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<li id="toc-Chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Chemistry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Taxonomy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Ecology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Cultivation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Cultivation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Conditions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soils" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soils"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Soils </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soils-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contamination_concerns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contamination_concerns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Contamination concerns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contamination_concerns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Pests </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultivars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultivars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Cultivars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultivars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Disease_resistant_cultivars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disease_resistant_cultivars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.1 Disease resistant cultivars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disease_resistant_cultivars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-PI_88788" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PI_88788"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.1.1 PI 88788 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PI_88788-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Production </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Environmental_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6.1 Environmental issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-East_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 East Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southeast_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeast_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Southeast Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeast_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_subcontinent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_subcontinent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Indian subcontinent </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_subcontinent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iberia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iberia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Iberia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iberia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 North America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caribbean_and_West_Indies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caribbean_and_West_Indies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Caribbean and West Indies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caribbean_and_West_Indies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mediterranean_area" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mediterranean_area"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Mediterranean area </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mediterranean_area-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8 Australia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.9 France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.10 Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.11 Central Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.12 Central Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.13 Central America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.14 South America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Genetics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Genetics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Genetic_modification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_modification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Genetic modification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetic_modification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adverse_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adverse_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Adverse effects </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Adverse_effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Adverse effects subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Adverse_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Soy_allergy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soy_allergy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Soy allergy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soy_allergy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thyroid_function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thyroid_function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Thyroid function </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thyroid_function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Uses </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Uses subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nutrition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Nutrition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Protein" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protein"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1.1 Protein </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protein-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carbohydrates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carbohydrates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1.2 Carbohydrates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carbohydrates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1.3 Fats </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_constituents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_constituents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1.4 Other constituents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_constituents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_to_other_major_staple_foods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_to_other_major_staple_foods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Comparison to other major staple foods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_to_other_major_staple_foods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soybean_oil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soybean_oil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Soybean oil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soybean_oil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soybean_meal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soybean_meal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Soybean meal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soybean_meal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Livestock_feed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Livestock_feed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Livestock feed </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Livestock_feed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_for_human_consumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_for_human_consumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.6 Food for human consumption </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_for_human_consumption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.6.1 Flour </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soy-based_infant_formula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soy-based_infant_formula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.6.2 Soy-based infant formula </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soy-based_infant_formula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meat_and_dairy_alternatives_and_extenders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meat_and_dairy_alternatives_and_extenders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.6.3 Meat and dairy alternatives and extenders </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meat_and_dairy_alternatives_and_extenders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soy_nut_butter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soy_nut_butter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.6.4 Soy nut butter </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soy_nut_butter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweetened_soybean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweetened_soybean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.6.5 Sweetened soybean </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweetened_soybean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coffee_substitute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coffee_substitute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.6.6 Coffee substitute </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coffee_substitute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_products" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_products"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.7 Other products </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_products-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Potential_health_benefits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potential_health_benefits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.8 Potential health benefits </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Potential_health_benefits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reducing_risk_of_cancer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reducing_risk_of_cancer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.9 Reducing risk of cancer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reducing_risk_of_cancer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Breast_cancer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breast_cancer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.9.1 Breast cancer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breast_cancer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gastrointestinal_and_colorectal_cancer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gastrointestinal_and_colorectal_cancer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.9.2 Gastrointestinal and colorectal cancer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gastrointestinal_and_colorectal_cancer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prostate_cancer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prostate_cancer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.9.3 Prostate cancer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prostate_cancer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cardiovascular_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cardiovascular_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.10 Cardiovascular health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cardiovascular_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_by_constituent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_by_constituent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.11 Research by constituent </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_by_constituent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lignans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lignans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.11.1 Lignans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lignans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phytochemicals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phytochemicals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.11.2 Phytochemicals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phytochemicals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phytic_acid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phytic_acid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.11.3 Phytic acid </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phytic_acid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 In culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Futures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Futures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Futures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Futures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Soybean</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 137 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-137" aria-hidden="true" > 137 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sojaboon" title="Sojaboon – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sojaboon" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sojabohne" title="Sojabohne – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Sojabohne" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%8A%A9%E1%88%AA_%E1%8A%A0%E1%89%B0%E1%88%AD" title="አኩሪ አተር – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አኩሪ አተር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="सोयाबीन – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="सोयाबीन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="فول الصويا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فول الصويا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycine_max" title="Glycine max – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Glycine max" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="চয়াবিন – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="চয়াবিন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycine_max" title="Glycine max – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Glycine max" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3ha" title="Sóha – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Sóha" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soya" title="Soya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Soya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="سویا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سویا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedel%C3%A9" title="Kedelé – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kedelé" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="সয়াবিন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সয়াবিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%CC%82g-t%C4%81u" title="N̂g-tāu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="N̂g-tāu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8F" title="Соя – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Соя" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Соя культурная – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Соя культурная" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%8F" title="Культурная соя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Культурная соя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="सोआबीन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="सोआबीन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8F" title="Соя – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Соя" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sojaboanl" title="Sojaboanl – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Sojaboanl" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8D" title="སྲན་སེར། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྲན་སེར།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soja" title="Soja – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Soja" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soja" title="Soja – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Soja" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soia" title="Soia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Soia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utaw" title="Utaw – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Utaw" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3ja_lu%C5%A1tinat%C3%A1" title="Sója luštinatá – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sója luštinatá" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soia" title="Soia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Soia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sojab%C3%B8nne" title="Sojabønne – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sojabønne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sojabohne" title="Sojabohne – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sojabohne" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="भटमास – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="भटमास" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sojauba" title="Sojauba – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sojauba" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%8C%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Σόγια – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σόγια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycine_max" title="Glycine max – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Glycine max" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sojfabo" title="Sojfabo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sojfabo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soja" title="Soja – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Soja" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="سویا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سویا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soya_bean" title="Soya bean – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Soya bean" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soja" title="Soja – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Soja" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3naire_shoighe" title="Pónaire shoighe – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Pónaire shoighe" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soia" title="Soia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Soia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E8%B1%86" title="黃豆 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="黃豆" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A8" title="સોયાબીન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સોયાબીન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B2ng-theu" title="Vòng-theu – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Vòng-theu" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%A9" title="콩 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="콩" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waken_suya" title="Waken suya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Waken suya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D5%B5%D5%A1" title="Սոյա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սոյա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="सोयाबीन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सोयाबीन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soja" title="Soja – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Soja" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najbolja_soja" title="Najbolja soja – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Najbolja soja" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyo" title="Soyo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Soyo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soya" title="Soya – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Soya" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedelai" title="Kedelai – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kedelai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soja" title="Soja – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Soja" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B9%C3%A6" title="Сойæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Сойæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sojabaun" title="Sojabaun – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sojabaun" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycine_max" title="Glycine max – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Glycine max" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%99%D7%94" title="סויה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סויה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhel%C3%A9" title="Dhelé – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Dhelé" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soojaa" title="Soojaa – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Soojaa" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE_%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%86" title="ಸೋಯಾ ಅವರೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸೋಯಾ ಅವರೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B1%D2%B1%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D2%9B" title="Қытайбұршақ – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қытайбұршақ" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faven_soya" title="Faven soya – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Faven soya" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soya" title="Soya – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Soya" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soya" title="Soya – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Soya" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soja" title="Soja – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Soja" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soya" title="Soya – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Soya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycine_max" title="Glycine max – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Glycine max" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soja" title="Soja – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Soja" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauruotoji_soja" title="Gauruotoji soja – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gauruotoji soja" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soia" title="Soia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Soia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%B3jabab" title="Szójabab – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szójabab" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%E1%B8%8Dhelli" title="Kaḍhelli – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Kaḍhelli" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="भटमास – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="भटमास" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Соја – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Соја" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B4za" title="Sôza – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Sôza" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%80%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="സോയാബീൻസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സോയാബീൻസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="सोयाबीन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सोयाबीन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="فول الصويا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فول الصويا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kacang_soya" title="Kacang soya – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kacang soya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedelai" title="Kedelai – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Kedelai" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C3%B2ng-d%C3%A2u" title="Uòng-dâu – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Uòng-dâu" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Шар буурцаг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Шар буурцаг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%B2%E1%80%95%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA" title="ပဲပုပ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပဲပုပ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sojaboon" title="Sojaboon – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sojaboon" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="भटमास – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="भटमास" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%80%E3%82%A4%E3%82%BA" title="ダイズ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ダイズ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soojabuan" title="Soojabuan – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Soojabuan" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyab%C3%B8nne" title="Soyabønne – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Soyabønne" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyab%C3%B8nne" title="Soyabønne – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Soyabønne" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B2ja" title="Sòja – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sòja" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8" title="ਸੋਇਆਬੀਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੋਇਆਬੀਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86" title="سویا بین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سویا بین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1" title="ဗေ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဗေ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayabiin" title="Sayabiin – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Sayabiin" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sojaboon" title="Sojaboon – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Sojaboon" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soja_warzywna" title="Soja warzywna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Soja warzywna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soja" title="Soja – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Soja" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soia" title="Soia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Soia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suha" title="Suha – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Suha" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8F" title="Соя – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Соя" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8F" title="Соя – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Соя" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/bayduh" title="bayduh – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="bayduh" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83" title="सोयामाषः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="सोयामाषः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soya_bean" title="Soya bean – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Soya bean" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soja" title="Soja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Soja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%92" title="සෝයා බෝංචි – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සෝයා බෝංචි" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Soybean" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3ja_fazu%C4%BEov%C3%A1" title="Sója fazuľová – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sója fazuľová" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soja" title="Soja – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Soja" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soja" title="Soja – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Soja" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="سۆیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سۆیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Соја – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Соја" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soja" title="Soja – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Soja" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadel%C3%A9" title="Kadelé – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kadelé" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soijapapu" title="Soijapapu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Soijapapu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sojab%C3%B6na" title="Sojaböna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sojaböna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balatong" title="Balatong – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Balatong" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88" title="சோயா அவரை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சோயா அவரை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8F" title="Соя – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Соя" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%81" title="సోయా చిక్కుడు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సోయా చిక్కుడు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" 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data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Soy&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Soy">Soy</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Legume grown for its edible bean</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Soy" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Soy_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Soy (disambiguation)">Soy (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Soybean </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Soybean.USDA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Soybean.USDA.jpg/220px-Soybean.USDA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Soybean.USDA.jpg/330px-Soybean.USDA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Soybean.USDA.jpg/440px-Soybean.USDA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="951" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Glycine" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rosids" title="Rosids">Rosids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fabales" title="Fabales">Fabales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fabaceae" title="Fabaceae">Fabaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Faboideae" title="Faboideae">Faboideae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Glycine_(plant)" title="Glycine (plant)">Glycine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species">G. max</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">Glycine max <div style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a>) <a href="/wiki/Elmer_Drew_Merrill" title="Elmer Drew Merrill">Merr.</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a><a href="#cite_note-eol-1">[1]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li>Dolichos soja L.</li> <li>Glycine angustifolia <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Anton_Wilhelm_Miquel" title="Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel">Miq.</a></li> <li>Glycine gracilis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boris_Vassilievich_Skvortsov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boris Vassilievich Skvortsov (page does not exist)">Skvortsov</a></li> <li>Glycine hispida (<a href="/wiki/Conrad_Moench" title="Conrad Moench">Moench</a>) <a href="/wiki/Carl_Maximowicz" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Maximowicz">Maxim.</a></li> <li>Glycine soja sensu <a href="/wiki/Auctorum" title="Auctorum">auct.</a></li> <li>Phaseolus max L.</li> <li>Soja angustifolia Miq.</li> <li>Soja hispida Moench</li> <li>Soja japonica <a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Savi" title="Gaetano Savi">Savi</a></li> <li>Soja max (<a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a>) <a href="/wiki/Charles_Vancouver_Piper" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Vancouver Piper">Piper</a></li> <li>Soja soja <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Karl_Wilhelm_Hermann_Karsten" title="Gustav Karl Wilhelm Hermann Karsten">H. Karst.