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<ul id="toc-Goals_and_objectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Specifications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Specifications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Specifications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Specifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spacecraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spacecraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Spacecraft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spacecraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rover" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rover"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Rover</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rover-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Instruments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cost_overruns,_delays,_and_launch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cost_overruns,_delays,_and_launch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Cost overruns, delays, and launch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cost_overruns,_delays,_and_launch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Naming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landing_site_selection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landing_site_selection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Landing site selection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landing_site_selection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Launch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Launch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Launch</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Launch-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Launch subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Launch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Launch_vehicle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Launch_vehicle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Launch vehicle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Launch_vehicle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Launch_event" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Launch_event"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Launch event</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Launch_event-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cruise" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cruise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Cruise</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cruise-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cruise subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cruise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cruise_stage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cruise_stage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Cruise stage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cruise_stage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mars_transfer_orbit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mars_transfer_orbit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Mars transfer orbit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mars_transfer_orbit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Entry,_descent_and_landing_(EDL)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entry,_descent_and_landing_(EDL)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Entry, descent and landing (EDL)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Entry,_descent_and_landing_(EDL)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Entry, descent and landing (EDL) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Entry,_descent_and_landing_(EDL)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-EDL_spacecraft_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#EDL_spacecraft_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>EDL spacecraft system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-EDL_spacecraft_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-EDL_event–August_6,_2012" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#EDL_event–August_6,_2012"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>EDL event–August 6, 2012</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-EDL_event–August_6,_2012-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Guided_entry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guided_entry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>Guided entry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guided_entry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parachute_descent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parachute_descent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.2</span> <span>Parachute descent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parachute_descent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Powered_descent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Powered_descent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.3</span> <span>Powered descent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Powered_descent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sky_crane" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sky_crane"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.4</span> <span>Sky crane</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sky_crane-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landing_site" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landing_site"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Landing site</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landing_site-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Media subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Videos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Videos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Videos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Videos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Images" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Images"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Images</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Images-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mars Science Laboratory</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars-wetenskaplaboratorium" title="Mars-wetenskaplaboratorium – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mars-wetenskaplaboratorium" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE" title="مختبر علوم المريخ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مختبر علوم المريخ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF" title="মার্স সায়েন্স ল্যাবরেটরি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মার্স সায়েন্স ল্যাবরেটরি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3e-chhe%E2%81%BF_Kho-ha%CC%8Dk_Si%CC%8Dt-gi%C4%81m-sek" title="Hóe-chheⁿ Kho-ha̍k Si̍t-giām-sek – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hóe-chheⁿ Kho-ha̍k Si̍t-giām-sek" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Марсіянская навуковая лабараторыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Марсіянская навуковая лабараторыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8A%D0%BD%D1%81_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8A%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Марс Сайънс Лаборътори – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Марс Сайънс Лаборътори" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mars Science Laboratory" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mars Science Laboratory" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mars Science Laboratory" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labordy_gwyddonol_Mawrth" title="Labordy gwyddonol Mawrth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Labordy gwyddonol Mawrth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mars Science Laboratory" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsa_Scienca_Laboratorio" title="Marsa Scienca Laboratorio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Marsa Scienca Laboratorio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mars Science Laboratory" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="آزمایشگاه علمی مریخ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آزمایشگاه علمی مریخ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mars Science Laboratory" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mars Science Laboratory" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%94%EC%84%B1_%EA%B3%BC%ED%95%99_%EC%8B%A4%ED%97%98%EC%8B%A4" title="화성 과학 실험실 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="화성 과학 실험실" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="मंगल विज्ञान प्रयोगशाला – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मंगल विज्ञान प्रयोगशाला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mars Science Laboratory" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mars Science Laboratory" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mars Science Laboratory" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%A7%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D" title="המעבדה לחקר המאדים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המעבדה לחקר המאדים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="Mars Science Laboratory" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratorium_Scientificum_Martianum" title="Laboratorium Scientificum Martianum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Laboratorium Scientificum Martianum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mars Science Laboratory" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Mars Science Laboratory" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mars Science Laboratory" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Mars Science Laboratory" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mars Science Laboratory" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5_%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2" title="ചൊവ്വ ശാസ്ത്ര പരീക്ഷണശാല – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചൊവ്വ ശാസ്ത്ര പരീക്ഷണശാല" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makmal_Sains_Marikh" title="Makmal Sains Marikh – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Makmal Sains Marikh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mars Science Laboratory" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%9C%E3%83%A9%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC" title="マーズ・サイエンス・ラボラトリー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マーズ・サイエンス・ラボラトリー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mars Science Laboratory" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mars Science Laboratory" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mars Science Laboratory" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Марсианская научная лаборатория – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Марсианская научная лаборатория" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mars Science Laboratory" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mars Science Laboratory" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%82%DB%8C%DA%AF%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85" title="تاقیگەی زانستیی بارام – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تاقیگەی زانستیی بارام" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Марсова научна лабораторија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Марсова научна лабораторија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mars Science Laboratory" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mars Science Laboratory" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="செவ்வாய் அறிவியல் ஆய்வுக்கூடம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="செவ்வாய் அறிவியல் ஆய்வுக்கூடம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Bilim_Laboratuvar%C4%B1" title="Mars Bilim Laboratuvarı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mars Bilim Laboratuvarı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Марсіанська наукова лабораторія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Марсіанська наукова лабораторія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Mars Science Laboratory" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%B2ng_th%C3%AD_nghi%E1%BB%87m_khoa_h%E1%BB%8Dc_Sao_H%E1%BB%8Fa" title="Phòng thí nghiệm khoa học Sao Hỏa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phòng thí nghiệm khoa học Sao Hỏa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E6%98%9F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C%E5%AE%A4" title="火星科学实验室 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="火星科学实验室" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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.infobox-header{background:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .ib-edit-wd{float:right}</style><table class="infobox ib-spaceflight"><caption class="infobox-title">Mars Science Laboratory</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:MSL_cruise_stage_configuration_(PIA14831).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/MSL_cruise_stage_configuration_%28PIA14831%29.png/260px-MSL_cruise_stage_configuration_%28PIA14831%29.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/MSL_cruise_stage_configuration_%28PIA14831%29.png/390px-MSL_cruise_stage_configuration_%28PIA14831%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/MSL_cruise_stage_configuration_%28PIA14831%29.png/520px-MSL_cruise_stage_configuration_%28PIA14831%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">MSL cruise configuration</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mars_rover" title="Mars rover">Mars rover</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/International_Designator" title="International Designator">COSPAR ID</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2011-070A">2011-070A</a></span><span class="ib-edit-wd"> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48496#P247" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Catalog_Number" title="Satellite Catalog Number">SATCAT <abbr title="number">no.