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</a> <ul id="toc-Nyiragongo_Territory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Masisi_Territory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Masisi_Territory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 Masisi Territory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Masisi_Territory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lubero_and_Beni_territories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lubero_and_Beni_territories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.3 Lubero and Beni territories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lubero_and_Beni_territories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Goma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Goma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.4 Goma </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Goma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Masisi_Territory_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Masisi_Territory_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.5 Masisi Territory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Masisi_Territory_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_the_first_rebellion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_the_first_rebellion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 End of the first rebellion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_the_first_rebellion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resurgence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resurgence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Resurgence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resurgence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Renewed_conflict_(2017–2021)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renewed_conflict_(2017–2021)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.1 Renewed conflict (2017–2021) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renewed_conflict_(2017–2021)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Offensive_in_Rutshuru_and_territorial_gains_(2022)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Offensive_in_Rutshuru_and_territorial_gains_(2022)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.2 Offensive in Rutshuru and territorial gains (2022) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Offensive_in_Rutshuru_and_territorial_gains_(2022)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continued_clashes_(November_2022–2024)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continued_clashes_(November_2022–2024)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.3 Continued clashes (November 2022–2024) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continued_clashes_(November_2022–2024)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intensified_hostilities_(January_2025)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intensified_hostilities_(January_2025)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.4 Intensified hostilities (January 2025) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intensified_hostilities_(January_2025)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_conflicts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_conflicts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Internal conflicts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_conflicts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div 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</label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">March 23 Movement</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" > 27 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/M23-beweging" title="M23-beweging – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="M23-beweging" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_23_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3_(%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9)" title="حركة 23 مارس (جمهورية الكونغو الديمقراطية) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حركة 23 مارس (جمهورية الكونغو الديمقراطية)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%85_23_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Рух 23 сакавіка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рух 23 сакавіка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moviment_23_de_mar%C3%A7" title="Moviment 23 de març – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Moviment 23 de març" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hnut%C3%AD_M23" title="Hnutí M23 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hnutí M23" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/M23_(opr%C3%B8rsgruppe)" title="M23 (oprørsgruppe) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="M23 (oprørsgruppe)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bewegung_23._M%C3%A4rz" title="Bewegung 23. März – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bewegung 23. März" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movimiento_23_de_Marzo" title="Movimiento 23 de Marzo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Movimiento 23 de Marzo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B4_%DB%B2%DB%B3_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="جنبش ۲۳ مارس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنبش ۲۳ مارس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouvement_du_23_mars" title="Mouvement du 23 mars – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mouvement du 23 mars" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/3%EC%9B%94_23%EC%9D%BC_%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99" title="3월 23일 운동 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="3월 23일 운동" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A_%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A9_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="मार्च २३ अभियान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मार्च २३ अभियान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerakan_23_Maret" title="Gerakan 23 Maret – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gerakan 23 Maret" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movimento_del_23_marzo_(Congo)" title="Movimento del 23 marzo (Congo) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Movimento del 23 marzo (Congo)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kundi_la_M_23" title="Kundi la M 23 – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kundi la M 23" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/M23-beweging" title="M23-beweging – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="M23-beweging" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/3%E6%9C%8823%E6%97%A5%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="3月23日運動 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="3月23日運動" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/M23_(oppr%C3%B8rergruppe)" title="M23 (opprørergruppe) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="M23 (opprørergruppe)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruch_23_Marca" title="Ruch 23 Marca – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ruch 23 Marca" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movimento_23_de_Mar%C3%A7o" title="Movimento 23 de Março – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Movimento 23 de Março" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_23_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Движение 23 марта – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Движение 23 марта" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_23_Movement" title="March 23 Movement – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="March 23 Movement" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maaliskuun_23._p%C3%A4iv%C3%A4n_liike" title="Maaliskuun 23. päivän liike – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maaliskuun 23. päivän liike" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M23_(rebeller)" title="M23 (rebeller) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="M23 (rebeller)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/23_Mart_Hareketi" title="23 Mart Hareketi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="23 Mart Hareketi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%85_23_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Рух 23 березня – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рух 23 березня" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/3%E6%9C%8823%E6%97%A5%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="3月23日运动 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Rebel military group in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the 2022–25 offensive, see <a href="/wiki/M23_offensive_(2022%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="M23 offensive (2022–present)">M23 offensive (2022–present)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #DEDFDE;">March 23 Movement</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Mouvement du 23-Mars</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><a href="/wiki/File:M23_Logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/M23_Logo.png/190px-M23_Logo.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/M23_Logo.png/285px-M23_Logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/M23_Logo.png/380px-M23_Logo.png 2x" data-file-width="488" data-file-height="488" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Leader</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Bisimwa" title="Bertrand Bisimwa">Bertrand Bisimwa</a> (president)<a href="#cite_note-dailymaverick-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sultani_Makenga" title="Sultani Makenga">Sultani Makenga</a> (military chief)<a href="#cite_note-BBC1-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Runiga_Lugerero" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Marie Runiga Lugerero">Jean-Marie Runiga Lugerero</a> (former president)<a href="#cite_note-aljazeera1-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dates of operation</th><td class="infobox-data">6 May 2012 (2012-05-06) – present<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Active regions</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>, primarily <a href="/wiki/North_Kivu" title="North Kivu">North Kivu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pro-<a href="/wiki/Tutsi" title="Tutsi">Tutsi</a> Pro-<a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Active<a href="#cite_note-:2-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Size</th><td class="infobox-data">At least 5,500 (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> late 2012)<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-CTV-7">[7]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>]</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allies</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Opponents</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/PMC_Wagner_Center_logo.png/15px-PMC_Wagner_Center_logo.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/PMC_Wagner_Center_logo.png/23px-PMC_Wagner_Center_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/PMC_Wagner_Center_logo.png/30px-PMC_Wagner_Center_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="468" /> <a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group" title="Wagner Group">Wagner Group</a> (allegedly)<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Wazalendo" title="Wazalendo">Wazalendo</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles and wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kivu_conflict" title="Kivu conflict">Kivu conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M23_rebellion" title="M23 rebellion">M23 rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M23_offensive_(2022%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="M23 offensive (2022–present)">M23 offensive (2022–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2025_Goma_offensive" title="2025 Goma offensive">2025 Goma offensive</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> The March 23 Movement (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: Mouvement du 23 mars), often abbreviated as M23 and also known as the Congolese Revolutionary Army (Armée révolutionnaire du Congo),<a href="#cite_note-BBC3-9">[9]</a> is a Congolese <a href="/wiki/Tutsi" title="Tutsi">Tutsi</a>-led rebel military group.<a href="#cite_note-:3-10">[10]</a> Based in eastern areas of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> (DRC), it operates mainly in the province of <a href="/wiki/North_Kivu" title="North Kivu">North Kivu</a>, which borders both <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a>, and is backed by Rwanda. The <a href="/wiki/M23_rebellion" title="M23 rebellion">M23 rebellion</a> of 2012 to 2013 against the DRC government led to the displacement of large numbers of people. On 20 November 2012, M23 took control of <a href="/wiki/Goma" title="Goma">Goma</a>, a provincial capital with a population of a million people, but it was requested to evacuate it by the <a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_the_Great_Lakes_Region" title="International Conference on the Great Lakes Region">International Conference on the Great Lakes Region</a> because the DRC government had finally agreed to negotiate. In late 2012, Congolese troops, along with UN troops, retook control of Goma, and M23 announced a ceasefire and said that it wanted to resume peace talks.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> A <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> report found that <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> created and commanded the M23 rebel group.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Rwanda ceased its support because of international pressure and the military defeat by the DRC and the UN in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> In 2017, M23 elements resumed their insurgency in the DRC, but the operations of this splinter faction had little local impact.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICG202210-14">[14]</a> In 2022, a larger portion of M23 started <a href="/wiki/M23_offensive_(2022)" class="mw-redirect" title="M23 offensive (2022)">an offensive</a>, which eventually resulted in the capture of the Congolese border town of <a href="/wiki/Bunagana,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Bunagana, Democratic Republic of the Congo">Bunagana</a> by the rebels.<a href="#cite_note-:0-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-16">[16]</a> In November 2022, M23 rebels got close to the city of Goma and forced about 180,000 people to leave their homes after the Congolese Army had withdrawn from the region near the village of Kibumba.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> In June 2023, <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> reported human rights abuses by M23 rebels in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, including unlawful killings, rapes and other war crimes. Allegations implicate Rwandan support for these actions, bringing concerns about war crimes and making the humanitarian situation worse in the region. The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> encouraged sanctions against the M23 leaders and implicated Rwandan officials.