</a></li> <li>Soja viridis Savi</li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Soybean</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">大豆</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">"large bean"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">dàdòu</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[tâ.tôʊ]</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Southern Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">黃豆</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">黄豆</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">"yellow bean"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">huángdòu</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Romanization#Hakka" title="Guangdong Romanization">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">vòng-theu</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">wòhng-dauh</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data">wong4-dau6</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[wɔŋ˩ tɐw˨]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data">n̂g-tāu</td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Vietnamese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet" title="Vietnamese alphabet">Vietnamese alphabet</a></th><td class="infobox-data">đậu tương (or đỗ tương) đậu nành</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n" title="Chữ Hán">Chữ Hán</a></th><td class="infobox-data">豆漿</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">Chữ Nôm</a></th><td class="infobox-data">豆𥢃</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Korean name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></th><td class="infobox-data">대두 백태(or 흰콩) 메주콩</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></th><td class="infobox-data">大豆 白太</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">"large bean" "white bean" "bean for <a href="/wiki/Meju" title="Meju">meju</a>"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">daedu baektae(or huinkong) mejukong</td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Japanese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></th><td class="infobox-data">大豆<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a></th><td class="infobox-data">ダイズ</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">daizu</td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> The soybean, soy bean, or soya bean (Glycine max)<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> is a species of <a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">legume</a> native to <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>, widely grown for its edible <a href="/wiki/Bean" title="Bean">bean</a>, which has numerous uses. Traditional unfermented food uses of soybeans include <a href="/wiki/Soy_milk" title="Soy milk">soy milk</a>, from which <a href="/wiki/Tofu" title="Tofu">tofu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tofu_skin" title="Tofu skin">tofu skin</a> are made. Fermented soy foods include <a href="/wiki/Soy_sauce" title="Soy sauce">soy sauce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fermented_bean_paste" title="Fermented bean paste">fermented bean paste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natt%C5%8D" title="Nattō">nattō</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tempeh" title="Tempeh">tempeh</a>. Fat-free (defatted) soybean meal is a significant and cheap source of protein for animal feeds and many <a href="/wiki/TV_dinner" class="mw-redirect" title="TV dinner">packaged meals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rotundo-4">[4]</a> For example, soybean products, such as <a href="/wiki/Textured_vegetable_protein" title="Textured vegetable protein">textured vegetable protein</a> (TVP), are ingredients in many meat and <a href="/wiki/Dairy" title="Dairy">dairy</a> substitutes.<a href="#cite_note-rotundo-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Riaz2006-5">[5]</a> Soybeans contain significant amounts of <a href="/wiki/Phytic_acid" title="Phytic acid">phytic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dietary_minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary minerals">dietary minerals</a> and <a href="/wiki/B_vitamins" title="B vitamins">B vitamins</a>. <a href="/wiki/Soybean_oil" title="Soybean oil">Soy vegetable oil</a>, used in food and industrial applications, is another product of processing the soybean crop. Soybean is a common protein source in feed for farm animals that in turn yield animal protein for human consumption.<a href="#cite_note-rotundo-4">[4]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> The word "soy" derives from the Japanese soi, a regional variant of shōyu, meaning "soy sauce".<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The name of the genus, Glycine, comes from <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>. When naming the genus, Linnaeus observed that one of the species within the genus had a sweet root. Based on the sweetness, the Greek word for sweet, glykós, was Latinized.<a href="#cite_note-:1-7">[7]</a> The genus name is not related to the amino acid <a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">glycine</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Soybean" title="Special:EditPage/Soybean">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Like most plants, soybeans grow in distinct <a href="/wiki/Plant_morphology" title="Plant morphology">morphological</a> stages as they develop from seeds into fully mature plants. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germination">Germination</h3></div> The first stage of growth is <a href="/wiki/Germination" title="Germination">germination</a>, a method which first becomes apparent as a seed's <a href="/wiki/Radicle" title="Radicle">radicle</a> emerges.<a href="#cite_note-MP197Chapter2-8">[8]</a> This is the first stage of root growth and occurs within the first 48 hours under ideal growing conditions. The first <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthetic</a> structures, the <a href="/wiki/Cotyledon" title="Cotyledon">cotyledons</a>, develop from the <a href="/wiki/Hypocotyl" title="Hypocotyl">hypocotyl</a>, the first plant structure to emerge from the soil. These cotyledons both act as leaves and as a source of nutrients for the immature plant, providing the seedling nutrition for its first 7 to 10 days.<a href="#cite_note-MP197Chapter2-8">[8]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glycine_max_003.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Glycine_max_003.JPG/220px-Glycine_max_003.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Glycine_max_003.JPG/330px-Glycine_max_003.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Glycine_max_003.JPG/440px-Glycine_max_003.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1722" data-file-height="1292" /></a><figcaption>Fruits/pods</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maturation">Maturation</h3></div> The first true leaves develop as a pair of <a href="/wiki/Leaf#Divisions_of_the_blade" title="Leaf">single blades</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MP197Chapter2-8">[8]</a> Subsequent to this first pair, mature <a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">nodes</a> form compound leaves with three blades. Mature <a href="/wiki/Trifoliolate" class="mw-redirect" title="Trifoliolate">trifoliolate</a> leaves, having three to four <a href="/wiki/Leaflet_(botany)" title="Leaflet (botany)">leaflets</a> per leaf, are often between <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>6 and 15 cm (2+1⁄2 and 6 in) long and 2 and 7 cm (1 and 3 in) broad. Under ideal conditions, stem growth continues, producing new nodes every four days. Before flowering, roots can grow <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">2 cm (3⁄4 in) per day. If <a href="/wiki/Rhizobia" title="Rhizobia">rhizobia</a> are present, <a href="/wiki/Root_nodule" title="Root nodule">root nodulation</a> begins by the time the third node appears. Nodulation typically continues for 8 weeks before the <a href="/wiki/Rhizobia#Infection_and_signal_exchange" title="Rhizobia">symbiotic infection</a> process stabilizes.<a href="#cite_note-MP197Chapter2-8">[8]</a> The final characteristics of a soybean plant are variable, with factors such as genetics, <a href="/wiki/Soil_quality" title="Soil quality">soil quality</a>, and climate affecting its form; however, fully mature soybean plants are generally between 50 and 125 cm (20 and 50 in) in height<a href="#cite_note-MP197Chapter19-9">[9]</a> and have rooting depths between 75 and 150 cm (30 and 60 in).<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flowering">Flowering</h3></div> Flowering is <a href="/wiki/Photoperiodism" title="Photoperiodism">triggered by day length</a>, often beginning once days become shorter than 12.8 hours.<a href="#cite_note-MP197Chapter2-8">[8]</a> This trait is highly variable however, with different <a href="/wiki/Variety_(botany)" title="Variety (botany)">varieties</a> reacting differently to changing day length.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Soybeans form inconspicuous, self-fertile flowers which are borne in the <a href="/wiki/Axil" class="mw-redirect" title="Axil">axil</a> of the leaf and are white, pink or purple. Though they do not require pollination, they are attractive to bees, because they produce nectar that is high in sugar content.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Depending on the soybean variety, node growth may cease once flowering begins. Strains that continue nodal development after flowering are termed "<a href="/wiki/Indeterminate_growth" title="Indeterminate growth">indeterminates</a>" and are best suited to climates with longer growing seasons.<a href="#cite_note-MP197Chapter2-8">[8]</a> Often soybeans drop their leaves before the seeds are fully mature. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soybean_flowers.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Soybean_flowers.png/220px-Soybean_flowers.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Soybean_flowers.png/330px-Soybean_flowers.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Soybean_flowers.png/440px-Soybean_flowers.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Small, purple flowers</figcaption></figure> The fruit is a hairy pod that grows in clusters of three to five, each pod is 3–8 cm (1–3 in) long and usually contains two to four (rarely more) <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a> 5–11 mm in diameter. Soybean seeds come in a wide variety of sizes and <a href="/wiki/Husk" title="Husk">hull</a> colors such as black, brown, yellow, and green.<a href="#cite_note-MP197Chapter19-9">[9]</a> Variegated and bicolored seed coats are also common. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seed_resilience">Seed resilience</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soybeanvarieties.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Soybeanvarieties.jpg/220px-Soybeanvarieties.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Soybeanvarieties.jpg/330px-Soybeanvarieties.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Soybeanvarieties.jpg/440px-Soybeanvarieties.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1790" data-file-height="2700" /></a><figcaption>Bean varieties</figcaption></figure> The hull of the mature bean is hard, water-resistant, and protects the <a href="/wiki/Cotyledon" title="Cotyledon">cotyledon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hypocotyl" title="Hypocotyl">hypocotyl</a> (or "germ") from damage. If the seed coat is cracked, the seed will not <a href="/wiki/Germinate" class="mw-redirect" title="Germinate">germinate</a>. The scar, visible on the seed coat, is called the <a href="/wiki/Hilum_(biology)" title="Hilum (biology)">hilum</a> (colors include black, brown, buff, gray and yellow) and at one end of the hilum is the <a href="/wiki/Micropyle_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Micropyle (botany)">micropyle</a>, or small opening in the seed coat which can allow the absorption of water for sprouting. Some seeds such as soybeans containing very high levels of <a href="/wiki/Soy_protein" title="Soy protein">protein</a> can undergo <a href="/wiki/Desiccation" title="Desiccation">desiccation</a>, yet survive and revive after water absorption. <a href="/wiki/A._Carl_Leopold" title="A. Carl Leopold">A. Carl Leopold</a> began studying this capability at the <a href="/wiki/Boyce_Thompson_Institute_for_Plant_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research">Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research</a> at <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> in the mid-1980s. He found soybeans and corn to have a range of soluble <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a> protecting the seed's cell viability.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Patents were awarded to him in the early 1990s on techniques for protecting biological membranes and proteins in the dry state. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h3></div> Dry soybeans contain 36% <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> and 20% <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fat</a> in form of <a href="/wiki/Soybean_oil" title="Soybean oil">soybean oil</a> by weight. The remainder consists of 30% <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a>, 9% water and 5% <a href="/wiki/Ash_(analytical_chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash (analytical chemistry)">ash</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Soybeans comprise approximately 8% seed coat or hull, 90% <a href="/wiki/Cotyledon" title="Cotyledon">cotyledons</a> and 2% <a href="/wiki/Hypocotyl" title="Hypocotyl">hypocotyl</a> axis or germ.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2></div> The genus Glycine may be divided into two subgenera, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glycine_(subgenus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glycine (subgenus) (page does not exist)">Glycine</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Soja_(subgenus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soja (subgenus) (page does not exist)">Soja</a>. The subgenus Soja includes the cultivated soybean, G. max, and the wild soybean, treated either as a separate species <a href="/wiki/Glycine_soja" title="Glycine soja">G. soja</a>,<a href="#cite_note-SingNelsChun06-16">[16]</a> or as the subspecies G. max subsp. soja.<a href="#cite_note-POWO_920989-1-17">[17]</a> The cultivated and wild soybeans are <a href="/wiki/Annual_plant" title="Annual plant">annuals</a>. The wild soybean is native to <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SingNelsChun06-16">[16]</a> The subgenus Glycine consists of at least 25 wild <a href="/wiki/Perennial" title="Perennial">perennial</a> species: for example, <a href="/wiki/Glycine_canescens" title="Glycine canescens">G. canescens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glycine_tomentella" title="Glycine tomentella">G. tomentella</a>, both found in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Perennial soybean (<a href="/wiki/Neonotonia_wightii" title="Neonotonia wightii">Neonotonia wightii</a>) belongs to a different genus. It originated in Africa and is now a widespread pasture crop in the tropics.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Like some other crops of long domestication, the relationship of the modern soybean to wild-growing species can no longer be traced with any degree of certainty.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> It is a <a href="/wiki/Cultigen" title="Cultigen">cultigen</a> with a very large number of <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2></div> Like many legumes, soybeans can <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation" title="Nitrogen fixation">fix atmospheric nitrogen</a>, due to the presence of <a href="/wiki/Symbiosis" title="Symbiosis">symbiotic</a> bacteria from the <a href="/wiki/Rhizobia" title="Rhizobia">Rhizobia</a> group.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultivation">Cultivation</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soy_beans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Soy_beans.jpg/220px-Soy_beans.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Soy_beans.jpg/330px-Soy_beans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Soy_beans.jpg/440px-Soy_beans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Soybean crops in <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AreialSeedingPlane.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Biplane, US field, cropdusting" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/AreialSeedingPlane.jpg/220px-AreialSeedingPlane.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/AreialSeedingPlane.jpg/330px-AreialSeedingPlane.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/AreialSeedingPlane.jpg/440px-AreialSeedingPlane.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1873" data-file-height="2790" /></a><figcaption>United States</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Soybean" title="Special:EditPage/Soybean">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conditions">Conditions</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sembrado_de_soja_en_argentina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Fields in Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Sembrado_de_soja_en_argentina.jpg/260px-Sembrado_de_soja_en_argentina.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Sembrado_de_soja_en_argentina.jpg/390px-Sembrado_de_soja_en_argentina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Sembrado_de_soja_en_argentina.jpg/520px-Sembrado_de_soja_en_argentina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></figcaption></figure> Cultivation is successful in climates with hot summers, with optimum growing conditions in mean temperatures of 20 to 30 °C (70 to 85 °F); temperatures of below 20 °C (70 °F) and over 40 °C (105 °F) stunt growth significantly. They can grow in a wide range of soils, with optimum growth in moist <a href="/wiki/Alluvium" title="Alluvium">alluvial soils</a> with good organic content. Soybeans, like most legumes, perform <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation" title="Nitrogen fixation">nitrogen fixation</a> by establishing a <a href="/wiki/Symbiotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbiotic">symbiotic</a> relationship with the bacterium <a href="/wiki/Bradyrhizobium_japonicum" title="Bradyrhizobium japonicum">Bradyrhizobium japonicum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">syn.</a> Rhizobium japonicum; Jordan 1982). This ability to fix nitrogen allows farmers to reduce nitrogen <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizer</a> use and increase yields when growing other crops in <a href="/wiki/Crop_rotation" title="Crop rotation">rotation</a> with soy.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> There may be some trade-offs, however, in the long-term abundance of <a href="/wiki/Soil_organic_matter" title="Soil organic matter">organic material in soils</a> where soy and other crops (for example, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">corn</a>) are grown in rotation.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> For best results, though, an inoculum of the correct strain of bacteria should be mixed with the soybean (or any legume) seed before planting. Modern crop <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a> generally reach a height of around 1 m (3 ft), and take 80–120 days from sowing to harvesting. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soils">Soils</h3></div> Soil scientists <a href="/wiki/Edson_Lobato" title="Edson Lobato">Edson Lobato</a> (Brazil), <a href="/wiki/Andrew_McClung" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew McClung">Andrew McClung</a> (U.S.), and <a href="/wiki/Alysson_Paolinelli" title="Alysson Paolinelli">Alysson Paolinelli</a> (Brazil) were awarded the 2006 <a href="/wiki/World_Food_Prize" title="World Food Prize">World Food Prize</a> for transforming the ecologically biodiverse savannah of the <a href="/wiki/Cerrado" title="Cerrado">Cerrado</a> region of Brazil into highly productive cropland that could grow profitable soybeans.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soybean_rust.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Soybean_rust.jpg/200px-Soybean_rust.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Soybean_rust.jpg/300px-Soybean_rust.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Soybean_rust.jpg/400px-Soybean_rust.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Soybean_rust" title="Soybean rust">Soybean rust</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contamination_concerns">Contamination concerns</h3></div> Human <a href="/wiki/Sewage_sludge" title="Sewage sludge">sewage sludge</a> can be used as fertilizer to grow soybeans. Soybeans grown in sewage sludge likely contain elevated concentrations of metals.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pests">Pests</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_soybean_diseases" title="List of soybean diseases">List of soybean diseases</a></div> Soybean plants are vulnerable to a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Bacterial_crop_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterial crop disease">bacterial diseases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fungal_crop_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungal crop disease">fungal diseases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viral_crop_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Viral crop disease">viral diseases</a>, and parasites. The primary bacterial diseases include <a href="/wiki/Bacterial_blight" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterial blight">bacterial blight</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bacterial_pustule" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterial pustule">bacterial pustule</a> and <a href="/wiki/Downy_mildew" title="Downy mildew">downy mildew</a> affecting the soybean plant.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Japanese_beetle" title="Japanese beetle">Japanese beetle</a> (Popillia japonica) poses a significant threat to agricultural crops, including soybeans, due to its voracious feeding habits. Found commonly in both urban and suburban areas, these beetles are frequently observed in agricultural landscapes where they can cause considerable damage to crops like corn, soybeans, and various fruits.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Soybean_cyst_nematode" title="Soybean cyst nematode">Soybean cyst nematode</a> (SCN) is the worst pest of soybean in the US. Losses of 30%<a href="#cite_note-Missouri-37">[37]</a> or 40%<a href="#cite_note-Tylka-40-sympt-38">[RM 1]</a> are common even without symptoms. The <a href="/wiki/Helicoverpa_zea" title="Helicoverpa zea">corn earworm moth and bollworm</a> (Helicoverpa zea) is a common and destructive pest of soybean growth in Virginia.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> Soybeans are consumed by <a href="/wiki/Whitetail_deer" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitetail deer">whitetail deer</a> which may damage soybean plants through feeding, trampling and bedding, reducing <a href="/wiki/Crop_yield" title="Crop yield">crop yields</a> by as much as 15%.<a href="#cite_note-ag-40">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/Groundhog" title="Groundhog">Groundhogs</a> are also a common pest in soybean fields, living in burrows underground and feeding nearby. One den of groundhogs can consume a tenth to a quarter of an acre of soybeans.<a href="#cite_note-brant-41">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Animal_repellent" title="Animal repellent">Chemical repellents</a> or <a href="/wiki/Firearm" title="Firearm">firearms</a> are effective for controlling pests in soybean fields.<a href="#cite_note-ag-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-brant-41">[40]</a> Soybeans suffer from the fungus <a href="/wiki/Pythium_spinosum" title="Pythium spinosum">Pythium spinosum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a> (United States), and China.<a href="#cite_note-P-spinosum-US-Nat-Fung-Coll-42">[41]</a> In Japan and the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Soybean_dwarf_virus" title="Soybean dwarf virus">Soybean dwarf virus</a> (SbDV) causes a disease in soybeans and is transmitted by aphids.<a href="#cite_note-harrison2005-43">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultivars">Cultivars</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Disease_resistant_cultivars">Disease resistant cultivars</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Plant_disease_resistance" title="Plant disease resistance">Resistant varieties</a> are available. In Indian cultivars, Nataraj et al. 2020 find that anthracnose caused by <a href="/wiki/Colletotrichum_truncatum" title="Colletotrichum truncatum">Colletotrichum truncatum</a> is resisted by a combination of 2 major genes.<a href="#cite_note-identification-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="PI_88788">PI 88788</h5></div> The vast majority of cultivars in the US have <a href="/wiki/Soybean_cyst_nematode_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Soybean cyst nematode resistance">soybean cyst nematode resistance</a> (SCN resistance), but rely on <a href="/wiki/Soybean_cyst_nematode#PI_88788" title="Soybean cyst nematode">only one breeding line (PI 88788)</a> as their sole source of resistance.<a href="#cite_note-PI-88788-46">[RM 2]</a> (The resistance genes provided by PI 88788, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style>Peking, and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509">PI 90763 were <a href="/wiki/Genome_mapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Genome mapping">characterized</a> in 1997.)<a href="#cite_note-Concibido-et-al-1997-47">[45]</a> As a result, for example, in 2012 only 18 cultivars out of 807 recommended by the <a href="/wiki/Iowa_State_University_Extension" class="mw-redirect" title="Iowa State University Extension">Iowa State University Extension</a> had any ancestry outside of PI 88788. By 2020 the situation was still about the same: Of 849 there were 810 with some ancestry from PI 88788,<a href="#cite_note-Iowa-other-resist-48">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Iowa-resist-49">[47]</a> 35 from Peking, and only 2 from PI 89772. (On the question of exclusively PI 88788 ancestry, that number was not available for 2020.)<a href="#cite_note-Iowa-resist-49">[47]</a> That was speculated to be in 2012<a href="#cite_note-overcome-resis-50">[RM 3]</a>—and was clearly by 2020<a href="#cite_note-Iowa-other-resist-48">[46]</a>—producing SCN populations that are virulent on PI 88788. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production">Production</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_soybean_production" title="List of countries by soybean production">List of countries by soybean production</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; clear:left; width:18em; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Soybean production – 2020 </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#ddf; width:75%;">Country </th> <th style="background:#ddf; width:25%;">Production (millions of <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></td> <td>122 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td>113 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></td> <td>49 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>20 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td>11 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/46px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="660" /> <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a></td> <td>11 </td></tr> <tr> <td>World</td> <td>353 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;">Source: <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization_Corporate_Statistical_Database" title="Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database">FAOSTAT</a><a href="#cite_note-faostat19-51">[48]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PRODUCTION_OF_SOYBEANS_(2018).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Production of soybeans (2018)[49]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/PRODUCTION_OF_SOYBEANS_%282018%29.svg/220px-PRODUCTION_OF_SOYBEANS_%282018%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/PRODUCTION_OF_SOYBEANS_%282018%29.svg/330px-PRODUCTION_OF_SOYBEANS_%282018%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/PRODUCTION_OF_SOYBEANS_%282018%29.svg/440px-PRODUCTION_OF_SOYBEANS_%282018%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="263" /></a><figcaption><a href="#cite_note-FAO-2020-production-map-52">[49]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soybean_fields_in_the_United_States.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Soybean_fields_in_the_United_States.webp/220px-Soybean_fields_in_the_United_States.webp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Soybean_fields_in_the_United_States.webp/330px-Soybean_fields_in_the_United_States.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Soybean_fields_in_the_United_States.webp/440px-Soybean_fields_in_the_United_States.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="2654" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Soybean fields in the United States</figcaption></figure> In 2020, world production of soybeans was over 353 million tonnes, led by Brazil and the United States combined with 66% of the total (table). Production has dramatically increased across the globe since the 1960s, but particularly in South America after a cultivar that grew well in low latitudes was developed in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-53">[50]</a> The rapid growth of the industry has been primarily fueled by large increases in <a href="/wiki/Western_pattern_diet" title="Western pattern diet">worldwide demand for meat</a> products, particularly in developing countries like China, which alone accounts for more than 60% of imports.<a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Environmental_issues">Environmental issues</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Deforestation_of_the_Amazon_rainforest" title="Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest">Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest</a></div> In spite of the Amazon "Soy Moratorium", soy production continues to play a significant role in <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a> when its indirect impacts are taken into account, as land used to grow soy continues to increase. This land either comes from <a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">pasture</a> land (which increasingly supplants forested areas), or areas outside the Amazon not covered by the moratorium, such as the <a href="/wiki/Cerrado" title="Cerrado">Cerrado</a> region. Roughly one-fifth of deforestation can be attributed to expanding land use to produce oilseeds, primarily for soy and <a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a>, whereas the expansion of <a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">beef</a> production accounts for 41%. The main driver of deforestation is the global demand for meat, which in turn requires huge tracts of land to grow feed crops for livestock.<a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a> Around 80% of the global soybean crop is used to feed livestock.<a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Soybean" title="Special:EditPage/Soybean">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Soybeans were a crucial crop in East Asia long before written records began.<a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a> The origin of soy bean cultivation remains scientifically debated. The closest living relative of the soybean is <a href="/wiki/Glycine_soja" title="Glycine soja">Glycine soja</a> (previously called G. ussuriensis), a legume native to central China.<a href="#cite_note-britannica-58">[55]</a> There is evidence for soybean domestication between 7000 and 6600 BC in China, between 5000 and 3000 BC in Japan and 1000 BC in Korea.<a href="#cite_note-Lee-et-al-2011-59">[56]</a> The first unambiguously domesticated, <a href="/wiki/Cultigen" title="Cultigen">cultigen</a>-sized soybean was discovered in Korea at the <a href="/wiki/Mumun_pottery_period" title="Mumun pottery period">Mumun</a>-period Daundong site.<a href="#cite_note-Lee-et-al-2011-59">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stark-2017-60">[57]</a> Prior to <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentation (food)">fermented</a> products such as fermented black soybeans (<a href="/wiki/Douchi" title="Douchi">douchi</a>), jiang (Chinese miso), <a href="/wiki/Soy_sauce" title="Soy sauce">soy sauce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tempeh" title="Tempeh">tempeh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natt%C5%8D" title="Nattō">nattō</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Miso" title="Miso">miso</a>, soy was considered sacred for its beneficial effects in <a href="/wiki/Crop_rotation" title="Crop rotation">crop rotation</a>, and it was eaten by itself, and as <a href="/wiki/Bean_curd" class="mw-redirect" title="Bean curd">bean curd</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soy_milk" title="Soy milk">soy milk</a>. Soybeans were introduced to <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> in <a href="/wiki/Malay_Archipelago" title="Malay Archipelago">Malay Archipelago</a> circa 13th century or probably earlier. By the 17th century through their trade with Far East, soybeans and its products were traded by European traders (Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch) in Asia, and reached Indian Subcontinent by this period.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] By the 18th century, soybeans were introduced to the Americas and Europe from China. Soy was introduced to Africa from China in the late 19th century, and is now widespread across the continent. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Asia">East Asia</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leiden_University_Library_-_Seikei_Zusetsu_vol._18,_page_023_-_%E7%A9%AD%E8%B1%86_-_Glycine_max_(L.)_Merr.,_1804.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Botanical illustration, Seikei Zusetsu (1804)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Leiden_University_Library_-_Seikei_Zusetsu_vol._18%2C_page_023_-_%E7%A9%AD%E8%B1%86_-_Glycine_max_%28L.%29_Merr.%2C_1804.jpg/220px-Leiden_University_Library_-_Seikei_Zusetsu_vol._18%2C_page_023_-_%E7%A9%AD%E8%B1%86_-_Glycine_max_%28L.%29_Merr.%2C_1804.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Leiden_University_Library_-_Seikei_Zusetsu_vol._18%2C_page_023_-_%E7%A9%AD%E8%B1%86_-_Glycine_max_%28L.%29_Merr.%2C_1804.jpg/330px-Leiden_University_Library_-_Seikei_Zusetsu_vol._18%2C_page_023_-_%E7%A9%AD%E8%B1%86_-_Glycine_max_%28L.