</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data">37936</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/msl-curiosity/">science.nasa.gov</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission duration</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Primary: 669 <a href="/wiki/Martian_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Martian day">sols</a> (687 days)</li><li>Time since landing: 4455 sols (12 years, 6 months, 9 days)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Spacecraft properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">JPL</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch mass</th><td class="infobox-data">3,839 kg (8,463 lb)<sup id="cite_ref-Mars_Science_Laboratory_Landing_Press_Kit_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mars_Science_Laboratory_Landing_Press_Kit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Start of mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch date</th><td class="infobox-data">November 26, 2011, 15:02:00.211<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart">2011-11-26UTC15:02</span>)</span> <a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC</a><sup id="cite_ref-NASA-2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NASA-1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-launch_date_announcement_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-launch_date_announcement-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rocket</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Atlas_V" title="Atlas V">Atlas V</a> 541 (AV-028)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch site</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station">Cape Canaveral</a> <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station_Space_Launch_Complex_41" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 41">SLC-41</a><sup id="cite_ref-oig_report_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oig_report-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Contractor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_Launch_Alliance" title="United Launch Alliance">United Launch Alliance</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;"><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> rover</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spacecraft component</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Landing date</th><td class="infobox-data">August 6, 2012, 05:17 UTC<br />(12 years, 6 months and 10 days ago)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Landing site</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bradbury_Landing" title="Bradbury Landing">Bradbury Landing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gale_(crater)" title="Gale (crater)">Gale Crater</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mars_Science_Laboratory&params=4.5895_S_137.4417_E_globe:Mars"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">4°35′22″S</span> <span class="longitude">137°26′30″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">4.5895°S 137.4417°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-4.5895; 137.4417</span></span></span></a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-MSNBC-20120806_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSNBC-20120806-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-S&T-20120807_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S&T-20120807-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Distance driven</th><td class="infobox-data">30.00 km (18.64 mi) as of 30 May 2023<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mars_Science_Laboratory&action=edit">[update]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-where-is-curiosity?_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-where-is-curiosity?-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_Science_Laboratory_mission_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Mars_Science_Laboratory_mission_logo.png/180px-Mars_Science_Laboratory_mission_logo.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Mars_Science_Laboratory_mission_logo.png/270px-Mars_Science_Laboratory_mission_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Mars_Science_Laboratory_mission_logo.png/360px-Mars_Science_Laboratory_mission_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="417" data-file-height="395" /></a></span><br />MSL (<i>Curiosity</i>) mission patch <div class="" style="width:100%; text-align:center; border-top:1px #aaa solid"><b><a href="/wiki/Large_Strategic_Science_Missions" class="mw-redirect" title="Large Strategic Science Missions">Large Strategic Science Missions</a></b><br /><small><i>Planetary Science Division</i></small></div><div style="width:100%"><div style="float: left; text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;" class="noprint">← <a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a></div><div style="float: right; text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;" class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> →</div></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="" style="width:100%; text-align:center; border-top:1px #aaa solid"><b><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Program" title="Mars Exploration Program">Mars Exploration Program</a></b></div><div style="width:100%"><div style="float: left; text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;" class="noprint">← <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(spacecraft)" title="Phoenix (spacecraft)">Phoenix</a></div><div style="float: right; text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;" class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/MAVEN" title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a> →</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mars Science Laboratory</b> (<b>MSL</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">robotic</a> <a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">space probe</a> mission to <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> launched by <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> on November 26, 2011,<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which successfully landed <i><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)">Curiosity</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Mars_rover" title="Mars rover">Mars rover</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Gale_(crater)" title="Gale (crater)">Gale Crater</a> on August 6, 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Space-20120806_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Space-20120806-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sol3_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sol3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SF1012012-07-06_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SF1012012-07-06-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The overall objectives include investigating Mars' <a href="/wiki/Planetary_habitability" title="Planetary habitability">habitability</a>, studying its <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Mars" title="Climate of Mars">climate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Planetary_geology" title="Planetary geology">geology</a>, and collecting data for a <a href="/wiki/Human_mission_to_Mars" title="Human mission to Mars">human mission to Mars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-overview_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-overview-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rover carries a variety of scientific instruments designed by an international team.<sup id="cite_ref-MarsExplorationMMRTG_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MarsExplorationMMRTG-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Science_Laboratory&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_and_Elysium_-_GPN-2000-000919.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Mars_and_Elysium_-_GPN-2000-000919.jpg/220px-Mars_and_Elysium_-_GPN-2000-000919.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Mars_and_Elysium_-_GPN-2000-000919.jpg/330px-Mars_and_Elysium_-_GPN-2000-000919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Mars_and_Elysium_-_GPN-2000-000919.jpg/440px-Mars_and_Elysium_-_GPN-2000-000919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble</a> view of Mars: <a href="/wiki/Gale_crater" class="mw-redirect" title="Gale crater">Gale crater</a> can be seen. Slightly left and south of center, it is a small dark spot with dust trailing southward from it.</figcaption></figure> <p>MSL successfully carried out the most accurate Martian landing of any known spacecraft at the time, hitting a small target landing ellipse of only 7 by 20 km (4.3 by 12.4 mi),<sup id="cite_ref-Updated_landing_area_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Updated_landing_area-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <a href="/wiki/Aeolis_Palus" title="Aeolis Palus">Aeolis Palus</a> region of Gale Crater. In the event, MSL achieved a landing 2.4 km (1.5 mi) east and 400 m (1,300 ft) north of the center of the target.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Actual_landing_spot_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Actual_landing_spot-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This location is near the mountain <a href="/wiki/Aeolis_Mons" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeolis Mons">Aeolis Mons</a> (a.k.a. "Mount Sharp").<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20120328_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20120328-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Space-20120329_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Space-20120329-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rover mission is set to explore for at least 687 Earth days (1 Martian year) over a range of 5 by 20 km (3.1 by 12.4 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-MSL-main_page_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSL-main_page-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mars Science Laboratory mission is part of NASA's <a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Program" title="Mars Exploration Program">Mars Exploration Program</a>, a long-term effort for the robotic <a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Mars" title="Exploration of Mars">exploration of Mars</a> that is managed by the <a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a> of <a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">California Institute of Technology</a>. The total cost of the MSL project is about US$2.5 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-leone_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leone-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-spacenews20120810_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spacenews20120810-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Previous successful U.S. Mars rovers include <i><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner (rover)">Sojourner</a></i> from the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder">Mars Pathfinder</a> mission and the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rovers</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)">Spirit</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)">Opportunity</a></i>. <i>Curiosity</i> is about twice as long and five times as heavy as <i>Spirit</i> and <i>Opportunity</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-MSLUSAToday_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSLUSAToday-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and carries over ten times the mass of scientific instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-Wired-20120625_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wired-20120625-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Goals_and_objectives">Goals and objectives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Science_Laboratory&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Goals and objectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA16239_High-Resolution_Self-Portrait_by_Curiosity_Rover_Arm_Camera.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/PIA16239_High-Resolution_Self-Portrait_by_Curiosity_Rover_Arm_Camera.jpg/170px-PIA16239_High-Resolution_Self-Portrait_by_Curiosity_Rover_Arm_Camera.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/PIA16239_High-Resolution_Self-Portrait_by_Curiosity_Rover_Arm_Camera.jpg/255px-PIA16239_High-Resolution_Self-Portrait_by_Curiosity_Rover_Arm_Camera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/PIA16239_High-Resolution_Self-Portrait_by_Curiosity_Rover_Arm_Camera.jpg/340px-PIA16239_High-Resolution_Self-Portrait_by_Curiosity_Rover_Arm_Camera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5247" data-file-height="7295" /></a><figcaption>MSL self-portrait from <a href="/wiki/Gale_Crater" class="mw-redirect" title="Gale Crater">Gale Crater</a> sol 85 (October 31, 2012)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For results and findings, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory</a>.</div> <p>The MSL mission has four scientific goals: Determine the landing site's <a href="/wiki/Planetary_habitability" title="Planetary habitability">habitability</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Water_on_Mars" title="Water on Mars">role of water</a>, the study of the <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Mars" title="Climate of Mars">climate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Mars" title="Geology of Mars">geology of Mars</a>. It is also useful preparation for a future <a href="/wiki/Human_mission_to_Mars" title="Human mission to Mars">human mission to Mars</a>. </p><p>To contribute to these goals, MSL has eight main scientific objectives:<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Biological</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li>(1) Determine the nature and inventory of <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic carbon compounds</a></li> <li>(2) Investigate the chemical <a href="/wiki/CHON" class="mw-redirect" title="CHON">building blocks of life</a> (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur)</li> <li>(3) Identify features that may represent the effects of biological processes (<a href="/wiki/Biosignature" title="Biosignature">biosignatures</a>)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Geological and geochemical</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li>(4) Investigate the chemical, <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopic</a>, and mineralogical composition of the Martian surface and near-surface geological materials</li> <li>(5) Interpret the processes that have formed and <a href="/wiki/Pedology_(soil_study)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedology (soil study)">modified rocks and soils</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Planetary process</dt></dl> <ul><li>(6) Assess long-timescale (i.e., 4-billion-year) <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mars" title="Atmosphere of Mars">Martian atmospheric</a> evolution processes</li> <li>(7) Determine present state, distribution, and <a href="/wiki/Water_on_Mars" title="Water on Mars">cycling of water</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Surface radiation</dt></dl> <ul><li>(8) Characterize the broad spectrum of surface radiation, including <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">cosmic radiation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solar_particle_event" title="Solar particle event">solar particle events</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neutron#High-energy_neutrons" title="Neutron">secondary neutrons</a>. As part of its exploration, it also measured the radiation exposure in the interior of the spacecraft as it traveled to Mars, and it is continuing radiation measurements as it explores the surface of Mars. This data would be important for a future <a href="/wiki/Human_mission_to_Mars" title="Human mission to Mars">human mission</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-double_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-double-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>About one year into the surface mission, and having assessed that ancient Mars could have been hospitable to microbial life, the MSL mission objectives evolved to developing predictive models for the preservation process of <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic compounds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biomolecule" title="Biomolecule">biomolecules</a>; a branch of paleontology called <a href="/wiki/Taphonomy" title="Taphonomy">taphonomy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Science_01-24-2014_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Science_01-24-2014-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specifications">Specifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Science_Laboratory&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Specifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spacecraft">Spacecraft</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Science_Laboratory&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Spacecraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MSL_final_assembly_2011-7372.