterior ribs should be viewable on a normal PA inspiratory film. An increase in the number of viewable ribs implies hyperinflation, as can occur, for example, with <a href="/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease" title="Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease">obstructive lung disease</a> or foreign body aspiration. A decrease implies hypoventilation, as can occur with <a href="/wiki/Restrictive_lung_disease" title="Restrictive lung disease">restrictive lung disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pleural_effusion" title="Pleural effusion">pleural effusions</a> or <a href="/wiki/Atelectasis" title="Atelectasis">atelectasis</a>. Underexpansion can also cause <a href="/wiki/Interstitial_fluid" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstitial fluid">interstitial</a> markings due to parenchymal crowding, which can mimic the appearance of <a href="/wiki/Interstitial_lung_disease" title="Interstitial lung disease">interstitial lung disease</a>. Enlargement of the right descending pulmonary artery can indirectly reflect changes of <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_hypertension" title="Pulmonary hypertension">pulmonary hypertension</a>, with a size greater than 16 mm abnormal in men and 15 mm in women.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Appropriate <a href="/wiki/Penetration_depth" title="Penetration depth">penetration</a> of the film can be assessed by faint visualization of the thoracic spines and lung markings behind the heart. The right diaphragm is usually higher than the left, with the liver being situated beneath it in the abdomen. The <a href="/wiki/Minor_fissure" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor fissure">minor fissure</a> can sometimes be seen on the right as a thin horizontal line at the level of the fifth or sixth rib. Splaying of the <a href="/wiki/Carina_of_trachea" title="Carina of trachea">carina</a> can also suggest a tumor or process in the middle <a href="/wiki/Mediastinum" title="Mediastinum">mediastinum</a> or enlargement of the <a href="/wiki/Left_atrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Left atrium">left atrium</a>, with a normal angle of approximately 60 degrees. The right paratracheal stripe is also important to assess, as it can reflect a process in the <a href="/wiki/Posterior_mediastinum" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior mediastinum">posterior mediastinum</a>, in particular the spine or paraspinal soft tissues; normally it should measure 3 mm or less. The left paratracheal stripe is more variable and only seen in 25% of normal patients on posteroanterior views.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Localization of lesions or inflammatory and infectious processes can be difficult to discern on chest radiograph, but can be inferred by <a href="/wiki/Silhouette_sign" title="Silhouette sign">silhouetting</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hilum_overlay_sign" title="Hilum overlay sign">hilum overlay sign</a> with adjacent structures. If either <a href="/wiki/Hemidiaphragm" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemidiaphragm">hemidiaphragm</a> is blurred, for example, this suggests the lesion to be from the corresponding lower lobe. If the right heart border is blurred, than the pathology is likely in the right middle lobe, though a <a href="/wiki/Pectus_excavatum" title="Pectus excavatum">cavum</a> deformity can also blur the right heard border due to indentation of the adjacent sternum. If the left heart border is blurred, this implies a process at the <a href="/wiki/Lingula_(lung)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingula (lung)">lingula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abnormalities">Abnormalities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chest_radiograph&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Abnormalities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nodule">Nodule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chest_radiograph&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Nodule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Lung_nodule" title="Lung nodule">lung nodule</a> is a discrete opacity in the lung which may be caused by: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neoplasm" title="Neoplasm">Neoplasm</a>: benign or malignant</li> <li>Granuloma: <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a></li> <li>Infection: <a href="/wiki/Round_pneumonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Round pneumonia">round pneumonia</a></li> <li>Vascular: <a href="/wiki/Infarct" class="mw-redirect" title="Infarct">infarct</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esophageal_varices" title="Esophageal varices">varix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Granulomatosis_with_polyangiitis" title="Granulomatosis with polyangiitis">granulomatosis with polyangiitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis" title="Rheumatoid arthritis">rheumatoid arthritis</a></li></ul> <p>There are a number of features that are helpful in suggesting the diagnosis: </p> <ul><li>rate of growth <ul><li>Doubling time of less than one month: sarcoma/infection/infarction/vascular</li> <li>Doubling time of six to 18 months: benign tumor/malignant granuloma</li> <li>Doubling time of more than 24 months: benign nodule neoplasm</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcification" title="Calcification">calcification</a></li> <li>margin <ul><li>smooth</li> <li>lobulated</li> <li>presence of a corona radiata</li></ul></li> <li>shape</li> <li>site</li></ul> <p>If the nodules are multiple, the differential is then smaller: </p> <ul><li>infection: <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>, fungal infection, <a href="/wiki/Septic_embolism" title="Septic embolism">septic emboli</a></li> <li>neoplasm: e.g., <a