%29_Merr.%2C_1804.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Leiden_University_Library_-_Seikei_Zusetsu_vol._18%2C_page_023_-_%E7%A9%AD%E8%B1%86_-_Glycine_max_%28L.%29_Merr.%2C_1804.jpg/440px-Leiden_University_Library_-_Seikei_Zusetsu_vol._18%2C_page_023_-_%E7%A9%AD%E8%B1%86_-_Glycine_max_%28L.%29_Merr.%2C_1804.jpg 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Seikei_Zusetsu" title="Seikei Zusetsu">Seikei Zusetsu</a> (1804)</figcaption></figure> The cultivation of soybeans began in the eastern half of northern China by 2000 BC, but is almost certainly much older.<a href="#cite_note-Murphy-61">[58]</a> The earliest documented evidence for the use of Glycine of any kind comes from charred plant remains of wild soybean recovered from Jiahu in <a href="/wiki/Henan_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Henan province">Henan province</a> China, a <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> site occupied between 9000 and 7800 calendar years ago (cal bp).<a href="#cite_note-Lee-et-al-2011-59">[56]</a> An abundance of archeological charred soybean specimens have been found centered around this region.<a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a> According to the ancient Chinese myth, in 2853 BC, the legendary <a href="/wiki/Shennong" title="Shennong">Emperor Shennong</a> of China proclaimed that five plants were sacred: soybeans, rice, wheat, barley, and <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[60]</a> Early Chinese records mention that soybeans were a gift from the region of <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River_delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River delta">Yangtze River delta</a> and Southeast China.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica_Educational_Publishing_p._48-64">[61]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Great_Soviet_Encyclopedia" title="Great Soviet Encyclopedia">Great Soviet Encyclopedia</a> claims soybean cultivation originated in China about 5000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a> Some scholars suggest that soybean originated in China and was domesticated about 3500 BC.<a href="#cite_note-Siddiqi-66">[63]</a> Recent research, however, indicates that seeding of wild forms started early (before 5000 BC) in multiple locations throughout East Asia.<a href="#cite_note-Lee-et-al-2011-59">[56]</a> Soybeans became an important crop by the Zhou dynasty (c. 1046–256 BC) in China. However, the details of where, when, and under what circumstances soybean developed a close relationship with people are poorly understood. Soybean was unknown in South China before the Han period.<a href="#cite_note-Lee-et-al-2011-59">[56]</a> From about the first century AD to the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a> (15–16th centuries), soybeans were introduced into across South and Southeast Asia. This spread was due to the establishment of sea and land trade routes. The earliest Japanese textual reference to the soybean is in the classic <a href="/wiki/Kojiki" title="Kojiki">Kojiki</a> (Records of Ancient Matters), which was completed in AD 712. The oldest preserved soybeans resembling modern varieties in size and shape were found in <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_site" title="Archaeological site">archaeological sites</a> in <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> dated about 1000 BC.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica_Educational_Publishing_p._48-64">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-stark-67">[64]</a> <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">Radiocarbon dating</a> of soybean samples recovered through <a href="/wiki/Flotation_(archaeology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flotation (archaeology)">flotation</a> during excavations at the Early <a href="/wiki/Mumun" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumun">Mumun</a> period Okbang site in Korea indicated soybean was cultivated as a food crop in around 1000–900 BC.<a href="#cite_note-stark-67">[64]</a> Soybeans from the Jōmon period in Japan from 3000 BC<a href="#cite_note-Lee-et-al-2011-59">[56]</a> are also significantly larger than wild varieties.<a href="#cite_note-Lee-et-al-2011-59">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southeast_Asia">Southeast Asia</h3></div> Soybeans were mentioned as kadêlê (modern <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> term: kedelai)<a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a> in an <a href="/wiki/Old_Javanese" title="Old Javanese">old Javanese</a> manuscript, Serat <a href="/wiki/Sri_Tanjung" title="Sri Tanjung">Sri Tanjung</a>, which dates to 12th- to 13th-century <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Historia-70">[67]</a> By the 13th century, the soybean had arrived and cultivated in Indonesia; it probably arrived much earlier however, carried by traders or merchants from Southern China.<a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a> The earliest known reference to it as "<a href="/wiki/Tempeh" title="Tempeh">tempeh</a>" appeared in 1815 in the <a href="/wiki/Serat_Centhini" title="Serat Centhini">Serat Centhini</a> manuscript.<a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a> The development of tempeh fermented soybean cake probably took place earlier, circa 17th century in Java. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</h3></div> By the 1600s, soy sauce spread from southern Japan across the region through the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> (VOC). <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soya_Bean.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Soya_Bean.jpg/220px-Soya_Bean.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Soya_Bean.jpg/330px-Soya_Bean.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Soya_Bean.jpg/440px-Soya_Bean.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>From a high-altitude area of <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soyabean_field.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Field in India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Soyabean_field.jpg/220px-Soyabean_field.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Soyabean_field.jpg/330px-Soyabean_field.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Soyabean_field.jpg/440px-Soyabean_field.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></figcaption></figure> While the origins and history of Soybean cultivation in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Himalayas" title="Eastern Himalayas">Eastern Himalayas</a> is debated, it was potentially introduced from southern <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, more specifically <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a> province.<a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-74">[71]</a> Alternatively, it could have reached here through traders from <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> via <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>. <a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast India</a> is viewed as a passive micro-centre within the soybean secondary gene centre. Central India is considered a tertiary gene centre particularly the area encompassing Madhya Pradesh which is also the country largest soybean producer.<a href="#cite_note-:4-74">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iberia">Iberia</h3></div> In 1603, "<a href="/wiki/Nippo_Jisho" title="Nippo Jisho">Vocabvlario da Lingoa de Iapam</a>", a famous Japanese-Portuguese dictionary, was compiled and published by Jesuit priests in Nagasaki. It contains short but clear definitions for about 20 words related to soyfoods—the first in any European language. The Luso-Hispanic traders were familiar with soybeans and soybean product through their trade with Far East since at least the 17th century. However, it was not until the late 19th century that the first attempt to cultivate soybeans in the Iberian peninsula was undertaken. In 1880, the soybean was first cultivated in Portugal in the <a href="/wiki/Botanical_Garden_of_the_University_of_Coimbra" title="Botanical Garden of the University of Coimbra">Botanical Gardens at Coimbra</a> (Crespi 1935). In about 1910 in Spain the first attempts at Soybean cultivation were made by the Count of San Bernardo, who cultivated soybeans on his estates at Almillo (in southwest Spain) about 48 miles east-northeast of Seville.<a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3></div> Soybeans were first introduced to North America from China in 1765, by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bowen" title="Samuel Bowen">Samuel Bowen</a>, a former <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> sailor who had visited China in conjunction with <a href="/wiki/James_Flint_(merchant)" title="James Flint (merchant)">James Flint</a>, the first Englishman legally permitted by the Chinese authorities to learn Chinese.<a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a> The first "New World" soybean crop was grown on <a href="/wiki/Skidaway_Island,_Georgia" title="Skidaway Island, Georgia">Skidaway Island, Georgia</a>, in 1765 by Henry Yonge from seeds given him by Samuel Bowen.<a href="#cite_note-77">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a> Bowen grew soy near <a href="/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia" title="Savannah, Georgia">Savannah, Georgia</a>, possibly using funds from Flint, and made soy sauce for sale to England.<a href="#cite_note-Coastalfields_Press-80">[77]</a> Although soybean was introduced into North America in 1765, for the next 155 years, the crop was grown primarily for <a href="/wiki/Forage" title="Forage">forage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a> In 1831, the first soy product "a few dozen India Soy" [sauce] arrived in Canada. Soybeans were probably first cultivated in Canada by 1855, and definitely in 1895 at <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Agricultural_College" title="Ontario Agricultural College">Ontario Agricultural College</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a> It was not until <a href="/wiki/Lafayette_Mendel" title="Lafayette Mendel">Lafayette Mendel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Burr_Osborne_(chemist)" title="Thomas Burr Osborne (chemist)">Thomas Burr Osborne</a> showed that the nutritional value of soybean seeds could be increased by cooking, moisture or heat, that soy went from a farm animal feed to a human food.<a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a> William Morse is considered the "father" of modern soybean agriculture in America. In 1910, he and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Piper" title="Charles Piper">Charles Piper</a> began to popularize what was regarded as a relatively unknown Oriental peasant crop in America into a "golden bean", with the soybean becoming one of America's largest and most nutritious farm crops.<a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Soybeans_2021_US_map.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Planted area 2021 US map by state" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Soybeans_2021_US_map.pdf/page1-440px-Soybeans_2021_US_map.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Soybeans_2021_US_map.pdf/page1-660px-Soybeans_2021_US_map.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Soybeans_2021_US_map.pdf/page1-880px-Soybeans_2021_US_map.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1125" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> Prior to the 1920s in the US, the soybean was mainly a <a href="/wiki/Forage" title="Forage">forage</a> crop, a source of oil, meal (for feed) and industrial products, with very little used as food. However, it took on an important role after World War I. During the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, the drought-stricken (<a href="/wiki/Dust_Bowl" title="Dust Bowl">Dust Bowl</a>) regions of the United States were able to use soy to regenerate their soil because of its nitrogen-fixing properties. Farms were increasing production to meet with government demands, and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a> became a promoter of soybeans.<a href="#cite_note-:3-88">[85]</a> In 1931, Ford hired chemists <a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyer_(chemist)" title="Robert Boyer (chemist)">Robert Boyer</a> and Frank Calvert to produce <a href="/wiki/Artificial_silk" title="Artificial silk">artificial silk</a>. They succeeded in making a textile fiber of spun soy protein fibers, hardened or tanned in a <a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">formaldehyde</a> bath, which was given the name <a href="/wiki/Azlon" title="Azlon">Azlon</a>. It never reached the commercial market. Soybean oil was used by <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford</a> in <a href="/wiki/Soy_paint" title="Soy paint">paint</a> for the automobiles,<a href="#cite_note-Schwarcz-89">[86]</a> as well as a fluid for shock absorbers. During World War II, soybeans became important in both North America and Europe chiefly as substitutes for other protein foods and as a source of edible oil. During the war, the soybean was discovered as <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizer</a> due to <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation" title="Nitrogen fixation">nitrogen fixation</a> by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a>. Prior to the 1970s, Asian-Americans and Seventh-Day Adventists were essentially the only users of soy foods in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a> "The soy foods movement began in small pockets of the counterculture, notably the Tennessee commune named simply <a href="/wiki/The_Farm_(Tennessee)" title="The Farm (Tennessee)">The Farm</a>, but by the mid-1970s a vegetarian revival helped it gain momentum and even popular awareness through books such as <a href="/wiki/William_Shurtleff" title="William Shurtleff">The Book of Tofu</a>."<a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a> Although practically unseen in 1900, by 2000 soybean plantings covered more than 70 million acres,<a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a> second only to corn, and it became America's largest cash crop.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 2021, 87,195,000 acres were planted, with the largest acreage in the states of Illinois, Iowa, and Minnesota.<a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caribbean_and_West_Indies">Caribbean and West Indies</h3></div> The soybean arrived in the Caribbean in the form of soy sauce made by Samuel Bowen in Savannah, Georgia, in 1767. It remains only a minor crop there, but its uses for human food are growing steadily.<a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mediterranean_area">Mediterranean area</h3></div> The soybean was first cultivated in Italy by 1760 in the Botanical Garden of Turin. During the 1780s, it was grown in at least three other botanical gardens in Italy.<a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a> The first soybean product, soy oil, arrived in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> during 1909 under <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-96">[93]</a> The first clear cultivation occurred in 1931.<a href="#cite_note-:2-96">[93]</a> This was also the first time that soybeans were cultivated in Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-:2-96">[93]</a> By 1939, soybeans were cultivated in Greece.<a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3></div> Wild soybeans were discovered in northeastern Australia in 1770 by explorers Banks and Solander. In 1804, the first soyfood product ("Fine India Soy" [sauce]) was sold in Sydney. In 1879, the first domesticated soybeans arrived in Australia, a gift of the Minister of the Interior Department, Japan.<a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3></div> The soybean was first cultivated in France by 1779 (and perhaps as early as 1740). The two key early people and organizations introducing the soybean to France were the Society of Acclimatization (starting in 1855) and <a href="/wiki/Li_Shizeng" title="Li Shizeng">Li Yu-ying</a> (from 1910). Li started a large tofu factory, where the first commercial soyfoods in France were made.<a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3></div> The soybean first arrived in Africa via Egypt in 1857.<a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a> Soya Meme (Baked Soya) is produced in the village called Bame Awudome near <a href="/wiki/Ho,_Ghana" title="Ho, Ghana">Ho</a>, the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Volta_Region" title="Volta Region">Volta Region</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, by the <a href="/wiki/Ewe_people" title="Ewe people">Ewe people</a> of Southeastern Ghana and southern Togo. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_Europe">Central Europe</h3></div> In 1873, Professor <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_J._Haberlandt" title="Friedrich J. Haberlandt">Friedrich J. Haberlandt</a> first became interested in soybeans when he obtained the seeds of 19 soybean varieties at the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_World_Exposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Vienna World Exposition">Vienna World Exposition</a> (Wiener Weltausstellung). He cultivated these seeds in Vienna, and soon began to distribute them throughout Central and Western Europe. In 1875, he first grew the soybeans in Vienna, then in early 1876 he sent samples of seeds to seven cooperators in central Europe, who planted and tested the seeds in the spring of 1876, with good or fairly good results in each case.<a href="#cite_note-shurtleff-102">[99]</a> Most of the farmers who received seeds from him cultivated them, then reported their results. Starting in February 1876, he published these results first in various journal articles, and finally in his magnum opus, Die Sojabohne (The Soybean) in 1878.<a href="#cite_note-shurtleff-102">[99]</a> In northern Europe, <a href="/wiki/Lupin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lupin">lupin</a> (lupine) is known as the "soybean of the north".<a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_Asia">Central Asia</h3></div> The soybean is first in cultivated Transcaucasia in Central Asia in 1876, by the Dungans. This region has never been important for soybean production.<a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_America">Central America</h3></div> The first reliable reference to the soybean in this region dates from Mexico in 1877.<a href="#cite_note-book-128-105">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_America">South America</h3></div> The soybean first arrived in South America in Argentina in 1882.<a href="#cite_note-106">[103]</a> Andrew McClung showed in the early 1950s that with soil amendments the <a href="/wiki/Cerrado" title="Cerrado">Cerrado</a> region of Brazil would grow soybeans.<a href="#cite_note-107">[104]</a> In June 1973, when soybean futures markets mistakenly portended a major shortage, the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">Nixon administration</a> imposed an embargo on soybean exports. It lasted only a week, but Japanese buyers felt that they could not rely on U.S. supplies, and the rival Brazilian soybean industry came into existence.<a href="#cite_note-108">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-88">[85]</a> This led Brazil to become the world's largest producer of soybeans in 2020, with 131 million tons.<a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a> Industrial soy production in South America is characterized by wealthy management who live far away from the production site which they manage remotely. In Brazil, these managers depend heavily on advanced technology and machinery, and agronomic practices such as zero tillage, high pesticide use, and intense fertilization. One contributing factor is the increased attention on the Brazilian <a href="/wiki/Cerrado" title="Cerrado">Cerrado</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bahia" title="Bahia">Bahia</a>, Brazil by US farmers in the early 2000s. This was due to rising values of scarce farmland and high production costs in the US Midwest. There were many promotions of the Brazilian Cerrado by US farm producer magazines and market consultants who portrayed it as having cheap land with ideal production conditions, with infrastructure being the only thing it was lacking. These same magazines also presented Brazilian soy as inevitably out-competing American soy. Another draw to investing was the insider information about the climate and market in Brazil. A few dozen American farmers purchased varying amounts of land by a variety of means including finding investors and selling off land holdings. Many followed the <a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel" title="Ethanol fuel">ethanol</a> company model and formed an <a href="/wiki/Limited_liability_company" title="Limited liability company">LLC</a> with investments from neighboring farmers, friends, and family while some turned to investment companies. Some soy farmers either <a href="/wiki/Liquidation" title="Liquidation">liquidated</a> their Brazilian assets or switched to remote management from the US to return to farming there and implement new farming and business practices to make their US farms more productive. Others planned to sell their now expensive Bahia land to buy land cheaper land in the frontier regions of <a href="/wiki/Piau%C3%AD" title="Piauí">Piauí</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tocantins" title="Tocantins">Tocantins</a> to create more soybean farms.<a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2></div> Chinese <a href="/wiki/Landrace" title="Landrace">landraces</a> were found to have a slightly higher genetic diversity than inbred lines by Li et al., 2010.<a href="#cite_note-Hinze-et-al-2017-111">[108]</a> Specific locus amplified fragment sequencing (SLAF-seq) has been used by Han et al., 2015 to study the genetic history of the <a href="/wiki/Crop_domestication" class="mw-redirect" title="Crop domestication">domestication process</a>, perform <a href="/wiki/Genome-wide_association_study" title="Genome-wide association study">genome-wide association studies</a> (GWAS) of <a href="/wiki/Agronomic_trait" class="mw-redirect" title="Agronomic trait">agronomically relevant traits</a>, and produce <a href="/wiki/High-density_linkage_map" class="mw-redirect" title="High-density linkage map">high-density linkage maps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rasheed-et-al-2017-112">[109]</a> An <a href="/wiki/SNP_array" title="SNP array">SNP array</a> was developed by Song et al., 2013 and has been used for research and <a href="/wiki/Crop_breeding" class="mw-redirect" title="Crop breeding">breeding</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Hulse-Kemp-et-al-2015-113">[110]</a> the same team applied their array in Song et al., 2015 against the USDA Soybean Germplasm Collection and obtained mapping data that are expected to yield <a href="/wiki/Association_mapping" title="Association mapping">association mapping</a> data for such traits.<a href="#cite_note-Hinze-et-al-2017-111">[108]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509">Rpp1-R1 is a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Crop_fungal_disease_resistance_gene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crop fungal disease resistance gene (page does not exist)">resistance gene</a> against <a href="/wiki/Soybean_rust" title="Soybean rust">soybean rust</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Show-Me-Your-ID-114">[111]</a> Rpp1-R1 is an <a href="/wiki/R_gene" title="R gene">R gene</a> (NB-LRR) providing resistance against the rust pathogen <a href="/wiki/Phakopsora_pachyrhizi" title="Phakopsora pachyrhizi">Phakopsora pachyrhizi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Show-Me-Your-ID-114">[111]</a> Its synthesis product includes a <a href="/w/index.php?title=ULP1_protease&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ULP1 protease (page does not exist)">ULP1 protease</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Show-Me-Your-ID-114">[111]</a> Qijian et al., 2017 provides the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509">SoySNP50K <a href="/wiki/Gene_array" class="mw-redirect" title="Gene array">gene array</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Array-115">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetic_modification">Genetic modification</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_soybean" title="Genetically modified soybean">Genetically modified soybean</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Multicolor_soybeans_in_Hale_Township.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Multicolor_soybeans_in_Hale_Township.jpg/220px-Multicolor_soybeans_in_Hale_Township.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Multicolor_soybeans_in_Hale_Township.jpg/330px-Multicolor_soybeans_in_Hale_Township.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Multicolor_soybeans_in_Hale_Township.jpg/440px-Multicolor_soybeans_in_Hale_Township.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Different varieties of soybeans being grown together</figcaption></figure> Soybeans are one of the "<a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">biotech</a> food" crops that have been <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_food" title="Genetically modified food">genetically modified</a>, and genetically modified soybeans are being used in an increasing number of products. In 1995, <a href="/wiki/Monsanto" title="Monsanto">Monsanto</a> company introduced <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_crops" title="Genetically modified crops">glyphosate-tolerant</a> soybeans that have been genetically modified to be resistant to Monsanto's <a href="/wiki/Glyphosate" title="Glyphosate">glyphosate</a> herbicides through substitution of the <a href="/wiki/Agrobacterium" title="Agrobacterium">Agrobacterium</a> sp. (strain CP4) <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a> EPSP (5-enolpyruvyl shikimic acid-3-phosphate) synthase. The substituted version is not sensitive to <a href="/wiki/Glyphosate" title="Glyphosate">glyphosate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a> In 1997, about 8% of all soybeans cultivated for the commercial market in the United States were genetically modified. In 2010, the figure was 93%.<a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a> As with other glyphosate-tolerant crops, concern is expressed over damage to <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[116]</a> A 2003 study<a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a> concluded the "Roundup Ready" (RR) gene had been bred into so many different soybean cultivars, there had been little decline in genetic diversity, but "diversity was limited among elite lines from some companies". The widespread use of such types of GM soybeans in the Americas has caused problems with exports to some regions. GM crops require extensive certification before they can be legally imported into the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, where there is considerable supplier and consumer reluctance to use GM products for consumer or animal use. Difficulties with <a href="/wiki/Co-existence_of_genetically_modified_and_conventional_crops_and_derived_food_and_feed" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-existence of genetically modified and conventional crops and derived food and feed">coexistence</a> and subsequent traces of cross-contamination of non-GM stocks have caused shipments to be rejected and have put a premium on non-GM soy.<a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a> A 2006 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a> report found the adoption of genetically engineered (GE) soy, corn and cotton reduced the amount of pesticides used overall, but did result in a slightly greater amount of <a href="/wiki/Herbicide" title="Herbicide">herbicides</a> used for soy specifically. The use of GE soy was also associated with greater <a href="/wiki/No-till_farming" title="No-till farming">conservation tillage</a>, indirectly leading to better soil conservation, as well as increased income from off-farming sources due to the greater ease with which the crops can be managed. Though the overall estimated benefits of the adoption of GE soybeans in the United States was $310 million, the majority of this benefit was experienced by the companies selling the seeds (40%), followed by biotechnology firms (28%) and farmers (20%).<a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a> The patent on glyphosate-tolerant soybeans expired in 2014,<a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a> so benefits can be expected to shift.<a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adverse_effects">Adverse effects</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soy_allergy">Soy allergy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Soy_allergy" title="Soy allergy">Soy allergy</a></div> Allergy to soy is common, and the food is listed with other foods that commonly cause allergy, such as milk, eggs, peanuts, tree nuts, shellfish. The problem has been reported among younger children, and the diagnosis of soy allergy is often based on symptoms reported by parents and results of skin tests or blood tests for allergy. Only a few reported studies have attempted to confirm allergy to soy by direct challenge with the food under controlled conditions.<a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a> It is very difficult to give a reliable estimate of the true prevalence of soy allergy in the general population. To the extent that it does exist, soy allergy may cause cases of <a href="/wiki/Urticaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Urticaria">urticaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Angioedema" title="Angioedema">angioedema</a>, usually within minutes to hours of ingestion. In rare cases, true <a href="/wiki/Anaphylaxis" title="Anaphylaxis">anaphylaxis</a> may also occur. The reason for the discrepancy is likely that soy proteins, the causative factor in <a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">allergy</a>, are far less potent at triggering allergy symptoms than the proteins of peanut and shellfish.<a href="#cite_note-126">[123]</a> An allergy test that is positive demonstrates that the immune system has formed IgE antibodies to soy proteins. However, this is only a factor when soy proteins reach the blood without being digested, in sufficient quantities to reach a threshold to provoke actual symptoms. Soy can also trigger symptoms via <a href="/wiki/Food_intolerance" title="Food intolerance">food intolerance</a>, a situation where no allergic mechanism can be proven. One scenario is seen in very young infants who have vomiting and <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhoea</a> when fed soy-based formula, which resolves when the formula is withdrawn. Older infants can suffer a more severe disorder with vomiting, diarrhoea that may be bloody, <a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">anemia</a>, weight loss and failure to thrive. The most common cause of this unusual disorder is a sensitivity to cow's milk, but soy formulas can also be the trigger. The precise mechanism is unclear and it could be immunologic, although not through the IgE-type antibodies that have the leading role in urticaria and anaphylaxis. However, it is also self-limiting and will often disappear in the <a href="/wiki/Toddler" title="Toddler">toddler</a> years.<a href="#cite_note-127">[124]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, identifying the presence of soy either as an ingredient or unintended contaminant in packaged food is compulsory. The regulation (EC) 1169/2011 on food-labeling lists 14 allergens, including soy, in packaged food must be clearly indicated on the label as part of the list of ingredients, using a distinctive typography (such as bold type or capital letters).<a href="#cite_note-128">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thyroid_function">Thyroid function</h3></div> One review noted that soy-based foods may inhibit absorption of thyroid hormone medications required for treatment of <a href="/wiki/Hypothyroidism" title="Hypothyroidism">hypothyroidism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a> A 2015 scientific review by the <a href="/wiki/European_Food_Safety_Authority" title="European Food Safety Authority">European Food Safety Authority</a> concluded that intake of isoflavones from supplements did not affect thyroid hormone levels in <a href="/wiki/Postmenopausal" class="mw-redirect" title="Postmenopausal">postmenopausal</a> women.<a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Global-soy-production-to-end-use.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Global-soy-production-to-end-use.png/310px-Global-soy-production-to-end-use.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Global-soy-production-to-end-use.png/465px-Global-soy-production-to-end-use.