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/MSL_final_assembly_2011-7372.jpg/220px-MSL_final_assembly_2011-7372.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/MSL_final_assembly_2011-7372.jpg/330px-MSL_final_assembly_2011-7372.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/MSL_final_assembly_2011-7372.jpg/440px-MSL_final_assembly_2011-7372.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2148" data-file-height="1892" /></a><figcaption>Mars Science Laboratory in final assembly</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MSL-spacecraft-exploded-view.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/MSL-spacecraft-exploded-view.png/170px-MSL-spacecraft-exploded-view.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/MSL-spacecraft-exploded-view.png/255px-MSL-spacecraft-exploded-view.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/MSL-spacecraft-exploded-view.png/340px-MSL-spacecraft-exploded-view.png 2x" data-file-width="471" data-file-height="713" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of the MSL spacecraft: <b>1- </b>Cruise stage; <b>2-</b> Backshell; <b>3-</b> Descent stage; <b>4-</b> <a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i> rover</a>; <b>5-</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/multimedia/raw/?rawid=0000MD9999000031E1_DXXX&s=0">Heat shield</a>; <b>6-</b> Parachute</figcaption></figure> <p>The spacecraft flight system had a mass at launch of 3,893 kg (8,583 lb), consisting of an Earth-Mars fueled <a href="/wiki/Cruise_(flight)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cruise (flight)">cruise stage</a> (539 kg (1,188 lb)), the entry-descent-landing (EDL) system (2,401 kg (5,293 lb) including 390 kg (860 lb) of landing <a href="/wiki/Propellant" title="Propellant">propellant</a>), and a 899 kg (1,982 lb) mobile rover with an integrated instrument package.<sup id="cite_ref-Mars_Science_Laboratory_Landing_Press_Kit_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mars_Science_Laboratory_Landing_Press_Kit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DESCANSO_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DESCANSO-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The MSL spacecraft includes spaceflight-specific instruments, in addition to utilizing one of the rover instruments — Radiation assessment detector (RAD) — during the spaceflight transit to Mars. </p> <ul><li><b>MSL EDL Instrument (MEDLI):</b> The MEDLI project's main objective is to measure aerothermal environments, sub-surface heat shield material response, vehicle orientation, and atmospheric density.<sup id="cite_ref-MSLMEDLIProject_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSLMEDLIProject-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The MEDLI instrumentation suite was installed in the heatshield of the MSL entry vehicle. The acquired data will support future Mars missions by providing measured atmospheric data to validate <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mars" title="Atmosphere of Mars">Mars atmosphere</a> models and clarify the lander design margins on future Mars missions. MEDLI instrumentation consists of three main subsystems: MEDLI Integrated Sensor Plugs (MISP), Mars Entry Atmospheric Data System (MEADS) and the Sensor Support Electronics (SSE).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rover">Rover</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Science_Laboratory&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rover"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drawing-of-the-Mars-Science_Laboratory.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Drawing-of-the-Mars-Science_Laboratory.png/220px-Drawing-of-the-Mars-Science_Laboratory.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Drawing-of-the-Mars-Science_Laboratory.png/330px-Drawing-of-the-Mars-Science_Laboratory.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Drawing-of-the-Mars-Science_Laboratory.png/440px-Drawing-of-the-Mars-Science_Laboratory.png 2x" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption>Color-coded rover diagram</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)#Specifications" title="Curiosity (rover)">Curiosity (rover) § Specifications</a></div> <p><i>Curiosity</i> rover has a mass of 899 kg (1,982 lb), can travel up to 90 m (300 ft) per hour on its six-wheeled rocker-bogie system, is powered by a <a href="/wiki/Multi-mission_radioisotope_thermoelectric_generator" title="Multi-mission radioisotope thermoelectric generator">multi-mission radioisotope thermoelectric generator</a> (MMRTG), and communicates in both <a href="/wiki/X_band" title="X band">X band</a> and UHF bands. </p> <ul><li><b>Computers:</b> The two identical on-board rover computers, called "Rover Compute Element" (RCE), contain <a href="/wiki/Radiation_hardening" title="Radiation hardening">radiation-hardened</a> memory to tolerate the extreme radiation from space and to safeguard against power-off cycles. Each computer's memory includes 256 <a href="/wiki/Kilobyte" title="Kilobyte">KB</a> of <a href="/wiki/EEPROM" title="EEPROM">EEPROM</a>, 256 <a href="/wiki/Megabyte" title="Megabyte">MB</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_random-access_memory" title="Dynamic random-access memory">DRAM</a>, and 2 <a href="/wiki/Gigabyte" title="Gigabyte">GB</a> of <a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">flash memory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brains_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brains-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This compares to 3 MB of EEPROM, 128 MB of DRAM, and 256 MB of flash memory used in the Mars Exploration Rovers.<sup id="cite_ref-ieeecomputer_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieeecomputer-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd>The RCE computers use the <a href="/wiki/RAD750" title="RAD750">RAD750</a> <a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">CPU</a> (a successor to the <a href="/wiki/IBM_RAD6000" title="IBM RAD6000">RAD6000</a> CPU used in the Mars Exploration Rovers) operating at 200 MHz.<sup id="cite_ref-BAE_Systems_Computers_to_Manage_Data_Processing_and_Command_For_Upcoming_Satellite_Missions_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BAE_Systems_Computers_to_Manage_Data_Processing_and_Command_For_Upcoming_Satellite_Missions-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-E&ISNow_—_Media_gets_closer_look_at_Manassas_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-E&ISNow_—_Media_gets_closer_look_at_Manassas-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cpuspeed_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cpuspeed-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The RAD750 CPU is capable of up to 400 <a href="/wiki/Instructions_per_second#Million_instructions_per_second" title="Instructions per second">MIPS</a>, while the RAD6000 CPU is capable of up to 35 MIPS.<sup id="cite_ref-RAD750brochure_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RAD750brochure-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RAD6000brochure_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RAD6000brochure-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the two on-board computers, one is configured as backup, and will take over in the event of problems with the main computer.<sup id="cite_ref-Brains_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brains-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dd>The rover has an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) that provides 3-axis information on its position, which is used in rover navigation.<sup id="cite_ref-Brains_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brains-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rover's computers are constantly self-monitoring to keep the rover operational, such as by regulating the rover's temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-Brains_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brains-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Activities such as taking pictures, driving, and operating the instruments are performed in a command sequence that is sent from the flight team to the rover.<sup id="cite_ref-Brains_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brains-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>The rover's computers run <a href="/wiki/VxWorks" title="VxWorks">VxWorks</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Real-time_operating_system" title="Real-time operating system">real-time operating system</a> from <a href="/wiki/Wind_River_Systems" title="Wind River Systems">Wind River Systems</a>. During the trip to Mars, VxWorks ran applications dedicated to the navigation and guidance phase of the mission, and also had a pre-programmed software sequence for handling the complexity of the entry-descent-landing. Once landed, the applications were replaced with software for driving on the surface and performing scientific activities.<sup id="cite_ref-BrainTransplant_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BrainTransplant-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CuriosityVxWorks_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CuriosityVxWorks-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cnn.com_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn.com-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_embedded_computer_systems_on_board_the_Mars_rovers" title="Comparison of embedded computer systems on board the Mars rovers">Comparison of embedded computer systems on board the Mars rovers</a></div></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goldstone_DSN_antenna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Goldstone_DSN_antenna.jpg/220px-Goldstone_DSN_antenna.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Goldstone_DSN_antenna.jpg/330px-Goldstone_DSN_antenna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Goldstone_DSN_antenna.jpg/440px-Goldstone_DSN_antenna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1415" data-file-height="1116" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Goldstone_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex">Goldstone</a> antenna can receive signals.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wheels_of_a_working_sibling_to_Curiosity_rover.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Wheels_of_a_working_sibling_to_Curiosity_rover.JPG/220px-Wheels_of_a_working_sibling_to_Curiosity_rover.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Wheels_of_a_working_sibling_to_Curiosity_rover.JPG/330px-Wheels_of_a_working_sibling_to_Curiosity_rover.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Wheels_of_a_working_sibling_to_Curiosity_rover.JPG/440px-Wheels_of_a_working_sibling_to_Curiosity_rover.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2081" data-file-height="1277" /></a><figcaption>Wheels of a working sibling to <i>Curiosity</i>. The Morse code pattern (for "<a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">JPL</a>") is represented by small (dot) and large (dash) holes in three horizontal lines on the wheels. The code on each line is read from right to left.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>Communications:</b> <i>Curiosity</i> is equipped with several means of communication, for redundancy. An <a href="/wiki/X_band" title="X band">X band</a> <a href="/wiki/Small_Deep_Space_Transponder" title="Small Deep Space Transponder">Small Deep Space Transponder</a> for communication directly to Earth via the <a href="/wiki/NASA_Deep_Space_Network" title="NASA Deep Space Network">NASA Deep Space Network</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a <a href="/wiki/Ultra_high_frequency" title="Ultra high frequency">UHF</a> <a href="/wiki/Electra_(radio)" title="Electra (radio)">Electra</a>-Lite <a href="/wiki/Software-defined_radio" title="Software-defined radio">software-defined radio</a> for communicating with Mars orbiters.<sup id="cite_ref-DESCANSO_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DESCANSO-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 46">: 46 </span></sup> The X-band system has one radio, with a 15 W power amplifier, and two antennas: a low-gain omnidirectional antenna that can communicate with Earth at very low data rates (15 bit/s at maximum range), regardless of rover orientation, and a high-gain antenna that can communicate at speeds up to 32 kbit/s, but must be aimed. The UHF system has two radios (approximately 9 W transmit power<sup id="cite_ref-DESCANSO_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DESCANSO-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 81">: 81 </span></sup>), sharing one omnidirectional antenna. This can communicate with the <i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i> (MRO) and <i><a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">2001 Mars Odyssey</a></i> orbiter (ODY) at speeds up to 2 Mbit/s and 256 kbit/s, respectively, but each orbiter is only able to communicate with <i>Curiosity</i> for about 8 minutes per day.<sup id="cite_ref-Curiosity's_data_communication_with_Earth_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curiosity's_data_communication_with_Earth-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The orbiters have larger antennas and more powerful radios, and can relay data to Earth faster than the rover could do directly. Therefore, most of the data returned by <i>Curiosity</i> (MSL) is via the UHF relay links with MRO and ODY. The data return during the first 10 days was approximately 31 megabytes per day.</li></ul> <dl><dd>Typically 225 kbit/day of commands are transmitted to the rover directly from Earth, at a data rate of 1–2 kbit/s, during a 15-minute (900 second) transmit window, while the larger volumes of data collected by the rover are returned via satellite relay.<sup id="cite_ref-DESCANSO_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DESCANSO-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 46">: 46 </span></sup> The one-way communication delay with Earth varies from 4 to 22 minutes, depending on the planets' relative positions, with 12.5 minutes being the average.<sup id="cite_ref-UT-20120817_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UT-20120817-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dd>At landing, telemetry was monitored by the <i>2001 Mars Odyssey</i> orbiter, <i>Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</i> and ESA's <i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">Mars Express</a></i>. Odyssey is capable of relaying UHF telemetry back to Earth in real time. The relay time varies with the distance between the two planets and took 13:46 minutes at the time of landing.<sup id="cite_ref-WA-20120806_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WA-20120806-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-spaceflightnow_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spaceflightnow-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Mobility systems:</b> <i>Curiosity</i> is equipped with six wheels in a <a href="/wiki/Rocker-bogie" title="Rocker-bogie">rocker-bogie</a> suspension, which also served as landing gear for the vehicle, unlike its smaller predecessors.<sup id="cite_ref-new_wheels_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-new_wheels-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wheels are significantly larger (50 centimeters (20 in) diameter) than those used on previous rovers. Each wheel has cleats and is independently actuated and geared, providing for climbing in soft sand and scrambling over rocks. The four corner wheels can be independently steered, allowing the vehicle to turn in place as well as execute arcing turns.