href="/wiki/Metastasis" title="Metastasis">metastases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lymphoma" title="Lymphoma">lymphoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamartoma" title="Hamartoma">hamartoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcoidosis" title="Sarcoidosis">sarcoidosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrinsic_allergic_alveolitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrinsic allergic alveolitis">alveolitis</a></li> <li>auto-immune disease: e.g., <a href="/wiki/Granulomatosis_with_polyangiitis" title="Granulomatosis with polyangiitis">granulomatosis with polyangiitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis" title="Rheumatoid arthritis">rheumatoid arthritis</a></li> <li>inhalation (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Pneumoconiosis" title="Pneumoconiosis">pneumoconiosis</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cavities">Cavities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chest_radiograph&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cavities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A cavity is a walled hollow structure within the lungs. Diagnosis is aided by noting: </p> <ul><li>wall thickness</li> <li>wall outline</li> <li>changes in the surrounding lung</li></ul> <p>The causes include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infarct" class="mw-redirect" title="Infarct">infarct</a> (usually from a pulmonary embolus)</li> <li>infection: e.g., <i><a href="/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus" title="Staphylococcus aureus">Staphylococcus aureus</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gram_negative" class="mw-redirect" title="Gram negative">Gram negative</a> bacteria (especially <i><a href="/wiki/Klebsiella_pneumoniae" title="Klebsiella pneumoniae">Klebsiella pneumoniae</a></i>), anaerobic bacteria, and fungus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granulomatosis_with_polyangiitis" title="Granulomatosis with polyangiitis">Granulomatosis with polyangiitis</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pleural_abnormalities">Pleural abnormalities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chest_radiograph&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Pleural abnormalities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fluid in space between the lung and the chest wall is termed a <a href="/wiki/Pleural_effusion" title="Pleural effusion">pleural effusion</a>. There needs to be at least 75 mL of pleural fluid in order to blunt the <a href="/wiki/Costophrenic_angle" class="mw-redirect" title="Costophrenic angle">costophrenic angle</a> on the lateral chest radiograph and 200 mL of pleural fluid in order to blunt the <a href="/wiki/Costophrenic_angle" class="mw-redirect" title="Costophrenic angle">costophrenic angle</a> on the posteroanterior chest radiograph. On a lateral decubitus, amounts as small as 50ml of fluid are possible. Pleural effusions typically have a <a href="/wiki/Meniscus_(anatomy)" title="Meniscus (anatomy)">meniscus</a> visible on an erect chest radiograph, but loculated effusions (as occur with an <a href="/wiki/Empyema" title="Empyema">empyema</a>) may have a <a href="/wiki/Lens_(geometry)" title="Lens (geometry)">lenticular</a> shape (the fluid making an <a href="/wiki/Obtuse_angle" class="mw-redirect" title="Obtuse angle">obtuse angle</a> with the chest wall). </p><p>Pleural thickening may cause blunting of the costophrenic angle, but is distinguished from pleural fluid by the fact that it occurs as a linear shadow ascending vertically and clinging to the ribs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diffuse_shadowing">Diffuse shadowing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chest_radiograph&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Diffuse shadowing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The differential for diffuse shadowing is very broad and can defeat even the most experienced radiologist. It is seldom possible to reach a diagnosis on the basis of the chest radiograph alone: high-resolution <a href="/wiki/Computed_tomography" class="mw-redirect" title="Computed tomography">CT</a> of the chest is usually required and sometimes a lung <a href="/wiki/Biopsy" title="Biopsy">biopsy</a>. The following features should be noted: </p> <ul><li>type of shadowing (lines, dots or rings) <ul><li>reticular (crisscrossing lines)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_shadow" title="Companion shadow">companion shadow</a> (lines paralleling bony landmarks)</li> <li>nodular (many small dots)</li> <li>rings or cysts</li> <li>ground glass</li> <li>consolidation (diffuse opacity with air bronchograms)</li></ul></li> <li>location (where is the lesion worst?) <ul><li>upper (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Sarcoidosis" title="Sarcoidosis">sarcoid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silicosis" title="Silicosis">silicosis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pneumoconiosis" title="Pneumoconiosis">pneumoconiosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ankylosing_spondylitis" title="Ankylosing spondylitis">ankylosing spondylitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Langerhans_cell_histiocytosis" title="Langerhans cell histiocytosis">Langerhans cell histiocytosis</a>)</li> <li>lower (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Cryptogenic_fibrosing_alveolitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis">cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue_disease" title="Connective tissue disease">connective tissue disease</a>, asbestosis, drug reactions)</li> <li>central (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_edema" title="Pulmonary edema">pulmonary edema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_proteinosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar proteinosis">alveolar proteinosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lymphoma" title="Lymphoma">lymphoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaposi%27s_sarcoma" title="Kaposi's sarcoma">Kaposi's sarcoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pneumocystis_pneumonia" title="Pneumocystis pneumonia">PCP</a>)</li> <li>peripheral (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Cryptogenic_fibrosing_alveolitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis">cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue_disease" title="Connective tissue disease">connective tissue disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chronic_eosinophilic_pneumonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia">chronic eosinophilic pneumonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronchiolitis_obliterans_organizing_pneumonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia">bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>lung volume <ul><li>increased (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Langerhans_cell_histiocytosis" title="Langerhans cell histiocytosis">Langerhans cell histiocytosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lymphangioleiomyomatosis" title="Lymphangioleiomyomatosis">lymphangioleiomyomatosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis" title="Cystic fibrosis">cystic fibrosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allergic_bronchopulmonary_aspergillosis" title="Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis">allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis</a>)</li> <li>decreased (e.g., fibrotic lung disease, chronic sarcoidosis, chronic extrinsic allergic alveolitis)</li></ul></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Pleural_effusion" title="Pleural effusion">Pleural effusions</a> may occur with cancer, sarcoid, connective tissue diseases and <a href="/wiki/Lymphangioleiomyomatosis" title="Lymphangioleiomyomatosis">lymphangioleiomyomatosis</a>. The presence of a pleural effusion argues against pneumocystis pneumonia. </p> <dl><dt>Reticular (linear) pattern</dt> <dd>(sometimes called "reticulonodular" because of the appearance of nodules at the intersection of the lines, even though there are no true nodules present) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idiopathic_pulmonary_fibrosis" title="Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis">idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue_disease" title="Connective tissue disease">connective tissue disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcoidosis" title="Sarcoidosis">sarcoidosis</a></li> <li>radiation fibrosis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asbestosis" title="Asbestosis">asbestosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphangitis_carcinomatosa" title="Lymphangitis carcinomatosa">lymphangitis carcinomatosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumocystis_pneumonia" title="Pneumocystis pneumonia">PCP</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Nodular pattern</dt> <dd> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarcoidosis" title="Sarcoidosis">sarcoidosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicosis" title="Silicosis">silicosis</a>/pneumoconiosis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrinsic_allergic_alveolitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrinsic allergic alveolitis">extrinsic allergic alveolitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langerhans_cell_histiocytosis" title="Langerhans cell histiocytosis">Langerhans cell histiocytosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphangitis_carcinomatosa" title="Lymphangitis carcinomatosa">lymphangitis carcinomatosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miliary_tuberculosis" title="Miliary tuberculosis">miliary tuberculosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metastases" class="mw-redirect" title="Metastases">metastases</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Cystic</dt> <dd> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryptogenic_fibrosing_alveolitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis">cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis</a> (late stage "honeycomb lung")</li> <li>cystic <a href="/wiki/Bronchiectasis" title="Bronchiectasis">bronchiectasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langerhans_cell_histiocytosis" title="Langerhans cell histiocytosis">Langerhans cell histiocytosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphangioleiomyomatosis" title="Lymphangioleiomyomatosis">lymphangioleiomyomatosis</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PneumonisWedge09.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/PneumonisWedge09.JPG/220px-PneumonisWedge09.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/PneumonisWedge09.JPG/330px-PneumonisWedge09.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/PneumonisWedge09.JPG/440px-PneumonisWedge09.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>A chest X-ray showing a very prominent wedge-shape area of airspace consolidation in the right lung characteristic of acute bacterial lobar pneumonia.