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> As of January 2025, the group occupies various major towns in eastern North Kivu including <a href="/wiki/Bunagana,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Bunagana, Democratic Republic of the Congo">Bunagana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiwanja" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiwanja">Kiwanja</a>,<a href="#cite_note-kiwarutsh-19">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kitchanga" title="Kitchanga">Kitchanga</a>,<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Masisi_Territory" title="Masisi Territory">Rubaya</a>,<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rutshuru" title="Rutshuru">Rutshuru</a>,<a href="#cite_note-kiwarutsh-19">[19]</a> and the city of <a href="/wiki/Goma" title="Goma">Goma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=March_23_Movement&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nord-Kivu_in_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Nord-Kivu_in_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/220px-Nord-Kivu_in_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Nord-Kivu_in_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/330px-Nord-Kivu_in_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Nord-Kivu_in_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/440px-Nord-Kivu_in_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1150" data-file-height="1095" /></a><figcaption>North Kivu Province, DRC</figcaption></figure> On 23 March 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Tutsi" title="Tutsi">Tutsi</a>-dominated rebel group <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_for_the_Defence_of_the_People" title="National Congress for the Defence of the People">National Congress for the Defence of the People</a> (CNDP) signed a peace treaty with the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Congolese government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The 2009 treaty, negotiated after the arrest of CNDP leader General <a href="/wiki/Laurent_Nkunda" title="Laurent Nkunda">Laurent Nkunda</a>, included provisions for prisoner releases, the transformation of the CNDP into a political party, the reintegration of refugees, and the integration of CNDP members into government institutions and the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Congolese army</a>. However, these measures were met with resistance from the local population, who viewed CNDP leaders as perpetrators of crimes and believed they should face justice.<a href="#cite_note-:4-23">[23]</a> Former CNDP soldiers integrated into the Congolese army were accused of exploiting their positions to control the trafficking of minerals.<a href="#cite_note-:4-23">[23]</a> M23 takes its name from the date of these peace accords.<a href="#cite_note-:4-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-aljazeera1-3">[3]</a> In August 2012, M23's leadership structure was formalized, with Bishop <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Runiga" title="Jean-Marie Runiga">Jean-Marie Runiga Lugerero</a>, a former CNDP member, appointed as president, and Colonel <a href="/wiki/Sultani_Makenga" title="Sultani Makenga">Sultani Makenga</a> heading its military wing, the Revolutionary Army of Congo (Armée Révolutionnaire du Congo, ARC).<a href="#cite_note-:4-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-aljazeera1-3">[3]</a> Makenga was later sanctioned by the United States for orchestrating atrocities against civilians.<a href="#cite_note-:4-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operations">Operations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=March_23_Movement&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Operations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation">Formation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=March_23_Movement&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Formation">edit</a>]</div> M23 was formed in 2012 when nearly 300 soldiers – the majority of them former members of the <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_for_the_Defence_of_the_People" title="National Congress for the Defence of the People">National Congress for the Defence of the People</a> (CNDP) – turned against the DRC government, citing poor conditions in the army and the government's unwillingness to implement the 23 March 2009 peace deal.<a href="#cite_note-:5-25">[25]</a> Tensions escalated as ex-CNDP soldiers, accused of exploiting their military positions to monopolize mineral trafficking in eastern DRC, resisted governmental efforts to redeploy them outside their entrenched power bases.<a href="#cite_note-:4-23">[23]</a> This perceived violation of the 2009 accord precipitated a mutiny in April 2012, led by Colonel <a href="/wiki/Sultani_Makenga" title="Sultani Makenga">Sultani Makenga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-23">[23]</a> General <a href="/wiki/Bosco_Ntaganda" title="Bosco Ntaganda">Bosco Ntaganda</a>, infamously known as "The Terminator", emerged as a key figure linked to M23's formation. Indicted by the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a> (ICC) for <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crimes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a>, Ntaganda reportedly collaborated with Makenga to unite mutinous factions, as highlighted in a 2012 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> report.<a href="#cite_note-:4-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> The report also detailed extensive military, financial, and political support for M23 from high-ranking Rwandan officials, including direct assistance from Rwanda's <a href="/wiki/Rwanda_Defence_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Rwanda Defence Force">defense forces</a>, recruitment efforts on Rwandan soil, logistical support, and direct involvement in M23 operations in the DRC.<a href="#cite_note-:4-23">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> accused the group of committing widespread war crimes, including <a href="/wiki/Summary_execution" title="Summary execution">summary executions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</a>, and forced recruitment, asserting that some Rwandan authorities could be complicit due to their continued support for M23 activities.<a href="#cite_note-:4-23">[23]</a> In response to the mutiny, Congolese President <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kabila" title="Joseph Kabila">Joseph Kabila</a> called for Ntaganda's arrest on 11 April 2012,<a href="#cite_note-:5-25">[25]</a> but the rebellion culminated in the formal establishment of the March 23 Movement on 6 May, named after the date of the original peace agreement.<a href="#cite_note-:4-23">[23]</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:221px;max-width:221px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:109px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Opening_ceremony_of_new_PNC_headquarters_in_Goma_(7134901927).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Opening_ceremony_of_new_PNC_headquarters_in_Goma_%287134901927%29.jpg/219px-Opening_ceremony_of_new_PNC_headquarters_in_Goma_%287134901927%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="219" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Opening_ceremony_of_new_PNC_headquarters_in_Goma_%287134901927%29.jpg/329px-Opening_ceremony_of_new_PNC_headquarters_in_Goma_%287134901927%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Opening_ceremony_of_new_PNC_headquarters_in_Goma_%287134901927%29.jpg/438px-Opening_ceremony_of_new_PNC_headquarters_in_Goma_%287134901927%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="625" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:167px;max-width:167px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:109px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Opening_ceremony_of_new_PNC_headquarters_in_Goma_(7134901933).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Opening_ceremony_of_new_PNC_headquarters_in_Goma_%287134901933%29.jpg/165px-Opening_ceremony_of_new_PNC_headquarters_in_Goma_%287134901933%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Opening_ceremony_of_new_PNC_headquarters_in_Goma_%287134901933%29.jpg/248px-Opening_ceremony_of_new_PNC_headquarters_in_Goma_%287134901933%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Opening_ceremony_of_new_PNC_headquarters_in_Goma_%287134901933%29.jpg/330px-Opening_ceremony_of_new_PNC_headquarters_in_Goma_%287134901933%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="833" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Residents fleeing their villages in <a href="/wiki/Sake,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Sake, Democratic Republic of the Congo">Sake</a> due to clashes between <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">FARDC</a> and advancing M23 rebels in April 2012.</div></div></div></div> The M23 is made up primarily of <a href="/wiki/Tutsi" title="Tutsi">Tutsis</a> and opposes the <a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu Power</a> militia <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Forces_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwanda" title="Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda">Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda</a> (FDLR - a group that counts among its number the original members of the <a href="/wiki/Interahamwe" title="Interahamwe">Interahamwe</a> that carried out the 1994 <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Rwandan Genocide">Rwandan Genocide</a>) as well as area <a href="/wiki/Mai-Mai" title="Mai-Mai">Mai-Mai</a> (community militias mostly created and supported by DRC).<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> However, allegations of exploiting the FDLR's presence as justification for external interference, particularly by Rwanda, have added to the complexity of the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-:3-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> To be able to upstaff the troops, occupied villages were asked to deliver youngsters for the formation of village defence committees. This way, a larger number of more experienced soldiers could be stationed on the battlefield. However, this approach backfired when M23 troops tried to extort from the local population, since the armed youngsters defended their own villagers. Following military successes, M23 rebels made additional demands, citing issues of <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>, democracy, as well as good governance. They have accused President Kabila of cheating in the November 2011 elections.<a href="#cite_note-Okapi_24Nov_1-31">[31]</a> The rebels have threatened to march on <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a> and depose the president.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Despite these stated objectives, M23's actions, including forced displacement, human rights violations, and the disruption of economic and social life in eastern DRC, undermined its claims of pursuing reform.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mutiny">Mutiny</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=March_23_Movement&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mutiny">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M23_in_Goma.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/M23_in_Goma.PNG/237px-M23_in_Goma.PNG" decoding="async" width="237" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/M23_in_Goma.PNG/356px-M23_in_Goma.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/M23_in_Goma.PNG/474px-M23_in_Goma.PNG 2x" data-file-width="851" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>M23 rebels in <a href="/wiki/Goma" title="Goma">Goma</a>, November 2012</figcaption></figure> The rebels were active in North Kivu province, fighting government forces in the <a href="/wiki/Rutshuru_Territory" title="Rutshuru Territory">Rutshuru</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Masisi_Territory" title="Masisi Territory">Masisi</a> territories. On 6 June 2012 a Congolese spokesman reported that 200 M23 soldiers had died in the mutiny and that over 370 soldiers had surrendered to FARDC, including 25 Rwandan citizens.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> On 8 July 2012, Colonel Sultani Makenga announced that a government offensive to dislodge the group from their hideouts had failed, and that they had in turn captured several towns towards <a href="/wiki/Goma" title="Goma">Goma</a>, the provincial capital.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_2012_offensive">Late 2012 offensive</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=March_23_Movement&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Late 2012 offensive">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nyiragongo_Territory">Nyiragongo Territory</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=March_23_Movement&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Nyiragongo Territory">edit</a>]</div> The M23's military wing, the Revolutionary Army of Congo (Armée Révolutionnaire du Congo, ARC) began its rebellion in March 2012 in <a href="/wiki/Masisi_Territory" title="Masisi Territory">Masisi Territory</a>. Following tactical reversals in <a href="/wiki/Kitchanga" title="Kitchanga">Kitshanga</a>, the M23 regrouped and commenced strategic offensives across the Kibumba groupement of the <a href="/wiki/Bukumu_Chiefdom" title="Bukumu Chiefdom">Bukumu Chiefdom</a>, situated in <a href="/wiki/Nyiragongo_Territory" title="Nyiragongo Territory">Nyiragongo Territory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:422-40">[40]</a> On the night of 26 April 2012, M23 fighters entered Nyiragongo Territory through the Kibumba groupement, targeting areas such as Katare, Burambo, Hehukalangala, and Kibiriga.<a href="#cite_note-:422-40">[40]</a> After encountering resistance in the village of Kasizi, the group split into factions, with some heading toward Njerima and others crossing into Rwanda's <a href="/wiki/Kinigi" title="Kinigi">Kinigi</a> region to train young recruits.<a href="#cite_note-:422-40">[40]</a> The M23 then expanded their operations, systematically attacking <a href="/wiki/Rutshuru_Territory" title="Rutshuru Territory">Rutshuru Territory</a> and other parts of Nyiragongo, inching closer to Goma.<a href="#cite_note-:422-40">[40]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:194px;max-width:194px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:127px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:M23_troops_in_Rutshuru_army_base.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/M23_troops_in_Rutshuru_army_base.jpg/192px-M23_troops_in_Rutshuru_army_base.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/M23_troops_in_Rutshuru_army_base.jpg/288px-M23_troops_in_Rutshuru_army_base.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/M23_troops_in_Rutshuru_army_base.jpg/384px-M23_troops_in_Rutshuru_army_base.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1328" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">M23 troops stationed at the <a href="/wiki/Rutshuru" title="Rutshuru">Rutshuru</a> army base</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:194px;max-width:194px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:127px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Displaced_people_set_camp_in_Goma_outskirts_(7703444064).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Displaced_people_set_camp_in_Goma_outskirts_%287703444064%29.jpg/192px-Displaced_people_set_camp_in_Goma_outskirts_%287703444064%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Displaced_people_set_camp_in_Goma_outskirts_%287703444064%29.jpg/288px-Displaced_people_set_camp_in_Goma_outskirts_%287703444064%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Displaced_people_set_camp_in_Goma_outskirts_%287703444064%29.jpg/384px-Displaced_people_set_camp_in_Goma_outskirts_%287703444064%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="833" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Displaced people from the Kibumba-Rutshuru axis, fleeing clashes between FARDC and advancing M23 rebels, set up camp in Kanyaruchinya, 4 km (2.5 mi) north of Goma, on 1 August 2012.