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<span>Dead Sea Scrolls</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dead_Sea_Scrolls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artificial_caves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artificial_caves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Artificial caves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artificial_caves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeological_excavations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeological_excavations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Archaeological excavations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeological_excavations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> 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							cdx-fr-css-icon--close"></span></button></header><div class="cdx-dialog__body">This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Pending changes">latest accepted revision</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Special:Badtitle/Message">reviewed</a> on <i>19 November 2024</i>.</div></div><div tabindex="0"></div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Caves in the West Bank</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qumran.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Qumran.jpeg/220px-Qumran.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Qumran.jpeg/330px-Qumran.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Qumran.jpeg/440px-Qumran.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Cave 4Q with other caves in the background</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Qumran Caves</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">كهوف قمران</span> <i><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Kuhūf Qumrān</i></span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">מערות קומראן</span> <i>HaMeara Kumran</i>) are a series of caves, both natural and artificial, found around the archaeological site of <a href="/wiki/Qumran" title="Qumran">Qumran</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Judaean_Desert" title="Judaean Desert">Judaean Desert</a>. It is in these caves that the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a> were discovered. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Israel_Nature_and_Parks_Authority" title="Israel Nature and Parks Authority">Israel Nature and Parks Authority</a> took over the site following the end of the 1967 war, when <a href="/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_the_West_Bank" title="Israeli occupation of the West Bank">Israel occupied the West Bank</a> and seized Qumran. Israel has since invested heavily in the area to establish the Qumran caves as a site of "uniquely Israeli Jewish heritage".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The caves are recognized in Israel as a <a href="/wiki/National_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="National Heritage Site">National Heritage Site</a>, despite the caves being in <a href="/wiki/Occupied_Palestinian_territories" title="Occupied Palestinian territories">occupied Palestinian territories</a>; as such, the designation has drawn criticism.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qumran_Caves&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> cliffs above Qumran contain numerous caves that have been used over the millennia: the first traces of occupation are from the <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a> period then onward to the Arab period.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The artificial caves relate to the period of the settlement at Qumran and were cut into the <a href="/wiki/Marl" title="Marl">marl</a> bluffs of the terrace on which Qumran sits. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dead_Sea_Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qumran_Caves&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Dead Sea Scrolls"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dead_Sea_Scrolls_Before_Unraveled.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Dead_Sea_Scrolls_Before_Unraveled.jpg/220px-Dead_Sea_Scrolls_Before_Unraveled.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Dead_Sea_Scrolls_Before_Unraveled.jpg/330px-Dead_Sea_Scrolls_Before_Unraveled.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Dead_Sea_Scrolls_Before_Unraveled.jpg/440px-Dead_Sea_Scrolls_Before_Unraveled.jpg 2x" data-file-width="555" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>Scrolls in situ</figcaption></figure> <p>In late 1946 or early 1947, a <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> boy of the <a href="/wiki/Ta%27amireh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ta'amireh">Ta'amireh</a> tribe, Muhammid Ahmed el-Hamed called <i>edh-Dhib</i> (the wolf), found a cave after searching for a lost animal. He stumbled onto the first cave containing old scrolls. More Ta'amireh visited the cave and scrolls were taken back to their encampment. They were shown to <a href="/wiki/Mar_Samuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mar Samuel">Mar Samuel</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a> in April 1947 who realised their significance and the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls was made known.<sup id="cite_ref-Elledge2005_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elledge2005-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The location of the cave was not revealed for another 18 months, but eventually a joint investigation of the cave site was led by <a href="/wiki/Roland_de_Vaux" title="Roland de Vaux">Roland de Vaux</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Lankester_Harding" title="Gerald Lankester Harding">Gerald Lankester Harding</a> from 15 February to 5 March 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The interest in the scrolls with the hope of money from their sale initiated a long area-wide search by the Ta'amireh to find more such scrolls, the first result of which was the discovery of four caves in <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Murabba%27at" title="Wadi Murabba'at">Wadi Murabba'at</a> about 15 km (9.3 mi) south of Qumran in 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Qumran area another cave was discovered, now referred to as Cave 2Q (1Q was the first scroll-bearing cave), in February 1952. However, only a few fragments were found in the cave.