</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Ground glass</dt> <dd> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extrinsic_allergic_alveolitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrinsic allergic alveolitis">extrinsic allergic alveolitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desquamative_interstitial_pneumonia" title="Desquamative interstitial pneumonia">desquamative interstitial pneumonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_proteinosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar proteinosis">alveolar proteinosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_respiratory_distress_syndrome" title="Infant respiratory distress syndrome">infant respiratory distress syndrome</a> (RDS)</li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Consolidation</dt> <dd> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a></li> <li>alveolar haemorrhage</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_cell_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar cell carcinoma">alveolar cell carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasculitis" title="Vasculitis">vasculitis</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Signs">Signs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chest_radiograph&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Signs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Silhouette_sign" title="Silhouette sign">silhouette sign</a> is especially helpful in localizing lung lesions. (e.g., loss of right heart border in right middle lobe pneumonia),<sup id="cite_ref-OBGYN_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OBGYN-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The air bronchogram sign, where branching radiolucent columns of air corresponding to bronchi is seen, usually indicates air-space (alveolar) disease, as from blood, pus, mucus, cells, protein surrounding the air bronchograms. This is seen in <a href="/wiki/Acute_respiratory_distress_syndrome" title="Acute respiratory distress syndrome">Respiratory distress syndrome</a><sup id="cite_ref-OBGYN_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OBGYN-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disease_mimics">Disease mimics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chest_radiograph&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Disease mimics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Disease mimics are <a href="/wiki/Visual_artifact" title="Visual artifact">visual artifacts</a>, normal anatomic structures or harmless variants that may simulate diseases and abnormalities. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:X-ray_of_an_infant_with_a_prominent_thymus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A prominent thymus, which can give the impression of a widened mediastinum.[10]"><img alt="A prominent thymus, which can give the impression of a widened mediastinum.[10]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/X-ray_of_an_infant_with_a_prominent_thymus.jpg/109px-X-ray_of_an_infant_with_a_prominent_thymus.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/X-ray_of_an_infant_with_a_prominent_thymus.jpg/164px-X-ray_of_an_infant_with_a_prominent_thymus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/X-ray_of_an_infant_with_a_prominent_thymus.jpg/219px-X-ray_of_an_infant_with_a_prominent_thymus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="695" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A prominent <a href="/wiki/Thymus" title="Thymus">thymus</a>, which can give the impression of a <a href="/wiki/Widened_mediastinum" class="mw-redirect" title="Widened mediastinum">widened mediastinum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Supraclavicular_fossa_on_chest_X-ray.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The inferior skin folds of the supraclavicular fossa may give the impression of a periosteal reaction of the clavicle"><img alt="The inferior skin folds of the supraclavicular fossa may give the impression of a periosteal reaction of the clavicle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Supraclavicular_fossa_on_chest_X-ray.jpg/115px-Supraclavicular_fossa_on_chest_X-ray.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Supraclavicular_fossa_on_chest_X-ray.jpg/173px-Supraclavicular_fossa_on_chest_X-ray.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Supraclavicular_fossa_on_chest_X-ray.jpg/231px-Supraclavicular_fossa_on_chest_X-ray.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1529" data-file-height="1590" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The inferior skin folds of the <a href="/wiki/Supraclavicular_fossa" title="Supraclavicular fossa">supraclavicular fossa</a> may give the impression of a <a href="/wiki/Periosteal_reaction" title="Periosteal reaction">periosteal reaction</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Clavicle" title="Clavicle">clavicle</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Limitations">Limitations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chest_radiograph&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Limitations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While chest radiographs are a relatively cheap and safe method of investigating diseases of the chest, there are a number of serious chest conditions that may be associated with a normal chest radiograph and other means of assessment may be necessary to make the diagnosis. For example, a patient with an acute myocardial infarction may have a completely normal chest radiograph. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chest_radiograph&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 150px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 148px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chest_Xray_PA_3-8-2010_inverted.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chest X-ray PA inverted and enhanced."><img alt="Chest X-ray PA inverted and enhanced." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Chest_Xray_PA_3-8-2010_inverted.png/222px-Chest_Xray_PA_3-8-2010_inverted.png" decoding="async" width="148" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Chest_Xray_PA_3-8-2010_inverted.png/333px-Chest_Xray_PA_3-8-2010_inverted.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Chest_Xray_PA_3-8-2010_inverted.png/444px-Chest_Xray_PA_3-8-2010_inverted.png 2x" data-file-width="2412" data-file-height="1956" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chest X-ray PA inverted and enhanced.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 121.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 119.