</div></div></div></div></div> By July 2012, M23 had commandeered key strongholds in Rutshuru Territory, encompassing Bweza, Jomba, Kisigari, Bukoma, Kiwanja, and Rugari.<a href="#cite_note-:422-40">[40]</a> This expansion was accompanied by widespread human rights abuses, including the forced recruitment of <a href="/wiki/Child_soldiers_in_Africa" title="Child soldiers in Africa">child soldiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence" title="Sexual violence">sexual violence</a>, and the systematic looting of villages.<a href="#cite_note-:422-40">[40]</a> In November, M23 intensified its activities in Nyiragongo Territory. On 15 November, Rwandan and M23 forces launched coordinated attacks on localities such as Kasizi, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Hehu" title="Mount Hehu">Hehu</a>, Kibiriga, and Gikeri. Civilians bore the brunt of the violence, with multiple reports of rapes, kidnappings, and killings.<a href="#cite_note-:422-40">[40]</a> On Sunday, 18 November, Rwandan soldiers cross the bridge and meet the M23 to enter Kanjanja (a city located on the Rwanda-Congo border in the Kibati groupement near Kilimanyoka, which caused the escape of survivors from Rutshuru, Kibumba and Buhumba who will settle in the Kanyaruchinya camp and the Mugunga camp.<a href="#cite_note-:422-40">[40]</a> M23 subsequently decimated the Kanyaruchinya camp, forcing over 50,000 displaced people to relocate to Mugunga.<a href="#cite_note-:422-40">[40]</a> That same day, a bomb thrown by M23 killed two civilians, while other residents faced summary executions. Throughout their advance, the rebels engaged in systematic looting, sexual violence, and forced recruitment.<a href="#cite_note-:422-40">[40]</a> On 19 November, at 2:45 p.m., Rwandan military contingents breached the border in the Munigi groupement of Bukumu Chiefdom.<a href="#cite_note-:422-40">[40]</a> On 20 November, M23 was observed systematically expropriating assets from displaced people in the Kibati groupement of Bukumu Chiefdom, including a documented case involving Joseph Nyandwi, a 54-year-old resident.<a href="#cite_note-:422-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Masisi_Territory">Masisi Territory</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=March_23_Movement&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Masisi Territory">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:190px;max-width:190px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:124px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:M23_soldier_Bunagana_Hill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/M23_soldier_Bunagana_Hill.jpg/188px-M23_soldier_Bunagana_Hill.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/M23_soldier_Bunagana_Hill.jpg/282px-M23_soldier_Bunagana_Hill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/M23_soldier_Bunagana_Hill.jpg/376px-M23_soldier_Bunagana_Hill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1328" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">M23 militias armed with a <a href="/wiki/Type_77_heavy_machine_gun" title="Type 77 heavy machine gun">Type 85 heavy machine gun</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bunagana,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Bunagana, Democratic Republic of the Congo">Bunagana</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:190px;max-width:190px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:125px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:M-23_launch_attack_on_MONUSCO_in_Kiwanja_(7684320746).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/M-23_launch_attack_on_MONUSCO_in_Kiwanja_%287684320746%29.jpg/188px-M-23_launch_attack_on_MONUSCO_in_Kiwanja_%287684320746%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/M-23_launch_attack_on_MONUSCO_in_Kiwanja_%287684320746%29.jpg/282px-M-23_launch_attack_on_MONUSCO_in_Kiwanja_%287684320746%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/M-23_launch_attack_on_MONUSCO_in_Kiwanja_%287684320746%29.jpg/376px-M-23_launch_attack_on_MONUSCO_in_Kiwanja_%287684320746%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/MONUSCO" title="MONUSCO">MONUSCO</a> peacekeepers from InBatt 2 defend their Kiwanja base as M23 rebels launch an attack on the town. Several casualties were evacuated, and many civilians sought protection on 25 July 2012 in Kiwanja.</div></div></div></div></div> After taking control of Rutshuru Territory, M23 forces gained access to the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Independent_National_Electoral_Commission_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="Independent National Electoral Commission (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">Independent National Electoral Commission</a> (Commission Électorale Nationale Indépendante; CENI). They removed electoral kits, which the group claimed was to secure the materials.<a href="#cite_note-:4222-41">[41]</a> However, critics argue that this act was intended to enable the potential fraudulent registration of Rwandan nationals, ostensibly to manipulate electoral outcomes, thus raising concerns about the subversion of democratic integrity.<a href="#cite_note-:4222-41">[41]</a> The insurgents' operations in Masisi Territory were characterized by pervasive atrocities. Both isolated and <a href="/wiki/Mass_killing" title="Mass killing">mass killings</a> transpired, particularly during clashes in key locations such as Mbuzi, Ntamugenga, Jomba, <a href="/wiki/Bunagana,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Bunagana, Democratic Republic of the Congo">Bunagana</a>, Kiwanja, Vitshumbi, and Nyamilima.<a href="#cite_note-:4222-41">[41]</a> The full scale of these massacres remains unknown. Civilians bore the heaviest toll, with violence including sexual assaults, verbal and telephone threats against local leaders, and indiscriminate gunfire in residential areas and on roads.<a href="#cite_note-:4222-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lubero_and_Beni_territories">Lubero and Beni territories</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=March_23_Movement&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Lubero and Beni territories">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Lubero_Territory" title="Lubero Territory">Lubero Territory</a>, M23's growth was aided by FARDC defections. Key defectors included Colonel Albert Kahasha, also called Foka Mike, deputy commander of the 808th FARDC Regiment, who joined the Mai-Mai PARECO group under La Fontaine in Bunyatenge, south of Lubero, in June 2012.<a href="#cite_note-:4222-41">[41]</a> Another prominent defector, Colonel <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Mboneza" title="Yusuf Mboneza">Yusufu Eric Mboneza</a>, also from the 808th Regiment, departed with 10 soldiers to join La Fontaine's forces in Kasugho.<a href="#cite_note-:4222-41">[41]</a> Similarly, Lieutenant-Colonel Jaques Tahanga Nyolo, nicknamed Nyoro and a former RCD-K/ML leader, defected in July 2012 to regroup with M23-affiliated forces near Graben Park on the road to Kasindi, near Uganda.<a href="#cite_note-:6-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4222-41">[41]</a> Major Paluku Kombi Hiller, another ex-RCD-K/ML member, defected mid-2012, was later declared a "General", and focused on recruiting youth for M23-aligned militias.<a href="#cite_note-:4222-41">[41]</a> These defections weakened FARDC's control over Lubero, allowing M23 to solidify its influence and recruit more fighters. They escalated their campaign through strategic abductions and attacks. On 7 July, the Administrator of Lubero Territory and the city chief of Kirumba were abducted by La Fontaine and Kahasha's group and released after enduring a week of harsh captivity.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4222-41">[41]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al_Jazeera-M23_troops_in_Bunagana_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Al_Jazeera-M23_troops_in_Bunagana_3.jpg/246px-Al_Jazeera-M23_troops_in_Bunagana_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="246" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Al_Jazeera-M23_troops_in_Bunagana_3.jpg/369px-Al_Jazeera-M23_troops_in_Bunagana_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Al_Jazeera-M23_troops_in_Bunagana_3.jpg/492px-Al_Jazeera-M23_troops_in_Bunagana_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1328" /></a><figcaption>M23 troops</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Beni_Territory" title="Beni Territory">Beni Territory</a> experienced increasing instability with the establishment of the Union for the Rehabilitation of Democracy in Congo (Union pour la Réhabilitation de la Démocratie au Congo; URDC) on 20 October.<a href="#cite_note-:6-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4222-41">[41]</a> Led by Tahanga Nyolo and allied with M23, this faction established a foothold in the <a href="/wiki/Rwenzori_Mountains" title="Rwenzori Mountains">Rwenzori</a> region.<a href="#cite_note-:4222-41">[41]</a> Serious human rights violations occurred, including the kidnapping of three Catholic priests from Mbau Parish on 19 October, whose whereabouts remain unknown.<a href="#cite_note-:4222-41">[41]</a> When M23 occupied Goma on 19 November, Tahanga Nyolo and Hiller Paluku, along with their forces, joined in the city.<a href="#cite_note-:4222-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Goma">Goma</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=March_23_Movement&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Goma">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/M23_rebellion" title="M23 rebellion">M23 rebellion</a></div> In August 2012, the <a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_the_Great_Lakes_Region" title="International Conference on the Great Lakes Region">International Conference on the Great Lakes Region</a> brokered a fragile truce between M23 and FARDC. However, skirmishes persisted, breaking the tenuous ceasefire in mid-October.<a href="#cite_note-:4-23">[23]</a> On 9 November, the Congolese government issued a 14-day ultimatum for M23 to disarm. In response, M23 launched renewed offensives in Rutshuru Territory, targeting key locations such as Kibumba, Mboga, and Ruhondo.<a href="#cite_note-:4-23">[23]</a> On 17 November, the rebels seized control of the Kibumba groupement in <a href="/wiki/Bukumu_Chiefdom" title="Bukumu Chiefdom">Bukumu Chiefdom</a>, despite <a href="/wiki/MONUSCO" title="MONUSCO">MONUSCO</a> air interventions, and advanced towards Goma. Accusations of Rwandan involvement escalated, with Congolese officials asserting that Rwanda was backing M23 militarily.<a href="#cite_note-:4-23">[23]</a> M23 forces had advanced to the outskirts of Goma by 18 November and warned MONUSCO not to support government troops.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Congolese government spokesman <a href="/wiki/Lambert_Mende_Omalanga" title="Lambert Mende Omalanga">Lambert Mende Omalanga</a> accused Rwanda of backing the rebels. "The DRC has "not yet declared war, but we are ready to face it. This is our country, our duty".<a href="#cite_note-NYT1911-45">[45]</a> That Sunday afternoon, Goma was reportedly calm, with no gunfire or significant incidents, as confirmed by North Kivu Vice-Governor Feller Lutaichirwa. He stated that military authorities chose to retreat to "prevent a bloodbath" in Goma, described as a "displaced persons' city, trapped" between <a href="/wiki/Lake_Kivu" title="Lake Kivu">Lake Kivu</a> and M23-occupied territory.<a href="#cite_note-:7-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Army_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_during_M23_rebellion_(8228445703).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Army_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_during_M23_rebellion_%288228445703%29.jpg/220px-Army_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_during_M23_rebellion_%288228445703%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Army_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_during_M23_rebellion_%288228445703%29.jpg/330px-Army_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_during_M23_rebellion_%288228445703%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Army_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_during_M23_rebellion_%288228445703%29.jpg/440px-Army_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_during_M23_rebellion_%288228445703%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1650" /></a><figcaption>The FARDC during the <a href="/wiki/M23_rebellion" title="M23 rebellion">M23 rebellion</a></figcaption></figure> On 19 November, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Humanitarian_Air_Service" title="United Nations Humanitarian Air Service">UN helicopters</a> fired rockets and shells in support of the government to halt the rebel advance toward <a href="/wiki/Goma_International_Airport" title="Goma International Airport">Goma International Airport</a>. Fighting resumed on Monday afternoon, with exchanges between M23 and FARDC striking a hotel on the city's edge.<a href="#cite_note-:7-46">[46]</a> Gunfire was exchanged in Munigi and Mudga groupements, part of the nearby <a href="/wiki/Bukumu_Chiefdom" title="Bukumu Chiefdom">Bukumu Chiefdom</a> to the north and northwest of the city. This prompted residents to flee south or toward <a href="/wiki/Gisenyi" title="Gisenyi">Gisenyi</a>, the Rwandan border crossing.<a href="#cite_note-:7-46">[46]</a> A Heal Africa hospital worker reported receiving six wounded individuals, some in critical condition, due to shelling at a hotel near the city's edge. Soldiers blocked an <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">AFP</a> photographer from entering the combat zones, where <a href="/wiki/Kalashnikov_rifle" title="Kalashnikov rifle">Kalashnikov</a> fire was audible.<a href="#cite_note-:7-46">[46]</a> On 20 November, at approximately 11 a.m., Goma fell to M23 rebels, whose use of <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">mortars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rocket-propelled_grenade" title="Rocket-propelled grenade">rocket-propelled grenades</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Large-calibre_artillery" title="Large-calibre artillery">heavy artillery</a> left nine dead and 64 injured, including civilians.<a href="#cite_note-:7-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-23">[23]</a> Strategic neighborhoods like Bujovu, Birere, and <a href="/wiki/Ndosho" title="Ndosho">Ndosho</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Karisimbi_(commune)" title="Karisimbi (commune)">Karisimbi commune</a> were seized rapidly. M23's conduct included the killing of a young boy suspected of <a href="/wiki/Mai-Mai" title="Mai-Mai">Mai-Mai</a> affiliation in the Ndosho neighborhood.<a href="#cite_note-:4-23">[23]</a> In Murara, four deaths were reported, while three fatalities occurred in Majengo, both in Karisimbi commune.<a href="#cite_note-:7-46">[46]</a> M23 advanced on Goma, while FARDC retreated with minimal resistance.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-G-50">[50]</a> The city was encircled by M23 forces, who entered through Gisenyi, paraded through the streets, and were welcomed by some residents.<a href="#cite_note-G-50">[50]</a> MONUSCO watched the occupation without intervening, stating that their mandate was limited to protecting the safety of civilians.<a href="#cite_note-NYT2011-51">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jeune_Afrique" title="Jeune Afrique">Jeune Afrique</a> later reported that M23 rebels acquired as well as six artillery pieces (type 26 and <a href="/wiki/Katyusha_rocket_launcher" title="Katyusha rocket launcher">BM-type rocket launchers</a>) approximately ~20 <a href="/wiki/Shipping_container" title="Shipping container">shipping containers</a> filled with arms and ammunitions of various caliber, all of which were abandoned by the <a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">FARDC</a> during their retreat from Goma.