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Global-soy-production-to-end-use.png/620px-Global-soy-production-to-end-use.png 2x" data-file-width="1618" data-file-height="1167" /></a><figcaption>Breakdown of what the world's soy was used for in 2018</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TofuWithSoySauceAndCarrot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/TofuWithSoySauceAndCarrot.jpg/220px-TofuWithSoySauceAndCarrot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/TofuWithSoySauceAndCarrot.jpg/330px-TofuWithSoySauceAndCarrot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/TofuWithSoySauceAndCarrot.jpg/440px-TofuWithSoySauceAndCarrot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="723" data-file-height="689" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tofu" title="Tofu">Tofu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soy_sauce" title="Soy sauce">soy sauce</a></figcaption></figure> Among the <a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">legumes</a>, the soybean is valued for its high (38–45%) <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> content as well as its high (approximately 20%) oil content. Soybeans are the most valuable agricultural export of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a> Approximately 85% of the world's soybean crop is processed into soybean meal and soybean oil, the remainder processed in other ways or eaten whole.<a href="#cite_note-132">[129]</a> Soybeans can be broadly classified as "vegetable" (garden) or field (oil) types. Vegetable types cook more easily, have a mild, nutty flavor, and better texture, are larger in size, higher in protein, and are lower in oil than field types. <a href="/wiki/Tofu" title="Tofu">Tofu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soy_milk" title="Soy milk">soy milk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Soy_sauce" title="Soy sauce">soy sauce</a> are among the top edible commodities made using soybeans. Producers prefer the higher protein cultivars bred from vegetable soybeans originally brought to the United States in the late 1930s. The "garden" cultivars are generally not suitable for mechanical combine harvesting because there is a tendency for the pods to shatter upon reaching maturity. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nutrition">Nutrition</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Soy_protein" title="Soy protein">Soy protein</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox nowrap"><caption class="infobox-title" style="white-space:normal; padding-bottom:0.15em;">Soybean, mature seeds, raw</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">Energy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,866 kJ (446 kcal)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">30.16 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugars</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">7.33 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fiber</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">9.3 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">19.94 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Saturated_fat" title="Saturated fat">Saturated</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">2.884 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Monounsaturated_fat" title="Monounsaturated fat">Monounsaturated</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">4.404 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Polyunsaturated_fat" title="Polyunsaturated fat">Polyunsaturated</a><div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid" title="Omega-3 fatty acid">omega−3</a></div><div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Omega-6_fatty_acid" title="Omega-6 fatty acid">omega−6</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">11.255 g<div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;">1.330 g</div><div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;">9.925 g</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">36.49 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Tryptophan" title="Tryptophan">Tryptophan</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.591 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Threonine" title="Threonine">Threonine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">1.766 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Isoleucine" title="Isoleucine">Isoleucine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">1.971 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Leucine" title="Leucine">Leucine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">3.309 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Lysine" title="Lysine">Lysine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">2.706 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Methionine" title="Methionine">Methionine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.547 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Cystine" title="Cystine">Cystine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.655 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine" title="Phenylalanine">Phenylalanine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">2.122 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine">Tyrosine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">1.539 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Valine" title="Valine">Valine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">2.029 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Arginine" title="Arginine">Arginine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">3.153 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Histidine" title="Histidine">Histidine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">1.097 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Alanine" title="Alanine">Alanine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">1.915 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Aspartic_acid" title="Aspartic acid">Aspartic acid</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">5.112 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Glutamic_acid" title="Glutamic acid">Glutamic acid</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">7.874 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">Glycine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">1.880 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Proline" title="Proline">Proline</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">2.379 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Serine" title="Serine">Serine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">2.357 g</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Vitamins and minerals</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">Quantity <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value">%DV</abbr>†</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">Vitamin A equiv.</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 1 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Thiamine (B1)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">73%</div> 0.874 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (B2)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">67%</div> 0.87 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Niacin (B3)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">10%</div> 1.623 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">Pantothenic acid (B5)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">16%</div> 0.793 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B6</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">22%</div> 0.377 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folate (B9)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">94%</div> 375 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Choline" title="Choline">Choline</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">21%</div> 115.9 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">7%</div> 6.0 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">Vitamin E</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">6%</div> 0.85 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">Vitamin K</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">39%</div> 47 μg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Minerals</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">Quantity <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value">%DV</abbr>†</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology#Humans" title="Calcium in biology">Calcium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">21%</div> 277 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Copper_in_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper in health">Copper</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">184%</div> 1.658 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">87%</div> 15.7 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">67%</div> 280 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese#Human_health_and_nutrition" title="Manganese">Manganese</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">109%</div> 2.517 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus#Biological_role" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">56%</div> 704 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">Potassium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">60%</div> 1797 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_in_biology" title="Sodium in biology">Sodium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 2 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc#Biological_role" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">44%</div> 4.89 mg</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Other constituents</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">Quantity</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Water</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">8.54 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">Cholesterol</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0 mg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /><div class="wrap" style="padding:0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/174270/nutrients">Link to USDA FoodData Central Entry</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below wrap" style="background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.5em;font-weight:normal;font-size:0.9em">†Percentages estimated using <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake#Daily_Values" title="Reference Daily Intake">US recommendations</a> for adults,<a href="#cite_note-FDADailyValues-133">[130]</a> except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">the National Academies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-134">[131]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> A 100-gram reference quantity of raw soybeans supplies 1,866 kilojoules (446 kilocalories) of <a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">food energy</a> and are 9% water, 30% <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a>, 20% total <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fat</a> and 36% <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>. <a href="/wiki/Peanut" title="Peanut">Peanuts</a> are the only <a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">legumes</a> with a higher fat content (48%) and calorie count (2,385 kJ). They contain less carbohydrates (21%), protein (25%) and dietary fiber (9%). Soybeans are a rich source of <a href="/wiki/Essential_nutrient" class="mw-redirect" title="Essential nutrient">essential nutrients</a>, providing in a 100-gram serving (raw, for reference) high contents of the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Value" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Value">Daily Value</a> (DV) especially for protein (36% DV), <a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">dietary fiber</a> (37%), <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> (121%), <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> (120%), <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> (101%) and several <a href="/wiki/B_vitamins" title="B vitamins">B vitamins</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">folate</a> (94%) (table). High contents also exist for <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">vitamin K</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> and <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a>. For human consumption, soybeans must be processed prior to consumption–either by cooking, roasting, or fermenting–to destroy the <a href="/wiki/Trypsin_inhibitor" title="Trypsin inhibitor">trypsin inhibitors</a> (<a href="/wiki/Serine_protease_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Serine protease inhibitor">serine protease inhibitors</a>).<a href="#cite_note-135">[132]</a> Raw soybeans, including the immature green form, are toxic to all <a href="/wiki/Monogastric" title="Monogastric">monogastric</a> animals.<a href="#cite_note-136">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Protein">Protein</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Complete_protein" title="Complete protein">Complete protein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protein_quality" title="Protein quality">Protein quality</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Soy_protein" title="Soy protein">Soy protein</a></div> Most soy protein is a relatively heat-stable storage protein. This heat stability enables soy food products requiring high temperature cooking, such as <a href="/wiki/Tofu" title="Tofu">tofu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soy_milk" title="Soy milk">soy milk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Textured_vegetable_protein" title="Textured vegetable protein">textured vegetable protein</a> (soy flour) to be made. <a href="/wiki/Soy_protein" title="Soy protein">Soy protein</a> is essentially identical to the protein of other <a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">legume</a> seeds and <a href="/wiki/Pulse_(legume)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulse (legume)">pulses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-137">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[135]</a> Soy is a good source of protein for vegetarians and <a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">vegans</a> or for people who want to reduce the amount of meat they eat, according to the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Food and Drug Administration (United States)">US Food and Drug Administration</a>:<a href="#cite_note-fda-chd-139">[136]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Soy protein products can be good substitutes for animal products because, unlike some other beans, soy offers a 'complete' protein profile. ... Soy protein products can replace animal-based foods—which also have complete proteins but tend to contain more fat, especially saturated fat—without requiring major adjustments elsewhere in the diet.</blockquote> Although soybeans have high protein content, soybeans also contain high levels of <a href="/wiki/Protease_inhibitor_(biology)" title="Protease inhibitor (biology)">protease inhibitors</a>, which can prevent digestion.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16001874-140">[137]</a> Protease inhibitors are reduced by cooking soybeans, and are present in low levels in soy products such as <a href="/wiki/Tofu" title="Tofu">tofu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soy_milk" title="Soy milk">soy milk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16001874-140">[137]</a> The <a href="/wiki/PDCAAS" class="mw-redirect" title="PDCAAS">Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score</a> (PDCAAS) of soy protein is the nutritional equivalent of meat, eggs, and <a href="/wiki/Casein" title="Casein">casein</a> for human growth and health. Soybean protein isolate has a <a href="/wiki/Biological_value" title="Biological value">biological value</a> of 74, whole soybeans 96, soybean milk 91, and eggs 97.<a href="#cite_note-1991Report-141">[138]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Graded_Seed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Graded_Seed.jpg/200px-Graded_Seed.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Graded_Seed.jpg/300px-Graded_Seed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Graded_Seed.jpg/400px-Graded_Seed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption>Graded seed</figcaption></figure> All <a href="/wiki/Spermatophytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatophytes">spermatophytes</a>, except for the family of grasses and cereals (<a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">Poaceae</a>), contain 7S (vicilin) and 11S (legumin) soy protein-like globulin storage proteins; or only one of these <a href="/wiki/Globulin" title="Globulin">globulin</a> proteins. S denotes <a href="/wiki/Svedberg" title="Svedberg">Svedberg</a>, sedimentation coefficients. Oats and rice are anomalous in that they also contain a majority of soybean-like protein.<a href="#cite_note-Seed_Proteins_1999-142">[139]</a> Cocoa, for example, contains the 7S globulin, which contributes to cocoa/chocolate taste and aroma,<a href="#cite_note-143">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[142]</a> whereas coffee beans (coffee grounds) contain the 11S globulin responsible for coffee's aroma and flavor.<a href="#cite_note-146">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[144]</a> Vicilin and legumin proteins belong to the <a href="/wiki/Cupin_superfamily" title="Cupin superfamily">cupin superfamily</a>, a large family of functionally diverse proteins that have a common origin and whose evolution can be followed from bacteria to eukaryotes including animals and higher plants.<a href="#cite_note-148">[145]</a> 2S <a href="/wiki/Albumins" class="mw-redirect" title="Albumins">albumins</a> form a major group of homologous storage proteins in many <a href="/wiki/Dicot" class="mw-redirect" title="Dicot">dicot</a> species and in some <a href="/wiki/Monocots" class="mw-redirect" title="Monocots">monocots</a> but not in grasses (cereals).<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-149">[146]</a> Soybeans contain a small but significant 2S storage protein.<a href="#cite_note-150">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-Seber-et-al-2012-151">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[149]</a> 2S albumin are grouped in the <a href="/wiki/Prolamin" title="Prolamin">prolamin</a> superfamily.<a href="#cite_note-153">[150]</a> Other allergenic proteins included in this 'superfamily' are the non-specific <a href="/wiki/Plant_lipid_transfer_proteins" title="Plant lipid transfer proteins">plant lipid transfer proteins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alpha_amylase_inhibitor" title="Alpha amylase inhibitor">alpha amylase inhibitor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trypsin_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Trypsin inhibitors">trypsin inhibitors</a>, and prolamin storage proteins of cereals and grasses.<a href="#cite_note-Seed_Proteins_1999-142">[139]</a> <a href="/wiki/Peanut" title="Peanut">Peanuts</a>, for instance, contain 20% 2S albumin but only 6% 7S globulin and 74% 11S.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-149">[146]</a> It is the high 2S albumin and low 7S globulin that is responsible for the relatively low lysine content of peanut protein compared to soy protein. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Carbohydrates">Carbohydrates</h4></div> The principal soluble <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a> of mature soybeans are the disaccharide <a href="/wiki/Sucrose" title="Sucrose">sucrose</a> (range 2.5–8.2%), the trisaccharide <a href="/wiki/Raffinose" title="Raffinose">raffinose</a> (0.1–1.0%) composed of one sucrose molecule connected to one molecule of <a href="/wiki/Galactose" title="Galactose">galactose</a>, and the tetrasaccharide <a href="/wiki/Stachyose" title="Stachyose">stachyose</a> (1.4 to 4.1%) composed of one sucrose connected to two molecules of galactose.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] While the <a href="/wiki/Oligosaccharide" title="Oligosaccharide">oligosaccharides</a> raffinose and stachyose protect the viability of the soybean seed from desiccation (see above section on physical characteristics) they are not digestible sugars, so contribute to <a href="/wiki/Flatulence" title="Flatulence">flatulence</a> and abdominal discomfort in humans and other <a href="/wiki/Monogastric" title="Monogastric">monogastric</a> animals, comparable to the disaccharide <a href="/wiki/Trehalose" title="Trehalose">trehalose</a>. Undigested oligosaccharides are broken down in the intestine by native microbes, producing gases such as <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a>. Since soluble soy carbohydrates are found in the <a href="/wiki/Soy_whey" title="Soy whey">whey</a> and are broken down during fermentation, soy concentrate, soy protein isolates, tofu, soy sauce, and sprouted soybeans are without flatus activity. On the other hand, there may be some beneficial effects to ingesting oligosaccharides such as raffinose and stachyose, namely, encouraging indigenous <a href="/wiki/Bifidobacterium" title="Bifidobacterium">bifidobacteria</a> in the colon against putrefactive bacteria. The insoluble carbohydrates in soybeans consist of the complex polysaccharides <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hemicellulose" title="Hemicellulose">hemicellulose</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pectin" title="Pectin">pectin</a>. The majority of soybean carbohydrates can be classed as belonging to <a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">dietary fiber</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fats">Fats</h4></div> Raw soybeans are 20% fat, including <a href="/wiki/Saturated_fat" title="Saturated fat">saturated fat</a> (3%), <a href="/wiki/Monounsaturated_fat" title="Monounsaturated fat">monounsaturated fat</a> (4%) and polyunsaturated fat, mainly as <a href="/wiki/Linoleic_acid" title="Linoleic acid">linoleic acid</a> (table). Within <a href="/wiki/Soybean_oil" title="Soybean oil">soybean oil</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipid</a> portion of the seed is contained four <a href="/wiki/Phytosterol" title="Phytosterol">phytosterols</a>: <a href="/wiki/Stigmasterol" title="Stigmasterol">stigmasterol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sitosterol" class="mw-redirect" title="Sitosterol">sitosterol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Campesterol" title="Campesterol">campesterol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brassicasterol" title="Brassicasterol">brassicasterol</a> accounting for about 2.5% of the lipid fraction; and which can be converted into <a href="/wiki/Steroid_hormone" title="Steroid hormone">steroid hormones</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Additionally soybeans are a rich source of <a href="/wiki/Sphingolipid" title="Sphingolipid">sphingolipids</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_constituents">Other constituents</h4></div> Soy contains <a href="/wiki/Isoflavone" title="Isoflavone">isoflavones</a>—<a href="/wiki/Polyphenol" title="Polyphenol">polyphenolic</a> compounds, produced by legumes including peanuts and <a href="/wiki/Chickpea" title="Chickpea">chickpeas</a>. Isoflavones are closely related to <a href="/wiki/Flavonoid" title="Flavonoid">flavonoids</a> found in other plants, vegetables and flowers.<a href="#cite_note-lpi-155">[152]</a> Soy contains the <a href="/wiki/Phytoestrogen" title="Phytoestrogen">phytoestrogen</a> <a href="/wiki/Coumestans" class="mw-redirect" title="Coumestans">coumestans</a>, also are found in beans and split-peas, with the best sources being alfalfa, clover, and soybean sprouts. <a href="/wiki/Coumestrol" title="Coumestrol">Coumestrol</a>, an isoflavone <a href="/wiki/Coumarin" title="Coumarin">coumarin</a> derivative, is the only coumestan in foods.<a href="#cite_note-156">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[154]</a> <a href="/wiki/Saponins" class="mw-redirect" title="Saponins">Saponins</a>, a class of natural <a href="/wiki/Surfactants" class="mw-redirect" title="Surfactants">surfactants</a> (soaps), are sterols that are present in small amounts in various <a href="/wiki/Whole_food" title="Whole food">plant foods</a>, including soybeans, other <a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">legumes</a>, and cereals, such as oats.<a href="#cite_note-Hu-158">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_to_other_major_staple_foods">Comparison to other major staple foods</h3></div> The following table shows the nutrient content of green soybean and other major staple foods, each in respective raw form on a <a href="/wiki/Dry_matter#Dry_matter_basis" title="Dry matter">dry weight basis</a> to account for their different water contents. Raw soybeans, however, are not edible and cannot be digested. These must be sprouted, or prepared and cooked for human consumption. In sprouted and cooked form, the relative nutritional and anti-nutritional contents of each of these grains is remarkably different from that of raw form of these grains reported in this table. The nutritional value of soybean and each cooked staple depends on the processing and the method of cooking: boiling, frying, roasting, baking, etc. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Nutrient content of 10 major <a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">staple foods</a> per 100 g dry weight<a href="#cite_note-160">[157]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align: left;">Staple </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">Maize</a> (corn)<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#endnote_reference_name_AA">[A]</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/White_rice" title="White rice">Rice, white</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_BB">[B]</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">Wheat</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_CC">[C]</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">Potatoes</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_DD">[D]</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">Cassava</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_EE">[E]</a> </th> <th><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Soybeans</a>, green<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_FF">[F]</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">Sweet potatoes</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_GG">[G]</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Yam_(vegetable)" title="Yam (vegetable)">Yams</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_YY">[Y]</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">Sorghum</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_HH">[H]</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Cooking_banana" title="Cooking banana">Plantain</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_ZZ">[Z]</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Recommended_Dietary_Allowance" class="mw-redirect" title="Recommended Dietary Allowance">RDA</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;">Water content (%) </td> <td>10 </td> <td>12 </td> <td>13 </td> <td>79 </td> <td>60 </td> <td>68 </td> <td>77 </td> <td>70 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>65 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;">Raw grams per 100 g dry weight </td> <td>111</td> <td>114</td> <td>115</td> <td>476</td> <td>250</td> <td>313</td> <td>435</td> <td>333</td> <td>110</td> <td>286</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;">Nutrient</th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;">Energy (kJ) </td> <td>1698</td> <td>1736</td> <td>1574</td> <td>1533</td> <td>1675</td> <td>1922</td> <td>1565</td> <td>1647</td> <td>1559</td> <td>1460</td> <td>8,368–10,460 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a> (g) </td> <td>10.4</td> <td>8.1</td> <td>14.5</td> <td>9.5</td> <td>3.5</td> <td>40.6</td> <td>7.0</td> <td>5.0</td> <td>12.4</td> <td>3.7</td> <td>50 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a> (g) </td> <td>5.3</td> <td>0.8</td> <td>1.8</td> <td>0.4</td> <td>0.7</td> <td>21.6</td> <td>0.2</td> <td>0.6</td> <td>3.6</td> <td>1.1</td> <td>44–77 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate#Nutrition" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a> (g) </td> <td>82</td> <td>91</td> <td>82</td> <td>81</td> <td>95</td> <td>34</td> <td>87</td> <td>93</td> <td>82</td> <td>91</td> <td>130 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">Fiber</a> (g) </td> <td>8.1</td> <td>1.5</td> <td>14.0</td> <td>10.5</td> <td>4.5</td> <td>13.1</td> <td>13.0</td> <td>13.7</td> <td>6.9</td> <td>6.6</td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugar</a> (g) </td> <td>0.7</td> <td>0.1</td> <td>0.5</td> <td>3.7</td> <td>4.3</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>18.2</td> <td>1.7</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>42.9</td> <td>minimal </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;">Minerals </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_AA">[A]</a> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_BB">[B]</a> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_CC">[C]</a> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_DD">[D]</a> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_EE">[E]</a> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_FF">[F]</a> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_GG">[G]</a> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_YY">[Y]</a> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_HH">[H]</a> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_ZZ">[Z]</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Recommended_Dietary_Allowance" class="mw-redirect" title="Recommended Dietary Allowance">RDA</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology" title="Calcium in biology">Calcium</a> (mg) </td> <td>8</td> <td>32</td> <td>33</td> <td>57</td> <td>40</td> <td>616</td> <td>130</td> <td>57</td> <td>31</td> <td>9</td> <td>1,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron</a> (mg) </td> <td>3.01</td> <td>0.91</td> <td>3.67</td> <td>3.71</td> <td>0.68</td> <td>11.09</td> <td>2.65</td> <td>1.80</td> <td>4.84</td> <td>1.71</td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a> (mg) </td> <td>141</td> <td>28</td> <td>145</td> <td>110</td> <td>53</td> <td>203</td> <td>109</td> <td>70</td> <td>0</td> <td>106</td> <td>400 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_mineral" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary mineral">Phosphorus</a> (mg) </td> <td>233</td> <td>131</td> <td>331</td> <td>271</td> <td>68</td> <td>606</td> <td>204</td> <td>183</td> <td>315</td> <td>97</td> <td>700 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">Potassium</a> (mg) </td> <td>319</td> <td>131</td> <td>417</td> <td>2005</td> <td>678</td> <td>1938</td> <td>1465</td> <td>2720</td> <td>385</td> <td>1426</td> <td>4700 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_in_biology" title="Sodium in biology">Sodium</a> (mg) </td> <td>39</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>29</td> <td>35</td> <td>47</td> <td>239</td> <td>30</td> <td>7</td> <td>11</td> <td>1,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_mineral" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary mineral">Zinc</a> (mg) </td> <td>2.46</td> <td>1.24</td> <td>3.05</td> <td>1.38</td> <td>0.85</td> <td>3.09</td> <td>1.30</td> <td>0.80</td> <td>0.00</td> <td>0.40</td> <td>11 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Copper_in_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper in health">Copper</a> (mg) </td> <td>0.34</td> <td>0.25</td> <td>0.49</td> <td>0.52</td> <td>0.25</td> <td>0.41</td> <td>0.65</td> <td>0.60</td> <td>-</td> <td>0.23</td> <td>0.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_mineral" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary mineral">Manganese</a> (mg) </td> <td>0.54</td> <td>1.24</td> <td>4.59</td> <td>0.71</td> <td>0.95</td> <td>1.72</td> <td>1.13</td> <td>1.33</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>2.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium_in_biology" title="Selenium in biology">Selenium</a> (μg) </td> <td>17.2</td> <td>17.2</td> <td>81.3</td> <td>1.4</td> <td>1.8</td> <td>4.7</td> <td>2.6</td> <td>2.3</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>4.3</td> <td>55 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;">Vitamins </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_AA">[A]</a> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_BB">[B]</a> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_CC">[C]</a> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_DD">[D]</a> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_EE">[E]</a> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_FF">[F]</a> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_GG">[G]</a> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_YY">[Y]</a> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_HH">[H]</a> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_ZZ">[Z]</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Recommended_Dietary_Allowance" class="mw-redirect" title="Recommended Dietary Allowance">RDA</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a> (mg) </td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>93.8</td> <td>51.5</td> <td>90.6</td> <td>10.4</td> <td>57.0</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>52.6</td> <td>90 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Thiamin" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiamin">Thiamin</a> (B1) (mg) </td> <td>0.43</td> <td>0.08</td> <td>0.34</td> <td>0.38</td> <td>0.23</td> <td>1.38</td> <td>0.35</td> <td>0.37</td> <td>0.26</td> <td>0.14</td> <td>1.