<sup id="cite_ref-DESCANSO_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DESCANSO-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each wheel has a pattern that helps it maintain traction and leaves patterned tracks in the sandy surface of Mars. That pattern is used by on-board cameras to judge the distance traveled. The pattern itself is <a href="/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse code</a> for "<a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">JPL</a>" (<b>•−−− •−−• •−••</b>).<sup id="cite_ref-aarlmorse_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aarlmorse-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on the center of mass, the vehicle can withstand a tilt of at least 50 degrees in any direction without overturning, but automatic sensors will limit the rover from exceeding 30-degree tilts.<sup id="cite_ref-DESCANSO_27-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DESCANSO-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div style="clear:right;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Instruments">Instruments</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Science_Laboratory&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="sortable wikitable" style="float:right; font-family:arial; font-size:11px;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Main instruments </th></tr> <tr> <td>APXS – <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Particle_X-ray_Spectrometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer">Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ChemCam – <a href="/wiki/Chemistry_and_Camera_complex" title="Chemistry and Camera complex">Chemistry and Camera complex</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>CheMin – <a href="/wiki/CheMin" title="CheMin">Chemistry and Mineralogy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>DAN – <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Albedo_of_Neutrons" title="Dynamic Albedo of Neutrons">Dynamic Albedo of Neutrons</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hazcam – <a href="/wiki/Hazcam" title="Hazcam">Hazard Avoidance Camera</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>MAHLI – <a href="/wiki/Mars_Hand_Lens_Imager" title="Mars Hand Lens Imager">Mars Hand Lens Imager</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>MARDI – <a href="/wiki/Mars_Descent_Imager" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Descent Imager">Mars Descent Imager</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>MastCam – <a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)#Mast_Camera_(MastCam)" title="Curiosity (rover)">Mast Camera</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>MEDLI – <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Specifications">MSL EDL Instrument</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Navcam – <a href="/wiki/Navcam" title="Navcam">Navigation Camera</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>RAD – <a href="/wiki/Radiation_assessment_detector" title="Radiation assessment detector">Radiation assessment detector</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>REMS – <a href="/wiki/Rover_Environmental_Monitoring_Station" title="Rover Environmental Monitoring Station">Rover Environmental Monitoring Station</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>SAM – <a href="/wiki/Sample_Analysis_at_Mars" title="Sample Analysis at Mars">Sample Analysis at Mars</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)#Instruments" title="Curiosity (rover)">Curiosity (rover) § Instruments</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:673885main_PIA15986-full_full.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/673885main_PIA15986-full_full.jpg/220px-673885main_PIA15986-full_full.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/673885main_PIA15986-full_full.jpg/330px-673885main_PIA15986-full_full.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/673885main_PIA15986-full_full.jpg/440px-673885main_PIA15986-full_full.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>The shadow of <i>Curiosity</i> and <a href="/wiki/Aeolis_Mons" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeolis Mons">Aeolis Mons ("Mount Sharp")</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The general analysis strategy begins with high resolution cameras to look for features of interest. If a particular surface is of interest, <i>Curiosity</i> can vaporize a small portion of it with an infrared laser and examine the resulting spectra signature to query the rock's elemental composition. If that signature intrigues, the rover will use its long arm to swing over a <a href="/wiki/Microscope" title="Microscope">microscope</a> and an <a href="/wiki/X-ray_spectroscopy" title="X-ray spectroscopy">X-ray spectrometer</a> to take a closer look. If the specimen warrants further analysis, <i>Curiosity</i> can drill into the boulder and deliver a powdered sample to either the <a href="/wiki/Sample_Analysis_at_Mars" title="Sample Analysis at Mars">SAM</a> or the <a href="/wiki/CheMin" title="CheMin">CheMin</a> analytical laboratories inside the rover.<sup id="cite_ref-Gale_Crater:_Geological_'sweet_shop'_awaits_Mars_rover_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gale_Crater:_Geological_'sweet_shop'_awaits_Mars_rover-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MSLSAM_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSLSAM-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nasa5_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa5-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Particle_X-ray_Spectrometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer">Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer</a> (APXS):</b> This device can irradiate samples with <a href="/wiki/Alpha_particle" title="Alpha particle">alpha particles</a> and map the spectra of <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a> that are re-emitted for determining the elemental composition of samples.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/CheMin" title="CheMin">CheMin</a>:</b> CheMin is short for 'Chemistry and Mineralogy', and it is an <a href="/wiki/X-ray_diffraction" title="X-ray diffraction">X-ray diffraction</a> and <a href="/wiki/X-ray_fluorescence" title="X-ray fluorescence">X-ray fluorescence</a> analyzer.<sup id="cite_ref-SciCorner_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SciCorner-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SciPackage_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SciPackage-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Field_deployment_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Field_deployment-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It will identify and quantify the minerals present in rocks and soil and thereby assess the involvement of <a href="/wiki/Water_on_Mars" title="Water on Mars">water</a> in their formation, deposition, or alteration.<sup id="cite_ref-SciPackage_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SciPackage-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, CheMin data will be useful in the search for potential mineral <a href="/wiki/Biosignature" title="Biosignature">biosignatures</a>, energy sources for life or indicators for past habitable environments.<sup id="cite_ref-SciCorner_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SciCorner-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SciPackage_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SciPackage-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sample_Analysis_at_Mars" title="Sample Analysis at Mars">Sample Analysis at Mars</a> (SAM):</b> The SAM instrument suite will analyze <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organics</a> and gases from both atmospheric and solid samples.<sup id="cite_ref-MSLSAM_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSLSAM-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nasa5_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa5-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This include oxygen and carbon <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotope</a> ratios in carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) and <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mars#Methane" title="Atmosphere of Mars">methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) in the atmosphere of Mars</a> in order to distinguish between their <a href="/wiki/Geochemistry" title="Geochemistry">geochemical</a> or <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biological</a> origin.<sup id="cite_ref-MSLSAM_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSLSAM-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SAM_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAM-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mah2012_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mah2012-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA17601-Comparisons-RadiationExposure-MarsTrip-20131209.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/PIA17601-Comparisons-RadiationExposure-MarsTrip-20131209.png/220px-PIA17601-Comparisons-RadiationExposure-MarsTrip-20131209.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/PIA17601-Comparisons-RadiationExposure-MarsTrip-20131209.png/330px-PIA17601-Comparisons-RadiationExposure-MarsTrip-20131209.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/PIA17601-Comparisons-RadiationExposure-MarsTrip-20131209.png/440px-PIA17601-Comparisons-RadiationExposure-MarsTrip-20131209.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1017" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of Radiation Doses – includes the amount detected on the trip from Earth to Mars by the <a href="/wiki/Radiation_assessment_detector" title="Radiation assessment detector">RAD</a> on the MSL (2011–2013)<sup id="cite_ref-SCI-20130531a_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCI-20130531a-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SCI-20130531b_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCI-20130531b-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20130530_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20130530-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Radiation_assessment_detector" title="Radiation assessment detector">Radiation Assessment Detector</a> (RAD):</b> This instrument was the first of ten MSL instruments to be turned on. Both en route and on the planet's surface, it will characterize the broad spectrum of <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">radiation</a> encountered in the Martian environment. Turned on after launch, it recorded several radiation spikes caused by the Sun.<sup id="cite_ref-rad_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rad-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On May 31, 2013, NASA scientists reported that a possible <a href="/wiki/Human_mission_to_Mars" title="Human mission to Mars">human mission to Mars</a> may involve a great <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation risk</a> based on the amount of <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">energetic particle radiation</a> detected by the <a href="/wiki/Radiation_assessment_detector#Radiation_assessment_detector_(RAD)" title="Radiation assessment detector">RAD</a> on the Mars Science Laboratory while traveling from the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> in 2011–2012.<sup id="cite_ref-SCI-20130531a_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCI-20130531a-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SCI-20130531b_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCI-20130531b-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20130530_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20130530-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA13580_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/PIA13580_crop.jpg/150px-PIA13580_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/PIA13580_crop.jpg/225px-PIA13580_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/PIA13580_crop.jpg/300px-PIA13580_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1309" data-file-height="1572" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">The <a href="/wiki/Radiation_assessment_detector" title="Radiation assessment detector">RAD</a> on <a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i></a></div></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Albedo_of_Neutrons" title="Dynamic Albedo of Neutrons">Dynamic Albedo of Neutrons</a> (DAN):</b> A pulsed <a href="/wiki/Neutron_source" title="Neutron source">neutron source</a> and detector for measuring <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> or ice and water at or near the Martian surface.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Dynamic_Albedo_of_Neutrons_(DAN)_Experiment_for_NASA's_2009_Mars_Science_Laboratory_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Dynamic_Albedo_of_Neutrons_(DAN)_Experiment_for_NASA's_2009_Mars_Science_Laboratory-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MSLDAN_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSLDAN-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On August 18, 2012 (sol 12) the Russian science instrument, DAN, was turned on,<sup id="cite_ref-cbs_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbs-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> marking the success of a Russian-American collaboration on the surface of Mars and the first working Russian science instrument on the Martian surface since <a href="/wiki/Mars_3" title="Mars 3">Mars 3</a> stopped transmitting over forty years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The instrument is designed to detect subsurface water.<sup id="cite_ref-cbs_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbs-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rover_Environmental_Monitoring_Station" title="Rover Environmental Monitoring Station">Rover Environmental Monitoring Station</a> (REMS):</b> Meteorological package and an <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> sensor provided by <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Spain)" title="Ministry of Education (Spain)">Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rover_Environmental_Monitoring_Station_for_MSL_mission_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rover_Environmental_Monitoring_Station_for_MSL_mission-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It measures humidity, pressure, temperatures, wind speeds, and ultraviolet radiation.<sup id="cite_ref-Rover_Environmental_Monitoring_Station_for_MSL_mission_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rover_Environmental_Monitoring_Station_for_MSL_mission-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Cameras:</b> <i>Curiosity</i> has seventeen cameras overall.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa6_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa6-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 12 engineering cameras (Hazcams and Navcams) and five science cameras. MAHLI, MARDI, and MastCam cameras were developed by <a href="/wiki/Malin_Space_Science_Systems" title="Malin Space Science Systems">Malin Space Science Systems</a> and they all share common design components, such as on-board electronic <a href="/wiki/Image_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Image processing">imaging processing</a> boxes, 1600×1200 <a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">CCDs</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Bayer_filter" title="Bayer filter">RGB Bayer pattern filter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LPSCMast_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LPSCMast-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MastCam_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MastCam-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MAHLI_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MAHLI-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MARDI_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MARDI-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MastCamDescription_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MastCamDescription-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NovEmail_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NovEmail-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><b>MastCam</b>: This system provides multiple spectra and <a href="/wiki/24-bit_color" class="mw-redirect" title="24-bit color">true-color</a> imaging with two cameras.