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soldiers_marching_along_a_road_in_Goma,_Congo_(8229510704).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Soldiers_marching_along_a_road_in_Goma%2C_Congo_%288229510704%29.jpg/241px-Soldiers_marching_along_a_road_in_Goma%2C_Congo_%288229510704%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="241" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Soldiers_marching_along_a_road_in_Goma%2C_Congo_%288229510704%29.jpg/362px-Soldiers_marching_along_a_road_in_Goma%2C_Congo_%288229510704%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Soldiers_marching_along_a_road_in_Goma%2C_Congo_%288229510704%29.jpg/482px-Soldiers_marching_along_a_road_in_Goma%2C_Congo_%288229510704%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1461" /></a><figcaption>Soldiers marching along a road in <a href="/wiki/Goma" title="Goma">Goma</a></figcaption></figure> Congolese president <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kabila" title="Joseph Kabila">Joseph Kabila</a> urged Goma's citizens to "resist" the M23 takeover.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> UN Secretary General <a href="/wiki/Ban_Ki-moon" title="Ban Ki-moon">Ban Ki-moon</a> criticized the M23 for alleged human rights violations during the takeover, including "intimidation of journalists", and abduction of women and children.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Noting that the <a href="/wiki/First_Congo_War" title="First Congo War">First Congo War</a> had begun with fighting in the same region, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a> described the takeover of Goma as "raising serious questions about the stability of Congo as a whole".<a href="#cite_note-NYT2011-51">[51]</a> On 21 November, further atrocities were reported, including the murder of a soldier's wife at the <a href="/wiki/Katindo" title="Katindo">Katindo</a> camp entrance. The attack occurred after a dispute with an M23 guard, who used a bayonet to kill her in broad daylight.<a href="#cite_note-:4-23">[23]</a> The same day, the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a> (ICC) reopened investigations into <a href="/wiki/Bosco_Ntaganda" title="Bosco Ntaganda">Bosco Ntaganda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sylvestre_Mudacumura" title="Sylvestre Mudacumura">Sylvestre Mudacumura</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-23">[23]</a> In response to the escalating crisis, President <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kabila" title="Joseph Kabila">Joseph Kabila</a> convened with Rwandan President <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame">Paul Kagame</a> and Ugandan President <a href="/wiki/Yoweri_Museveni" title="Yoweri Museveni">Yoweri Museveni</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kampala" title="Kampala">Kampala</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The tripartite summit issued a joint communiqué imploring M23 to relinquish control of Goma. However, M23 refused, demanding direct negotiations with President Kabila as a prerequisite for withdrawal.<a href="#cite_note-:4-23">[23]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> enacted Resolution 2076 (2012), unequivocally condemning M23's aggression and demanding an immediate cessation of hostilities. The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> echoed these calls for an end to violence.<a href="#cite_note-:4-23">[23]</a> Despite mounting international pressure, M23 remained defiant, conditioning its retreat on meeting its political and territorial demands.<a href="#cite_note-:4-23">[23]</a><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M23_withdrawl_from_Goma.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/M23_withdrawl_from_Goma.PNG/244px-M23_withdrawl_from_Goma.PNG" decoding="async" width="244" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/M23_withdrawl_from_Goma.PNG/366px-M23_withdrawl_from_Goma.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/M23_withdrawl_from_Goma.PNG/488px-M23_withdrawl_from_Goma.PNG 2x" data-file-width="818" data-file-height="444" /></a><figcaption>M23 rebels leaving Goma, 30 November 2012</figcaption></figure>On 22 November, the FARDC, in cooperation with local <a href="/wiki/Mai-Mai" title="Mai-Mai">Mai-Mai</a> elements, routed the M23 rebels from the nearby town of <a href="/wiki/Sake,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Sake, Democratic Republic of the Congo">Sake</a>, 27 kilometers from Goma, as they marched towards <a href="/wiki/Bukavu" title="Bukavu">Bukavu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Also 22 November, Kabila suspended General <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Amisi_Kumba" title="Gabriel Amisi Kumba">Gabriel Amisi</a>'s FARDC <a href="/wiki/Commissioned_officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissioned officer">commission</a> because of an inquiry into his alleged role in arms sales to various rebel groups, including the FDLR, in the eastern part of the country, so it implicated M23.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> That day, M23 soldiers facilitated the <a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killing" title="Extrajudicial killing">extrajudicial killing</a> of a suspected thief in the Ndosho neighborhood, where he was burned alive by a mob. The group justified the act by claiming a lack of detention facilities.<a href="#cite_note-:4-23">[23]</a> On 23 November, M23 rebels retook Sake from the FARDC after an intense four-hour battle and reinforced their position in the town, as they reportedly moved toward Kirotshe to the south, Mushaki to the north-west, and Kingi to the north.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Meanwhile, the FARDC reinforced their position in <a href="/wiki/Minova" title="Minova">Minova</a>, near the <a href="/wiki/South_Kivu" title="South Kivu">South Kivu</a> provincial border, with more than 3500 soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> The UN has declared that it lost access to 30 of its 31 refugee camps in the area due to the M23 offensive.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> On 24 November in South Kivu, Colonel Albert Kahasha, who had surrendered and joined government troops along with other leaders of <a href="/wiki/Mai-Mai" title="Mai-Mai">Mai-Mai</a> militia groups <a href="/wiki/Raia_Mutomboki" title="Raia Mutomboki">Raïa Mutomboki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nyatura" title="Nyatura">Nyatura</a>. On 13 November he defected again from the FARDC.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> At a regional meeting in <a href="/wiki/Kampala" title="Kampala">Kampala</a>, leaders of the <a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes_region" class="mw-redirect" title="African Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a> area gave M23 a two-day ultimatum to leave Goma. A combined force which would include international troops, a FARDC <a href="/wiki/Company_(military_unit)" title="Company (military unit)">company</a>, and a M23 company would be posted near <a href="/wiki/Goma_International_Airport" title="Goma International Airport">Goma International Airport</a> and would take charge of security.<a href="#cite_note-Okapi_24Nov_1-31">[31]</a> During the nights of 24–25 November, M23 soldiers looted homes in the Keshero neighborhood, stealing money and material goods.<a href="#cite_note-:4-23">[23]</a> When the ultimatum expired on 26 November, M23 still controlled the city.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> The FARDC, had previously withdrawn after raping almost 126 women, some of them less than 10 years old, according to the United Nations and looting the money and possessions of the local population,<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> came from Minova in a counteroffensive launched against M23 positions in the <a href="/wiki/Masisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Masisi">Masisi</a>, North Kivu region on 27 November.<a href="#cite_note-Okapi_27nov-65">[65]</a> M23 set up a road block on the road from Goma to Sake and reportedly extorted funds from drivers.<a href="#cite_note-Okapi_27nov-65">[65]</a> That same day, M23 forces killed Uzaribara Baba Rehema, a father of six, and stole his vehicle. The same night, an assassination attempt was made on the Director General of the Higher Institute of Pedagogy, although he narrowly escaped.<a href="#cite_note-:4-23">[23]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:United_Nations_Organization_Stabilization_Mission_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_(8228455715).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/United_Nations_Organization_Stabilization_Mission_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_%288228455715%29.jpg/223px-United_Nations_Organization_Stabilization_Mission_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_%288228455715%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="223" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/United_Nations_Organization_Stabilization_Mission_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_%288228455715%29.jpg/335px-United_Nations_Organization_Stabilization_Mission_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_%288228455715%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/United_Nations_Organization_Stabilization_Mission_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_%288228455715%29.jpg/446px-United_Nations_Organization_Stabilization_Mission_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_%288228455715%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1461" /></a><figcaption>A column of <a href="/wiki/BMP-2" title="BMP-2">BMP-2</a> armored vehicles from the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces" title="Indian Armed Forces">Indian Armed Forces</a> patrolling the outskirts of Goma, as part of MONUSCO operations</figcaption></figure> Between 20–27 November, M23 orchestrated the escape of approximately 1,500 prisoners from Goma's Munzenze central prison, including individuals serving life sentences.<a href="#cite_note-:4-23">[23]</a> M23 also transported heavy weaponry and ammunition abandoned by FARDC to Rwanda via the <a href="/wiki/Bunagana,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Bunagana, Democratic Republic of the Congo">Bunagana</a> border. This included <a href="/wiki/Main_battle_tank" title="Main battle tank">combat tanks</a> and an estimated 1,000 tons of military equipment, reportedly moved under the observation of the MONUSCO.<a href="#cite_note-:4-23">[23]</a> The office for Direction Générale des Impôts (DGI-Goma), the Goma Public Prosecutor's Office, and the Katindo camp hospital were stripped of movable assets, furniture, and equipment. Even museum artifacts from the governorate were looted.<a href="#cite_note-:4-23">[23]</a> Vehicles and equipment from state agencies like the Office des Routes and the Office des Voiries et Drainage (OVD) were stolen and transported to Rwanda.<a href="#cite_note-:4-23">[23]</a> The homes of provincial ministers, deputies, military officers, and other officials were ransacked, with valuable goods taken to Rwanda. Entire neighborhoods, including Himbi and Keshero, suffered similar fates, with civilians subjected to violence. <a href="/wiki/Stock_(food)" title="Stock (food)">Food stocks</a>, vehicles, and donations from the European Union meant for the <a href="/wiki/Congolese_National_Police" title="Congolese National Police">Congolese National Police</a> were seized.<a href="#cite_note-:4-23">[23]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:206px;max-width:206px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:135px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Nyanzale_camp_Congo.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Nyanzale_camp_Congo.jpeg/204px-Nyanzale_camp_Congo.jpeg" decoding="async" width="204" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Nyanzale_camp_Congo.jpeg/306px-Nyanzale_camp_Congo.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Nyanzale_camp_Congo.jpeg/408px-Nyanzale_camp_Congo.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Nyanzale" title="Nyanzale">Nyanzale</a> refugee camp, 150 km (93 mi) north of Goma</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:135px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Refugees_of_the_M23_rebellion_in_Congo_-_2012_(8228444495).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Refugees_of_the_M23_rebellion_in_Congo_-_2012_%288228444495%29.jpg/180px-Refugees_of_the_M23_rebellion_in_Congo_-_2012_%288228444495%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Refugees_of_the_M23_rebellion_in_Congo_-_2012_%288228444495%29.jpg/270px-Refugees_of_the_M23_rebellion_in_Congo_-_2012_%288228444495%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Refugees_of_the_M23_rebellion_in_Congo_-_2012_%288228444495%29.jpg/360px-Refugees_of_the_M23_rebellion_in_Congo_-_2012_%288228444495%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1650" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Refugees displaced by the rebellion</div></div></div></div></div> Following a peace deal negotiated in Uganda, the M23 said it would withdraw from <a href="/wiki/Goma" title="Goma">Goma</a> by 1 December.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> On 30 November, M23 troops began to withdraw from Sake and Masisi.<a href="#cite_note-Okapi_30nov-67">[67]</a> That same day, a contingent of 200 police officers arrived in Goma in anticipation of M23's withdrawal.<a href="#cite_note-Okapi_30nov-67">[67]</a> However, M23 operatives allegedly maintained a presence in the city, disguised in civilian police uniforms.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> The occupation of Goma triggered a massive displacement crisis; by 30 November, over 130,000 people had fled their homes and sought refuge in camps surrounding the city. Notable concentrations of displaced persons included 61,200 in Mugunga 1, 31,170 at Lac Vert, and 30,000 in Mugunga III.<a href="#cite_note-:4-23">[23]</a> Living conditions in these camps were dire, with most displaced persons deprived of adequate <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_assistance" title="Humanitarian assistance">humanitarian assistance</a> to meet their basic needs. The Mugunga 3 camp, located 7 km (4.3 mi) from Goma, was also looted by M23, with rebels stealing food, clothing, and personal items from vulnerable individuals.<a href="#cite_note-:4-23">[23]</a> Adolescents were reportedly forced to carry stolen goods, and six cases of rape were documented during the assault on the camp.<a href="#cite_note-:4-23">[23]</a> Despite the presence of MONUSCO peacekeepers, M23 operated with impunity, openly transporting looted goods to Rwanda.<a href="#cite_note-:4-23">[23]</a> On 3 December 2012, FARDC and Congolese government officials re-enter Goma, two days after M23 left the city.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> On 24 February 2013, leaders of eleven African nations signed an agreement designed to bring peace to the eastern region of the Democratic Republic of Congo, among them <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>. Both had been accused of aiding the M23 rebellion, a charge they denied.<a href="#cite_note-deal-70">[70]</a> M23 was not represented either in the negotiations, or at the signing.