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fear of the destruction of archaeological evidence with the discovery of caves by the Bedouin led to a campaign by the French and American Schools to explore all other caves to find any remaining scrolls. Although 230 natural caves, crevices and other possible hiding places were examined in an 8-kilometer area along the cliffs near Qumran, only 40 contained any artifacts and one alone, 3Q, produced texts, the most unusual being the <a href="/wiki/Copper_Scroll" title="Copper Scroll">Copper Scroll</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qumran_pottery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Qumran_pottery.jpg/150px-Qumran_pottery.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Qumran_pottery.jpg/225px-Qumran_pottery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Qumran_pottery.jpg/300px-Qumran_pottery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="795" /></a><figcaption>Qumran pottery</figcaption></figure> <p>4Q was discovered in September 1952 by the Ta'amireh. De Vaux, on being offered a vast amount of fragments, contacted Harding who drove to the Qumran site to find that the Bedouin had discovered caves very near the Qumran ruins. These were Caves 4Q, 5Q, and 6Q, the most important of which was 4Q which originally contained around three-quarters of all the scrolls found in the immediate Qumran area.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first two of these caves had been cut into the marl terrace. The third was at the entrance to the Qumran Gorge just below the aqueduct.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1955, a survey of the terrace brought to light a staircase leading down to the remains of three more artificial caves, 7Q, 8Q and 9Q at the end of the Qumran esplanade,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all of which had collapsed and had been eroded, and a fourth cave, 10Q, on the outcrop which housed caves 4Q and 5Q. </p><p>The last cave containing scrolls to be found, once again by the Ta'amireh, was Qumran Cave 11 (11Q), discovered in early 1956. Among its contents were the <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_Leviticus_scroll" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleo-Hebrew Leviticus scroll">Paleo-Hebrew Leviticus scroll</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Psalms_Scroll" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Psalms Scroll">the Great Psalms Scroll</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Temple_Scroll" title="Temple Scroll">Temple Scroll</a>, though the latter had been spirited away and its recovery was to prove long and complex.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In February 2017, the discovery of cave 12Q was announced, the contents of which included completely broken storage jars and scroll fragments, but no scrolls themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cave was investigated by J. Randall Price and students of <a href="/wiki/Liberty_University" title="Liberty University">Liberty University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, along with an international team of archaeologists from the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem" title="Hebrew University of Jerusalem">Hebrew University</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iron pickaxe heads from the 1950s were also found, which indicate looting had occurred. In addition, archaeologists discovered pottery, <a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">flint</a> blades, arrowheads, and a <a href="/wiki/Carnelian" title="Carnelian">carnelian</a> seal that date to the <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> periods.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"This exciting excavation is the closest we’ve come to discovering new Dead Sea scrolls in 60 years. Until now, it was accepted that Dead Sea scrolls were found only in 11 caves at Qumran, but now there is no doubt that this is the 12th cave," reported Dr. Oren Gutfeld, the head of the excavations.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Israel Hasson, Director-General of the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Antiquities_Authority" title="Israel Antiquities Authority">Israel Antiquities Authority</a> (IAA), the discovery of this cave showed that significant works were waiting to be done in the <a href="/wiki/Judaean_Desert" title="Judaean Desert">Judean Desert</a> and some of important ones were waiting to be revealed.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Artificial_caves">Artificial caves</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qumran_Caves&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Artificial caves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caves_4_%26_10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Caves_4_%26_10.jpg/220px-Caves_4_%26_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Caves_4_%26_10.jpg/330px-Caves_4_%26_10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Caves_4_%26_10.jpg/440px-Caves_4_%26_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Caves 4Qa right & 10Q left of upper center, seen from Wadi Qumran to the south</figcaption></figure> <p>In all there are ten marl cut caves in the near vicinity of Qumran: 4Qa, 4Qb, 5Q, 7Q, 8Q, 9Q, 10Q, an oval cave west of 5Q, and two caves to the north in a separate ravine.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their location necessitates a direct connection with the Qumran settlement. The three caves at the end of the esplanade could only be accessed via the settlement. These caves are thought to have been cut for storage and habitation. <a href="/wiki/Marl" title="Marl">Marl</a> is a soft stone and makes excavation relatively easy, but as seen with Caves 7Q–9Q they have not survived well.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>4Q, which is now visible from the Qumran esplanade,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is actually two caves, one adjacent to the other. De Vaux referred to them as 4a and 4b. When the Ta'amireh removed all the fragments they could before Harding's arrival, there was no way to tell which scrolls belonged to which cave, so they were later all catalogued simply as from 4Q. In excavating the caves hundreds of fragments were still to be found in 4a while only two or three fragments in 4b. 4a was 8 m long and 3.25 m wide with tapering walls reaching 3 m in height.