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Projectional_rendering_of_CT_scan_of_thorax_(thumbnail).gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Projectionally rendered CT scan, showing the transition of thoracic structures between the anteroposterior and lateral view"><img alt="Projectionally rendered CT scan, showing the transition of thoracic structures between the anteroposterior and lateral view" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Projectional_rendering_of_CT_scan_of_thorax_%28thumbnail%29.gif/179px-Projectional_rendering_of_CT_scan_of_thorax_%28thumbnail%29.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Projectional_rendering_of_CT_scan_of_thorax_%28thumbnail%29.gif/269px-Projectional_rendering_of_CT_scan_of_thorax_%28thumbnail%29.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Projectional_rendering_of_CT_scan_of_thorax_%28thumbnail%29.gif/358px-Projectional_rendering_of_CT_scan_of_thorax_%28thumbnail%29.gif 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="453" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Projectionally rendered <a href="/wiki/CT_scan" title="CT scan">CT scan</a>, showing the transition of thoracic structures between the anteroposterior and lateral view</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 134.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 132.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SARS_xray.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chest film showing increased opacity in both lungs, indicative of pneumonia"><img alt="Chest film showing increased opacity in both lungs, indicative of pneumonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/SARS_xray.jpg/199px-SARS_xray.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/SARS_xray.jpg/298px-SARS_xray.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/SARS_xray.jpg/398px-SARS_xray.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="543" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chest film showing increased opacity in both lungs, indicative of pneumonia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 132.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CXR_-_Bronchopulmonary_dysplasia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A chest radiograph showing bronchopulmonary dysplasia."><img alt="A chest radiograph showing bronchopulmonary dysplasia." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/CXR_-_Bronchopulmonary_dysplasia.jpg/196px-CXR_-_Bronchopulmonary_dysplasia.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/CXR_-_Bronchopulmonary_dysplasia.jpg/295px-CXR_-_Bronchopulmonary_dysplasia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/CXR_-_Bronchopulmonary_dysplasia.jpg/393px-CXR_-_Bronchopulmonary_dysplasia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="516" data-file-height="473" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A chest radiograph showing <a href="/wiki/Bronchopulmonary_dysplasia" title="Bronchopulmonary dysplasia">bronchopulmonary dysplasia</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Implantable_cardioverter_defibrillator_chest_X-ray.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A chest film after insertion of an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator, showing the shock generator in the upper left chest and the electrical lead inside the right heart. Note both radio-opaque coils along the device lead."><img alt="A chest film after insertion of an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator, showing the shock generator in the upper left chest and the electrical lead inside the right heart. Note both radio-opaque coils along the device lead." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Implantable_cardioverter_defibrillator_chest_X-ray.jpg/169px-Implantable_cardioverter_defibrillator_chest_X-ray.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Implantable_cardioverter_defibrillator_chest_X-ray.jpg/253px-Implantable_cardioverter_defibrillator_chest_X-ray.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Implantable_cardioverter_defibrillator_chest_X-ray.jpg/337px-Implantable_cardioverter_defibrillator_chest_X-ray.jpg 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="461" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A chest film after insertion of an <a href="/wiki/Implantable_cardioverter-defibrillator" title="Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator">implantable cardioverter-defibrillator</a>, showing the <a href="/wiki/Electric_shock" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric shock">shock</a> generator in the upper left chest and the electrical lead inside the right heart. Note both radio-opaque coils along the device lead.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chest_radiograph&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fred A. Mettler, Walter Huda, Terry T. Yoshizumi, Mahadevappa Mahesh: "Effective Doses in Radiology and Diagnostic Nuclear Medicine: A Catalog" – Radiology 2008;248:254–263</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-radiologyinfo-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-radiologyinfo_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info.cfm?pg=safety-xray">"Radiation Dose in X-Ray and CT Exams"</a>. <i>radiologyinfo.org by the <a href="/wiki/Radiological_Society_of_North_America" title="Radiological Society of North America">Radiological Society of North America</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=radiologyinfo.org+by+the+Radiological+Society+of+North+America&rft.atitle=Radiation+Dose+in+X-Ray+and+CT+Exams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiologyinfo.org%2Fen%2Finfo.cfm%3Fpg%3Dsafety-xray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChest+radiograph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/blog/nsb060209_chest-radiography.html">Using Digital Chest Images to Monitor the Health of Coal Miners and Other