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin</a> (B2) (mg) </td> <td>0.22</td> <td>0.06</td> <td>0.14</td> <td>0.14</td> <td>0.13</td> <td>0.56</td> <td>0.26</td> <td>0.10</td> <td>0.15</td> <td>0.14</td> <td>1.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Niacin</a> (B3) (mg) </td> <td>4.03</td> <td>1.82</td> <td>6.28</td> <td>5.00</td> <td>2.13</td> <td>5.16</td> <td>2.43</td> <td>1.83</td> <td>3.22</td> <td>1.97</td> <td>16 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">Pantothenic acid</a> (B5) (mg) </td> <td>0.47</td> <td>1.15</td> <td>1.09</td> <td>1.43</td> <td>0.28</td> <td>0.47</td> <td>3.48</td> <td>1.03</td> <td>-</td> <td>0.74</td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B6</a> (mg) </td> <td>0.69</td> <td>0.18</td> <td>0.34</td> <td>1.43</td> <td>0.23</td> <td>0.22</td> <td>0.91</td> <td>0.97</td> <td>-</td> <td>0.86</td> <td>1.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folate</a> Total (B9) (μg) </td> <td>21</td> <td>9</td> <td>44</td> <td>76</td> <td>68</td> <td>516</td> <td>48</td> <td>77</td> <td>0</td> <td>63</td> <td>400 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">Vitamin A</a> (IU) </td> <td>238</td> <td>0</td> <td>10</td> <td>10</td> <td>33</td> <td>563</td> <td>4178</td> <td>460</td> <td>0</td> <td>3220</td> <td>5000 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">Vitamin E</a>, alpha-tocopherol (mg) </td> <td>0.54</td> <td>0.13</td> <td>1.16</td> <td>0.05</td> <td>0.48</td> <td>0.00</td> <td>1.13</td> <td>1.30</td> <td>0.00</td> <td>0.40</td> <td>15 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K1" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamin K1">Vitamin K1</a> (μg) </td> <td>0.3</td> <td>0.1</td> <td>2.2</td> <td>9.0</td> <td>4.8</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>7.8</td> <td>8.7</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>2.0</td> <td>120 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Beta-carotene" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-carotene">Beta-carotene</a> (μg) </td> <td>108</td> <td>0</td> <td>6</td> <td>5</td> <td>20</td> <td>0</td> <td>36996</td> <td>277</td> <td>0</td> <td>1306</td> <td>10500 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Lutein" title="Lutein">Lutein</a>+<a href="/wiki/Zeaxanthin" title="Zeaxanthin">zeaxanthin</a> (μg) </td> <td>1506</td> <td>0</td> <td>253</td> <td>38</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>86</td> <td>6000 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;">Fats </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_AA">[A]</a> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_BB">[B]</a> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_CC">[C]</a> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_DD">[D]</a> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_EE">[E]</a> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_FF">[F]</a> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_GG">[G]</a> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_YY">[Y]</a> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_HH">[H]</a> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_ZZ">[Z]</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Recommended_Dietary_Allowance" class="mw-redirect" title="Recommended Dietary Allowance">RDA</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Saturated_fat" title="Saturated fat">Saturated fatty acids</a> (g) </td> <td>0.74</td> <td>0.20</td> <td>0.30</td> <td>0.14</td> <td>0.18</td> <td>2.47</td> <td>0.09</td> <td>0.13</td> <td>0.51</td> <td>0.40</td> <td>minimal </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Monounsaturated_fat" title="Monounsaturated fat">Monounsaturated fatty acids</a> (g) </td> <td>1.39</td> <td>0.24</td> <td>0.23</td> <td>0.00</td> <td>0.20</td> <td>4.00</td> <td>0.00</td> <td>0.03</td> <td>1.09</td> <td>0.09</td> <td>22–55 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Polyunsaturated_fat" title="Polyunsaturated fat">Polyunsaturated fatty acids</a> (g) </td> <td>2.40</td> <td>0.20</td> <td>0.72</td> <td>0.19</td> <td>0.13</td> <td>10.00</td> <td>0.04</td> <td>0.27</td> <td>1.51</td> <td>0.20</td> <td>13–19 </td></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_AA">[A]</a> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_BB">[B]</a> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_CC">[C]</a> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_DD">[D]</a> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_EE">[E]</a> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_FF">[F]</a> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_GG">[G]</a> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_YY">[Y]</a> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_HH">[H]</a> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_ZZ">[Z]</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Recommended_Dietary_Allowance" class="mw-redirect" title="Recommended Dietary Allowance">RDA</a> </th></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_reference_name_AA">A</a> raw yellow dent corn <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_reference_name_BB">B</a> raw unenriched long-grain white rice <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_reference_name_CC">C</a> raw hard red winter wheat <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_reference_name_DD">D</a> raw potato with flesh and skin <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_reference_name_EE">E</a> raw cassava <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_reference_name_FF">F</a> raw green soybeans <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_reference_name_GG">G</a> raw sweet potato <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_reference_name_HH">H</a> raw sorghum <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_reference_name_YY">Y</a> raw yam <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_reference_name_ZZ">Z</a> raw plantains <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_reference_name_star/*">/*</a> unofficial </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soybean_oil">Soybean oil</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Soybean_oil" title="Soybean oil">Soybean oil</a></div> Soybean seed contains 18–19% oil.<a href="#cite_note-:0-161">[158]</a> To extract soybean oil from seed, the soybeans are cracked, adjusted for moisture content, rolled into flakes, and solvent-extracted with commercial hexane.<a href="#cite_note-162">[159]</a> The oil is then refined, blended for different applications, and sometimes hydrogenated. Soybean oils, both liquid and partially hydrogenated, are exported abroad, sold as "vegetable oil," or end up in a wide variety of processed foods. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soybean_meal">Soybean meal</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Soybean_meal" title="Soybean meal">Soybean meal</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Soybean_meal" title="Soybean meal">Soybean meal</a>, or soymeal, is the material remaining after solvent extraction of oil from soybean flakes, with a 50% <a href="/wiki/Soy_protein" title="Soy protein">soy protein</a> content. The meal is 'toasted' (a <a href="/wiki/Misnomer" title="Misnomer">misnomer</a> because the heat treatment is with moist steam) and ground in a <a href="/wiki/Hammer_mill" title="Hammer mill">hammer mill</a>. Ninety-seven percent of soybean meal production globally is used as livestock feed.<a href="#cite_note-:0-161">[158]</a> Soybean meal is also used in some <a href="/wiki/Dog_food" title="Dog food">dog foods</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lusas-163">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Livestock_feed">Livestock feed</h3></div> One of the major uses of soybeans globally is as livestock feed, predominantly in the form of soybean meal. In the European Union, for example, though it does not make up most of the weight of livestock <a href="/wiki/Animal_feed" title="Animal feed">feed</a>, soybean meal provides around 60% of the protein fed to livestock.<a href="#cite_note-164">[161]</a> In the United States, 70 percent of soybean production is used for animal feed, with poultry being the number one livestock sector of soybean consumption.<a href="#cite_note-165">[162]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vernal_grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Vernal grass">Spring grasses</a> are rich in omega-3 fatty acids, whereas soy is predominantly omega-6. The soybean hulls, which mainly consist of the outer coats of the beans removed before oil extraction, can also be fed to livestock and whole soybean seeds after processing.<a href="#cite_note-166">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_for_human_consumption">Food for human consumption</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tempeh_003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Tempeh_003.jpg/220px-Tempeh_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Tempeh_003.jpg/330px-Tempeh_003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Tempeh_003.jpg/440px-Tempeh_003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tempeh" title="Tempeh">Tempeh</a></figcaption></figure> In addition to their use in livestock feed, soybean products are widely used for human consumption. Common soybean products include <a href="/wiki/Soy_sauce" title="Soy sauce">soy sauce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soy_milk" title="Soy milk">soy milk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tofu" title="Tofu">tofu</a>, <a href="#Meal">soy meal</a>, <a href="#Flour">soy flour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Textured_vegetable_protein" title="Textured vegetable protein">textured vegetable protein</a> (TVP), <a href="/wiki/Soy_curls" title="Soy curls">soy curls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tempeh" title="Tempeh">tempeh</a>, soy <a href="/wiki/Lecithin" title="Lecithin">lecithin</a> and <a href="#Oil">soybean oil</a>. Soybeans may also be eaten with minimal processing, for example, in the Japanese food <a href="/wiki/Edamame" title="Edamame">edamame</a> (枝豆, edamame), in which immature soybeans are boiled whole in their pods and served with <a href="/wiki/Edible_salt" class="mw-redirect" title="Edible salt">salt</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aesthetic_meal_maker_of_Salem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Aesthetic_meal_maker_of_Salem.jpg/220px-Aesthetic_meal_maker_of_Salem.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Aesthetic_meal_maker_of_Salem.jpg/330px-Aesthetic_meal_maker_of_Salem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Aesthetic_meal_maker_of_Salem.jpg/440px-Aesthetic_meal_maker_of_Salem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4208" data-file-height="2368" /></a><figcaption>Soy chunks</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soybeans_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Soybeans_01.jpg/220px-Soybeans_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Soybeans_01.jpg/330px-Soybeans_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Soybeans_01.jpg/440px-Soybeans_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Beans for sale at a <a href="/wiki/Supermarket" title="Supermarket">supermarket</a> in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhatmaas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Bhatmaas.jpg/200px-Bhatmaas.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Bhatmaas.jpg/300px-Bhatmaas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Bhatmaas.jpg/400px-Bhatmaas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhatmaas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bhatmaas (page does not exist)">Bhatmaas</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepali</a> fried soybeans</figcaption></figure> In China, Japan, Vietnam and <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>, soybean and soybean products are a standard part of the diet.<a href="#cite_note-168">[165]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tofu" title="Tofu">Tofu</a> (豆腐 dòufu) is thought to have originated in China, along with <a href="/wiki/Soy_sauce" title="Soy sauce">soy sauce</a> and several varieties of <a href="/wiki/Soybean_paste" class="mw-redirect" title="Soybean paste">soybean paste</a> used as seasonings.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Japanese foods made from soya include <a href="/wiki/Miso" title="Miso">miso</a> (味噌), <a href="/wiki/Natt%C5%8D" title="Nattō">nattō</a> (納豆), <a href="/wiki/Kinako" title="Kinako">kinako</a> (黄粉) and edamame (枝豆), as well as products made with tofu such as <a href="/wiki/Atsuage" class="mw-redirect" title="Atsuage">atsuage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aburaage" class="mw-redirect" title="Aburaage">aburaage</a>. In China, whole dried soybeans are sold in supermarkets and used to cook various dishes, usually after rehydration by soaking in water; they find their use in soup or as a savory dish. In <a href="/wiki/Korean_cuisine" title="Korean cuisine">Korean cuisine</a>, soybean sprouts (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%BD%A9%EB%82%98%EB%AC%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="콩나물 (page does not exist)">콩나물</a> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%A9%EB%82%98%EB%AC%BC" class="extiw" title="ko:콩나물">ko</a>] <a href="/wiki/Kongnamul" class="mw-redirect" title="Kongnamul">kongnamul</a>) are used in a variety of dishes, and soybeans are the base ingredient in <a href="/wiki/Doenjang" title="Doenjang">doenjang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheonggukjang" title="Cheonggukjang">cheonggukjang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kanjang" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanjang">ganjang</a>. In Vietnam, soybeans are used to make soybean paste (<a href="/wiki/T%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Tương">tương</a>) in the North with the most popular products are tương Bần, tương Nam Đàn, tương Cự Đà as a garnish for <a href="/wiki/Ph%E1%BB%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="Phở">phở</a> and <a href="/wiki/G%E1%BB%8Fi_cu%E1%BB%91n" title="Gỏi cuốn">gỏi cuốn</a> dishes, as well as tofu (đậu hũ or đậu phụ or tàu hũ), soy sauce (nước tương), soy milk (nước đậu in the North or sữa đậu nành in the South), and đậu hũ nước đường (tofu sweet soup). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Flour">Flour</h4></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Soy_powder" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Soy powder">Soybean flour</a>.</div></div> </div> Soy flour refers to soybeans ground finely enough to pass through a 100-mesh or smaller screen where special care was taken during desolventizing (not toasted) to minimize <a href="/wiki/Denaturation_(biochemistry)" title="Denaturation (biochemistry)">denaturation</a> of the protein to retain a high <a href="/wiki/Protein_dispersibility_index" title="Protein dispersibility index">protein dispersibility index</a>, for uses such as <a href="/wiki/Food_extrusion" title="Food extrusion">food extrusion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Textured_vegetable_protein" title="Textured vegetable protein">textured vegetable protein</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[166]</a> It is the starting material for soy concentrate and protein isolate production. Soy flour can also be made by roasting the soybean, removing the coat (hull), and grinding it into flour. Soy flour is manufactured with different fat levels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELim2012637-170">[167]</a> Alternatively, raw soy flour omits the roasting step. <ul><li>Defatted soy flour is obtained from <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvent</a> <a href="/wiki/Extraction_(chemistry)" title="Extraction (chemistry)">extracted</a> flakes and contains less than 1% oil.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELim2012637-170">[167]</a></li> <li>"Natural or full-fat soy flour is made from unextracted, dehulled beans and contains about 18% to 20% oil."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELim2012637-170">[167]</a> Its high oil content requires the use of a specialized Alpine Fine Impact Mill to grind rather than the usual <a href="/wiki/Hammer_mill" title="Hammer mill">hammer mill</a>. Full-fat soy flour has a lower protein concentration than defatted flour. Extruded full-fat soy flour, ground in an Alpine mill, can replace/extend eggs in baking and cooking.<a href="#cite_note-171">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[169]</a> Full-fat soy flour is a component of the famous <a href="/wiki/Cornell_bread" title="Cornell bread">Cornell bread</a> recipe.<a href="#cite_note-173">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[172]</a></li> <li>Low-fat soy flour is made by adding some oil back into defatted soy flour. Fat levels range from 4.5% to 9%.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELim2012637-170">[167]</a></li> <li>High-fat soy flour can also be produced by adding back soybean oil to defatted flour, usually at 15%.<a href="#cite_note-176">[173]</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Soy_lecithin" class="mw-redirect" title="Soy lecithin">Soy lecithin</a> can be added (up to 15%) to soy flour to make lecithinated soy flour. It increases dispersibility and gives it emulsifying properties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELim2012637-170">[167]</a> Soy flour has 50% protein and 5% fiber. It has higher levels of protein, thiamine, riboflavin, phosphorus, calcium, and iron than <a href="/wiki/Wheat_flour" title="Wheat flour">wheat flour</a>. It does not contain <a href="/wiki/Gluten" title="Gluten">gluten</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELim2012637-170">[167]</a> As a result, <a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">yeast</a>-raised <a href="/wiki/Bread" title="Bread">breads</a> made with soy flour are dense in texture. Among many uses, soy flour thickens sauces, prevents <a href="/wiki/Staling" title="Staling">staling</a> in baked food, and reduces oil absorption during frying. Baking food with soy flour gives it tenderness, moistness, a rich color, and a fine texture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELim2012637-170">[167]</a> Soy grits are similar to soy flour, except the soybeans have been toasted and cracked into coarse pieces. <a href="/wiki/Kinako" title="Kinako">Kinako</a> is a soy flour used in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cuisine" title="Japanese cuisine">Japanese cuisine</a>. Section reference: <a href="#CITEREFSmithCircle1972">Smith & Circle (1972</a>, p. 442) harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFSmithCircle1972 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Soy-based_infant_formula">Soy-based infant formula</h4></div> Soy-based <a href="/wiki/Infant_formula" title="Infant formula">infant formula</a> (SBIF) is sometimes given to infants who are not being strictly breastfed; it can be useful for infants who are either allergic to pasteurized cow milk proteins or who are being fed a <a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">vegan</a> diet. It is sold in powdered, ready-to-feed, and concentrated liquid forms. Some reviews have expressed the opinion that more research is needed to determine what effect the phytoestrogens in soybeans may have on infants.<a href="#cite_note-177">[174]</a> Diverse studies have concluded there are no adverse effects in human growth, development, or reproduction as a result of the consumption of soy-based infant formula.<a href="#cite_note-178">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nutri-180">[177]</a> One of these studies, published in the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Nutrition" title="Journal of Nutrition">Journal of Nutrition</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Nutri-180">[177]</a> concludes that there are: <blockquote>... no clinical concerns with respect to nutritional adequacy, sexual development, neurobehavioral development, immune development, or thyroid disease. SBIFs provide complete nutrition that adequately supports normal infant growth and development. FDA has accepted SBIFs as safe for use as the sole source of nutrition.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Meat_and_dairy_alternatives_and_extenders">Meat and dairy alternatives and extenders</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JapaneseSoybeanMeat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/JapaneseSoybeanMeat.jpg/220px-JapaneseSoybeanMeat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/JapaneseSoybeanMeat.jpg/330px-JapaneseSoybeanMeat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/JapaneseSoybeanMeat.jpg/440px-JapaneseSoybeanMeat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1474" /></a><figcaption>Japanese soybean meat</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chives_Cream_Sheese.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Package of a soy-based cream cheese alternative with chives" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Chives_Cream_Sheese.jpg/220px-Chives_Cream_Sheese.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Chives_Cream_Sheese.jpg/330px-Chives_Cream_Sheese.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Chives_Cream_Sheese.jpg/440px-Chives_Cream_Sheese.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="637" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cream_cheese" title="Cream cheese">Cream cheese</a> alternative with <a href="/wiki/Chives" title="Chives">chives</a></figcaption></figure> Soybeans can be processed to produce a texture and appearance similar to many other foods. For example, soybeans are the primary ingredient in many <a href="/wiki/Dairy_product" title="Dairy product">dairy product</a> substitutes (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Soy_milk" title="Soy milk">soy milk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margarine" title="Margarine">margarine</a>, soy ice cream, <a href="/wiki/Soy_yogurt" title="Soy yogurt">soy yogurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soy_cheese" class="mw-redirect" title="Soy cheese">soy cheese</a>, and soy cream cheese) and meat alternatives (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Veggie_burgers" class="mw-redirect" title="Veggie burgers">veggie burgers</a>). These substitutes are readily available in most supermarkets. Soy milk does not naturally contain significant amounts of digestible <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>. Many manufacturers of soy milk sell calcium-enriched products, as well. Soy products also are used as a low-cost substitute for meat and poultry products.<a href="#cite_note-181">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[179]</a> Food service, retail and institutional (primarily school lunch and correctional) facilities regularly use such "extended" products. The extension may result in diminished flavor, but fat and cholesterol are reduced. Vitamin and mineral fortification can be used to make soy products nutritionally equivalent to animal protein; the protein quality is already roughly equivalent. The soy-based meat substitute <a href="/wiki/Textured_vegetable_protein" title="Textured vegetable protein">textured vegetable protein</a> has been used for more than 50 years as a way of inexpensively extending <a href="/wiki/Ground_beef" title="Ground beef">ground beef</a> without reducing its nutritional value.<a href="#cite_note-Riaz2006-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Soy_nut_butter">Soy nut butter</h4></div> The soybean is used to make a product called soy <a href="/wiki/Nut_butter" title="Nut butter">nut butter</a> which is similar in texture to peanut butter.<a href="#cite_note-185">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sweetened_soybean">Sweetened soybean</h4></div> Sweet-boiled beans are popular in Japan and Korea, and the sweet-boiled soybeans are called "Daizu no <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nimame&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nimame (page does not exist)">Nimame</a> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%85%AE%E8%B1%86" class="extiw" title="ja:煮豆">ja</a>]" in Japan and Kongjorim (<a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: 콩조림) in Korea. Sweet-boiled beans are even used in sweetened buns, especially in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mame_Pan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mame Pan (page does not exist)">Mame Pan</a> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B1%86%E3%83%91%E3%83%B3" class="extiw" title="ja:豆パン">ja</a>]. The boiled and pasted edamame, called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zunda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zunda (page does not exist)">Zunda</a> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%81%9A%E3%82%93%E3%81%A0" class="extiw" title="ja:ずんだ">ja</a>], is used as one of the <a href="/wiki/Sweet_bean_paste" title="Sweet bean paste">Sweet bean pastes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wagashi" title="Wagashi">Japanese confections</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Coffee_substitute">Coffee substitute</h4></div> Roasted and ground soybeans can be a caffeine-free substitute for <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a>. After the soybeans are roasted and ground, they look similar to regular coffee beans or can be used as a powder similar to instant coffee, with the aroma and flavor of roasted soybeans.<a href="#cite_note-186">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_products">Other products</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Display_of_soybean_wax_candle_in_Texas_store.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Display of soybean wax candle in Texas store" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Display_of_soybean_wax_candle_in_Texas_store.jpg/220px-Display_of_soybean_wax_candle_in_Texas_store.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Display_of_soybean_wax_candle_in_Texas_store.jpg/330px-Display_of_soybean_wax_candle_in_Texas_store.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Display_of_soybean_wax_candle_in_Texas_store.jpg/440px-Display_of_soybean_wax_candle_in_Texas_store.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></figcaption></figure> Soybeans with black hulls are used in Chinese fermented black beans, <a href="/wiki/Douchi" title="Douchi">douchi</a>, not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Black_turtle_bean" title="Black turtle bean">black turtle beans</a>. Soybeans are also used in industrial products, including oils, soap, cosmetics, <a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resins</a>, plastics, inks, crayons, <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvents</a>, and clothing. Soybean oil is the primary source of <a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">biodiesel</a> in the United States, accounting for 80% of domestic biodiesel production.<a href="#cite_note-187">[184]</a> Soybeans have also been used since 2001 as fermenting stock in the manufacture of a brand of <a href="/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka">vodka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-188">[185]</a> In 1936, Ford Motor Company developed a method where soybeans and fibers were rolled together producing a soup which was then pressed into various parts for their cars, from the distributor cap to knobs on the dashboard. Ford also informed in public relation releases that in 1935 over five million acres (20,000 km2) was dedicated to growing soybeans in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-PM_Apr_1936-189">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Potential_health_benefits">Potential health benefits</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reducing_risk_of_cancer">Reducing risk of cancer</h3></div> According to the <a href="/wiki/American_Cancer_Society" title="American Cancer Society">American Cancer Society</a>, "There is growing evidence that eating traditional soy foods such as tofu may lower the risk of cancers of the breast, prostate, or endometrium (lining of the uterus), and there is some evidence it may lower the risk of certain other cancers." There is insufficient research to indicate whether taking soy <a href="/wiki/Dietary_supplement" title="Dietary supplement">dietary supplements</a> (e.g., as a pill or capsule) has any effect on health or cancer risk.<a href="#cite_note-190">[187]</a> As of 2018, rigorous dietary <a href="/wiki/Clinical_research" title="Clinical research">clinical research</a> in people with cancer has proved inconclusive.<a href="#cite_note-lpi-155">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yu-191">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tse-192">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-acs-193">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-vandie-194">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Breast_cancer">Breast cancer</h4></div> Although considerable research has examined the potential for soy consumption to lower the risk of <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast cancer</a> in women, as of 2016 there is insufficient evidence to reach a conclusion about a relationship between soy consumption and any effects on breast cancer.<a href="#cite_note-lpi-155">[152]</a> A 2011 <a href="/wiki/Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">meta-analysis</a> stated: "Our study suggests soy isoflavones intake is associated with a significant reduced risk of breast cancer incidence in Asian populations, but not in Western populations."<a href="#cite_note-195">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gastrointestinal_and_colorectal_cancer">Gastrointestinal and colorectal cancer</h4></div> Reviews of preliminary clinical trials on people with <a href="/wiki/Colorectal_cancer" title="Colorectal cancer">colorectal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_cancer" title="Gastrointestinal cancer">gastrointestinal cancer</a> suggest that soy isoflavones may have a slight protective effect against such cancers.<a href="#cite_note-Yu-191">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tse-192">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prostate_cancer">Prostate cancer</h4></div> A 2016 review concluded that "current evidence from <a href="/wiki/Observational_study" title="Observational study">observational studies</a> and small clinical trials is not robust enough to understand whether soy protein or <a href="/wiki/Isoflavone" title="Isoflavone">isoflavone</a> supplements may help prevent or inhibit the progression of <a href="/wiki/Prostate_cancer" title="Prostate cancer">prostate cancer</a>."<a href="#cite_note-lpi-155">[152]</a> A 2010 review showed that neither soy foods nor isoflavone supplements alter measures of bioavailable <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a> or <a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">estrogen</a> concentrations in men.<a href="#cite_note-196">[193]</a> Soy consumption has been shown to have no effect on the levels and quality of <a href="/wiki/Sperm" title="Sperm">sperm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-197">[194]</a> <a href="/wiki/Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">Meta-analyses</a> on the association between soy consumption and prostate cancer risk in men concluded that dietary soy may lower the risk of prostate cancer.<a href="#cite_note-198">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-vandie-194">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cardiovascular_health">Cardiovascular health</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) granted the following health claim for soy: "25 grams of soy protein a day, as part of a diet low in <a href="/wiki/Saturated_fat" title="Saturated fat">saturated fat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a>, may reduce the risk of <a href="/wiki/Heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart disease">heart disease</a>."<a href="#cite_note-fda-chd-139">[136]</a> One serving, (1 cup or 240 mL) of soy milk, for instance, contains 6 or 7 grams of soy protein. An <a href="/wiki/American_Heart_Association" title="American Heart Association">American Heart Association</a> (AHA) review of a decade long study of soy protein benefits did not recommend <a href="/wiki/Isoflavone" title="Isoflavone">isoflavone</a> supplementation. The review panel also found that soy isoflavones have not been shown to reduce post-menopausal "hot flashes" and the efficacy and safety of isoflavones to help prevent cancers of the breast, uterus or prostate is in question. AHA concluded that "many soy products should be beneficial to cardiovascular and overall health because of their high content of <a href="/wiki/Polyunsaturated_fat" title="Polyunsaturated fat">polyunsaturated fats</a>, fiber, vitamins, and minerals and low content of saturated fat".<a href="#cite_note-cardio-199">[196]</a> Other studies found that soy protein consumption could lower the <a href="/wiki/Concentration" title="Concentration">concentration</a> of <a href="/wiki/Low-density_lipoprotein" title="Low-density lipoprotein">low-density lipoproteins</a> (LDL) transporting fats in the extracellular water to <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a>.<a href="#cite_note-200">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research_by_constituent">Research by constituent</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lignans">Lignans</h4></div> Plant <a href="/wiki/Lignans" class="mw-redirect" title="Lignans">lignans</a> are associated with high fiber foods such as cereal brans and beans are the principal precursor to mammalian lignans which have an ability to bind to human estrogen sites. Soybeans are a significant source of mammalian lignan precursor <a href="/wiki/Secoisolariciresinol" title="Secoisolariciresinol">secoisolariciresinol</a> containing 13–273 μg/100 g dry weight.