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mars_Hand_Lens_Imager" title="Mars Hand Lens Imager">Mars Hand Lens Imager</a> (MAHLI)</b>: This system consists of a camera mounted to a robotic arm on the rover, used to acquire microscopic images of rock and soil. It has white and ultraviolet LEDs for illumination.</li></ul></li> <li><b>ChemCam:</b> Designed by Roger Wiens is a system of remote sensing instruments used to erode the Martian surface up to 10 meters away and measure the different components that make up the land.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The payload includes the first <a href="/wiki/Laser-induced_breakdown_spectroscopy" title="Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy">laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy</a> (LIBS) system to be used for planetary science, and <i>Curiosity</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> fifth science camera, the remote micro-imager (RMI). The RMI provides black-and-white images at 1024×1024 resolution in a 0.02 radian (1.1-degree) field of view.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is approximately equivalent to a 1500 mm lens on a <a href="/wiki/135_film" title="135 film">35 mm</a> camera.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gravel-covered_martian_surface.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Gravel-covered_martian_surface.jpg/220px-Gravel-covered_martian_surface.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Gravel-covered_martian_surface.jpg/330px-Gravel-covered_martian_surface.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Gravel-covered_martian_surface.jpg/440px-Gravel-covered_martian_surface.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2108" data-file-height="1533" /></a><figcaption>MARDI views the surface.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>Mars Descent Imager (MARDI)</b>: During part of the descent to the Martian surface, MARDI acquired 4 color images per second, at 1600×1200 pixels, with a 0.9-millisecond exposure time. Images were taken 4 times per second, starting shortly before heatshield separation at 3.7 km altitude, until a few seconds after touchdown. This provided engineering information about both the motion of the rover during the descent process, and science information about the terrain immediately surrounding the rover. NASA descoped MARDI in 2007, but Malin Space Science Systems contributed it with its own resources.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After landing it could take 1.5 mm (0.059 in) per pixel views of the surface,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first of these post-landing photos were taken by August 27, 2012 (sol 20).<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Engineering cameras: There are 12 additional cameras that support mobility: <ul><li><b>Hazard avoidance cameras (Hazcams):</b> The rover has a pair of black and white navigation cameras (<a href="/wiki/Hazcam" title="Hazcam">Hazcams</a>) located on each of its four corners.<sup id="cite_ref-wired_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wired-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These provide closed-up views of potential obstacles about to go under the wheels.</li> <li><b>Navigation cameras (Navcams):</b> The rover uses two pairs of black and white navigation cameras mounted on the mast to support ground navigation.<sup id="cite_ref-wired_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wired-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These provide a longer-distance view of the terrain ahead.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Science_Laboratory&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MSL-Cruise_Stage_Test.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/MSL-Cruise_Stage_Test.jpg/220px-MSL-Cruise_Stage_Test.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/MSL-Cruise_Stage_Test.jpg/330px-MSL-Cruise_Stage_Test.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/MSL-Cruise_Stage_Test.jpg/440px-MSL-Cruise_Stage_Test.jpg 2x" data-file-width="876" data-file-height="792" /></a><figcaption>MSL's cruise stage being tested at the <a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a> near <a href="/wiki/Pasadena" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasadena">Pasadena</a>, California</figcaption></figure> <p>The Mars Science Laboratory was recommended by United States National Research Council Decadal Survey committee as the top priority middle-class Mars mission in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NASA called for proposals for the rover's scientific instruments in April 2004,<sup id="cite_ref-Stathopoulos_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stathopoulos-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and eight proposals were selected on December 14 of that year.<sup id="cite_ref-Stathopoulos_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stathopoulos-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Testing and design of components also began in late 2004, including <a href="/wiki/Aerojet" title="Aerojet">Aerojet</a>'s designing of a <a href="/wiki/Monopropellant" title="Monopropellant">monopropellant</a> engine with the ability to throttle from 15 to 100 percent thrust with a fixed propellant inlet pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-Stathopoulos_80-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stathopoulos-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cost_overruns,_delays,_and_launch"><span id="Cost_overruns.2C_delays.2C_and_launch"></span>Cost overruns, delays, and launch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Science_Laboratory&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cost overruns, delays, and launch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By November 2008 most hardware and software development was complete, and testing continued.<sup id="cite_ref-usra_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usra-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this point, cost overruns were approximately $400 million. In the attempts to meet the launch date, several instruments and a cache for samples were removed and other instruments and cameras were simplified to simplify testing and integration of the rover.<sup id="cite_ref-Air&Space_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Air&Space-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-universetoday_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-universetoday-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next month, NASA delayed the launch to late 2011 because of inadequate testing time.<sup id="cite_ref-Next_NASA_Mars_Mission_Rescheduled_For_2011_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Next_NASA_Mars_Mission_Rescheduled_For_2011-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mars_Science_Laboratory:_the_budgetary_reasons_behind_its_delay_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mars_Science_Laboratory:_the_budgetary_reasons_behind_its_delay-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thespacereview_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thespacereview-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually the costs for developing the rover reached $2.47 billion, that for a rover that initially had been classified as a medium-cost mission with a maximum budget of $650 million, yet NASA still had to ask for an additional $82 million to meet the planned November launch. As of 2012, the project suffered an 84 percent overrun.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>MSL launched on an <a href="/wiki/Atlas_V" title="Atlas V">Atlas V</a> rocket from <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station">Cape Canaveral</a> on November 26, 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa3_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa3-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On January 11, 2012, the spacecraft successfully refined its trajectory with a three-hour series of thruster-engine firings, advancing the rover's landing time by about 14 hours. When MSL was launched, the program's director was <a href="/wiki/Doug_McCuistion" title="Doug McCuistion">Doug McCuistion</a> of NASA's <a href="/wiki/Planetary_Science_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Planetary Science Division">Planetary Science Division</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Doug_McCuistion_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doug_McCuistion-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Curiosity</i> successfully landed in the <a href="/wiki/Gale_(crater)" title="Gale (crater)">Gale Crater</a> at 05:17:57.3 UTC on August 6, 2012,<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Space-20120806_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Space-20120806-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sol3_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sol3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SF1012012-07-06_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SF1012012-07-06-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and transmitted <a href="/wiki/Hazcam" title="Hazcam">Hazcam</a> images confirming orientation.<sup id="cite_ref-SF1012012-07-06_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SF1012012-07-06-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the Mars-Earth distance at the time of landing and the <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">limited speed</a> of radio signals, the landing was not registered on Earth for another 14 minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-SF1012012-07-06_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SF1012012-07-06-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</i> sent a photograph of <i>Curiosity</i> descending under its parachute, taken by its <a href="/wiki/HiRISE" title="HiRISE">HiRISE</a> camera, during the landing procedure. </p><p>Six senior members of the <i>Curiosity</i> team presented a news conference a few hours after landing, they were: <a href="/wiki/John_M._Grunsfeld" title="John M. Grunsfeld">John Grunsfeld</a>, NASA associate administrator; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Elachi" title="Charles Elachi">Charles Elachi</a>, director, JPL; <a href="/wiki/Peter_Theisinger" title="Peter Theisinger">Peter Theisinger</a>, MSL project manager; Richard Cook, MSL deputy project manager; <a href="/wiki/Adam_Steltzner" title="Adam Steltzner">Adam Steltzner</a>, MSL entry, descent and landing (EDL) lead; and <a href="/wiki/John_P._Grotzinger" title="John P. Grotzinger">John Grotzinger</a>, MSL project scientist.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naming">Naming</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Science_Laboratory&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Naming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between March 23 and 29, 2009, the general public ranked nine finalist rover names (Adventure, Amelia, Journey, Perception, Pursuit, Sunrise, Vision, Wonder, and Curiosity)<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> through a public poll on the NASA website.<sup id="cite_ref-MSLNameWebsite_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSLNameWebsite-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On May 27, 2009, the winning name was announced to be <i>Curiosity</i>. The name had been submitted in an essay contest by Clara Ma, a sixth-grader from Kansas.<sup id="cite_ref-MSLNameWebsite_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSLNameWebsite-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MSLNamePressRelease_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSLNamePressRelease-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nasa2_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa2-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Curiosity is the passion that drives us through our everyday lives. We have become explorers and scientists with our need to ask questions and to wonder.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Clara Ma, NASA/JPL Name the Rover contest</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landing_site_selection">Landing site selection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Science_Laboratory&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Landing site selection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Curiosity_Cradled_by_Gale_Crater.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Curiosity_Cradled_by_Gale_Crater.jpg/220px-Curiosity_Cradled_by_Gale_Crater.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Curiosity_Cradled_by_Gale_Crater.jpg/330px-Curiosity_Cradled_by_Gale_Crater.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Curiosity_Cradled_by_Gale_Crater.jpg/440px-Curiosity_Cradled_by_Gale_Crater.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aeolis_Mons" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeolis Mons">Aeolis Mons</a> rises from the middle of <a href="/wiki/Gale_(crater)" title="Gale (crater)">Gale Crater</a> – <span style="color:green;">Green dot</span> marks the <a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i> rover</a> landing site in <a href="/wiki/Aeolis_Palus" title="Aeolis Palus">Aeolis Palus</a><sup id="cite_ref-Gale_Crater3_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gale_Crater3-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ellipse_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ellipse-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – North is down.</figcaption></figure> <p>Over 60 landing sites were evaluated, and by July 2011 Gale crater was chosen. A primary goal when selecting the landing site was to identify a particular geologic environment, or set of environments, that would support microbial life. Planners looked for a site that could contribute to a wide variety of possible science objectives. They preferred a landing site with both morphologic and mineralogical evidence for past water. Furthermore, a site with spectra indicating multiple <a href="/wiki/Mineral_hydration" title="Mineral hydration">hydrated minerals</a> was preferred; <a href="/wiki/Clay_minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Clay minerals">clay minerals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulfate" title="Sulfate">sulfate</a> salts would constitute a rich site. <a href="/wiki/Hematite" title="Hematite">Hematite</a>, other <a href="/wiki/Iron_oxide" title="Iron oxide">iron oxides</a>, sulfate minerals, <a href="/wiki/Silicate_minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Silicate minerals">silicate minerals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">silica</a>, and possibly <a href="/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride">chloride</a> minerals were suggested as possible substrates for <a href="/wiki/Fossil_preservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil preservation">fossil preservation</a>. Indeed, all are known to facilitate the preservation of fossil morphologies and molecules on Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-MSL_—_Landing_Sites_Workshop_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSL_—_Landing_Sites_Workshop-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Difficult terrain was favored for finding evidence of livable conditions, but the rover must be able to safely reach the site and drive within it.