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeological_excavations">Archaeological excavations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qumran_Caves&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Archaeological excavations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1984–1985 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Patrich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Patrich (page does not exist)">Joseph Patrich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yigael_Yadin" title="Yigael Yadin">Yigael Yadin</a> carried out a systematic survey of over 57 caves north of Qumran and two to the south.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1985–1991 Patrich excavated five caves, including Caves 3Q and 11Q. One of Patrich's conclusions was that the caves "did not serve as habitations for the members of the Dead Sea Sect, but rather as stores and hiding places".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was discovered that under the rocks in Cave 3Q there were only a few <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a> sherds, showing that the ceiling had collapsed before any Qumran-era occupation. The cave was uninhabited and used only to store the scrolls left there.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1988 in the cave Patrich designated as Cave 13, just north of 3Q, a small juglet was found from the <a href="/wiki/Herodian_dynasty" title="Herodian dynasty">Herodian</a> era, which was wrapped in palm fibres and contained a viscous liquid which Patrich presumed was aromatic balsam residue. In 1991 he discovered several jar stoppers and a complete jar along with <a href="/wiki/Date_(fruit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Date (fruit)">date</a> stones and dry dates suggesting occupation, but as the area in front of the cave showed no attempt to convert it into a terrace, he concluded that occupation was not of any length.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>11Q was examined and no traces of Qumran era occupation was found.<sup id="cite_ref-Patrich_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patrich-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A cave Patrich called Cave 24, which lay between 11Q and 3Q, was large and habitable, but showed no sign of long-term habitation.<sup id="cite_ref-Patrich_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patrich-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cave FQ37 (named in the 1952 survey) located high up on the cliff face 2 kilometers south of Qumran was also an improbable site for permanent dwelling, due to its inaccessibility. </p><p>In late 1995 and early 1996, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magen_Broshi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magen Broshi (page does not exist)">Magen Broshi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hanan_Eshel" title="Hanan Eshel">Hanan Eshel</a> carried out further excavations in the caves north of Qumran. They reported other caves not examined by Patrich and believed that they served as dwellings for the inhabitants of Qumran along with other artificial caves that have long ago eroded away from the edge of the marl terrace.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Broshi and Eshel concentrated their interest in the area just north of Qumran, examining two caves they designated as C and F in a small ravine. The former had part of its ceiling caved in and was filled with silt from flash floods, but contained 280 potsherds. Cave F had completely collapsed, but when excavated yielded 110 potsherds. They concluded that the area was residential.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Isaiah_Scroll.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Great_Isaiah_Scroll.jpg/280px-Great_Isaiah_Scroll.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Great_Isaiah_Scroll.jpg/420px-Great_Isaiah_Scroll.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Great_Isaiah_Scroll.jpg/560px-Great_Isaiah_Scroll.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12540" data-file-height="3960" /></a><figcaption>Isaiah scroll discovered at Qumran</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qumran_Caves&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_the_Book" title="Shrine of the Book">Shrine of the Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Rockefeller Museum">Rockefeller Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiquities_trade" title="Antiquities trade">Antiquities trade</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qumran_Caves&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAbu-BakerFarah2020" class="citation journal cs1">Abu-Baker, Aseil; Farah, Marya (1 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.palestine-studies.org/en/taxonomy/term/10584">"Established Practice: Palestinian Exclusion at the Dead Sea"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Palestine_Studies" title="Journal of Palestine Studies">Journal of Palestine Studies</a></i>. <b>49</b> (2): 48–64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fjps.2020.49.2.48">10.1525/jps.2020.49.2.48</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218853606">218853606</a>. Source date source: https:// online.ucpress.edu/jps/article-abstract/49/2/48/107368/Established-Practice-Palestinian-Exclusion-at-the</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Palestine+Studies&rft.atitle=Established+Practice%3A+Palestinian+Exclusion+at+the+Dead+Sea&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=48-64&rft.date=2020-02-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fjps.2020.49.2.48&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A218853606%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Abu-Baker&rft.aufirst=Aseil&rft.au=Farah%2C+Marya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.palestine-studies.org%2Fen%2Ftaxonomy%2Fterm%2F10584&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQumran+Caves" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-21973708">Israel heritage plan exposes discord over West Bank history</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112042801/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-21973708">Archived</a> 2020-11-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BBC News, 16 April 2013: "Israel has occupied the area since the 1967 Middle East war, and its designation of sites there as part of its national heritage has drawn criticism."