<a href="#cite_note-202">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Phytochemicals">Phytochemicals</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Phytochemicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Phytochemicals">Phytochemicals</a></div> Soybeans and processed soy foods are among the richest foods in total <a href="/wiki/Phytoestrogen" title="Phytoestrogen">phytoestrogens</a> (wet basis per 100 g), which are present primarily in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Isoflavone" title="Isoflavone">isoflavones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daidzein" title="Daidzein">daidzein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genistein" title="Genistein">genistein</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lpi-155">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[200]</a> Because most naturally occurring phytoestrogens act as <a href="/wiki/Selective_estrogen_receptor_modulators" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective estrogen receptor modulators">selective estrogen receptor modulators</a>, or SERMs, which do not necessarily act as direct agonists of estrogen receptors, normal consumption of foods that contain these phytoestrogens should not provide sufficient amounts to elicit a physiological response in humans.<a href="#cite_note-pmid11352776-204">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[202]</a> The major product of daidzein microbial metabolism is <a href="/wiki/Equol" title="Equol">equol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid30614249-206">[203]</a> Only 33% of Western Europeans have a <a href="/wiki/Microbiome" title="Microbiome">microbiome</a> that produces equol, compared to 50–55% of Asians.<a href="#cite_note-pmid30614249-206">[203]</a> Soy isoflavones—<a href="/wiki/Polyphenol" title="Polyphenol">polyphenolic</a> compounds that are also produced by other legumes like peanuts and <a href="/wiki/Chickpea" title="Chickpea">chickpeas</a><a href="#cite_note-lpi-155">[152]</a>—are under preliminary research. As of 2016, no <a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">cause-and-effect</a> relationship has been shown in <a href="/wiki/Clinical_research" title="Clinical research">clinical research</a> to indicate that soy isoflavones lower the risk of cardiovascular diseases.<a href="#cite_note-lpi-155">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-cardio-199">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Phytic_acid">Phytic acid</h4></div> Soybeans contain <a href="/wiki/Phytic_acid" title="Phytic acid">phytic acid</a>, which may act as a <a href="/wiki/Chelation" title="Chelation">chelating agent</a> and inhibit mineral absorption, especially for diets already low in minerals.<a href="#cite_note-208">[205]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_culture">In culture</h2></div> Although observations of soy consumption inducing <a href="/wiki/Gynecomastia" title="Gynecomastia">gynecomastia</a> on men<a href="#cite_note-209">[206]</a> are not conclusive,<a href="#cite_note-210">[207]</a> a pejorative term, "<a href="/wiki/Soy_boy" title="Soy boy">soy boy</a>", has emerged to describe perceived emasculated young men with <a href="/wiki/Femininity" title="Femininity">feminine</a> traits.<a href="#cite_note-211">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Futures">Futures</h2></div> Soybean <a href="/wiki/Futures_contract" title="Futures contract">futures</a> are traded on the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Board_of_Trade" title="Chicago Board of Trade">Chicago Board of Trade</a> and have delivery dates in January (F), March (H), May (K), July (N), August (Q), September (U), November (X). They are also traded on other commodity futures exchanges under different contract specifications: <ul><li>SAFEX: <a href="/wiki/The_South_African_Futures_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="The South African Futures Exchange">The South African Futures Exchange</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[209]</a></li> <li>DC: <a href="/wiki/Dalian_Commodity_Exchange" title="Dalian Commodity Exchange">Dalian Commodity Exchange</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[210]</a></li> <li>ODE: <a href="/wiki/Osaka_Dojima_Commodity_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Osaka Dojima Commodity Exchange">Osaka Dojima Commodity Exchange</a> (formerly Kansai Commodities Exchange, KEX) in Japan<a href="#cite_note-214">[211]</a></li> <li>NCDEX: National Commodity and Derivatives Exchange, India.</li> <li>ROFEX: Rosario Grain Exchange in Argentina</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Glycine_max" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Glycine max">Soybean</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1920 <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana">Encyclopedia Americana</a> article <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Soy_bean" class="extiw" title="s:The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Soy bean">Soy bean</a>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/48px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/64px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col div-col-small" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fodder#Common_plants_specifically_grown_for_fodder" title="Fodder">Alternative fodders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cash_crop" title="Cash crop">Cash crop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_soy-based_foods" title="List of soy-based foods">List of soy-based foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_infant_formula" title="Organic infant formula">Organic infant formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soy_molasses" title="Soy molasses">Soy molasses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soybean_in_Paraguay" title="Soybean in Paraguay">Soybean in Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soybean_management_practices" title="Soybean management practices">Soybean management practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soybean_agglutinin" title="Soybean agglutinin">Soybean agglutinin</a>, a lectin</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>da Silva, Claiton Marcio; de Majo, Claudio, eds. The Age of the Soybean: An Environmental History of Soy during the Great Acceleration (White Horse Press, 2022) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=58897">online review</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-eol-1"><a href="#cite_ref-eol_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eol.org/pages/641527/overview">"Glycine max"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">Encyclopedia of Life</a> (EoL). Retrieved February 16, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Glycine+max&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+of+Life+%28EoL%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feol.org%2Fpages%2F641527%2Foverview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoybean" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Generally written in katakana, not kanji. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Glycine.html#max">"Glycine max"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Multilingual_Multiscript_Plant_Name_Database" title="Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database">Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database</a>. Retrieved February 16, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Glycine+max&rft.pub=Multilingual+Multiscript+Plant+Name+Database&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au%2FSorting%2FGlycine.html%23max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoybean" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rotundo-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rotundo_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rotundo_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rotundo_4-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRotundoMarshallMcCormickTruong2024" class="citation journal cs1">Rotundo JL, Marshall R, McCormick R, et al. (March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10982307">"European soybean to benefit people and the environment"</a>. Scientific Reports. 14 (1): 7612. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024NatSR..14.7612R">2024NatSR..14.7612R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-024-57522-z">10.1038/s41598-024-57522-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10982307">10982307</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38556523">38556523</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=European+soybean+to+benefit+people+and+the+environment&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7612&rft.date=2024-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10982307%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38556523&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-024-57522-z&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2024NatSR..14.7612R&rft.aulast=Rotundo&rft.aufirst=JL&rft.au=Marshall%2C+R&rft.au=McCormick%2C+R&rft.au=Truong%2C+SK&rft.au=Styles%2C+D&rft.au=Gerde%2C+JA&rft.au=Gonzalez-Escobar%2C+E&rft.au=Carmo-Silva%2C+E&rft.au=Janes-Bassett%2C+V&rft.au=Logue%2C+J&rft.au=Annicchiarico%2C+P&rft.au=de+Visser%2C+C&rft.au=Dind%2C+A&rft.au=Dodd%2C+IC&rft.au=Dye%2C+L&rft.au=Long%2C+SP&rft.au=Lopes%2C+MS&rft.au=Pannecoucque%2C+J&rft.au=Reckling%2C+M&rft.au=Rushton%2C+J&rft.au=Schmid%2C+N&rft.au=Shield%2C+I&rft.au=Signor%2C+M&rft.au=Messina%2C+CD&rft.au=Rufino%2C+MC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10982307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoybean" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Riaz2006-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Riaz2006_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Riaz2006_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiaz2006" class="citation book cs1">Riaz MN (2006). Soy Applications in Food. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-2981-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-2981-4"><bdi>978-0-8493-2981-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soy+Applications+in+Food&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+FL&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-2981-4&rft.aulast=Riaz&rft.aufirst=Mian+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoybean" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-soy" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/6140796016">"soy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2FOED%2F6140796016">10.1093/OED/6140796016</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=soy&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2FOED%2F6140796016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2FOED%2F6140796016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoybean" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-7"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHymowitzNewell1981" class="citation journal cs1">Hymowitz T, Newell C (July 1, 1981). "Taxonomy of the genus Glycine, domestication and uses of soybeans". <a href="/wiki/Economic_Botany" title="Economic Botany">Economic Botany</a>. 35 (3): 272–88. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981EcBot..35..272H">1981EcBot..35..272H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02859119">10.1007/BF02859119</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21509807">21509807</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Botany&rft.atitle=Taxonomy+of+the+genus+Glycine%2C+domestication+and+uses+of+soybeans&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E272-%3C%2Fspan%3E88&rft.date=1981-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21509807%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02859119&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1981EcBot..35..272H&rft.aulast=Hymowitz&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Newell%2C+C.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoybean" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MP197Chapter2-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MP197Chapter2_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MP197Chapter2_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MP197Chapter2_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MP197Chapter2_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MP197Chapter2_8-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MP197Chapter2_8-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurcellSalmeronAshlock2014" class="citation book cs1">Purcell LC, Salmeron M, Ashlock L (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304011452/http://www.uaex.edu/publications/mp-197.aspx">"Chapter 2"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uaex.edu/publications/mp-197.aspx">Arkansas Soybean Production Handbook – MP197</a>. Little Rock: University of Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service. pp. 1–8. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uaex.edu/publications/pdf/mp197/chapter2.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 21, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+2&rft.btitle=Arkansas+Soybean+Production+Handbook+%E2%80%93+MP197&rft.place=Little+Rock&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.pub=University+of+Arkansas+Cooperative+Extension+Service&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Purcell&rft.aufirst=Larry+C.&rft.au=Salmeron%2C+Montserrat&rft.au=Ashlock%2C+Lanny&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uaex.edu%2Fpublications%2Fpdf%2Fmp197%2Fchapter2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoybean" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MP197Chapter19-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MP197Chapter19_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MP197Chapter19_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurcellSalmeronAshlock2000" class="citation book cs1">Purcell LC, Salmeron M, Ashlock L (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304011452/http://www.uaex.edu/publications/mp-197.aspx">"Chapter 19: Soybean Facts"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uaex.edu/publications/mp-197.aspx">Arkansas Soybean Production Handbook – MP197</a>. Little Rock, AR: University of Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service. p. 1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uaex.edu/publications/pdf/mp197/chapter19.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved September 5, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+19%3A+Soybean+Facts&rft.btitle=Arkansas+Soybean+Production+Handbook+%E2%80%93+MP197&rft.place=Little+Rock%2C+AR&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=University+of+Arkansas+Cooperative+Extension+Service&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Purcell&rft.aufirst=Larry+C.&rft.au=Salmeron%2C+Montserrat&rft.au=Ashlock%2C+Lanny&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uaex.edu%2Fpublications%2Fpdf%2Fmp197%2Fchapter19.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoybean" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennettRhetoricHicksNaeve2014" class="citation book cs1">Bennett JM, Rhetoric E, Hicks DR, et al. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130930151502/http://www1.extension.umn.edu/agriculture/soybean/docs/minnesota-soybean-field-book.pdf">The Minnesota Soybean Field Book</a> (PDF). St Paul, MN: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Extension" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Minnesota Extension">University of Minnesota Extension</a>. p. 33. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.extension.umn.edu/agriculture/soybean/docs/minnesota-soybean-field-book.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on September 30, 2013. Retrieved September 16, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Minnesota+Soybean+Field+Book&rft.place=St+Paul%2C+MN&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Extension&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=J.+Michael&rft.au=Rhetoric%2C+Emeritus&rft.au=Hicks%2C+Dale+R.&rft.au=Naeve%2C+Seth+L.&rft.au=Bennett%2C+Nancy+Bush&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.extension.umn.edu%2Fagriculture%2Fsoybean%2Fdocs%2Fminnesota-soybean-field-book.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoybean" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShurtleffAoyagi2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Shurtleff" title="William Shurtleff">Shurtleff W</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akiko_Aoyagi" title="Akiko Aoyagi">Aoyagi A</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0gtpCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA490">History of Soybeans and Soyfoods in Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Finland (1735–2015): Extensively Annotated Bibliography and Sourcebook</a>. Lafayette: Soyinfo Center. p. 490. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-928914-80-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-928914-80-8"><bdi>978-1-928914-80-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Soybeans+and+Soyfoods+in+Sweden%2C+Norway%2C+Denmark+and+Finland+%281735%E2%80%932015%29%3A+Extensively+Annotated+Bibliography+and+Sourcebook&rft.place=Lafayette&rft.pages=490&rft.pub=Soyinfo+Center&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-928914-80-8&rft.aulast=Shurtleff&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Aoyagi%2C+Akiko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0gtpCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA490&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoybean" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReisig" class="citation web cs1">Reisig D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210628160525/http://www.ncagr.gov/pollinators/documents/DominicReisig-NCPollinatorProtectionSoybeans.pdf">"Soybean flowering, pollination, and bees"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Department_of_Agriculture_%26_Consumer_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="North Carolina Department of Agriculture & Consumer Services">North Carolina Department of Agriculture & Consumer Services</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncagr.gov/pollinators/documents/DominicReisig-NCPollinatorProtectionSoybeans.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on June 28, 2021. Retrieved July 15, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=North+Carolina+Department+of+Agriculture+%26+Consumer+Services&rft.atitle=Soybean+flowering%2C+pollination%2C+and+bees&rft.aulast=Reisig&rft.aufirst=Dominic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncagr.gov%2Fpollinators%2Fdocuments%2FDominicReisig-NCPollinatorProtectionSoybeans.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoybean" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackmanObendorfLeopold1992" class="citation journal cs1">Blackman S, Obendorf R, Leopold A (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1075542">"Maturation Proteins and Sugars in Desiccation Tolerance of Developing Soybean Seeds"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Plant_Physiology_(journal)" title="Plant Physiology (journal)">Plant Physiology</a>. 100 (1): 225–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1104%2Fpp.100.1.225">10.1104/pp.100.1.225</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1075542">1075542</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16652951">16652951</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant+Physiology&rft.atitle=Maturation+Proteins+and+Sugars+in+Desiccation+Tolerance+of+Developing+Soybean+Seeds&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E225-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1075542%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16652951&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1104%2Fpp.100.1.225&rft.aulast=Blackman&rft.aufirst=S.A.&rft.au=Obendorf%2C+R.L.&rft.au=Leopold%2C+A.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1075542&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoybean" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> See <a href="#Nutrition">Nutrition</a> table </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorke,_Walker_and_Wrigley2004" class="citation book cs1">Corke, Walker and Wrigley (2004). 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Free online.) </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_96-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_96-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShurtleffAoyagi2008" class="citation book cs1">Shurtleff W, Aoyagi A (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=urb6IPmxwU8C&q=soybean+turkey&pg=PA7">History of Soybeans and Soyfoods in the Middle East: Extensively Annotated Bibliography and Sourcebook</a>. 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Out of 807 resistant varieties listed by ISU this year, just 18 had a genetic background outside of PI 88788. "We have lots of varieties to pick from, but the genetic background is not as diverse as we would like it to be," says Tylka. </li> <li id="cite_note-overcome-resis-50"><a href="#cite_ref-overcome-resis_50-0">^</a> There have been cases where SCN has clipped yields of SCN-resistant varieties. Reliance on the main genetic source of SCN resistance (PI 88788)may be helping SCN to overcome SCN-resistant varieties. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLim2012" class="citation book cs1">Lim TK (2012). "Glycine max". Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants. 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Soy" title="Template:Soy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Soy" title="Template talk:Soy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Soy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Soy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Soy_(Glycine_max)278" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Soy</a> (Glycine max)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soy_allergy" title="Soy allergy">Soy allergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soy_candle" title="Soy candle">Soy candle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soy_ink" title="Soy ink">Soy ink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soy_molasses" title="Soy molasses">Soy molasses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soy_paint" title="Soy paint">Soy paint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soy_protein" title="Soy protein">Soy protein</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Soybean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_soybean_diseases" title="List of soybean diseases">Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soybean_meal" title="Soybean meal">Soybean meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soybean_oil" title="Soybean oil">Soybean oil</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Soybean.USDA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Soybean.USDA.jpg/80px-Soybean.USDA.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Soybean.USDA.jpg/120px-Soybean.USDA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Soybean.USDA.jpg/160px-Soybean.USDA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="951" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soy-based dishes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_soy-based_foods" title="List of soy-based foods">List of soy-based foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aburaage" class="mw-redirect" title="Aburaage">Aburaage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agedashi_tofu" class="mw-redirect" title="Agedashi tofu">Agedashi tofu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bai_ye" class="mw-redirect" title="Bai ye">Bai ye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douhua" title="Douhua">Douhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubu_kimchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubu kimchi">Dubu kimchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edamame" title="Edamame">Edamame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiyayakko" title="Hiyayakko">Hiyayakko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongguksu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kongguksu">Kongguksu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongnamul" class="mw-redirect" title="Kongnamul">Kongnamul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapo_doufu" class="mw-redirect" title="Mapo doufu">Mapo doufu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miso_soup" title="Miso soup">Miso soup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundubu_jjigae" class="mw-redirect" title="Sundubu jjigae">Sundubu jjigae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahu_goreng" title="Tahu goreng">Tahu goreng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofu_skin_roll" title="Tofu skin roll">Tofu skin roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yong_tau_foo" title="Yong tau foo">Yong tau foo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_milk" title="Plant milk">Plant milk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soy_milk" title="Soy milk">Soy milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soy_yogurt" title="Soy yogurt">Soy yogurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_cheese" title="Vegan cheese">Vegan cheese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Meat_analogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Meat analogue">Meat analogues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beanfeast" title="Beanfeast">Beanfeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempeh" title="Tempeh">Tempeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textured_vegetable_protein" title="Textured vegetable protein">Textured vegetable protein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofu" title="Tofu">Tofu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofurkey" title="Tofurkey">Tofurkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_hot_dog" title="Vegetarian hot dog">Vegetarian hot dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veggie_burger" title="Veggie burger">Veggie burger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sauces and condiments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soy_sauce" title="Soy sauce">Soy sauce</a> based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganjang" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganjang">Ganjang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponzu" title="Ponzu">Ponzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_soy_sauce" title="Sweet soy sauce">Sweet soy sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soy_sauce#Japanese" title="Soy sauce">Tamari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teriyaki" title="Teriyaki">Teriyaki</a></li> <li>Tsuyu</li> <li>Yìn yóu</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pastes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doenjang" title="Doenjang">Doenjang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubanjiang" title="Doubanjiang">Doubanjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miso" title="Miso">Miso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_bean_sauce" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweet bean sauce">Sweet bean sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_soybean_paste" title="Yellow soybean paste">Yellow soybean paste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Tương">Tương</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fermented bean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhuni" title="Akhuni">Akhuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermented_bean_curd" title="Fermented bean curd">Fermented bean curd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douchi" title="Douchi">Douchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinema" title="Kinema">Kinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tauco" title="Tauco">Tauco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natt%C5%8D" title="Nattō">Nattō</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other foods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mamenori" title="Mamenori">Mamenori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_tofu" title="Mao tofu">Mao tofu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncom" title="Oncom">Oncom</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Flour">Soy flour</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Infant_formula">Soy milk based infant formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soy_nut" title="Soy nut">Soy nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soy_pulp" class="mw-redirect" title="Soy pulp">Soy pulp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stinky_tofu" title="Stinky tofu">Stinky tofu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofu_skin" title="Tofu skin">Tofu skin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fermented_soy_products" title="List of fermented soy products">List of fermented soy products</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biochemicals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phytoestrogens" class="mw-redirect" title="Phytoestrogens">Phytoestrogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genistein" title="Genistein">Genistein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genistin" title="Genistin">Genistin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycitein" title="Glycitein">Glycitein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycitin" title="Glycitin">Glycitin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ononin" title="Ononin">Ononin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daidzein" title="Daidzein">Daidzein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equol" title="Equol">Equol</a> (metabolite)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/O-Desmethylangolensin" title="O-Desmethylangolensin">O-DMA</a> (metabolite)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daidzin" title="Daidzin">Daidzin</a> (leaves)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Globulins (proteins)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta-conglycinin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beta-conglycinin (page does not exist)">Beta-conglycinin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glycinin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glycinin (page does not exist)">Glycinin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phytohaemagglutinin" title="Phytohaemagglutinin">PHAs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lectin" title="Lectin">lectins</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soybean_agglutinin" title="Soybean agglutinin">Soybean agglutinin</a> (lectin)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Enzymes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta-amylase" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-amylase">Beta-amylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipoxygenase" title="Lipoxygenase">Lipoxygenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cysteine_protease" title="Cysteine protease">Cysteine proteases</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trypsin_inhibitor" title="Trypsin inhibitor">Trypsin inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunitz_inhibitor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kunitz inhibitor (page does not exist)">Kunitz inhibitor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bowman-Birk_inhibitor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bowman-Birk inhibitor (page does not exist)">Bowman-Birk inhibitor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soy_lecithin" class="mw-redirect" title="Soy lecithin">Soy lecithin</a> (mix of <a href="/wiki/Phospholipid" title="Phospholipid">Phospholipids</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunasin" title="Lunasin">Lunasin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsaponifiable" class="mw-redirect" title="Unsaponifiable">Unsaponifiables</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tocopherol" title="Tocopherol">Tocopherols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterols" class="mw-redirect" title="Sterols">Sterols</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antinutrient" title="Antinutrient">Antinutrients</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phytates" class="mw-redirect" title="Phytates">Phytates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protease_Inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Protease Inhibitors">Protease Inhibitors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cystatin" title="Cystatin">Cystatins</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/8th_Continent" title="8th Continent">8th Continent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpro" title="Alpro">Alpro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boca_Burger" title="Boca Burger">Boca Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardenburger" title="Gardenburger">Gardenburger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kikkoman" title="Kikkoman">Kikkoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morningstar_Farms" title="Morningstar Farms">Morningstar