<sup id="cite_ref-Survivor:_Mars_—_Seven_Possible_MSL_Landing_Sites_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Survivor:_Mars_—_Seven_Possible_MSL_Landing_Sites-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Engineering constraints called for a landing site less than 45° from the Martian equator, and less than 1 km above the reference <a href="/wiki/Geodetic_datum" title="Geodetic datum">datum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa9_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa9-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the first MSL Landing Site workshop, 33 potential landing sites were identified.<sup id="cite_ref-MSL_Workshop_Summary_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSL_Workshop_Summary-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the second workshop in late 2007, the list was reduced to six;<sup id="cite_ref-Second_MSL_Landing_Site_Workshop_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Second_MSL_Landing_Site_Workshop-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reconnaissance_of_MSL_Sites_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reconnaissance_of_MSL_Sites-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in November 2008, project leaders at a third workshop reduced the list to these four landing sites:<sup id="cite_ref-Site_List_Narrows_For_NASA's_Next_Mars_Landing_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Site_List_Narrows_For_NASA's_Next_Mars_Landing-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Current_MSL_Landing_Sites_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Current_MSL_Landing_Sites-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Looking_at_Landing_Sites_for_the_Mars_Science_Laboratory_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Looking_at_Landing_Sites_for_the_Mars_Science_Laboratory-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ISStD_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISStD-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Location </th> <th>Elevation </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eberswalde_(crater)" title="Eberswalde (crater)">Eberswalde Crater</a> Delta</td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mars_Science_Laboratory&params=23.86_S_326.73_E_globe:mars"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">23°52′S</span> <span class="longitude">326°44′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">23.86°S 326.73°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-23.86; 326.73</span></span></span></a></span></span></td> <td>−1,450 m (−4,760 ft)</td> <td>Ancient river delta.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa10_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa10-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Holden_(Martian_crater)" title="Holden (Martian crater)">Holden Crater</a> Fan</td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mars_Science_Laboratory&params=26.37_S_325.10_E_globe:mars"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">26°22′S</span> <span class="longitude">325°06′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">26.37°S 325.10°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-26.37; 325.10</span></span></span></a></span></span></td> <td>−1,940 m (−6,360 ft)</td> <td>Dry lake bed.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa11_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa11-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#cfc;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Gale_(crater)" title="Gale (crater)">Gale Crater</a></td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mars_Science_Laboratory&params=4.49_S_137.42_E_globe:mars"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">4°29′S</span> <span class="longitude">137°25′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">4.49°S 137.42°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-4.49; 137.42</span></span></span></a></span></span></td> <td>−4,451 m (−14,603 ft)</td> <td>Features 5 km (3.1 mi) tall mountain <br /> of layered material near center.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa12_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa12-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selected.<sup id="cite_ref-Gale_Crater3_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gale_Crater3-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mawrth_Vallis" title="Mawrth Vallis">Mawrth Vallis</a> Site 2</td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mars_Science_Laboratory&params=24.01_N_341.03_E_globe:mars"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">24°01′N</span> <span class="longitude">341°02′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">24.01°N 341.03°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">24.01; 341.03</span></span></span></a></span></span></td> <td>−2,246 m (−7,369 ft)</td> <td>Channel carved by catastrophic floods.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa13_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa13-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A fourth landing site workshop was held in late September 2010,<sup id="cite_ref-nasa14_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa14-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the fifth and final workshop May 16–18, 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-marstoday_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marstoday-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On July 22, 2011, it was announced that <a href="/wiki/Gale_(crater)" title="Gale (crater)">Gale Crater</a> had been selected as the landing site of the Mars Science Laboratory mission. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Launch">Launch</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Science_Laboratory&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Launch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlas_V_541_into_the_flight.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Atlas_V_541_into_the_flight.png/170px-Atlas_V_541_into_the_flight.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Atlas_V_541_into_the_flight.png/255px-Atlas_V_541_into_the_flight.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Atlas_V_541_into_the_flight.png/340px-Atlas_V_541_into_the_flight.png 2x" data-file-width="1630" data-file-height="1873" /></a><figcaption>The MSL launched from Cape Canaveral</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Launch_vehicle">Launch vehicle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Science_Laboratory&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Launch vehicle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Atlas_V" title="Atlas V">Atlas V</a> launch vehicle is capable of launching up to 8,290 kg (18,280 lb) to <a href="/wiki/Geostationary_transfer_orbit" title="Geostationary transfer orbit">geostationary transfer orbit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Atlas V was also used to launch the <i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></i> probe.<sup id="cite_ref-oig_report_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oig_report-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LaunchVehicle_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LaunchVehicle-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first and second stages, along with the solid rocket motors, were stacked on October 9, 2011, near the launch pad.<sup id="cite_ref-universetoday7_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-universetoday7-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fairing containing MSL was transported to the launch pad on November 3, 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA's_new_Mars_rover_reaches_Florida_launch_pad_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA's_new_Mars_rover_reaches_Florida_launch_pad-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Launch_event">Launch event</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Science_Laboratory&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Launch event"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>MSL was launched from <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station_Space_Launch_Complex_41" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 41">Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 41</a> on November 26, 2011, at 15:02 UTC via the <a href="/wiki/Atlas_V-401" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlas V-401">Atlas V 541</a> provided by <a href="/wiki/United_Launch_Alliance" title="United Launch Alliance">United Launch Alliance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This <a href="/wiki/Two_stage_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Two stage rocket">two stage rocket</a> includes a 3.8 m (12 ft) <a href="/wiki/Common_Core_Booster" title="Common Core Booster">Common Core Booster</a> (CCB) powered by one <a href="/wiki/RD-180" title="RD-180">RD-180</a> engine, four <a href="/wiki/Solid_rocket_booster" title="Solid rocket booster">solid rocket boosters</a> (SRB), and one <a href="/wiki/Centaur_(rocket_stage)" title="Centaur (rocket stage)">Centaur</a> <a href="/wiki/Second_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Second stage">second stage</a> with a 5 m (16 ft) diameter <a href="/wiki/Payload_fairing" title="Payload fairing">payload fairing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ula20120819_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ula20120819-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NASA <a href="/wiki/Launch_Services_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch Services Program">Launch Services Program</a> coordinated the launch via the NASA Launch Services (NLS) I Contract.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cruise">Cruise</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Science_Laboratory&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Cruise"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Animation_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory_trajectory.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Animation_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory_trajectory.gif/220px-Animation_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory_trajectory.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Animation_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory_trajectory.gif/330px-Animation_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory_trajectory.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Animation_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory_trajectory.gif/440px-Animation_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory_trajectory.gif 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>Animation of Mars Science Laboratory<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> trajectory<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color: RoyalBlue; color:white;"> </span>  Earth</span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color: Lime; color:black;"> </span>  Mars</span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Magenta; color:black;"> </span> Mars Science Laboratory</span></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cruise_stage">Cruise stage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Science_Laboratory&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Cruise stage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cruise stage carried the MSL spacecraft through the void of space and delivered it to Mars. The interplanetary trip covered the distance of 352 million miles in 253 days.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cruise stage has its own miniature <a href="/wiki/Propulsion" title="Propulsion">propulsion</a> system, consisting of eight thrusters using <a href="/wiki/Hydrazine" title="Hydrazine">hydrazine</a> fuel in two <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a> tanks.<sup id="cite_ref-cruise_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cruise-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also has its own <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_system" title="Electric power system">electric power system</a>, consisting of a <a href="/wiki/Solar_array" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar array">solar array</a> and battery for providing continuous power. Upon reaching Mars, the spacecraft stopped spinning and a cable cutter separated the cruise stage from the aeroshell.<sup id="cite_ref-cruise_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cruise-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then the cruise stage was diverted into a separate trajectory into the atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2012, the debris field from the cruise stage was located by the <i>Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</i>. Since the initial size, velocity, density and impact angle of the hardware are known, it will provide information on impact processes on the Mars surface and atmospheric properties.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mars_transfer_orbit">Mars transfer orbit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Science_Laboratory&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Mars transfer orbit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The MSL spacecraft departed <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">Earth orbit</a> and was inserted into a <a href="/wiki/Heliocentric_orbit" title="Heliocentric orbit">heliocentric</a> <a href="/wiki/Mars_transfer_orbit" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars transfer orbit">Mars transfer orbit</a> on November 26, 2011, shortly after launch, by the <a href="/wiki/Centaur_(rocket_stage)" title="Centaur (rocket stage)">Centaur upper stage</a> of the Atlas V launch vehicle.<sup id="cite_ref-ula20120819_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ula20120819-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to Centaur separation, the spacecraft was spin-stabilized at 2 rpm for <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_attitude_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacecraft attitude control">attitude control</a> during the 36,210 km/h (22,500 mph) cruise to Mars.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During cruise, eight thrusters arranged in two clusters were used as <a href="/wiki/Actuator" title="Actuator">actuators</a> to control spin rate and perform axial or lateral <a href="/wiki/Trajectory" title="Trajectory">trajectory</a> correction maneuvers.<sup id="cite_ref-DESCANSO_27-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DESCANSO-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By spinning about its central axis, it maintained a stable attitude.<sup id="cite_ref-DESCANSO_27-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DESCANSO-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-report_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-report-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along the way, the cruise stage performed four trajectory correction maneuvers to adjust the spacecraft's path toward its landing site.