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">de Vaux 1973, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elledge2005-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Elledge2005_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElledge2005" class="citation book cs1">Elledge, Casey Deryl (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tWIVZldDL0wC&pg=PA3"><i>The Bible and the Dead Sea Scrolls</i></a>. Society of Biblical Lit. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781589831834" title="Special:BookSources/9781589831834"><bdi>9781589831834</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240215061438/https://books.google.com/books?id=tWIVZldDL0wC&pg=PA3#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bible+and+the+Dead+Sea+Scrolls&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Society+of+Biblical+Lit&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781589831834&rft.aulast=Elledge&rft.aufirst=Casey+Deryl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtWIVZldDL0wC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQumran+Caves" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">VanderKam 2002, pp. 9, 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allegro 1956, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">VanderKam 2002, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allegro 1956, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patrich 1994, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allegro 1956, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Humbert 2003, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">VanderKam 2002, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Broshi 1999, p. 333.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sci-news.com/archaeology/qumran-cave-12-dead-sea-scrolls-04607.html">"Qumran Cave 12: New Dead Sea Scrolls Cave Discovered"</a>. Sci-News. February 9, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112013621/http://www.sci-news.com/archaeology/qumran-cave-12-dead-sea-scrolls-04607.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 12, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 11,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Qumran+Cave+12%3A+New+Dead+Sea+Scrolls+Cave+Discovered&rft.date=2017-02-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sci-news.com%2Farchaeology%2Fqumran-cave-12-dead-sea-scrolls-04607.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQumran+Caves" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanchez2017" class="citation news cs1">Sanchez, Raf (2017-02-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/02/09/archaeologists-discover-new-cave-believed-have-held-dead-sea/">"Archaeologists discover new cave believed to have held Dead Sea Scrolls, 60 years after last discovery"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220708115556/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/02/09/archaeologists-discover-new-cave-believed-have-held-dead-sea/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-07-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Archaeologists+discover+new+cave+believed+to+have+held+Dead+Sea+Scrolls%2C+60+years+after+last+discovery&rft.date=2017-02-09&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft.aulast=Sanchez&rft.aufirst=Raf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2017%2F02%2F09%2Farchaeologists-discover-new-cave-believed-have-held-dead-sea%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQumran+Caves" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZion" class="citation web cs1">Zion, Ilan Ben. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/new-dead-sea-scroll-cave-found-near-qumran-but-scrolls-are-gone/">"New Dead Sea Scroll cave found near Qumran, but scrolls are gone"</a>. <i>www.timesofisrael.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230624083319/https://www.timesofisrael.com/new-dead-sea-scroll-cave-found-near-qumran-but-scrolls-are-gone/">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.timesofisrael.com&rft.atitle=New+Dead+Sea+Scroll+cave+found+near+Qumran%2C+but+scrolls+are+gone&rft.aulast=Zion&rft.aufirst=Ilan+Ben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fnew-dead-sea-scroll-cave-found-near-qumran-but-scrolls-are-gone%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQumran+Caves" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeLancey2017" class="citation web cs1">DeLancey, Dr John (2017-02-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblicalisraeltours.com/2017/02/cave-12-found-at-qumran/">"A new cave was found at Qumran. It is called 'Cave 12'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Biblical Israel Tours</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190730091816/https://biblicalisraeltours.com/2017/02/cave-12-found-at-qumran/">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-07-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biblical+Israel+Tours&rft.atitle=A+new+cave+was+found+at+Qumran.+It+is+called+%27Cave+12%27&rft.date=2017-02-09&rft.aulast=DeLancey&rft.aufirst=Dr+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiblicalisraeltours.com%2F2017%2F02%2Fcave-12-found-at-qumran%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQumran+Caves" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJarus2017" class="citation web cs1">Jarus, Owen (February 8, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livescience.com/57800-new-dead-sea-scrolls-cave-discovered.html">"12th Dead Sea Scrolls Cave Found in Israel"</a>. <i>Live Science</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230608161857/https://www.livescience.com/57800-new-dead-sea-scrolls-cave-discovered.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Live+Science&rft.atitle=12th+Dead+Sea+Scrolls+Cave+Found+in+Israel&rft.date=2017-02-08&rft.aulast=Jarus&rft.aufirst=Owen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2F57800-new-dead-sea-scrolls-cave-discovered.