<a href="#cite_note-deal-70">[70]</a> On 18 March 2013, Bosco Ntaganda handed himself in to the U.S. embassy in <a href="/wiki/Kigali" title="Kigali">Kigali</a>, Rwanda,<a href="#cite_note-bbcnewssurrender-71">[71]</a> where he requested transfer to the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>, Netherlands.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Though the reasons for his surrender are unknown it was speculated that he was either pressured to do so by Rwanda or feared infighting within the M23 movement and its military leader Sultani Makenga, which had recently forced Ntaganda's forces to flee the DRC into Rwanda. Though Rwanda was not a signatory to the <a href="/wiki/Rome_Statute" title="Rome Statute">Rome Statute</a>, the media speculated it would be forced to turn him over to the ICC. The U.S. also had listed him on its <a href="/wiki/Rewards_for_Justice_Program" title="Rewards for Justice Program">Rewards for Justice Program</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> On 22 March, he was detained by the ICC<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> and appeared for the first time in front of the ICC on 26 March,<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> to which he denied charges of rape, murder, and other offenses.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Masisi_Territory_2">Masisi Territory</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=March_23_Movement&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Masisi Territory">edit</a>]</div> The capture of <a href="/wiki/Masisi_Territory" title="Masisi Territory">Masisi Territory</a> was a strategic component of the M23 rebellion subsequent to their high-profile conquest of Goma on 20 November 2012. Seeking to expand their control into Masisi Territory, the M23 relied on allied militias, including <a href="/wiki/Nyatura" title="Nyatura">Nyatura</a>, Mai-Mai Cheka, and <a href="/wiki/Raia_Mutomboki" title="Raia Mutomboki">Raïa Mutomboki</a>, to execute coordinated attacks and destabilize the region.<a href="#cite_note-:44-78">[78]</a> Additionally, the M23 leveraged infiltrated elements of RDF within the FARDC to facilitate their operations.<a href="#cite_note-:44-78">[78]</a> To consolidate their position, the M23 sought control of key settlements, including Mushaki, Karuba, Ngungu, Rubaya, Kibabi, Kingi, Bihambwe, Lushebere, and Katale.<a href="#cite_note-:44-78">[78]</a> From 24–25 November 2012, the group mobilized youth to infiltrate <a href="/wiki/Masisi,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Masisi, Democratic Republic of the Congo">Masisi</a> town, instigating unrest as a precursor to its capture. These efforts led to violent confrontations, resulting in five deaths, including a woman, and 13 injuries, among them a child. Victims were treated at the Hôpital Général de Référence de Masisi.<a href="#cite_note-:44-78">[78]</a> Nyatura militias, predominantly composed of Hutu combatants, engaged in systematic violence, including looting, arson, and murder. They targeted villages primarily inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/Hunde_people" title="Hunde people">Hunde</a> ethnic group.<a href="#cite_note-:44-78">[78]</a> Villages burned by Nyatura included Rona (Biiri groupement), Buoye, and Buloto (Bunyungu groupement), as well as Bonde and Lushebere/Lwashi (Bapfuna groupement).<a href="#cite_note-:44-78">[78]</a> The Nyatura forces were commanded by Mr. Munyamariba, a former militia leader affiliated with <a href="/wiki/Rally_for_Congolese_Democracy%E2%80%93Goma" title="Rally for Congolese Democracy–Goma">Rally for Congolese Democracy–Goma</a> (RCD-Goma) and CNDP.<a href="#cite_note-:44-78">[78]</a> In parallel, the Mai-Mai Cheka militia launched assaults on Kalembe village within the Bashali-Mokoto groupement of <a href="/wiki/Bashali_Chiefdom" title="Bashali Chiefdom">Bashali Chiefdom</a>, aiming to secure the area for the M23. Similarly, Raïa Mutomboki, aligned with M23, perpetrated analogous acts of violence.<a href="#cite_note-:44-78">[78]</a> These coordinated attacks instigated <a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">mass displacement</a>, with residents fleeing into the bush.<a href="#cite_note-:44-78">[78]</a> Panic spread to nearby towns, such as Kitshanga. Looting of goods and shops was rampant, and homes were set ablaze, including two houses within Masisi town itself.<a href="#cite_note-:44-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_the_first_rebellion">End of the first rebellion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=March_23_Movement&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: End of the first rebellion">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tanzanian_contingent_of_UN_FIB_in_Kiwanja.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Tanzanian_contingent_of_UN_FIB_in_Kiwanja.jpg/220px-Tanzanian_contingent_of_UN_FIB_in_Kiwanja.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Tanzanian_contingent_of_UN_FIB_in_Kiwanja.jpg/330px-Tanzanian_contingent_of_UN_FIB_in_Kiwanja.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Tanzanian_contingent_of_UN_FIB_in_Kiwanja.jpg/440px-Tanzanian_contingent_of_UN_FIB_in_Kiwanja.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzanian</a> soldiers of the UN brigade</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Force_Intervention_Brigade" title="United Nations Force Intervention Brigade">United Nations Force Intervention Brigade</a></div> In March 2013, the United Nations <a href="/wiki/Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Security Council">Security Council</a> authorized the deployment of an intervention brigade within MONUSCO to carry out targeted offensive operations, with or without the <a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Congolese national army</a>, against armed groups that threaten peace in eastern DRC. The brigade is based in <a href="/wiki/North_Kivu" title="North Kivu">North Kivu</a> and is made up of a total of 3,069 peacekeepers. It is tasked with neutralizing armed groups, reducing the threat posed to State authority and civilian security and make space for stabilization activities. The FIB alongside the Government Forces (FARDC) engaged the M23 in July 2013, August 2013 and September to October 2013.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> On 6 November 2013 government forces launched an assault on M23 rebel position in the east of the country. This occurred one day after insurgents called for a ceasefire. The following day M23 issued a document that said they had "decided from this day to end its rebellion" and instead to pursue its goals "through purely political means".<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> On 7 November, Sultani Makenga, the leader of M23, surrendered with about 1,500 M23 fighters in <a href="/wiki/Mgahinga_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Mgahinga National Park">Mgahinga National Park</a>, Uganda.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> They were eventually moved to refugee camps in Uganda.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICG202210-14">[14]</a> After peace declarations were signed between the DRC Government and M23 rebels on 12 December 2013, issues of legal accountability for the rebellion remain because of international pressure.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resurgence">Resurgence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=March_23_Movement&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Resurgence">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/M23_offensive_(2022%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="M23 offensive (2022–present)">M23 offensive (2022–present)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Renewed_conflict_(2017–2021)">Renewed conflict (2017–2021)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=March_23_Movement&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Renewed conflict (2017–2021)">edit</a>]</div> In 2017, M23 commander Sultani Makenga and about 100 to 200 of his followers fled from Uganda to resume their insurgency, setting up camp at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Mikeno" title="Mount Mikeno">Mount Mikeno</a> in the border area between Rwanda, Uganda, and the DR Congo. However, this splinter group remained largely inactive and did not receive support from the broader M23.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICG202210-14">[14]</a> On 7 November 2021, M23 launched attacks on the FARDC in the villages of Ndiza, Cyanzu, and Runyoni, killing four people. These attacks were seen as a response to stalled negotiations with the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Congolese government</a>, which had failed to progress.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Offensive_in_Rutshuru_and_territorial_gains_(2022)">Offensive in Rutshuru and territorial gains (2022)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=March_23_Movement&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Offensive in Rutshuru and territorial gains (2022)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M23offensive.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/M23offensive.png/220px-M23offensive.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/M23offensive.png/330px-M23offensive.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/M23offensive.png/440px-M23offensive.png 2x" data-file-width="1035" data-file-height="811" /></a><figcaption>Map of the M23 offensive</figcaption></figure> The conflict escalated in 2022 with a major battle in <a href="/wiki/Bunagana,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Bunagana, Democratic Republic of the Congo">Bunagana</a>, a strategic border town, on 28 March. M23 deployed approximately 400 fighters in the assault. The following day, a MONUSCO helicopter was downed over M23-controlled territory, leading to the deaths of eight peacekeepers.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> The rebels also disrupted Ugandan road construction efforts in the region, prompting the <a href="/wiki/Uganda_People%27s_Defence_Force" title="Uganda People's Defence Force">Uganda People's Defence Force</a> (UPDF) to intervene briefly to secure equipment and personnel.<a href="#cite_note-:9-87">[87]</a> This offensive led the Congolese government to publicly accuse Rwanda of supporting M23 for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-:9-87">[87]</a> Amid mounting tensions, regional heads of state, including Presidents <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Tshisekedi" title="Félix Tshisekedi">Félix Tshisekedi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame">Paul Kagame</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yoweri_Museveni" title="Yoweri Museveni">Yoweri Museveni</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Uhuru_Kenyatta" title="Uhuru Kenyatta">Uhuru Kenyatta</a>, met in <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a> on 8 April 2022 to explore diplomatic solutions. An agreement was reached for a dual-track approach: <a href="/wiki/Peace_process" title="Peace process">peace talks</a> with armed groups alongside military operations to force insurgents to demobilize.<a href="#cite_note-:9-87">[87]</a> However, the Congolese government hesitated to negotiate directly with M23 and later rebranded the talks as "consultations", expanding participation to around 40 other armed groups.<a href="#cite_note-:9-87">[87]</a> Fighting resumed on 23 April, and the Congolese delegation used the renewed hostilities as grounds to withdraw from discussions. Following this, President Tshisekedi reassigned the M23 negotiations from Claude Ibalanky, who had initiated dialogue, to Serge Tshibangu, a close advisor advocating for a more hardline stance.<a href="#cite_note-:9-87">[87]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PHOTO_DU_JOUR_DU_SAMEDI_3_JUILLET_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/PHOTO_DU_JOUR_DU_SAMEDI_3_JUILLET_2022.jpg/207px-PHOTO_DU_JOUR_DU_SAMEDI_3_JUILLET_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="207" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/PHOTO_DU_JOUR_DU_SAMEDI_3_JUILLET_2022.jpg/311px-PHOTO_DU_JOUR_DU_SAMEDI_3_JUILLET_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/PHOTO_DU_JOUR_DU_SAMEDI_3_JUILLET_2022.jpg/414px-PHOTO_DU_JOUR_DU_SAMEDI_3_JUILLET_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Moroccan <a href="/wiki/MONUSCO" title="MONUSCO">MONUSCO</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_peacekeeping" title="United Nations peacekeeping">peacekeepers</a> on a long-range patrol to protect civilians from M23 rebels in <a href="/wiki/Rutshuru_Territory" title="Rutshuru Territory">Rutshuru Territory</a></figcaption></figure> On 9 May, various armed factions—including the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Patriots_for_a_Free_and_Sovereign_Congo" title="Alliance of Patriots for a Free and Sovereign Congo">Alliance des Patriotes pour un Congo Libre et Souverain</a> (APCLS), the Coalition des Mouvements pour le Changement/Forces de Défense du Peuple (CMC/FDP), the <a href="/wiki/Nduma_Defense_of_Congo-Renovated" title="Nduma Defense of Congo-Renovated">Nduma Défense du Congo-Rénové</a> (NDC-R), and the Alliance Nationale des Congolais pour la Défense des Droits de l'Homme (ANCDH)—signed an agreement in <a href="/wiki/Pinga,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Pinga, Democratic Republic of the Congo">Pinga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walikale_Territory" title="Walikale Territory">Walikale Territory</a>, pledging to halt hostilities among themselves and align with the Congolese army.<a href="#cite_note-:92-88">[88]</a> The meeting was attended by FARDC Colonel Salomon Tokolonga and representatives of FDLR. Although President Tshisekedi condemned this strategy on 12 May, stating, "you can't put out a fire by throwing oil on it", no punitive actions were taken against those involved.<a href="#cite_note-:92-88">[88]</a> Following the breakdown of peace talks, M23 intensified its military campaign under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Bisimwa" title="Bertrand Bisimwa">Bertrand Bisimwa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Karuhanga-89">[89]</a> On 26 May, the group overran a major FARDC base at <a href="/wiki/Rumangabo" title="Rumangabo">Rumangabo</a>, marking its most significant assault since resuming operations. By 13 June, M23 had captured Bunagana.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-16">[16]</a> Despite increased military efforts, the Congolese government remained committed to a diplomatic resolution. Discussions in Nairobi led to the establishment of the East African Community Regional Force (EACRF), marking the first military intervention by the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community</a> (EAC), which had historically focused on economic integration.<a href="#cite_note-:92-88">[88]</a> On 28 May, the Congolese government officially labeled M23 a "terrorist" organization, signaling its unwillingness to negotiate with the group. Meanwhile, faced with growing military pressure from M23 and the RDF, the FARDC sought alliances with local militias.<a href="#cite_note-:92-88">[88]</a> On 19 June, the EAC chiefs of staff formulated an operational strategy, assigning military responsibilities to member states.<a href="#cite_note-:92-88">[88]</a> <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> were designated to operate in South Kivu and <a href="/wiki/Maniema" title="Maniema">Maniema</a> (though Tanzania did not confirm participation), Kenya was tasked with securing the southern part of North Kivu, Uganda was assigned the northern part of North Kivu and <a href="/wiki/Ituri_Province" title="Ituri Province">Ituri</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a> was given responsibility for the <a href="/wiki/U%C3%A9l%C3%A9_Province" title="Uélé Province">Uélé Province</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:92-88">[88]</a> Rwanda was initially expected to deploy troops in North and South Kivu, but the DRC rejected its participation.