Workers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190128083122/https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/blog/nsb060209_chest-radiography.html">Archived</a> 2019-01-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medicalmnemonics.com/pdf/2002_06_pack_unabr_a4.pdf">medicalmnemonics.com > Chest X-ray interpretation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100113135250/http://www.medicalmnemonics.com/pdf/2002_06_pack_unabr_a4.pdf">Archived</a> January 13, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://radiologymasterclass.co.uk/tutorials/chest/chest_quality/chest_xray_quality_projection.html#top_forth_img">"Chest X-ray quality – Projection"</a>. <i>Radiology Masterclass</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="http://www.emedicine.com/radio/CHEST.htm">eMedicine Radiology: Chest articles</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.empacs.org/">Database of chest radiology related to emergency medicine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080725014041/http://www.empacs.org/">Archived</a> 2008-07-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.med-ed.virginia.edu/courses/rad/cxr/index.html">Introduction to chest radiology: a tutorial for learning to read a chest x-ray</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071217020540/http://www.chestradiology.net/">Chest Radiology Tutorials</a> Free Web Tutorials for Chest Anatomy and Lung Malignancies in Radiology</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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imaging</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Radiography" title="Radiography">radiography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Projectional_radiography" title="Projectional radiography">2D</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pneumoencephalography" title="Pneumoencephalography">Pneumoencephalography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_radiography" title="Dental radiography">Dental radiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sialography" title="Sialography">Sialography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myelography" title="Myelography">Myelography</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">CXR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronchography" title="Bronchography">Bronchography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdominal_x-ray" title="Abdominal x-ray">AXR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdominal_x-ray" title="Abdominal x-ray">KUB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual-energy_X-ray_absorptiometry" title="Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry">DXA</a>/<a href="/wiki/Digital_X-ray_radiogrammetry" title="Digital X-ray radiogrammetry">DXR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_gastrointestinal_series" title="Upper gastrointestinal series">Upper gastrointestinal series</a>/<a href="/wiki/Small-bowel_follow-through" class="mw-redirect" title="Small-bowel follow-through">Small-bowel follow-through</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lower_gastrointestinal_series" title="Lower gastrointestinal series">Lower gastrointestinal series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholangiography" title="Cholangiography">Cholangiography</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cholecystography" title="Cholecystography">Cholecystography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammography" title="Mammography">Mammography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyelogram" title="Pyelogram">Pyelogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cystography" title="Cystography">Cystography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthrogram" title="Arthrogram">Arthrogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysterosalpingography" title="Hysterosalpingography">Hysterosalpingography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeletal_survey" title="Skeletal survey">Skeletal survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiography" title="Angiography">Angiography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angiocardiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiocardiography">Angiocardiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aortography" title="Aortography">Aortography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venography" title="Venography">Venography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphogram" title="Lymphogram">Lymphogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_x-ray" title="Orbital x-ray">Orbital x-ray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/CT_scan" title="CT scan">CT scan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Techniques:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_of_computed_tomography" title="Operation of computed tomography">General operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_computed_tomography" title="Quantitative computed tomography">Quantitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-resolution_computed_tomography" title="High-resolution computed tomography">High-resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_microtomography" title="X-ray microtomography">X-ray microtomography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_beam_computed_tomography" title="Electron beam computed tomography">Electron beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cone_beam_computed_tomography" title="Cone beam computed tomography">Cone beam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Targets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Heart <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronary_CT_calcium_scan" title="Coronary CT calcium scan">calcium scan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronary_CT_angiography" title="Coronary CT angiography">angiography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computed_tomography_of_the_abdomen_and_pelvis" title="Computed