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQumran+Caves" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jerusalemjournal.net/news-and-views/new-discovery-in-the-judean-caves-of-qumran-home-of-the-dead-sea-scrolls">"NEw Discovery in the Judean Caves of Qumran, Home of the Dead Sea Scrolls"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605232215/https://www.jerusalemjournal.net/news-and-views/new-discovery-in-the-judean-caves-of-qumran-home-of-the-dead-sea-scrolls">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NEw+Discovery+in+the+Judean+Caves+of+Qumran%2C+Home+of+the+Dead+Sea+Scrolls&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjerusalemjournal.net%2Fnews-and-views%2Fnew-discovery-in-the-judean-caves-of-qumran-home-of-the-dead-sea-scrolls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQumran+Caves" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Broshi 1999, p.334.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Before the cave was found, there was nothing to indicate its presence except for a small hole in the vertical face of the wadi wall. Allegro 1956, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Humbert 2003, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patrich 1994, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patrich 1994, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patrich 1994, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patrich 1994, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Patrich-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Patrich_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patrich_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Patrich 1994, p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Broshi 1999.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Broshi 1999, p. 330.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qumran_Caves&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Marco_Allegro" class="mw-redirect" title="John Marco Allegro">Allegro, J. M.</a>, <i>The Dead Sea Scrolls</i> (Harmondsworth: Pelican, 1956).</li> <li>Broshi, Magen, and Eshel, Hanan, "Residential Caves at Qumran." <i>Dead Sea Discoveries</i> 6 (1999), 328–348.</li> <li>de Vaux, Roland, <i>Archaeology and the Dead Sea Scrolls</i> (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1973). English translation from the French.</li> <li>Stökl Ben Ezra, Daniel, "Old Caves and Young Caves: A Statistical Reevaluation of a Qumran Consensus" <i>Dead Sea Discoveries</i> 14,3 (2007), 313–333.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Humbert" title="Jean-Baptiste Humbert">Humbert, J.-B.</a> & Chambon, Alain, <i>The Excavations of Khirbet Qumran and Ain Feshkha</i>, Vol. 1B. trans by Stephen J. Pfann, Editions Universitaires Fribourg Suisse (Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht Goettingen, 2003).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Humbert" title="Jean-Baptiste Humbert">Humbert, J.-B.</a>, Alain Chambon, Jolanta Mlynarczyk, Khirbet Qumrân et Aïn Feshkha, Fouilles du P. Roland de Vaux, vol. IIIa, L'archéologie de Qumrân, Reconsidération de l'interprétation; Corpus of the Lamps, Novum Testamentum et Orbis Antiquus, Series Archaeologica 5a, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen, 2016, 536 p. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-525-54054-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-525-54054-1">978-3-525-54054-1</a>)</li> <li>Patrich, Joseph, "Khirbet Qumran in the Light of New Archaeological Explorations in the Qumran Caves", in <i>Methods of Investigation of the Dead Sea Scrolls and the Khirbet Qumran Site: Present Realities and Future Prospects</i> (ed. Michael O. Wise, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Golb" title="Norman Golb">Norman Golb</a>, John J. Collins, and Dennis G. Pardee); Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 722 (New York: New York Academy of Sciences, 1994) 73–95.</li> <li>Patrich, Joseph, "Did Extra-Mural Dwelling Quarters Exist at Qumran?" in <i>The Dead Sea Scrolls: Fifty Years After Their Discovery.</i> Edited by <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_H._Schiffman" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence H. Schiffman">Lawrence H. Schiffman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Tov" title="Emanuel Tov">Emanuel Tov</a>, James C. VanderKam, and Galen Marquis (Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 2000) 720–727.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Trever" title="John C. Trever">Trever, J. C.</a>, The Untold Story of Qumran, (Westwood: Fleming H. Revell Company, 1965).</li> <li>VanderKam, James & Flint, Peter, <i>The Meaning of the Dead Sea Scrolls</i> (HarperSanFrancisco, 2002) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-068464-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-068464-X">0-06-068464-X</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qumran_Caves&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Template talk:Dead Sea Scrolls"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dead Sea Scrolls"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dead_Sea_Scrolls" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F8D810;">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4Q106" title="4Q106">4Q106</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q107" title="4Q107">4Q107</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q108" title="4Q108">4Q108</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q119" title="4Q119">4Q119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q120" title="4Q120">4Q120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q121" title="4Q121">4Q121</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q122" title="4Q122">4Q122</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q126" title="4Q126">4Q126</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q127" title="4Q127">4Q127</a></li> <li>4Q166</li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q175" title="4Q175">4Q175</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q240" title="4Q240">4Q240</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q246" title="4Q246">4Q246</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q252" class="mw-redirect" title="4Q252">4Q252</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q448" title="4Q448">4Q448</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q521" title="4Q521">4Q521</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Qahat" title="Testament