<sup id="cite_ref-TrajecoryCorrectons_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TrajecoryCorrectons-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Information was sent to mission controllers via two X-band <a href="/wiki/Antenna_(radio)" title="Antenna (radio)">antennas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cruise_121-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cruise-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A key task of the cruise stage was to control the temperature of all spacecraft systems and dissipate the heat generated by power sources, such as <a href="/wiki/Solar_cell" title="Solar cell">solar cells</a> and motors, into space. In some systems, <a href="/wiki/Multi-layer_insulation" title="Multi-layer insulation">insulating blankets</a> kept sensitive science instruments warmer than the near-<a href="/wiki/Absolute_zero" title="Absolute zero">absolute zero</a> temperature of space. Thermostats monitored temperatures and switched heating and cooling systems on or off as needed.<sup id="cite_ref-cruise_121-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cruise-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Entry,_descent_and_landing_(EDL)"><span id="Entry.2C_descent_and_landing_.28EDL.29"></span><span class="anchor" id="Landing"></span> <span class="anchor" id="Entry,_Descent_and_Landing_(EDL)"></span> Entry, descent and landing (EDL)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Science_Laboratory&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Entry, descent and landing (EDL)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="EDL_spacecraft_system">EDL spacecraft system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Science_Laboratory&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: EDL spacecraft system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory</a></div> <p>Landing a large mass on Mars is particularly challenging as the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mars" title="Atmosphere of Mars">atmosphere</a> is too thin for <a href="/wiki/Parachute" title="Parachute">parachutes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aerobraking" title="Aerobraking">aerobraking</a> alone to be effective,<sup id="cite_ref-landing-approach_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-landing-approach-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while remaining thick enough to create stability and impingement problems when decelerating with <a href="/wiki/Retrorocket" title="Retrorocket">retrorockets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-landing-approach_129-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-landing-approach-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although some previous missions have used <a href="/wiki/Airbag#Aerospace_and_military_applications" title="Airbag">airbags</a> to cushion the shock of landing, the <i>Curiosity</i> rover is too heavy for this to be an option. Instead, <i>Curiosity</i> was set down on the Martian surface using a new high-accuracy entry, descent, and landing (EDL) system that was part of the MSL spacecraft descent stage. The mass of this EDL system, including parachute, sky crane, fuel and <a href="/wiki/Aeroshell" title="Aeroshell">aeroshell</a>, is 2,401 kg (5,293 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The novel EDL system placed <i>Curiosity</i> within a 20 by 7 km (12.4 by 4.3 mi) landing ellipse,<sup id="cite_ref-ellipse_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ellipse-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in contrast to the 150 by 20 km (93 by 12 mi) landing ellipse of the landing systems used by the Mars Exploration Rovers.<sup id="cite_ref-Mission_Timeline:_Entry,_Descent,_and_Landing_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mission_Timeline:_Entry,_Descent,_and_Landing-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The entry-descent-landing (EDL) system differs from those used for other missions in that it does not require an interactive, ground-generated mission plan. During the entire landing phase, the vehicle acts autonomously, based on pre-loaded software and parameters.<sup id="cite_ref-DESCANSO_27-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DESCANSO-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The EDL system was based on a <a href="/wiki/Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking-derived</a> aeroshell structure and propulsion system for a precision guided entry and soft landing, in contrasts with the airbag landings that were used in the mid-1990s by the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder">Mars Pathfinder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a> missions. The spacecraft employed several systems in a precise order, with the entry, descent and landing sequence broken down into four parts<sup id="cite_ref-Mission_Timeline:_Entry,_Descent,_and_Landing_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mission_Timeline:_Entry,_Descent,_and_Landing-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mars_Science_Laboratory_Entry,_Descent,_and_Landing_Triggers_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mars_Science_Laboratory_Entry,_Descent,_and_Landing_Triggers-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—described below as the spaceflight events unfolded on August 6, 2012. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="EDL_event–August_6,_2012"><span id="EDL_event.E2.80.93August_6.2C_2012"></span>EDL event–August 6, 2012</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Science_Laboratory&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: EDL event–August 6, 2012"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20090428MSLEntry1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/20090428MSLEntry1.jpg/220px-20090428MSLEntry1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/20090428MSLEntry1.jpg/330px-20090428MSLEntry1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/20090428MSLEntry1.jpg/440px-20090428MSLEntry1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption>Martian atmosphere entry events from cruise stage separation to parachute deployment</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite its late hour, particularly on the east coast of the United States where it was 1:31 a.m.,<sup id="cite_ref-Space-20120806_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Space-20120806-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the landing generated significant public interest. 3.2 million watched the landing live with most watching online instead of on television via <a href="/wiki/NASA_TV" title="NASA TV">NASA TV</a> or cable news networks covering the event live.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final landing place for the rover was less than 2.4 km (1.5 mi) from its target after a 563,270,400 km (350,000,000 mi) journey.<sup id="cite_ref-cnn.com_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn.com-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to streaming and traditional video viewing, JPL made <a href="/wiki/Eyes_on_the_Solar_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyes on the Solar System">Eyes on the Solar System</a>, a three-dimensional real time simulation of entry, descent and landing based on real data. <i>Curiosity</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> touchdown time as represented in the software, based on JPL predictions, was less than 1 second different from reality.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The EDL phase of the MSL spaceflight mission to Mars took only seven minutes and unfolded automatically, as programmed by JPL engineers in advance, in a precise order, with the entry, descent and landing sequence occurring in four distinct event phases:<sup id="cite_ref-Mission_Timeline:_Entry,_Descent,_and_Landing_131-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mission_Timeline:_Entry,_Descent,_and_Landing-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mars_Science_Laboratory_Entry,_Descent,_and_Landing_Triggers_132-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mars_Science_Laboratory_Entry,_Descent,_and_Landing_Triggers-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Guided_entry">Guided entry</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Science_Laboratory&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Guided entry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:593419main_pia14834-full_full_Mars_Science_Laboratory_Guided_Entry_at_Mars.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/593419main_pia14834-full_full_Mars_Science_Laboratory_Guided_Entry_at_Mars.jpg/220px-593419main_pia14834-full_full_Mars_Science_Laboratory_Guided_Entry_at_Mars.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/593419main_pia14834-full_full_Mars_Science_Laboratory_Guided_Entry_at_Mars.jpg/330px-593419main_pia14834-full_full_Mars_Science_Laboratory_Guided_Entry_at_Mars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/593419main_pia14834-full_full_Mars_Science_Laboratory_Guided_Entry_at_Mars.jpg/440px-593419main_pia14834-full_full_Mars_Science_Laboratory_Guided_Entry_at_Mars.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1406" /></a><figcaption>The guided entry is the phase that allowed the spacecraft to steer with accuracy to its planned landing site.</figcaption></figure> <p>Precision guided entry made use of onboard computing ability to steer itself toward the pre-determined landing site, improving landing accuracy from a range of hundreds of kilometers to 20 kilometers (12 mi). This capability helped remove some of the uncertainties of landing hazards that might be present in larger landing ellipses.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Steering was achieved by the combined use of thrusters and ejectable balance masses.<sup id="cite_ref-Guided_entry_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guided_entry-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ejectable balance masses shift the capsule center of mass enabling generation of a <a href="/wiki/Lift_(force)" title="Lift (force)">lift vector</a> during the atmospheric phase. A navigation computer integrated the measurements to estimate the position and <a href="/wiki/Attitude_control_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Attitude control (spacecraft)">attitude</a> of the capsule that generated automated torque commands. This was the first planetary mission to use precision landing techniques. </p><p>The rover was folded up within an <a href="/wiki/Aeroshell" title="Aeroshell">aeroshell</a> that protected it during the travel through space and during the <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_entry" title="Atmospheric entry">atmospheric entry</a> at Mars. Ten minutes before atmospheric entry the aeroshell separated from the cruise stage that provided power, communications and propulsion during the long flight to Mars. One minute after separation from the cruise stage thrusters on the aeroshell fired to cancel out the spacecraft's 2-rpm rotation and achieved an orientation with the heat shield facing Mars in preparation for <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_entry" title="Atmospheric entry">Atmospheric entry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-spaceflightnow.com_1_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spaceflightnow.com_1-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The heat shield is made of <a href="/wiki/Phenolic_impregnated_carbon_ablator" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenolic impregnated carbon ablator">phenolic impregnated carbon ablator</a> (PICA). The 4.5 m (15 ft) diameter heat shield, which is the largest heat shield ever flown in space,<sup id="cite_ref-nasa8_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa8-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reduced the velocity of the spacecraft by <a href="/wiki/Ablative_heat_shield" class="mw-redirect" title="Ablative heat shield">ablation against the Martian atmosphere</a>, from the atmospheric interface velocity of approximately 5.8 km/s (3.6 mi/s) down to approximately 470 m/s (1,500 ft/s), where parachute deployment was possible about four minutes later. One minute and 15 seconds after entry the heat shield experienced peak temperatures of up to 2,090 °C (3,790 °F) as atmospheric pressure converted kinetic energy into heat. Ten seconds after peak heating, that deceleration peaked out at 15 <a href="/wiki/G-force" title="G-force">g</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-spaceflightnow.com_1_137-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spaceflightnow.com_1-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Much of the reduction of the landing precision error was accomplished by an entry guidance algorithm, derived from the algorithm used for guidance of the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Command_Module" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo Command Module">Apollo Command Modules</a> returning to Earth in the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-spaceflightnow.com_1_137-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spaceflightnow.com_1-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This guidance uses the lifting force experienced by the aeroshell to "fly out" any detected error in range and thereby arrive at the targeted landing site. In order for the aeroshell to have lift, its center of mass is offset from the axial centerline that results in an off-center trim angle in atmospheric flight. This was accomplished by ejecting ballast masses consisting of two 75 kg (165 lb) <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a> weights minutes before atmospheric entry.<sup id="cite_ref-spaceflightnow.com_1_137-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spaceflightnow.com_1-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lift vector was controlled by four sets of two <a href="/wiki/Reaction_control_system" title="Reaction control system">reaction control system</a> (RCS) thrusters that produced approximately 500 N (110 lbf) of thrust per pair. This ability to change the pointing of the direction of lift allowed the spacecraft to react to the ambient environment, and steer toward the landing zone. Prior to parachute deployment the entry vehicle ejected more ballast mass consisting of six 25 kg (55 lb) tungsten weights such that the <a href="/wiki/Center_of_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Center of gravity">center of gravity</a> offset was removed.<sup id="cite_ref-spaceflightnow.com_1_137-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spaceflightnow.com_1-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Parachute_descent">Parachute descent</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Science_Laboratory&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Parachute descent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MSL_parachute.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/MSL_parachute.jpg/220px-MSL_parachute.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/MSL_parachute.jpg/330px-MSL_parachute.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/MSL_parachute.jpg/440px-MSL_parachute.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1420" /></a><figcaption>MSL's parachute is 16 m (52 ft) in diameter.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MRO_sees_Curiosity_landing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/MRO_sees_Curiosity_landing.jpg/220px-MRO_sees_Curiosity_landing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/MRO_sees_Curiosity_landing.jpg/330px-MRO_sees_Curiosity_landing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/MRO_sees_Curiosity_landing.jpg/440px-MRO_sees_Curiosity_landing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="546" /></a><figcaption>NASA's <i>Curiosity</i> rover and its parachute were spotted by NASA's <a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a> as the probe descended to the surface. August 6, 2012.