tomography of the abdomen and pelvis">Abdominal and pelvis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_colonoscopy" title="Virtual colonoscopy">Virtual colonoscopy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computed_tomography_angiography" title="Computed tomography angiography">Angiography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronary_CT_angiography" title="Coronary CT angiography">Coronary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CT_pulmonary_angiogram" title="CT pulmonary angiogram">Pulmonary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computed_tomography_of_the_head" title="Computed tomography of the head">Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computed_tomography_of_the_thyroid" title="Computed tomography of the thyroid">Thyroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole_body_imaging" title="Whole body imaging">Whole body imaging</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Full-body_CT_scan" title="Full-body CT scan">Full-body CT scan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fluoroscopy" title="Fluoroscopy">Fluoroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panoramic_radiograph" title="Panoramic radiograph">Dental panoramic radiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_motion_analysis" title="X-ray motion analysis">X-ray motion analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hounsfield_scale" title="Hounsfield scale">Hounsfield scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiodensity" title="Radiodensity">Radiodensity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging">MRI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging_of_the_brain" title="Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain">Brain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Functional_magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Functional magnetic resonance imaging">functional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_neurography" title="Magnetic resonance neurography">Neurography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging">Cardiac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_magnetic_resonance_imaging_perfusion" title="Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging perfusion">perfusion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_angiography" title="Magnetic resonance angiography">Angiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_cholangiopancreatography" title="Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography">Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_MRI" title="Breast MRI">Breast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRI_sequence" class="mw-redirect" title="MRI sequence">Sequences</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diffusion_MRI" class="mw-redirect" title="Diffusion MRI">diffusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfusion_MRI" title="Perfusion MRI">restriction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tractography" title="Tractography">Tractography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_MRI" title="Synthetic MRI">Synthetic MRI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_ultrasound" title="Medical ultrasound">Ultrasound</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Techniques <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doppler_ultrasonography" title="Doppler ultrasonography">doppler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrast-enhanced_ultrasound" title="Contrast-enhanced ultrasound">contrast-enhanced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3D_ultrasound" title="3D ultrasound">3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endoscopic_ultrasound" title="Endoscopic ultrasound">endoscopic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duplex_ultrasonography" class="mw-redirect" title="Duplex ultrasonography">duplex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echocardiography" title="Echocardiography">Echocardiography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doppler_echocardiography" title="Doppler echocardiography">Doppler echocardiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transthoracic_echocardiogram" title="Transthoracic echocardiogram">TTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transesophageal_echocardiogram" title="Transesophageal echocardiogram">TEE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intracardiac_echocardiogram" title="Intracardiac echocardiogram">ICE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcranial_Doppler" title="Transcranial Doppler">Transcranial Doppler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intravascular_ultrasound" title="Intravascular ultrasound">Intravascular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynecologic_ultrasonography" title="Gynecologic ultrasonography">Gynecologic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetric_ultrasonography" title="Obstetric ultrasonography">Obstetric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echoencephalography" title="Echoencephalography">Echoencephalography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdominal_ultrasonography" title="Abdominal ultrasonography">Abdominal ultrasonography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renal_ultrasonography" title="Renal ultrasonography">renal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_tract_ultrasound" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal tract ultrasound">renal tract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transrectal_ultrasonography" title="Transrectal ultrasonography">Rectal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_ultrasound" title="Breast ultrasound">Breast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrotal_ultrasound" title="Scrotal ultrasound">Scrotal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carotid_ultrasonography" title="Carotid