of Qahat">4Q542</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q41" title="4Q41">4QDeuteronomy<sup>n</sup> (4Q41)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4QInstruction" title="4QInstruction">4QInstruction (4Q415–418, 4Q418a, 4Q423, 1Q26)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4QMMT" title="4QMMT">4QMMT (4Q394–399)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6Q6" title="6Q6">6Q6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7Q1" title="7Q1">7Q1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7Q5" title="7Q5">7Q5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Psalms_Scroll" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Psalms Scroll">11Q5 The Great Psalms Scroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_Leviticus_Scroll" title="Paleo-Hebrew Leviticus Scroll">11QpaleoLev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11Q13" title="11Q13">11Q13 Melchizedek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11Q18_New_Jerusalem" title="11Q18 New Jerusalem">11Q18 New Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barkhi_Nafshi" title="Barkhi Nafshi">Barkhi Nafshi (4Q434–438)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Giants" title="The Book of Giants">The Book of Giants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Mysteries" class="mw-redirect" title="The Book of Mysteries">The Book of Mysteries (1Q27 and 4Q299–301)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Rule" title="Community Rule">Community Rule (1QS, 4QS, 5Q11, 5Q13)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_Scroll" title="Copper Scroll">Copper Scroll (3Q15)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Document" title="Damascus Document">Damascus Document (CD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_Apocryphon" title="Genesis Apocryphon">Genesis Apocryphon (1QapGen ar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesher_on_Genesis" title="Pesher on Genesis">Genesis Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Minor_Prophets_Scroll_from_Nahal_Hever" title="Greek Minor Prophets Scroll from Nahal Hever">Greek Minor Prophets Scroll from Nahal Hever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habakkuk_Commentary" title="Habakkuk Commentary">Habakkuk Commentary (1QpHab)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Scroll" title="Isaiah Scroll">Isaiah Scroll (1QIsa<sup>a</sup></a><a href="/wiki/1QIsab" title="1QIsab">,1QIsa<sup>b</sup>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahum_Commentary" title="Nahum Commentary">Nahum Commentary (4QpNah/4Q169)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem_Dead_Sea_Scroll" title="New Jerusalem Dead Sea Scroll">New Jerusalem Scroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_Leviticus_Scroll" title="Paleo-Hebrew Leviticus Scroll">Paleo-Hebrew Leviticus scroll (11QpaleoLev)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qumran_Physiognomies" title="Qumran Physiognomies">Physiognomies</a>/<a href="/wiki/Qumran_%22Horoscopes%22_(4Q186)" title="Qumran "Horoscopes" (4Q186)">Horoscopes (4Q186)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Ezekiel" title="Pseudo-Ezekiel">Pseudo-Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rule_of_the_Blessing" title="The Rule of the Blessing">Rule of the Blessing (1QSb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rule_of_the_Congregation" title="The Rule of the Congregation">Rule of the Congregation (1QSa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Samuel_Scroll" title="The Samuel Scroll">Samuel Scroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Seekers_After_Smooth_Things" title="The Seekers After Smooth Things">The Seekers After Smooth Things</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_the_Sabbath_Sacrifice" title="Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice">Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice (4Q400–407)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q510%E2%80%93511" title="4Q510–511">Songs of the Sage (4Q510–511)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Scroll" title="Temple Scroll">Temple Scroll (11Q19)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_Hymns" title="Thanksgiving Hymns">Thanksgiving Hymns (1QH)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_Messiah" title="The War of the Messiah">The War of the Messiah/The Pierced Messiah Text (4Q285/11Q14)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sons_of_Light_Against_the_Sons_of_Darkness" title="War of the Sons of Light Against the Sons of Darkness">War of the Sons of Light Against the Sons of Darkness (1QM)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F8D810;">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qumran" title="Qumran">Qumran</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Qumran Caves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_from_Qumran_Cave_1" title="List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 1">cave 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_from_Qumran_Cave_2" title="List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_from_Qumran_Cave_3" title="List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_from_Qumran_Cave_4" title="List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_from_Qumran_Cave_5" title="List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_from_Qumran_Cave_6" title="List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_from_Qumran_Cave_7" title="List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_from_Qumran_Cave_8" title="List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_from_Qumran_Cave_9" title="List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_from_Qumran_Cave_10" title="List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_from_Qumran_Cave_11" title="List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 11">11</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qumran_cemetery" title="Qumran cemetery">Qumran cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ein_Feshkha" title="Ein