<a href="#cite_note-:92-88">[88]</a> Regional stakeholders advocated for renewed diplomatic engagement, contending that the prevailing military stalemate necessitated a political resolution.<a href="#cite_note-:922-91">[91]</a> The Congolese government, however, viewed the situation as the result of Rwandan aggression and maintained that there would be "no negotiation with M23" unless the group withdrew to its initial positions on the slopes of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sabyinyo" title="Mount Sabyinyo">Mount Sabyinyo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:923-92">[92]</a> On 20 October, M23 launched a renewed offensive in <a href="/wiki/Rutshuru_Territory" title="Rutshuru Territory">Rutshuru Territory</a>. The FARDC's counteroffensive quickly faltered, allowing M23 to expand its territorial control significantly.<a href="#cite_note-:923-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-5">[5]</a> By 29 October, the rebels had captured the towns of <a href="/wiki/Rutshuru" title="Rutshuru">Rutshuru</a> and Kiwanja, securing a section of <a href="/wiki/National_Road_2_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="National Road 2 (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">Route Nationale 2</a> and cutting off the primary supply route between Goma and the northern cities of <a href="/wiki/Beni,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Beni, Democratic Republic of the Congo">Beni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Butembo" title="Butembo">Butembo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:923-92">[92]</a> This development increased Goma's reliance on trade with Rwanda. M23 forces then advanced along three fronts: southward toward Goma, halting approximately 20 kilometers from the city; northward toward the <a href="/wiki/Ishasha,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Ishasha, Democratic Republic of the Congo">Ishasha</a> border post; and westward through <a href="/wiki/Virunga_National_Park" title="Virunga National Park">Virunga National Park</a>, toward <a href="/wiki/Bwito_Chiefdom#Administrative_divisions" title="Bwito Chiefdom">Tongo groupement of Bwito Chiefdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:923-92">[92]</a> According to an investigative report by the Congo Research Group (CRG), M23's territorial expansion was bolstered by external support. Ugandan authorities reportedly allowed M23 to use their territory for recruitment and medical treatment of wounded fighters.<a href="#cite_note-:923-92">[92]</a> Drone surveillance from the battle in Rugari on 30 October revealed the presence of soldiers equipped with gear resembling that of RDF.<a href="#cite_note-:923-92">[92]</a> On 24 October, an RDF soldier defected to the MONUSCO base in Kiwanja.<a href="#cite_note-:923-92">[92]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kibirizi,_Bwito_Chiefdom,_North_Kivu_Province,_DR_Congo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Kibirizi%2C_Bwito_Chiefdom%2C_North_Kivu_Province%2C_DR_Congo.jpg/220px-Kibirizi%2C_Bwito_Chiefdom%2C_North_Kivu_Province%2C_DR_Congo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Kibirizi%2C_Bwito_Chiefdom%2C_North_Kivu_Province%2C_DR_Congo.jpg/330px-Kibirizi%2C_Bwito_Chiefdom%2C_North_Kivu_Province%2C_DR_Congo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Kibirizi%2C_Bwito_Chiefdom%2C_North_Kivu_Province%2C_DR_Congo.jpg/440px-Kibirizi%2C_Bwito_Chiefdom%2C_North_Kivu_Province%2C_DR_Congo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>Civilians marching in Kibirizi village, Mutanda groupement, in the <a href="/wiki/Bwito_Chiefdom" title="Bwito Chiefdom">Bwito Chiefdom</a>, September 2016</figcaption></figure> On 29 October, the Congolese government expelled Rwanda's ambassador to Kinshasa, citing Rwanda's alleged complicity in supporting M23. In retaliation, President Félix Tshisekedi exhorted Congolese youth to enlist in the FARDC.<a href="#cite_note-:9232-93">[93]</a> On 7 November, the FARDC, in collaboration with the private military enterprise Agemira, mobilized two <a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-25" title="Sukhoi Su-25">Su-25</a> fighter jets to execute aerial bombardments on M23 strongholds. This escalation heightened tensions with Rwanda, which accused the DRC of violating its airspace.<a href="#cite_note-:9232-93">[93]</a> On the ensuing day, the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="National Assembly (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">Congolese National Assembly</a> ratified a resolution proscribing any negotiations that would facilitate the reintegration of armed factions into the national security apparatus.<a href="#cite_note-:9232-93">[93]</a> Kenyan contingent of the EACRF commenced troop deployments in Goma on 12 November to curb M23's territorial incursions. However, with a limited force size—reportedly capped at 900 soldiers—its deterrence capabilities were perceived as insufficient.<a href="#cite_note-:9232-93">[93]</a> Meanwhile, local militia groups launched counterattacks against M23 in Rushovu on 14 November and in Kanaba on 17 November, resulting in significant insurgent casualties.<a href="#cite_note-:92322-94">[94]</a> In retaliation, M23 carried out the <a href="/wiki/Kishishe_massacre" title="Kishishe massacre">Kishishe massacre</a> between 29 November and 1 December, killing over 300 civilians across <a href="/wiki/Bwito_Chiefdom" title="Bwito Chiefdom">Bwito Chiefdom</a>, encompassing the villages of Kishishe, Bambu, and adjacent localities.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> This event intensified international condemnation and spurred renewed diplomatic and military efforts from Kinshasa. This atrocity provoked an intensified wave of international censure and galvanized renewed diplomatic and military initiatives from Kinshasa.<a href="#cite_note-:92322-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Continued_clashes_(November_2022–2024)">Continued clashes (November 2022–2024)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=March_23_Movement&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Continued clashes (November 2022–2024)">edit</a>]</div> A regional summit held in <a href="/wiki/Luanda" title="Luanda">Luanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a> on 23 November yielded a more resolute posture than preceding diplomatic overtures. The summit mandated M23's immediate withdrawal to its initial positions, ostensibly on Mount Sabyinyo, and forewarned that the East African heads of state would sanction military intervention should the group fail to acquiesce.<a href="#cite_note-:92322-94">[94]</a> However, Kenya, whose military would likely lead any offensive, was absent from the meeting.<a href="#cite_note-:92322-94">[94]</a> On 25 November, M23 acquiesced to a ceasefire.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> On 23 December, M23 announced the partial handover of its positions in Kibumba to the Kenyan contingent of EACRF.<a href="#cite_note-:92322-94">[94]</a> However, subsequent reports from the Expanded Joint Verification Mechanism (MCVE) and EACRF revealed that the group retained a presence in the area.<a href="#cite_note-:92322-94">[94]</a> On 24 January 2023, a Congolese <a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">fighter jet</a> was hit by Rwandan <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery fire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:923222-99">[99]</a> Meanwhile, M23 continued its territorial expansion, capturing the strategically significant town of <a href="/wiki/Kitchanga" title="Kitchanga">Kitchanga</a> on 26 January 2023.<a href="#cite_note-:92322-94">[94]</a> Days later, on 30 January, the Congolese army expelled Rwandan officers from EACRF, a move that drew criticism from the EAC secretary general for allegedly violating the Status of Forces Agreement.<a href="#cite_note-:923222-99">[99]</a> The Nairobi-led peace process weakened, prompting an EAC summit in <a href="/wiki/Bujumbura" title="Bujumbura">Bujumbura</a> on 4 February. While the summit declaration emphasized a regional approach and the need for political dialogue, the Congolese government rejected this stance, arguing that the EACRF should adopt an offensive mandate.<a href="#cite_note-:923222-99">[99]</a> On 9 February, the EAC Chiefs of Staff convened in Nairobi and recommended restructuring the EACRF to include contingents from all participating nations. The first Burundian troops arrived on 4 March, deploying along the western flank of M23-controlled areas, followed by Ugandan troops entering through the Bunagana border on 31 March, and South Sudanese forces arriving in Rumangabo on 8 April.<a href="#cite_note-:923222-99">[99]</a> The EACRF's deployment temporarily stabilized front lines, with minimal territorial shifts between April and October 2023. On 13 March, M23 withdrew from select positions, such as those in Mweso, but failed to return to its original stronghold at Mount Sabyinyo.<a href="#cite_note-:923222-99">[99]</a> In various deployment zones, M23 maintained control and administrative functions despite the presence of regional forces.<a href="#cite_note-:923222-99">[99]</a> Exasperated by the perceived inaction of the EACRF, the Congolese government sought assistance from the <a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Southern African Development Community">Southern African Development Community</a> (SADC). On 8 May, SADC approved the deployment of a military force to support the DRC's efforts to restore stability in eastern Congo.<a href="#cite_note-:923222-99">[99]</a> Meanwhile, the Congolese government intensified its collaboration with local militias. On 6 March, Minister of Higher Education Butondo Muhindo Nzangi announced that local armed groups would be incorporated as reservists within the FARDC.<a href="#cite_note-:923222-99">[99]</a> On 4 May, the Congolese parliament passed a law formally establishing a reserve corps, fostering the creation of numerous militias under the banner of <a href="/wiki/Wazalendo" title="Wazalendo">wazalendo</a> ("patriots" in <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a>).<a href="#cite_note-:923222-99">[99]</a> These militias were concentrated near M23-controlled areas, though some emerged in other conflict zones such as <a href="/wiki/Beni_Territory" title="Beni Territory">Beni Territory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lubero_Territory" title="Lubero Territory">Lubero Territory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:923222-99">[99]</a> Simultaneously, private military companies increased their presence, with approximately 900 personnel operating in North Kivu by late May 2023. These forces also engaged in training Congolese soldiers at the Mubambiro military base near Goma.<a href="#cite_note-:923222-99">[99]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> condemned the presence of RDF troops in the DRC and, in August 2023, imposed sanctions on Rwandan General Andrew Nyamvumba for his alleged role in supporting M23.<a href="#cite_note-:923-92">[92]</a> In early 2024, diplomatic efforts led by Angola sought to revive peace talks between the DRC and Rwanda. After the two presidents failed to meet in <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a> during an <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> summit in February, Angola facilitated separate meetings with each leader.<a href="#cite_note-:923222-99">[99]</a> A ministerial meeting was subsequently held in Luanda in March to lay the groundwork for a summit. Under pressure from international donors, particularly the United States, the DRC committed to developing a plan to neutralize FDLR.<a href="#cite_note-:923222-99">[99]</a> Rwanda, in turn, indicated that it would reassess its defensive measures upon the plan's implementation. As part of broader diplomatic efforts, discussions between the Congolese and Rwandan governments took place in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a> on 15 May under the auspices of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a> (UNHCR). Both parties agreed to pursue constructive dialogue to facilitate the return of refugees residing in Rwanda and Uganda, addressing one of M23's longstanding demands.<a href="#cite_note-:923222-99">[99]</a> However, progress on this front has since stagnated. Despite regional mediation efforts and the involvement of multiple international actors, the conflict remains unresolved. M23 continues to exert significant influence in eastern DRC, while tensions between Kinshasa and Kigali persist.<a href="#cite_note-:923222-99">[99]</a> The SADC deployed the <a href="/wiki/SADC_Mission_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo" title="SADC Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo">SAMIDRC</a>, made up of <a href="/wiki/Tanzania_People%27s_Defence_Force" title="Tanzania People's Defence Force">Tanzanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malawian_Defence_Force" title="Malawian Defence Force">Malawian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Defence_Force" title="South African National Defence Force">South African</a> contingents.<a href="#cite_note-:9232222-100">[100]</a> Although the FARDC and allied forces managed to retain control of <a href="/wiki/Sake,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Sake, Democratic Republic of the Congo">Sake</a>, the M23-RDF coalition occupied key positions on the surrounding hills and the town of Sasha, thereby controlling crucial supply routes linking Sake and Goma to the rest of the DRC.<a href="#cite_note-:9232222-100">[100]</a> In March 2024, M23 launched a northern push into <a href="/wiki/Rutshuru_Territory" title="Rutshuru Territory">Rutshuru Territory</a>, capturing <a href="/wiki/Rwindi" title="Rwindi">Rwindi</a> and the Vitshumbi fishery along <a href="/wiki/Lake_Edward" title="Lake Edward">Lake Edward</a> with little resistance.<a href="#cite_note-:9232222-100">[100]</a> The FARDC withdrew to <a href="/wiki/Kanyabayonga" title="Kanyabayonga">Kanyabayonga</a> before the rebels' arrival. Following these setbacks, General Chico Tshitambwe, commander of the northern front, was recalled to <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a> along with other officers accused of abandoning their posts.<a href="#cite_note-:9232222-100">[100]</a> In response to perceived acts of treason on the battlefield, the Congolese <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="Ministry of Justice (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">Minister of Justice</a> announced the suspension of the moratorium on the death penalty.<a href="#cite_note-:9232222-100">[100]</a> According to an April 2024 report by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Group_of_Experts_on_Geographical_Names" title="United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names">United Nations Group of Experts</a> on the DRC, between 3,000 and 4,000 RDF soldiers were present on Congolese territory, possibly outnumbering the estimated 3,000 M23 combatants. The situation further deteriorated in June 2024, when M23 and RDF forces advanced northward, capturing Kanyabayonga and Kirumba and entering Lubero Territory for the first time in the group's history.