ultrasonography">Carotid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_ultrasound" title="Emergency ultrasound">Emergency ultrasound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Focused_assessment_with_sonography_for_trauma" title="Focused assessment with sonography for trauma">FAST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-hospital_ultrasound" title="Pre-hospital ultrasound">pre-hospital</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_medicine#Diagnostic_medical_imaging" title="Nuclear medicine">Radionuclide</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2D/<a href="/wiki/Scintigraphy" title="Scintigraphy">scintigraphy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholescintigraphy" title="Cholescintigraphy">Cholescintigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scintimammography" class="mw-redirect" title="Scintimammography">Scintimammography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilation/perfusion_scan" title="Ventilation/perfusion scan">Ventilation/perfusion scan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radionuclide_ventriculography" class="mw-redirect" title="Radionuclide ventriculography">Radionuclide ventriculography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radionuclide_angiography" title="Radionuclide angiography">Radionuclide angiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioisotope_renography" title="Radioisotope renography">Radioisotope renography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sestamibi_parathyroid_scintigraphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sestamibi parathyroid scintigraphy">Sestamibi parathyroid scintigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_iodine_uptake_test" title="Radioactive iodine uptake test">Radioactive iodine uptake test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_scintigraphy" title="Bone scintigraphy">Bone scintigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunoscintigraphy" title="Immunoscintigraphy">Immunoscintigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacryoscintigraphy" title="Dacryoscintigraphy">Dacryoscintigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DMSA_scan" title="DMSA scan">DMSA scan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_emptying_study" title="Gastric emptying study">Gastric emptying study</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Full body:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Octreotide_scan" title="Octreotide scan">Octreotide scan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium_scan" title="Gallium scan">Gallium-67 scan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium_scan" title="Gallium scan">Ga-68-DOTATOC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indium-111_WBC_scan" title="Indium-111 WBC scan">Indium-111 WBC scan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3D/<a href="/wiki/Emission_computed_tomography" title="Emission computed tomography">ECT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Single-photon_emission_computed_tomography" title="Single-photon emission computed tomography">SPECT</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma ray</a>):</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myocardial_perfusion_imaging" title="Myocardial perfusion imaging">Myocardial perfusion imaging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography" title="Positron emission tomography">PET</a> (<a href="/wiki/Positron" title="Positron">positron</a>):</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain_positron_emission_tomography" title="Brain positron emission tomography">Brain PET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_PET" title="Cardiac PET">Cardiac PET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positron_emission_mammography" title="Positron emission mammography">PET mammography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PET-CT" title="PET-CT">PET-CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PET-MRI" title="PET-MRI">PET-MRI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_optical_imaging" title="Medical optical imaging">Optical</a>/<a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">Laser</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_tomography" title="Optical tomography">Optical tomography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_coherence_tomography" title="Optical coherence tomography">Optical coherence tomography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confocal_microscopy" title="Confocal microscopy">Confocal microscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endomicroscopy" title="Endomicroscopy">Endomicroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_polarization_spectral_imaging" title="Orthogonal polarization spectral imaging">Orthogonal polarization spectral imaging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thermography" title="Thermography">Thermography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-contact_thermography" title="Non-contact thermography">Non-contact thermography</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Contact_thermography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Contact thermography (page does not exist)">Contact thermography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_angiothermography" title="Dynamic angiothermography">Dynamic angiothermography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Target conditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_stroke_imaging" class="mw-redirect" title="Acute stroke imaging">Acute stroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging_in_pregnancy" title="Medical imaging in pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Medical_imaging" title="Category:Medical imaging">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" 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