Feshkha">Ein Feshkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohlit" title="Kohlit">Kohlit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secacah" title="Secacah">Secacah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Murabba%27at" title="Wadi Murabba'at">Wadi Murabba'at</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F8D810;">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Essenes" title="Essenes">Essenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dating_the_Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Carbon dating the Dead Sea Scrolls">Carbon dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahad_Ostracon" title="Yahad Ostracon">Yahad Ostracon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesher" title="Pesher">Pesher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_messiahs" title="Dual messiahs">Dual messiahs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teacher_of_Righteousness" title="Teacher of Righteousness">Teacher of Righteousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicked_Priest" title="Wicked Priest">Wicked Priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qumran_calendrical_texts" title="Qumran calendrical texts">Calendrical texts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F8D810;">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Abegg" title="Martin Abegg">Martin G. Abegg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Allegro" title="John M. Allegro">John Marco Allegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_M._Baumgarten" title="Joseph M. Baumgarten">Joseph M. Baumgarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Collins" title="John J. Collins">John J. Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidnie_White_Crawford" title="Sidnie White Crawford">Sidnie White Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Moore_Cross" title="Frank Moore Cross">Frank Moore Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Dupont-Sommer" title="André Dupont-Sommer">André Dupont-Sommer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Eisenman" title="Robert Eisenman">Robert Eisenman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanan_Eshel" title="Hanan Eshel">Hanan Eshel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fitzmyer" title="Joseph Fitzmyer">Joseph Fitzmyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Flint" title="Peter Flint">Peter W. 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Trever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Ulrich" title="Eugene Ulrich">Eugene Ulrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_de_Vaux" title="Roland de Vaux">Roland de Vaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9za_Vermes" title="Géza Vermes">Géza Vermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yigael_Yadin" title="Yigael Yadin">Yigael Yadin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_O%27Callaghan_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="José O'Callaghan Martínez">José O'Callaghan Martínez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F8D810;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albright_Institute_of_Archaeological_Research" title="Albright Institute of Archaeological Research">AIAR</a>/<a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Overseas_Research" title="American Society of Overseas Research">ASOR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_Enoch_Scroll" title="Aramaic Enoch Scroll">Aramaic Enoch Scroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_the_Book" title="Shrine of the Book">Shrine of the Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_Center" title="Orion Center">Orion Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Biblique" title="École Biblique">École Biblique</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Discoveries_in_the_Judaean_Desert" title="Discoveries in the Judaean Desert">Discoveries in the Judaean Desert</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar_Samuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mar Samuel">Mar Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammed_edh-Dhib" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammed edh-Dhib">Muhammed edh-Dhib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najib_Albina" title="Najib Albina">Najib Albina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Caves_in_Palestine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Caves_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Template:Caves in the State of Palestine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Caves_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Template talk:Caves in the State of Palestine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Caves_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Caves in the State of Palestine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Caves_in_Palestine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Caves_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Category:Caves of the State of Palestine">Caves</a> in <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_the_Patriarchs" title="Cave of the Patriarchs">Patriarchs cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuqba_cave" title="Shuqba cave">Shuqba cave</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Qumran Caves</a><sup>*</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i><sup>*</sup>Located in <a href="/wiki/Area_C_(West_Bank)" title="Area C (West Bank)">Area C</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Qumran_Caves&params=31_44_31_N_35_27_31_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">31°44′31″N</span> <span class="longitude">35°27′31″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">31.74194°N 35.45861°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">31.74194; 35.45861</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qumran_Caves&oldid=1258346883">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qumran_Caves&oldid=1258346883</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Category:Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Qumran" title="Category:Qumran">Qumran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_sites_in_the_West_Bank" 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