Farms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mr_Bean_(company)" title="Mr Bean (company)">Mr Bean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plamil_Foods" title="Plamil Foods">Plamil Foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_(brand)" title="Silk (brand)">Silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/So_Good_(soy_beverage)" class="mw-redirect" title="So Good (soy beverage)">So Good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofutti" title="Tofutti">Tofutti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitasoy" title="Vitasoy">Vitasoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamasa" title="Yamasa">Yamasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeo_Hiap_Seng" title="Yeo Hiap Seng">Yeo Hiap Seng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diet_for_a_Small_Planet" title="Diet for a Small Planet">Diet for a Small Planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kikkoman_Soy_Sauce_Museum" title="Kikkoman Soy Sauce Museum">Kikkoman Soy Sauce Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Shurtleff" title="William Shurtleff">William Shurtleff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Akiko_Aoyagi" title="Akiko Aoyagi">Akiko Aoyagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuasa,_Wakayama" title="Yuasa, Wakayama">Yuasa</a>, artisan town of historic soy sauce distilleries</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Soybeans" title="Category:Soybeans">Category: Soybeans</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lists_of_countries_by_agricultural_output_rankings528" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Agriculture_country_lists" title="Template:Agriculture country lists"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Agriculture_country_lists" title="Template talk:Agriculture country lists"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Agriculture_country_lists" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Agriculture country lists"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lists_of_countries_by_agricultural_output_rankings528" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories" title="Lists of sovereign states and dependent territories">Lists of countries</a> by <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_producing_countries_of_agricultural_commodities" title="List of largest producing countries of agricultural commodities">agricultural output</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_international_rankings" title="List of international rankings">rankings</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_cereal_production" title="List of countries by cereal production">Cereals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_barley_production" title="List of countries by barley production">Barley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckwheat#Production" title="Buckwheat">Buckwheat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_corn_production_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="International corn production statistics">Corn/Maize</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_maize_exports" title="List of countries by maize exports">exports</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millet#Production" title="Millet">Millet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oat#Production_and_trade" title="Oat">Oat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_rice_production" title="List of countries by rice production">Rice</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_rice_exports" title="List of countries by rice exports">exports</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rye#Production_and_consumption" title="Rye">Rye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_sorghum#Cultivation_and_uses" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial sorghum">Sorghum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triticale#Conventional_breeding_approaches" title="Triticale">Triticale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_wheat_production_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="International wheat production statistics">Wheat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_wheat_exports" title="List of countries by wheat exports">exports</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_fruit_production" title="List of countries by fruit production">Fruit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_apple_production" title="List of countries by apple production">Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_apricot_production" title="List of countries by apricot production">Apricot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_avocado_production" title="List of countries by avocado production">Avocado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana#Production_and_export" title="Banana">Banana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_cherry_production" title="List of countries by cherry production">Cherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_production" title="Citrus production">Citrus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orange_(fruit)#Production" title="Orange (fruit)">Orange</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_coconut_production" title="List of countries by coconut production">Coconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_cucumber_production" title="List of countries by cucumber production">Cucumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_eggplant_production" title="List of countries by eggplant production">Eggplant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_grape_production" title="List of countries by grape production">Grape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemon#Production" title="Lemon">Lemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lime_(fruit)#Production" title="Lime (fruit)">Lime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mango#Cultivation" title="Mango">Mango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_papaya_production" title="List of countries by papaya production">Papaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pear_production_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Pear production by country">Pear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_pineapple_production" title="List of countries by pineapple production">Pineapple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_plum_production" title="List of countries by plum production">Plum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raspberry#Production" title="Raspberry">Raspberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_tomato_production" title="List of countries by tomato production">Tomato</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_vegetable_production" title="List of countries by vegetable production">Vegetables</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_artichoke_production" title="List of countries by artichoke production">Artichoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrot#Production" title="Carrot">Carrot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_garlic_production" title="List of countries by garlic production">Garlic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_onion_production" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by onion production">Onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_potato_production" title="List of countries by potato production">Potato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapeseed#Production" title="Rapeseed">Rapeseed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_soybean_production" title="List of countries by soybean production">Soybean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrot#Production" title="Carrot">Turnip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theobroma_cacao#Cultivation" title="Theobroma cacao">Cacao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">Cassava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_coffee_production" title="List of countries by coffee production">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton#Leading_producer_countries" title="Cotton">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_by_country" title="Fishing industry by country">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_meat_production" title="List of countries by meat production">Meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_milk_production" title="List of countries by milk production">Milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil#Production" title="Palm oil">Palm oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet#Production_statistics" title="Sugar beet">Sugar beet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugarcane#Production" title="Sugarcane">Sugar cane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunflower_seed#Cultivation" title="Sunflower seed">Sunflower seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea#Production" title="Tea">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_industry#Production_by_country_or_region" title="Tobacco industry">Tobacco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wine-producing countries">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_irrigated_land_area" title="List of countries by irrigated land area">Irrigated land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use_statistics_by_country" title="Land use statistics by country">Land use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_organic_farmland" title="List of countries by organic farmland">Organic farmland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:center"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_rankings" title="List of international rankings">List of international rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_by_country" title="Lists by country">Lists by country</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Veganism_and_vegetarianism366" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Veganism_and_vegetarianism" title="Template:Veganism and vegetarianism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Veganism_and_vegetarianism" title="Template talk:Veganism and vegetarianism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Veganism_and_vegetarianism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Veganism and vegetarianism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Veganism_and_vegetarianism366" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Veganism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">vegetarianism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perspectives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Veganism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal-free_agriculture" title="Animal-free agriculture">Animal-free agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_veganism" title="Black veganism">Black veganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruitarianism" title="Fruitarianism">Fruitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganism#History" title="Veganism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_veganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Raw veganism">Raw veganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_edge" title="Straight edge">Straight edge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardline_(subculture)" title="Hardline (subculture)">Hardline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_nutrition" title="Vegan nutrition">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_organic_agriculture" title="Vegan organic agriculture">Vegan organic agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_school_meal" title="Vegan school meal">Vegan school meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_studies" title="Vegan studies">Vegan studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_vegetarianism" title="Economic vegetarianism">Economic vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_vegetarianism" title="Environmental vegetarianism">Environmental vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_vegetarianism" title="History of vegetarianism">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_in_the_Romantic_Era" title="Vegetarianism in the Romantic Era">Romantic Era</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopathy" title="Orthopathy">Orthopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacto_vegetarianism" title="Lacto vegetarianism">Lacto vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacto-ovo_vegetarianism" title="Lacto-ovo vegetarianism">Lacto-ovo vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovo_vegetarianism" title="Ovo vegetarianism">Ovo vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_cuisine" title="Vegetarian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Diet_Pyramid" title="Vegetarian Diet Pyramid">Vegetarian Diet Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_ecofeminism" title="Vegetarian ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_nutrition" title="Vegetarian nutrition">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country" title="Vegetarianism by country">By country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetarians" title="List of vegetarians">Vegetarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegans" title="List of vegans">Vegans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_vegetarian_and_vegan_characters" title="List of fictional vegetarian and vegan characters">Fictional characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetarian_and_vegan_festivals" title="List of vegetarian and vegan festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetarian_and_vegan_organizations" title="List of vegetarian and vegan organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegan_and_plant-based_media" title="List of vegan and plant-based media">Vegan media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Secular_ethics" title="Secular ethics">Secular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">Animal welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnism" title="Carnism">Carnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_vegetarianism" title="Environmental vegetarianism">Environmental vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_eating_meat" title="Ethics of eating meat">Ethics of eating meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_paradox" class="mw-redirect" title="Meat paradox">Meat paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replaceability_argument" title="Replaceability argument">Replaceability argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentientism" title="Sentientism">Sentientism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirukku%E1%B9%9Fa%E1%B8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkuṟaḷ">Tirukkuṟaḷ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_religion" title="Vegetarianism and religion">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_vegetarianism" title="Christian vegetarianism">Christianity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Hinduism" title="Diet in Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sattvic_diet" title="Sattvic diet">Sattvic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_vegetarianism" title="Islamic vegetarianism">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_vegetarianism" title="Jain vegetarianism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_vegetarianism" title="Jewish vegetarianism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism#Vegetarianism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ital" title="Ital">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Sikhism" title="Diet in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoist_diet" title="Taoist diet">Taoism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Food and drink</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetarian_and_vegan_companies" title="List of vegetarian and vegan companies">List of vegetarian and vegan companies</a></li> <li>Dairy alternatives <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_milk" title="Coconut milk">Coconut milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_cream" title="Plant cream">Plant cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_milk" title="Plant milk">Plant milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soy_yogurt" title="Soy yogurt">Soy yogurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_cheese" title="Vegan cheese">Cheese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_alternative" title="Meat alternative">Meat alternatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_meat_substitutes" title="List of meat substitutes">List of meat substitutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_bacon" title="Vegetarian bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veggie_burger" title="Veggie burger">Burgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mock_duck" title="Mock duck">Duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_hot_dog" title="Vegetarian hot dog">Hot dogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_jambon" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegan jambon">Jambon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quorn" title="Quorn">Quorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat-free_sausage_roll" title="Meat-free sausage roll">Sausage roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_gluten_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheat gluten (food)">Seitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempeh" title="Tempeh">Tempeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofu" title="Tofu">Tofu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofurkey" title="Tofurkey">Tofurkey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelatin_dessert#Gelatin_substitutes" title="Gelatin dessert">Gelatin substitutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_and_non-vegetarian_marks" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetarian and non-vegetarian marks">Vegetarian mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_beer" title="Vegetarianism and beer">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_wine" title="Vegetarianism and wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetarian_and_vegan_organizations" title="List of vegetarian and vegan organizations">Groups</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetarian_and_vegan_festivals" title="List of vegetarian and vegan festivals">events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Vegan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Vegan_Society" title="American Vegan Society">American Vegan Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty_Without_Cruelty" title="Beauty Without Cruelty">Beauty Without Cruelty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Vegan_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="China Vegan Society">China Vegan Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_Empowerment_Project" title="Food Empowerment Project">Food Empowerment Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_Vegan" title="Go Vegan">Go Vegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nederlandse_Vereniging_voor_Veganisme" title="Nederlandse Vereniging voor Veganisme">Nederlandse Vereniging voor Veganisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Hen_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Hen House">Our Hen House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physicians_Committee_for_Responsible_Medicine" title="Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine">Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plamil_Foods" title="Plamil Foods">Plamil Foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_Awareness_Foundation" title="Vegan Awareness Foundation">Vegan Awareness Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegan flag">Vegan flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_Outreach" title="Vegan Outreach">Vegan Outreach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_Prisoners_Support_Group" title="Vegan Prisoners Support Group">Vegan Prisoners Support Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Vegan_Society" title="The Vegan Society">The Vegan Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganmania" title="Veganmania">Veganmania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Resource_Group" title="Vegetarian Resource Group">Vegetarian Resource Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganuary" title="Veganuary">Veganuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganz" title="Veganz">Veganz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Vegan_Day" title="World Vegan Day">World Vegan Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Vegetarian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcott_House" title="Alcott House">Alcott House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Christian_Church_(vegetarian)" title="Bible Christian Church (vegetarian)">Bible Christian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Vegetarian_Society" title="Boston Vegetarian Society">Boston Vegetarian Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Vegetarian_Association" title="Christian Vegetarian Association">Christian Vegetarian Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_Gemeinn%C3%BCtzige_Obstbau-Siedlung" title="Eden Gemeinnützige Obstbau-Siedlung">Eden Gemeinnützige Obstbau-Siedlung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Vegetarian_Union" title="European Vegetarian Union">European Vegetarian Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Vegetarian_Society" title="French Vegetarian Society">French Vegetarian Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare_Krishna_Food_for_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="Hare Krishna Food for Life">Hare Krishna Food for Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Vegetarian_Union" title="International Vegetarian Union">International Vegetarian Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Veg" title="Jewish Veg">Jewish Veg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat-free_days" title="Meat-free days">Meat-free days</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meatless_Monday" title="Meatless Monday">Meatless Monday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friday_fast" title="Friday fast">Friday fast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Vegetarian_Society" title="North American Vegetarian Society">North American Vegetarian Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Age" title="Order of the Golden Age">Order of the Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProVeg_Deutschland" title="ProVeg Deutschland">ProVeg Deutschland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProVeg_International" title="ProVeg International">ProVeg International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProVeg_Nederland" title="ProVeg Nederland">ProVeg Nederland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Vegetarian_Society" title="Scottish Vegetarian Society">Scottish Vegetarian Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swissveg" title="Swissveg">Swissveg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Vegetarian_Association" title="Toronto Vegetarian Association">Toronto Vegetarian Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Federal_Union" title="Vegetarian Federal Union">Vegetarian Federal Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Society" title="Vegetarian Society">Vegetarian Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Society_(Singapore)" title="Vegetarian Society (Singapore)">Vegetarian Society (Singapore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veggie_Pride" title="Veggie Pride">Veggie Pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viva!_Health" title="Viva! Health">Viva! Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Esperantist_Vegetarian_Association" title="World Esperantist Vegetarian Association">World Esperantist Vegetarian Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Vegetarian_Day" title="World Vegetarian Day">World Vegetarian Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegan_media" class="mw-redirect" title="List of vegan media">Films</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Animals_Film" title="The Animals Film">The Animals Film</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_for_a_New_America_(film)" title="Diet for a New America (film)">Diet for a New America (film)</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Cow_at_My_Table" title="A Cow at My Table">A Cow at My Table</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meet_Your_Meat" title="Meet Your Meat">Meet Your Meat</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_Punk_Kitchen" title="Post Punk Kitchen">Post Punk Kitchen</a> (2003–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceable_Kingdom_(film)" title="Peaceable Kingdom (film)">Peaceable Kingdom</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthlings_(film)" title="Earthlings (film)">Earthlings</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Sacred_Duty" title="A Sacred Duty">A Sacred Duty</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat,_Sick_and_Nearly_Dead" title="Fat, Sick and Nearly Dead">Fat, Sick and Nearly Dead</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planeat" title="Planeat">Planeat</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forks_Over_Knives" title="Forks Over Knives">Forks Over Knives</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegucated" title="Vegucated">Vegucated</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_and_Let_Live_(2013_film)" title="Live and Let Live (2013 film)">Live and Let Live</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowspiracy" title="Cowspiracy">Cowspiracy</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlantPure_Nation" title="PlantPure Nation">PlantPure Nation</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/What_the_Health" title="What the Health">What the Health</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnage_(2017_film)" title="Carnage (2017 film)">Carnage</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_(2018_film)" title="Dominion (2018 film)">Dominion</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eating_You_Alive" title="Eating You Alive">Eating You Alive</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Game_Changers" title="The Game Changers">The Game Changers</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maa_Ka_Doodh" title="Maa Ka Doodh">Maa Ka Doodh</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/You_Are_What_You_Eat:_A_Twin_Experiment" title="You Are What You Eat: A Twin Experiment">You Are What You Eat: A Twin Experiment</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegan_media" class="mw-redirect" title="List of vegan media">Magazines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naked_Food" title="Naked Food">Naked Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya_(magazine)" title="Satya (magazine)">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Vegetarian_Magazine" title="The Vegetarian Magazine">The Vegetarian Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegan Journal">Vegan Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Times" title="Vegetarian Times">Vegetarian Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VegNews" title="VegNews">VegNews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Animals%27_Agenda" class="mw-redirect" title="The Animals' Agenda">The Animals' Agenda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegan_media" class="mw-redirect" title="List of vegan media">Books</a>, reports, journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/On_Abstinence_from_Eating_Animals" title="On Abstinence from Eating Animals">On Abstinence from Eating Animals</a> (3rd century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Essay_on_Abstinence_from_Animal_Food,_as_a_Moral_Duty" title="An Essay on Abstinence from Animal Food, as a Moral Duty">An Essay on Abstinence from Animal Food, as a Moral Duty</a> (1802)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_Cookery" title="Vegetable Cookery">Vegetable Cookery</a> (1812)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_Natural_Diet" title="A Vindication of Natural Diet">A Vindication of Natural Diet</a> (1813)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reasons_for_not_Eating_Animal_Food" class="mw-redirect" title="Reasons for not Eating Animal Food">Reasons for not Eating Animal Food</a> (1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Inquiries_on_the_Situation_of_Man_and_of_Brutes" title="Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes">Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes</a> (1824)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature%27s_Own_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature's Own Book">Nature's Own Book</a> (1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruits_and_Farinacea" title="Fruits and Farinacea">Fruits and Farinacea</a> (1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pleasure_Boat" title="The Pleasure Boat">The Pleasure Boat</a> (1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ethics_of_Diet" title="The Ethics of Diet">The Ethics of Diet</a> (1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/What_is_Vegetarianism%3F" title="What is Vegetarianism?">What is Vegetarianism?</a> (1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelley%27s_Vegetarianism" title="Shelley's Vegetarianism">Shelley's Vegetarianism</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behind_the_Scenes_in_Slaughter-Houses" title="Behind the Scenes in Slaughter-Houses">Behind the Scenes in Slaughter-Houses</a> (1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_I_Am_a_Vegetarian" title="Why I Am a Vegetarian">Why I Am a Vegetarian</a> (1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figs_or_Pigs%3F" title="Figs or Pigs?">Figs or Pigs?