<a href="#cite_note-:9232222-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Intensified_hostilities_(January_2025)">Intensified hostilities (January 2025)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=March_23_Movement&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Intensified hostilities (January 2025)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2025_Goma_offensive" title="2025 Goma offensive">2025 Goma offensive</a></div> On 21 January 2025, it was reported that M23 forces have taken <a href="/wiki/Masisi,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Masisi, Democratic Republic of the Congo">Masisi</a>, the key eastern trading town of <a href="/wiki/Minova" title="Minova">Minova</a>, that puts them within 25 mi (40 km) from Goma.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Early on 27 January, M23 announced on <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">X</a> that they had captured Goma, although there were still reports of fighting throughout the city.<a href="#cite_note-Goma-capture-102">[102]</a> Civilians shared videos showing M23 rebels patrolling Goma's major streets. The rebels issued an ultimatum, demanding the surrender of FARDC forces and imposing a 48-hour deadline, which culminated earlier that day.<a href="#cite_note-:8-103">[103]</a> Some Congolese soldiers conceded, relinquishing their arms before the deadline expired. Key access routes surrounding Goma were barricaded, rendering <a href="/wiki/Goma_International_Airport" title="Goma International Airport">Goma International Airport</a> inoperable for evacuation and humanitarian relief efforts.<a href="#cite_note-:8-103">[103]</a> Despite the partial presence of Congolese military personnel within the city, a significant portion of Goma fell under M23's dominion. Reports emerged of heavy artillery shelling within the city center and a mass jailbreak, with unverified footage circulating online showing detainees escaping.<a href="#cite_note-:8-103">[103]</a> The prison, which housed 3,000 inmates, was reportedly completely torched, with fatalities resulting from the incident.<a href="#cite_note-:8-103">[103]</a> It was reported that hundreds of female inmates were raped and burned alive during the mass jailbreak from Goma's prison.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Internal_conflicts">Internal conflicts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=March_23_Movement&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Internal conflicts">edit</a>]</div> On 25 February 2013, disagreement between factions of the M23 about how to react to the peace agreement led to violence. M23's political leader, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Runiga_Lugerero" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Marie Runiga Lugerero">Jean-Marie Runiga Lugerero</a>, was sacked.<a href="#cite_note-BBC2-105">[105]</a> In a statement signed by M23's military leader, <a href="/wiki/Sultani_Makenga" title="Sultani Makenga">Sultani Makenga</a>, he was accused of treason because of "financial embezzlement, divisions, ethnic hatred, deceit and political immaturity".<a href="#cite_note-BBC3-9">[9]</a> Makenga declared himself interim leader and clashes between those loyal to <a href="/wiki/Sultani_Makenga" title="Sultani Makenga">Sultani Makenga</a> and those loyal to Jean-Marie Runiga Lugerero, who is allied with Bosco Ntaganda, have killed ten men and two others were hospitalized.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> M23 has denied that it is hit by dissent.<a href="#cite_note-BBC1-2">[2]</a> By 2022, M23 was split into factions loyal to Bertrand Bisimwa, Jean-Marie Runiga, and Sultani Makenga.<a href="#cite_note-Karuhanga-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICG202210,_15-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=March_23_Movement&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Portal:Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Rwanda_relations" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda relations">Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda relations</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=March_23_Movement&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-dailymaverick-1"><a href="#cite_ref-dailymaverick_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) 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Retrieved 5 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Temps&rft.atitle=Les+rebelles+du+M23+ont+pris+le+contr%C3%B4le+de+Goma&rft.date=2012-11-20&rft.issn=1423-3967&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.letemps.ch%2Fmonde%2Frebelles-m23-ont-pris-controle-goma%3Fsrsltid%3DAfmBOooes_bx79Bb_UaS-ELIIHonTfuOCW7022Q_K5Dn-yTAisaTpWac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+23+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCogné2012" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cogné, Gael (21 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/les-rebelles-congolais-prennent-goma-a-qui-la-faute_172883.html">"Les rebelles congolais ont pris Goma, à qui la faute?"</a> [Congolese rebels took Goma, whose fault is it?]. <a href="/wiki/France_Info_(radio_network)" title="France Info (radio network)">France Info</a> (in French). Retrieved 5 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=France+Info&rft.atitle=Les+rebelles+congolais+ont+pris+Goma%2C+%C3%A0+qui+la+faute%3F&rft.date=2012-11-21&rft.aulast=Cogn%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Gael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.francetvinfo.fr%2Fmonde%2Fafrique%2Fles-rebelles-congolais-prennent-goma-a-qui-la-faute_172883.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+23+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Blair2012" class="citation news cs1">David Blair (20 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/democraticrepublicofcongo/9691489/Goma-falls-to-Congos-M23-rebels-without-expected-bloodbath.html">"Goma falls to Congo's 'M23' rebels without expected bloodbath"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Telegraph</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121122021400/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/democraticrepublicofcongo/9691489/Goma-falls-to-Congos-M23-rebels-without-expected-bloodbath.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2012. Retrieved 18 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Goma+falls+to+Congo%27s+%27M23%27+rebels+without+expected+bloodbath&rft.date=2012-11-20&rft.au=David+Blair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fafricaandindianocean%2Fdemocraticrepublicofcongo%2F9691489%2FGoma-falls-to-Congos-M23-rebels-without-expected-bloodbath.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+23+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-G-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-G_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-G_50-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPete_Jones_and_David_Smith2012" class="citation news cs1">Pete Jones and David Smith (20 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/nov/20/congo-rebel-m23-take-goma">"Congo rebels take Goma with little resistance and to little cheer"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121122045405/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/nov/20/congo-rebel-m23-take-goma">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Congo+rebels+take+Goma+with+little+resistance+and+to+little+cheer&rft.date=2012-11-20&rft.au=Pete+Jones+and+David+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2012%2Fnov%2F20%2Fcongo-rebel-m23-take-goma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+23+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT2011-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT2011_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT2011_51-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffrey_Gettleman_and_Josh_Kron2012" class="citation news cs1">Jeffrey Gettleman and Josh Kron (20 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/21/world/africa/congolese-rebels-reach-goma-reports-say.html">"Congo Rebels Seize Provincial Capital"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121120190538/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/21/world/africa/congolese-rebels-reach-goma-reports-say.html?_r=0">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2012. Retrieved 18 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Congo+Rebels+Seize+Provincial+Capital&rft.date=2012-11-20&rft.au=Jeffrey+Gettleman+and+Josh+Kron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F11%2F21%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fcongolese-rebels-reach-goma-reports-say.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+23+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Article/ARTJAWEB20121123175808/kinshasa-rdc-fardc-gomaprises-de-guerre-du-m23-a-goma-kinshasa-nous-approvisionne-depuis-le-debut.html">"Prises de guerre du M23 à Goma: "Kinshasa nous approvisionne depuis le début""</a> [M23 spoils of war in Goma: "Kinshasa has been supplying us from the beginning"] (in French). <a href="/wiki/Jeune_Afrique" title="Jeune Afrique">Jeune Afrique</a>. 23 November 2012. Retrieved 24 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Prises+de+guerre+du+M23+%C3%A0+Goma%3A+%22Kinshasa+nous+approvisionne+depuis+le+d%C3%A9but%22&rft.date=2012-11-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jeuneafrique.com%2FArticle%2FARTJAWEB20121123175808%2Fkinshasa-rdc-fardc-gomaprises-de-guerre-du-m23-a-goma-kinshasa-nous-approvisionne-depuis-le-debut.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+23+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-20405739">"Goma: M23 rebels capture DR Congo city"</a>. BBC News. 20 November 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121205032005/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-20405739">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2012. Retrieved 21 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Goma%3A+M23+rebels+capture+DR+Congo+city&rft.date=2012-11-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-20405739&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+23+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhil_Moore2012" class="citation news cs1">Phil Moore (20 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121208141220/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5h9Ub2sQ-gfJ91-Z0E35rPBHkUZrw?docId=CNG.1b924e9a4a88e36e9c27a4a1356d5dfb.4e1">"DR Congo rebels capture Goma, accused of atrocities"</a>. Agence France-Presse. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5h9Ub2sQ-gfJ91-Z0E35rPBHkUZrw?docId=CNG.1b924e9a4a88e36e9c27a4a1356d5dfb.4e1">the original</a> on 8 December 2012. Retrieved 18 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=DR+Congo+rebels+capture+Goma%2C+accused+of+atrocities&rft.date=2012-11-20&rft.au=Phil+Moore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fhostednews%2Fafp%2Farticle%2FALeqM5h9Ub2sQ-gfJ91-Z0E35rPBHkUZrw%3FdocId%3DCNG.1b924e9a4a88e36e9c27a4a1356d5dfb.4e1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+23+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/5min/20121121-rdc-vivez-evenements-goma-nord-kivu-kabila-fardc-m23-bukavu">"RDC: retour sur la journée du 21 novembre au Nord-Kivu et dans le reste du pays"</a> [DRC: a look back at the day of November 21 in North Kivu and the rest of the country]. <a href="/wiki/Radio_France_Internationale" title="Radio France Internationale">RFI</a> (in French). 21 November 2012. Retrieved 4 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RFI&rft.atitle=RDC%3A+retour+sur+la+journ%C3%A9e+du+21+novembre+au+Nord-Kivu+et+dans+le+reste+du+pays&rft.date=2012-11-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfi.fr%2Ffr%2Fafrique%2F5min%2F20121121-rdc-vivez-evenements-goma-nord-kivu-kabila-fardc-m23-bukavu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+23+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ladepeche.fr/article/2012/11/21/1494791-rdc-les-presidents-congolais-kabila-et-rwandais-kagame-se-sont-rencontres.html">"RDC: le M23 consolide son emprise sur Goma, Kabila rencontre Kagame"</a> [DRC: M23 consolidates its hold on Goma, Kabila meets Kagame]. <a href="/wiki/La_D%C3%A9p%C3%AAche_du_Midi" title="La Dépêche du Midi">La Dépêche du Midi</a> (in French). 21 November 2012. Retrieved 4 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=La+D%C3%A9p%C3%AAche+du+Midi&rft.atitle=RDC%3A+le+M23+consolide+son+emprise+sur+Goma%2C+Kabila+rencontre+Kagame&rft.date=2012-11-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ladepeche.fr%2Farticle%2F2012%2F11%2F21%2F1494791-rdc-les-presidents-congolais-kabila-et-rwandais-kagame-se-sont-rencontres.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+23+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://radiookapi.net/actualite/2012/11/22/nord-kivu-la-coalition-fardc-mai-mai-aurait-repousse-le-m23-de-sake/">"Nord-Kivu : la coalition FARDC-Maï-Maï aurait repoussé le M23 de Sake"</a> (in French). Radio Okapi. 22 November 2012. Retrieved 22 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nord-Kivu+%3A+la+coalition+FARDC-Ma%C3%AF-Ma%C3%AF+aurait+repouss%C3%A9+le+M23+de+Sake&rft.date=2012-11-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fradiookapi.net%2Factualite%2F2012%2F11%2F22%2Fnord-kivu-la-coalition-fardc-mai-mai-aurait-repousse-le-m23-de-sake%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+23+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://radiookapi.net/actualite/2012/11/22/rdc-le-president-kabila-suspend-le-general-major-amisi-le-chef-de-forces-terrestres/">"RDC : le président Kabila suspend le général major Amisi, le chef des forces terrestres"</a> (in French). Radio Okapi. 22 November 2012. Retrieved 22 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=RDC+%3A+le+pr%C3%A9sident+Kabila+suspend+le+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral+major+Amisi%2C+le+chef+des+forces+terrestres&rft.date=2012-11-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fradiookapi.net%2Factualite%2F2012%2F11%2F22%2Frdc-le-president-kabila-suspend-le-general-major-amisi-le-chef-de-forces-terrestres%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+23+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://radiookapi.net/actualite/2012/11/23/sake-les-affrontements-entre-fardc-m23-font-4-morts/">"Sake: les affrontements entre FARDC et M23 font 4 morts"</a> [Sake: Clashes between FARDC and M23 leave 4 dead] (in French). <a href="/wiki/Radio_Okapi" title="Radio Okapi">Radio Okapi</a>. 23 November 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sake%3A+les+affrontements+entre+FARDC+et+M23+font+4+morts&rft.date=2012-11-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fradiookapi.net%2Factualite%2F2012%2F11%2F23%2Fsake-les-affrontements-entre-fardc-m23-font-4-morts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+23+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://radiookapi.net/actualite/2012/11/24/nord-kivu-les-fardc-renforcent-leurs-positions-minova/">"Nord-Kivu: les FARDC renforcent leurs positions à Minova"</a> (in French). Radio Okapi. 24 November 2012. 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Ebuteli. Congo Research Group (CRG). 6 August 2024. pp. 31–32. Retrieved 1 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ebuteli&rft.atitle=The+Resurgence+of+the+M23%3A+Regional+Rivalries%2C+Donor+Policy%2C+and+a+Stalled+Peace+Process&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.date=2024-08-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcic.nyu.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2024%2F10%2FThe-Resurgence-of-the-M23-EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+23+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRukanga2025" class="citation web cs1">Rukanga, Basillioh (2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cz9e57wln45o">"DR Congo conflict: Rwanda-backed M23 rebels capture Minova"</a>. BBC. 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Photographs by Ndebo, Guerchom. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250127073956/https://www.nytimes.com/2025/01/27/world/africa/rebels-capture-goma-congo.