</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifty_Years_of_Food_Reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifty Years of Food Reform">Fifty Years of Food Reform</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Reasons_Why_I_Am_a_Vegetarian" title="Thirty-nine Reasons Why I Am a Vegetarian">Thirty-nine Reasons Why I Am a Vegetarian</a> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Meat_Fetish" title="The Meat Fetish">The Meat Fetish</a> (1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Ethics" title="The New Ethics">The New Ethics</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Fleshless_Diet" class="mw-redirect" title="A Fleshless Diet">A Fleshless Diet</a> (1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Benefits_of_Vegetarianism" title="The Benefits of Vegetarianism">The Benefits of Vegetarianism</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_the_Good_Life" title="Living the Good Life">Living the Good Life</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Talents_(cookbook)" title="Ten Talents (cookbook)">Ten Talents</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_for_a_Small_Planet" title="Diet for a Small Planet">Diet for a Small Planet</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Vegetarian_Epicure" title="The Vegetarian Epicure">The Vegetarian Epicure</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moosewood_Restaurant" title="Moosewood Restaurant">Moosewood Collective Cookbooks</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Farm_Vegetarian_Cookbook" title="The Farm Vegetarian Cookbook">The Farm Vegetarian Cookbook</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurel%27s_Kitchen" title="Laurel's Kitchen">Laurel's Kitchen</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moosewood_Cookbook" title="Moosewood Cookbook">Moosewood Cookbook</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fit_for_Life" title="Fit for Life">Fit for Life</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_for_a_New_America" title="Diet for a New America">Diet for a New America</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sexual_Politics_of_Meat" title="The Sexual Politics of Meat">The Sexual Politics of Meat</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Cooking_for_Everyone" title="Vegetarian Cooking for Everyone">Vegetarian Cooking for Everyone</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_China_Study" title="The China Study">The China Study</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skinny_Bitch" title="Skinny Bitch">Skinny Bitch</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestock%27s_Long_Shadow" title="Livestock's Long Shadow">Livestock's Long Shadow</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bloodless_Revolution_(book)" title="The Bloodless Revolution (book)">The Bloodless Revolution</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eating_Animals" title="Eating Animals">Eating Animals</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_We_Love_Dogs,_Eat_Pigs,_and_Wear_Cows" title="Why We Love Dogs, Eat Pigs, and Wear Cows">Why We Love Dogs, Eat Pigs, and Wear Cows</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Vegan_Studies_Project" title="The Vegan Studies Project">The Vegan Studies Project</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_(De)liberation" title="Animal (De)liberation">Animal (De)liberation</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_Animal_Farming" title="The End of Animal Farming">The End of Animal Farming</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_Kingdom:_The_Abundant_World_of_Vegan_Recipes" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetable Kingdom: The Abundant World of Vegan Recipes">Vegetable Kingdom</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Making_a_Stand_for_Animals" title="Making a Stand for Animals">Making a Stand for Animals</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_Atlas" title="Meat Atlas">Meat Atlas</a> (annual)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetarian_and_vegan_restaurants" title="List of vegetarian and vegan restaurants">Restaurants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ben_%26_Esther%27s_Vegan_Jewish_Deli" title="Ben & Esther's Vegan Jewish Deli">Ben & Esther's Vegan Jewish Deli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnaholic" title="Cinnaholic">Cinnaholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossroads_Kitchen" title="Crossroads Kitchen">Crossroads Kitchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Elephant_Vegetarian_Bistro" title="Green Elephant Vegetarian Bistro">Green Elephant Vegetarian Bistro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greens_Restaurant" title="Greens Restaurant">Greens Restaurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth%27s_Gone_Raw" title="Elizabeth's Gone Raw">Elizabeth's Gone Raw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiltl_Restaurant" title="Hiltl Restaurant">Hiltl Restaurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Pine_(restaurant)" title="Little Pine (restaurant)">Little Pine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moosewood_Restaurant" title="Moosewood Restaurant">Moosewood Restaurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purezza" title="Purezza">Purezza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slutty_Vegan" title="Slutty Vegan">Slutty Vegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souley_Vegan" title="Souley Vegan">Souley Vegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sound_Lounge,_London" title="The Sound Lounge, London">The Sound Lounge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veggie_Galaxy" title="Veggie Galaxy">Veggie Galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veggie_Grill" title="Veggie Grill">Veggie Grill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cranks_(restaurant)" title="Cranks (restaurant)">Cranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_for_Thought_(restaurant)" title="Food for Thought (restaurant)">Food for Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InSpiral_Lounge" title="InSpiral Lounge">InSpiral Lounge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentil_as_Anything" title="Lentil as Anything">Lentil as Anything</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minerva_Caf%C3%A9" title="Minerva Café">Minerva Café</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Riverside_Cafe" title="New Riverside Cafe">New Riverside Cafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nix_(restaurant)" title="Nix (restaurant)">Nix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penny_Cafeteria" title="Penny Cafeteria">Penny Cafeteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_Peacock" title="Pink Peacock">Pink Peacock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hollow_Reed" title="The Hollow Reed">The Hollow Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pitman_Vegetarian_Hotel" title="The Pitman Vegetarian Hotel">The Pitman Vegetarian Hotel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_and_vegan_symbolism" title="Vegetarian and vegan symbolism">Vegetarian and vegan symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juice_fasting" title="Juice fasting">Juice fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_and_vegan_dog_diet" title="Vegetarian and vegan dog diet">Vegetarian and vegan dog diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">Plant-based diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_action_plan" title="Plant-based action plan">Plant-based action plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_diet" title="Sustainable diet">Sustainable diet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_diet" title="Low-carbon diet">Low-carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_health_diet" title="Planetary health diet">Planetary health</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bioenergy240" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bioenergy" title="Template:Bioenergy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bioenergy" title="Template talk:Bioenergy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bioenergy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bioenergy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bioenergy240" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bioenergy" title="Bioenergy">Bioenergy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_fuel" title="Alcohol fuel">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algae_fuel" title="Algae fuel">Algae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babassu_oil" title="Babassu oil">Babassu oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagasse" title="Bagasse">Bagasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butanol_fuel" title="Butanol fuel">Biobutanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">Biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">Biogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogasoline" title="Biogasoline">Biogasoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioliquids" title="Bioliquids">Bioliquids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass_(energy)" title="Biomass (energy)">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking_oil" title="Cooking oil">Cooking oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil_fuel" title="Vegetable oil fuel">vegetable oil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel" title="Ethanol fuel">Ethanol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellulosic_ethanol" title="Cellulosic ethanol">cellulosic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ethanol_fuel_mixtures" title="Common ethanol fuel mixtures">mixtures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol_fuel" title="Methanol fuel">Methanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stover" title="Stover">Stover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corn_stover" title="Corn stover">corn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straw" title="Straw">Straw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontederia_crassipes#Bioenergy" title="Pontederia crassipes">Water hyacinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_gas" title="Wood gas">Wood gas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Energy_crop" title="Energy crop">Energy from foodstock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camelina_sativa#Biodiesel_and_jet_fuel" title="Camelina sativa">Camelina sativa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">Cassava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_oil#Industry" title="Coconut oil">Coconut oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">Grape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">Hemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">Maize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">Oat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">Palm oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">Potato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapeseed" title="Rapeseed">Rapeseed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">Sorghum</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Soybean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet" title="Sugar beet">Sugar beet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">Sugarcane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_sunflower" title="Common sunflower">Sunflower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">Wheat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_(vegetable)" title="Yam (vegetable)">Yam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nonfood_crop" title="Nonfood crop">Non-food energy crops</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arundo" title="Arundo">Arundo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andropogon_gerardi" title="Andropogon gerardi">Big bluestem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camelina" title="Camelina">Camelina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triadica_sebifera" title="Triadica sebifera">Chinese tallow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemnoideae" title="Lemnoideae">Duckweed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatropha_curcas" title="Jatropha curcas">Jatropha curcas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscanthus_%C3%97_giganteus" title="Miscanthus × giganteus">Miscanthus × giganteus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongamia" title="Pongamia">Pongamia pinnata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salicornia#Industrial_use" title="Salicornia">Salicornia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panicum_virgatum" title="Panicum virgatum">Switchgrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_fuel" title="Wood fuel">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioconversion_of_biomass_to_mixed_alcohol_fuels" title="Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels">Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioenergy_with_carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage">Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass_heating_system" title="Biomass heating system">Biomass heating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biorefinery" title="Biorefinery">Biorefinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fischer%E2%80%93Tropsch_process" title="Fischer–Tropsch process">Fischer–Tropsch process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_biotechnology" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial biotechnology">Industrial biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pellet_fuel" title="Pellet fuel">Pellet fuel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pellet_mill" title="Pellet mill">mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pellet_stove" title="Pellet stove">stove</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabatier_reaction" title="Sabatier reaction">Sabatier reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_depolymerization" title="Thermal depolymerization">Thermal depolymerization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agflation" title="Agflation">Agflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulosic_ethanol_commercialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellulosic ethanol commercialization">Cellulosic ethanol commercialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_content_of_biofuel" title="Energy content of biofuel">Energy content of biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_crop" title="Energy crop">Energy crop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_forestry" title="Energy forestry">Energy forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_return_on_investment" title="Energy return on investment">Energy return on investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_vs._fuel" title="Food vs. fuel">Food vs. fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issues_relating_to_biofuels" title="Issues relating to biofuels">Issues relating to biofuels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_biofuel" title="Sustainable biofuel">Sustainable biofuel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Bioenergy" title="Category:Bioenergy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nuts115" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nuts" title="Template:Nuts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nuts" title="Template talk:Nuts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nuts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nuts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nuts115" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">Nuts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">True, or <a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">botanical nuts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acorn" title="Acorn">Acorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">Beech</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fagus_grandifolia" title="Fagus grandifolia">American beech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagus_sylvatica" title="Fagus sylvatica">European beech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brosimum_alicastrum" title="Brosimum alicastrum">Breadnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleurites_moluccanus" title="Aleurites moluccanus">Candlenut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chestnut" title="Chestnut">Chestnut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castanea_sativa" class="mw-redirect" title="Castanea sativa">Sweet chestnut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazelnut" title="Hazelnut">Hazelnut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corylus_americana" title="Corylus americana">American hazel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corylus_cornuta" title="Corylus cornuta">Beaked hazel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corylus_avellana" title="Corylus avellana">European hazel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corylus_maxima" title="Corylus maxima">Filbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corylus_heterophylla" title="Corylus heterophylla">Asian hazel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kola_nut" title="Kola nut">Kola nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brachychiton" title="Brachychiton">Kurrajong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pachira_aquatica" title="Pachira aquatica">Malabar chestnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaeis_guineensis" title="Elaeis guineensis">Palm nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hicksbeachia_pinnatifolia" title="Hicksbeachia pinnatifolia">Red bopple nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beilschmiedia_bancroftii" title="Beilschmiedia bancroftii">Yellow walnut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Drupe" title="Drupe">Drupes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almond" title="Almond">Almond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semecarpus_australiensis" title="Semecarpus australiensis">Australian cashew nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areca_nut" title="Areca nut">Betel nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorea" title="Shorea">Borneo tallow nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breadfruit" title="Breadfruit">Breadfruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cashew" title="Cashew">Cashew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gevuina" title="Gevuina">Chilean hazel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">Coconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durian" title="Durian">Durian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coula_edulis" title="Coula edulis">Gabon nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hickory" title="Hickory">Hickory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carya_tomentosa" title="Carya tomentosa">Mockernut hickory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecan" title="Pecan">Pecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carya_ovata" title="Carya ovata">Shagbark hickory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carya_laciniosa" title="Carya laciniosa">Shellbark hickory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaeocarpus_bancroftii" title="Elaeocarpus bancroftii">Johnstone River almond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irvingia_gabonensis" title="Irvingia gabonensis">Irvingia gabonensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">Jack nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karuka" title="Karuka">Karuka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pandanus_julianettii" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandanus julianettii">Planted karuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandanus_brosimos" title="Pandanus brosimos">Wild karuka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongongo" title="Mongongo">Mongongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panda_oleosa" title="Panda oleosa">Panda oleosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caryocar_nuciferum" title="Caryocar nuciferum">Pekea nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarium_ovatum" title="Canarium ovatum">Pili nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistachio" title="Pistachio">Pistachio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walnut" title="Walnut">Walnut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juglans_nigra" title="Juglans nigra">Black walnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juglans_cinerea" title="Juglans cinerea">Butternut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juglans_regia" title="Juglans regia">English walnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juglans_ailantifolia" title="Juglans ailantifolia">Heartnut</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">Gymnosperms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycad" title="Cycad">Cycad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macrozamia" title="Macrozamia">Burrawang nut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginkgo_biloba" title="Ginkgo biloba">Ginkgo nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araucaria" title="Araucaria">Araucaria</a> spp. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Araucaria_bidwillii" title="Araucaria bidwillii">Bunya nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araucaria_araucana" title="Araucaria araucana">Monkey-puzzle nut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_nut" title="Pine nut">Pine nut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pinus_gerardiana" title="Pinus gerardiana">Chilgoza pine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinus_edulis" title="Pinus edulis">Colorado pinyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinus_koraiensis" title="Pinus koraiensis">Korean pine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinus_cembroides" title="Pinus cembroides">Mexican pinyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinus_monophylla" title="Pinus monophylla">Single-leaf pinyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_pine" title="Stone pine">Stone pine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_nut" title="Brazil nut">Brazil nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macadamia" title="Macadamia">Macadamia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macadamia_tetraphylla" title="Macadamia tetraphylla">Macadamia nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macadamia_integrifolia" title="Macadamia integrifolia">Queensland macadamia nut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lecythis" title="Lecythis">Paradise nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peanut" title="Peanut">Peanut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterculia_quadrifida" title="Sterculia quadrifida">Peanut tree</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Soybean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers7543" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers7543" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Glycine max</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11006" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q11006">Q11006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Glycine_max" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Glycine max">Glycine max</a></li> <li>APA: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://floraofalabama.org/Plant.aspx?id=1965">1965</a></li> <li>APDB: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/63712">63712</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/116654">116654</a></li> <li>BioLib: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id39935">39935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/3GF5W">3GF5W</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocrop" title="Ecocrop">Ecocrop</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecocrop.review.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=1150">1150</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/641527">641527</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/GLXMA">GLXMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Nature_Information_System" class="mw-redirect" title="European Nature Information System">EUNIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/171391">171391</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242323602">242323602</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">FoC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242323602">242323602</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/5359660">5359660</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=17711">17711</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/122902">122902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/496786-1">496786-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10799207">10799207</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=26716">26716</a></li> <li>MichiganFlora: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1303">1303</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden" title="Missouri Botanical Garden">MoBotPF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=280548">280548</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.133821/">2.133821</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NBNSYS0000014913">NBNSYS0000014913</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=3847">3847</a></li> <li>NZOR: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/c576fcf4-1660-45d1-a4b7-3c2effc78eea">c576fcf4-1660-45d1-a4b7-3c2effc78eea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/6841/">6841</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=681762">681762</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Plant_List" title="The Plant List">Plant List</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/ild-2760">ild-2760</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/GLMA4">GLMA4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A60450240-2">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:60450240-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society" title="Royal Horticultural Society">RHS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/158994/wd/Details">158994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tropicos.org/name/13043775">13043775</a></li> <li>VASCAN: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/5732">5732</a></li> <li>WisFlora: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wisflora.herbarium.wisc.edu/taxa/index.php?taxon=3722">3722</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000181462">wfo-0000181462</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Phaseolus max</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21876206" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q21876206">Q21876206</a></li> <li>APDB: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/127042">127042</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/80568">80568</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4FW68">4FW68</a></li> 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[\"CITEREFCorke,_Walker_and_Wrigley2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDanielsson1949\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_KleijnVan_Der_SchouwWilsonGrobbee2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDerbyshireWrightBoulter1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDongQin2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEndres2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFernandez-CornejoCaswell,_Margriet2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedrichGary1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhulam_RazaMohan_B._SinghPrem_L._Bhalla2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiampietroBrunoFurcoloCasati2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilaniCockellSepehr2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlenn_D._BraunsteinJames_R._Klinenberg2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamilton-ReevesVazquezDuvalPhipps2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarlandHaffner2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrisonSteinlageDomierD\u0026#039;Arcy2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeckmanAngleChaney1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHendri_F._Isnaeni2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHinzeHulse-KempWilsonZhu2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoogenkamp,_Henk_W.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHosie2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuWongWuLai2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHulse-KempLemmPlieskeAshrafi2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHymowitz1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHymowitz1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHymowitz2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHymowitzNewell1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJenkinsMirrahimiSrichaikulBerryman2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJim_Deacon2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoe_Schwarcz2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJorge_Martinez,_Jack_E_Lewi2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoshinoGomesSilvaEira2008\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLang2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeeCrawfordLiuSasaki2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLim2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLindsayLora\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiotta2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiu1997\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLucaMacoveiBujorTrifan2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLusasRiaz1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarchalMichalopoulouZouCevik2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcBrideRichardsSteenhuisSpiers2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerrittJenks2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMessina2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMessinaRedmond2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinielloMoroTarantinoNatile2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitchellCawoodKinniburghProvan2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorenoClemente2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMosesPapadopoulouOsbourn2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurphy2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMustakas1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMustakasGriffinSohns1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNatarajMarannaKumawatGupta2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewellHymowitz1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOfstehage2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOseniPatelPyleJordan2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPadgetteKolaczDelannayRe1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPearce2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPiperMorse1923\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPollack2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPurcellSalmeronAshlock2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPurcellSalmeronAshlock2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQinNiuZengLiu2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRasheedHaoXiaKhan2017\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFReisig\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiaz2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRitchie2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoger_Boerma\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoss2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoth2018\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFRotundoMarshallMcCormickTruong2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSacksLichtensteinVan_HornHarris2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSampson1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeberBarnettMcConnell2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShao2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShekhar,_HossainUddin,_HowladerZakir_HossainKabir,_Yearul2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShurtleffAoyagi\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFShurtleffAoyagi2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShurtleffAoyagi2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShurtleffAoyagi2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFShurtleffAoyagi2010\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFShurtleffAoyagi2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShutov2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiddiqi2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinghNelsonChung2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSneller_CH2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSongHytenJiaQuigley2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStark2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStark2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStromSchinnarZieglerBarnhart2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTamang2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompsonBoucherLiuCotterchio2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTseEslick2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValstaKilkkinenMazurNurmi2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVesperSchmelzNikolova-KarakashianDillehay1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliam_Shurtleff,_Akiko_Aoyagi2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYanSpitznagel2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYouleHuang1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYuJingLiZhao2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFglobalreach.com\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_DieBoneWilliamsPirotta2014\"] = 1,\n [\"Fungi\"] = 1,\n [\"Fungus\"] = 1,\n [\"Funguses\"] = 1,\n [\"Soy-based_infant_formula\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"ARG\"] = 1,\n [\"Agriculture country lists\"] = 1,\n [\"Americana Poster\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"BRA\"] = 1,\n [\"Bioenergy\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"CHN\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite OED\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 40,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 74,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 63,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 2,\n [\"Comparison of major staple foods\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 11,\n [\"Cs1 config\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 4,\n [\"Harvtxt\"] = 1,\n [\"IND\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-cmn\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-yue\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"Ill\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox Chinese\"] = 1,\n [\"Interlanguage link\"] = 3,\n [\"Lang\"] = 12,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 4,\n [\"More citations needed section\"] = 3,\n [\"Nihongo\"] = 1,\n [\"Nutritionalvalue\"] = 1,\n [\"Nuts\"] = 1,\n [\"PAR\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Protection padlock\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Resize\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 7,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Soy\"] = 1,\n [\"Speciesbox\"] = 1,\n [\"Sup\"] = 1,\n [\"Taxonbar\"] = 1,\n [\"USA\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Vanchor\"] = 2,\n [\"Vegetarianism\"] = 1,\n [\"Visible anchor\"] = 2,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\nno target: CITEREFSmithCircle1972\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","240","12.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::expandTemplate","160","8.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","140","7.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntity","140","7.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","120","6.3"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","100","5.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","100","5.3"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","100","5.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","100","5.3"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","60","3.2"],["[others]","640","33.7"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-r6hmk","timestamp":"20250215133922","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Soybean","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soybean","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q11006","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q11006","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-07-19T17:54:05Z","dateModified":"2025-02-08T02:39:10Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/82\/Soybean.USDA.jpg","headline":"species of plant in the Fabaceae family"}</script> </body> </html>