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2025. Retrieved 27 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Rebels+Backed+by+Rwanda+Announce+Capture+of+Key+City+in+Eastern+Congo&rft.date=2025-01-27&rft.aulast=Kabanda&rft.aufirst=Caleb&rft.au=Maclean%2C+Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2025%2F01%2F27%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Frebels-capture-goma-congo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+23+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_103-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_103-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_103-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCursinoKupemba2025" class="citation web cs1">Cursino, Malu; Kupemba, Danai Nesta (27 January 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c0qwlkydxxko">"DR Congo conflict: M23 rebels say they have taken eastern city of Goma"</a>. BBC. Retrieved 27 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=DR+Congo+conflict%3A+M23+rebels+say+they+have+taken+eastern+city+of+Goma&rft.date=2025-01-27&rft.aulast=Cursino&rft.aufirst=Malu&rft.au=Kupemba%2C+Danai+Nesta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fc0qwlkydxxko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+23+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBastmeijerTownsendHouttuin2025" class="citation news cs1">Bastmeijer, Joost; Townsend, Mark; Houttuin, Saskia (5 February 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/feb/05/democratic-republic-congo-goma-women-raped-burned-death-prison-m23-rebels-rwanda">"Hundreds of women raped and burned to death after Goma prison set on fire"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. Retrieved 5 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Hundreds+of+women+raped+and+burned+to+death+after+Goma+prison+set+on+fire&rft.date=2025-02-05&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Bastmeijer&rft.aufirst=Joost&rft.au=Townsend%2C+Mark&rft.au=Houttuin%2C+Saskia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2025%2Ffeb%2F05%2Fdemocratic-republic-congo-goma-women-raped-burned-death-prison-m23-rebels-rwanda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+23+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC2-105"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC2_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-21642301">"DR Congo: Army 'seizes' eastern towns held by M23 rebels"</a>. BBC News. 2 March 2013. Retrieved 3 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=DR+Congo%3A+Army+%27seizes%27+eastern+towns+held+by+M23+rebels&rft.date=2013-03-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-21642301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+23+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130225192354/http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/afp/130225/clashes-among-dr-congo-rebels-leave-10-dead-hospital">"Clashes among DR Congo rebels leave 10 dead: hospital"</a>. Global Post. AFP. 25 February 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/afp/130225/clashes-among-dr-congo-rebels-leave-10-dead-hospital">the original</a> on 25 February 2013. Retrieved 25 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Clashes+among+DR+Congo+rebels+leave+10+dead%3A+hospital&rft.date=2013-02-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalpost.com%2Fdispatch%2Fnews%2Fafp%2F130225%2Fclashes-among-dr-congo-rebels-leave-10-dead-hospital&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+23+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEICG202210,_15-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEICG202210,_15_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFICG2022">ICG 2022</a>, pp. 10, 15. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=March_23_Movement&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Works cited">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFICG2022" class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220525122854/https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/b181-dr-congo-great-lakes.pdf">"Easing the Turmoil in the Eastern DR Congo and Great Lakes"</a> (PDF). Crisis Group Africa Briefing (181). <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>: <a href="/wiki/International_Crisis_Group" title="International Crisis Group">International Crisis Group</a>. 25 May 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/b181-dr-congo-great-lakes.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 May 2022. Retrieved 15 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Crisis+Group+Africa+Briefing&rft.atitle=Easing+the+Turmoil+in+the+Eastern+DR+Congo+and+Great+Lakes&rft.issue=181&rft.date=2022-05-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fd2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net%2Fb181-dr-congo-great-lakes.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+23+Movement" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=March_23_Movement&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroache2016" class="citation journal cs1">Broache, Michael (November 2016). "Irrelevance, instigation and prevention: the mixed effects of international criminal court prosecutions on atrocities in the CNDP/M23 case". <a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Transitional_Justice" title="International Journal of Transitional Justice">International Journal of Transitional Justice</a>. 10 (3). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford Journals</a>: 388–409. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fijtj%2Fijw020">10.1093/ijtj/ijw020</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Transitional+Justice&rft.atitle=Irrelevance%2C+instigation+and+prevention%3A+the+mixed+effects+of+international+criminal+court+prosecutions+on+atrocities+in+the+CNDP%2FM23+case&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E388-%3C%2Fspan%3E409&rft.date=2016-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fijtj%2Fijw020&rft.aulast=Broache&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+23+Movement" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoko2014" class="citation journal cs1">Koko, Sadiki (2014). "The Mouvement du 23 Mars and the dynamics of a failed insurgency in the Democratic Republic of Congo". South African Journal of International Affairs. 21 (2). <a href="/wiki/Taylor_and_Francis" class="mw-redirect" title="Taylor and Francis">Taylor and Francis</a>: 261–278. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10220461.2014.942207">10.1080/10220461.2014.942207</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154084869">154084869</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+African+Journal+of+International+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Mouvement+du+23+Mars+and+the+dynamics+of+a+failed+insurgency+in+the+Democratic+Republic+of+Congo&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E261-%3C%2Fspan%3E278&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10220461.2014.942207&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154084869%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Koko&rft.aufirst=Sadiki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+23+Movement" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMbavu_Muhindo2014" class="citation book cs1">Mbavu Muhindo, Vincent (2014). De l'AFDL au M23 en République démocratique du Congo. L'Harmattan: Paris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782343040318" title="Special:BookSources/9782343040318"><bdi>9782343040318</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+l%27AFDL+au+M23+en+R%C3%A9publique+d%C3%A9mocratique+du+Congo&rft.place=L%27Harmattan&rft.pub=Paris&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9782343040318&rft.aulast=Mbavu+Muhindo&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+23+Movement" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=March_23_Movement&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:March_23_Movement" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:March 23 Movement">March 23 Movement</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/2012/843">UN Group of Experts final report 2012</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://peacemaker.un.org/node/1961">Full text of the Agenda for the Dialogue between the Government of the DRC and the M23 on the situation in Eastern Congo, 16 January 2013</a>, UN Peacemaker</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&#124;link=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo–Rwanda_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Rwanda&#124;link=Rwanda532" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo"><img alt="Democratic Republic of the Congo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Rwanda_relations" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda relations">Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda relations</a> <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda"><img alt="Rwanda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lusaka_Ceasefire_Agreement" title="Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement">Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pretoria_Accord" title="Pretoria Accord">Pretoria Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_City_Agreement" title="Sun City Agreement">Sun City Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Market_for_Eastern_and_Southern_Africa" title="Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa">COMESA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_the_Conservation_of_Gorillas_and_Their_Habitats" title="Agreement on the Conservation of Gorillas and Their Habitats">Gorilla Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Community_of_the_Great_Lakes_Countries" title="Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries">Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Military relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="East African campaign (World War I)">East African campaign (World War I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simba_rebellion" title="Simba rebellion">Simba rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Civil_War" title="Rwandan Civil War">Rwandan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Congo_War" title="First Congo War">First Congo War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AFDL" title="AFDL">AFDL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemera_massacre" title="Lemera massacre">Lemera massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Hutus_during_the_First_Congo_War" title="Massacres of Hutus during the First Congo War">Massacres of Hutus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongo_conflict" title="Dongo conflict">Dongo conflict</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Kivu_conflict17" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kivu_conflict" title="Kivu conflict">Kivu conflict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Makobola_massacre" title="Makobola massacre">Makobola massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Nord-Kivu_campaign" title="2008 Nord-Kivu campaign">2008 Nord-Kivu campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Eastern_Congo_offensive" title="2009 Eastern Congo offensive">2009 Eastern Congo offensive</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="March_23Movement43" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">March 23 Movement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M23_rebellion" title="M23 rebellion">M23 rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M23_offensive_(2022%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="M23 offensive (2022–present)">M23 offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kishishe_massacre" title="Kishishe massacre">Kishishe massacre</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Congolese%E2%80%93Rwandan_border_clash" title="2012 Congolese–Rwandan border clash">2012 Congolese–Rwandan border clash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Rwanda_conflict_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda conflict (2022–present)">Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda conflict (2022–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Rwanda_border" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda border">Border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banyamulenge" title="Banyamulenge">Banyamulenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bwito_Chiefdom" title="Bwito Chiefdom">Bwito Chiefdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaziba_Chiefdom" title="Kaziba Chiefdom">Kaziba Chiefdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngweshe_Chiefdom" title="Ngweshe Chiefdom">Ngweshe Chiefdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_colonial_empire" title="Belgian colonial empire">Belgian colonial empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kivu_frontier_incident" title="Kivu frontier incident">Kivu frontier incident</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Mining industry of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Mining industry of the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercenaries_and_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Mercenaries and the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Mercenaries and the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Revolution" title="Rwandan Revolution">Rwandan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katanga_insurgency" title="Katanga insurgency">Katanga insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanyarwanda_War" title="Kanyarwanda War">Kanyarwanda War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_refugee_crisis" title="Great Lakes refugee crisis">Great Lakes refugee crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Forces_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwanda" title="Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda">FDLR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_for_Congolese_Democracy" title="Rally for Congolese Democracy">RCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MONUSCO" title="MONUSCO">MONUSCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="International Criminal Court investigation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">International Criminal Court investigation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Mutarule_attack" title="2014 Mutarule attack">2014 Mutarule attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipupu_massacre" title="Kipupu massacre">Kipupu massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Rwanda_relations" title="Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda relations">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=March_23_Movement&oldid=1274561887">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=March_23_Movement&oldid=1274561887</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:March_23_Movement" title="Category:March 23 Movement">March 23 Movement</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2012_establishments_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Category:2012 establishments in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">2012 establishments in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_coups_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Category:Military coups in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Military coups in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_units_and_formations_established_in_2012" title="Category:Military units and formations established in 2012">Military units and formations established in 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:North_Kivu" title="Category:North Kivu">North 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