</figcaption></figure> <p>When the entry phase was complete and the capsule slowed to about 470 m/s (1,500 ft/s) at about 10 km (6.2 mi) altitude, the supersonic <a href="/wiki/Parachute" title="Parachute">parachute</a> deployed,<sup id="cite_ref-EntryDescentLanding_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EntryDescentLanding-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as was done by previous landers such as <a href="/wiki/Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking</a>, Mars Pathfinder and the Mars Exploration Rovers. The parachute has 80 suspension lines, is over 50 m (160 ft) long, and is about 16 m (52 ft) in diameter.<sup id="cite_ref-ParaTest_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ParaTest-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Capable of being deployed at Mach 2.2, the parachute can generate up to 289 kN (65,000 lbf) of <a href="/wiki/Drag_(physics)" title="Drag (physics)">drag force</a> in the Martian atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-ParaTest_140-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ParaTest-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the parachute was deployed, the heat shield separated and fell away. A camera beneath the rover acquired about 5 frames per second (with resolution of 1600×1200 pixels) below 3.7 km (2.3 mi) during a period of about 2 minutes until the rover sensors confirmed successful landing.<sup id="cite_ref-Mars_Descent_Imager_(MARDI)_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mars_Descent_Imager_(MARDI)-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</i> team were able to acquire an image of the MSL descending under the parachute.<sup id="cite_ref-planetary_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-planetary-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Powered_descent">Powered descent</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Science_Laboratory&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Powered descent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:593472main_pia14838_full_Curiosity_and_Descent_Stage,_Artist%27s_Concept.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/593472main_pia14838_full_Curiosity_and_Descent_Stage%2C_Artist%27s_Concept.jpg/220px-593472main_pia14838_full_Curiosity_and_Descent_Stage%2C_Artist%27s_Concept.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/593472main_pia14838_full_Curiosity_and_Descent_Stage%2C_Artist%27s_Concept.jpg/330px-593472main_pia14838_full_Curiosity_and_Descent_Stage%2C_Artist%27s_Concept.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/593472main_pia14838_full_Curiosity_and_Descent_Stage%2C_Artist%27s_Concept.jpg/440px-593472main_pia14838_full_Curiosity_and_Descent_Stage%2C_Artist%27s_Concept.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1406" /></a><figcaption>The powered descent stage</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the parachute braking, at about 1.8 km (1.1 mi) altitude, still travelling at about 100 m/s (220 mph), the rover and descent stage dropped out of the aeroshell.<sup id="cite_ref-EntryDescentLanding_139-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EntryDescentLanding-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The descent stage is a platform above the rover with eight variable thrust <a href="/wiki/Monopropellant_rocket" title="Monopropellant rocket">monopropellant</a> <a href="/wiki/Hydrazine" title="Hydrazine">hydrazine</a> rocket thrusters on arms extending around this platform to slow the descent. Each rocket thruster, called a Mars Lander Engine (MLE),<sup id="cite_ref-report_126-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-report-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> produces 400 to 3,100 N (90 to 697 lbf) of thrust and were derived from those used on the Viking landers.<sup id="cite_ref-aerojetMSLengines_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aerojetMSLengines-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A radar altimeter measured altitude and velocity, feeding data to the rover's flight computer. Meanwhile, the rover transformed from its stowed flight configuration to a landing configuration while being lowered beneath the descent stage by the "sky crane" system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sky_crane"><span class="anchor" id="Sky_crane_landing"></span> Sky crane</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Science_Laboratory&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sky crane"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sky_crane_(landing_system)" title="Sky crane (landing system)">Sky crane (landing system)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:675608main_edl20120809-full.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/675608main_edl20120809-full.jpg/220px-675608main_edl20120809-full.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/675608main_edl20120809-full.jpg/330px-675608main_edl20120809-full.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/675608main_edl20120809-full.jpg/440px-675608main_edl20120809-full.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="1353" /></a><figcaption>Entry events from parachute deployment through powered descent ending at sky crane flyaway</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:593484main_pia14839_full_Curiosity%27s_Sky_Crane_Maneuver,_Artist%27s_Concept.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/593484main_pia14839_full_Curiosity%27s_Sky_Crane_Maneuver%2C_Artist%27s_Concept.jpg/220px-593484main_pia14839_full_Curiosity%27s_Sky_Crane_Maneuver%2C_Artist%27s_Concept.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/593484main_pia14839_full_Curiosity%27s_Sky_Crane_Maneuver%2C_Artist%27s_Concept.jpg/330px-593484main_pia14839_full_Curiosity%27s_Sky_Crane_Maneuver%2C_Artist%27s_Concept.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/593484main_pia14839_full_Curiosity%27s_Sky_Crane_Maneuver%2C_Artist%27s_Concept.jpg/440px-593484main_pia14839_full_Curiosity%27s_Sky_Crane_Maneuver%2C_Artist%27s_Concept.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1406" /></a><figcaption>Artist's conceptIon of <i>Curiosity</i> being lowered from the rocket-powered descent stage</figcaption></figure> <p>For several reasons, a different landing system was chosen for MSL compared to previous Mars landers and rovers. <i>Curiosity</i> was considered too heavy to use the airbag landing system as used on the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder">Mars Pathfinder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rovers</a>. A legged lander approach would have caused several design problems.<sup id="cite_ref-spaceflightnow.com_1_137-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spaceflightnow.com_1-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It would have needed to have engines high enough above the ground when landing not to form a dust cloud that could damage the rover's instruments. This would have required long landing legs that would need to have significant width to keep the center of gravity low. A legged lander would have also required ramps so the rover could drive down to the surface, which would have incurred extra risk to the mission on the chance rocks or tilt would prevent <i>Curiosity</i> from being able to drive off the lander successfully. Faced with these challenges, the MSL engineers came up with a novel alternative solution: the sky crane.<sup id="cite_ref-spaceflightnow.com_1_137-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spaceflightnow.com_1-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sky crane system lowered the rover with a 7.6 m (25 ft)<sup id="cite_ref-spaceflightnow.com_1_137-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spaceflightnow.com_1-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tether to a soft landing—wheels down—on the surface of Mars.<sup id="cite_ref-EntryDescentLanding_139-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EntryDescentLanding-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-scientificamerican_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scientificamerican-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mars_rover_lands_on_Xbox_Live_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mars_rover_lands_on_Xbox_Live-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This system consists of a bridle lowering the rover on three nylon tethers and an electrical cable carrying information and power between the descent stage and rover. As the support and data cables unreeled, the rover's six motorized wheels snapped into position. At roughly 7.5 m (25 ft) below the descent stage the sky crane system slowed to a halt and the rover touched down. After the rover touched down, it waited two seconds to confirm that it was on solid ground by detecting the weight on the wheels and fired several <a href="/wiki/Pyrotechnic_fastener" title="Pyrotechnic fastener">pyros</a> (small explosive devices) activating cable cutters on the bridle and umbilical cords to free itself from the descent stage. The descent stage then flew away to a crash landing 650 m (2,100 ft) away.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sky crane concept had never been used in missions before.<sup id="cite_ref-youtube_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-youtube-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landing_site"><span class="anchor" id="Landing_site"></span> Landing site</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Science_Laboratory&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Landing site"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bradbury_Landing" title="Bradbury Landing">Bradbury Landing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gale_(crater)" title="Gale (crater)">Gale (crater)</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Gale_(crater)" title="Gale (crater)">Gale Crater</a> is the MSL landing site.<sup id="cite_ref-Gale_Crater3_95-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gale_Crater3-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gale_Crater_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gale_Crater-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gale_Crater2_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gale_Crater2-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within Gale Crater is a mountain, named <a href="/wiki/Aeolis_Mons" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeolis Mons">Aeolis Mons</a> ("Mount Sharp"),<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20120328_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20120328-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Space-20120329_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Space-20120329-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20120327_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20120327-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of layered rocks, rising about 5.5 km (18,000 ft) above the crater floor, that <i>Curiosity</i> will investigate. The landing site is a smooth region in "Yellowknife" <i>Quad 51</i><sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20120810_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20120810-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20120809_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20120809-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC-20120809_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-20120809-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-USA-20120809_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USA-20120809-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of <a href="/wiki/Aeolis_Palus" title="Aeolis Palus">Aeolis Palus</a> inside the crater in front of the mountain. The target landing site location was an elliptical area 20 by 7 km (12.4 by 4.3 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-ellipse_96-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ellipse-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gale Crater's diameter is 154 km (96 mi). </p><p>The landing location for the rover was less than 2.4 km (1.5 mi) from the center of the planned landing ellipse, after a 563,000,000 km (350,000,000 mi) journey.<sup id="cite_ref-cnn20120810_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn20120810-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NASA named the rover landing site <a href="/wiki/Bradbury_Landing" title="Bradbury Landing">Bradbury Landing</a> on sol 16, August 22, 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20120822_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20120822-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to NASA, an estimated 20,000 to 40,000 heat-resistant <a href="/wiki/Bacterial_spores" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterial spores">bacterial spores</a> were on <i>Curiosity</i> at launch, and as much as 1,000 times that number may not have been counted.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20151005-kc_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20151005-kc-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Science_Laboratory&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Videos">Videos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Science_Laboratory&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Videos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:816px;max-width:816px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/MSL_Launches_to_the_Red_Planet.ogv/200px--MSL_Launches_to_the_Red_Planet.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" height="113" data-durationhint="239" data-mwtitle="MSL_Launches_to_the_Red_Planet.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/41/MSL_Launches_to_the_Red_Planet.ogv/MSL_Launches_to_the_Red_Planet.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/41/MSL_Launches_to_the_Red_Planet.ogv/MSL_Launches_to_the_Red_Planet.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/MSL_Launches_to_the_Red_Planet.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/41/MSL_Launches_to_the_Red_Planet.ogv/MSL_Launches_to_the_Red_Planet.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/41/MSL_Launches_to_the_Red_Planet.ogv/MSL_Launches_to_the_Red_Planet.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/41/MSL_Launches_to_the_Red_Planet.ogv/MSL_Launches_to_the_Red_Planet.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/41/MSL_Launches_to_the_Red_Planet.ogv/MSL_Launches_to_the_Red_Planet.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i>MSL</i> launches from <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral" title="Cape Canaveral">Cape Canaveral</a>.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Curiosity%27s_Seven_Minutes_of_Terror.ogv/200px--Curiosity%27s_Seven_Minutes_of_Terror.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" height="113" data-durationhint="307" data-mwtitle="Curiosity's_Seven_Minutes_of_Terror.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/96/Curiosity%27s_Seven_Minutes_of_Terror.ogv/Curiosity%27s_Seven_Minutes_of_Terror.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/96/Curiosity%27s_Seven_Minutes_of_Terror.ogv/Curiosity%27s_Seven_Minutes_of_Terror.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Curiosity%27s_Seven_Minutes_of_Terror.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/96/Curiosity%27s_Seven_Minutes_of_Terror.ogv/Curiosity%27s_Seven_Minutes_of_Terror.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/96/Curiosity%27s_Seven_Minutes_of_Terror.ogv/Curiosity%27s_Seven_Minutes_of_Terror.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/96/Curiosity%27s_Seven_Minutes_of_Terror.ogv/Curiosity%27s_Seven_Minutes_of_Terror.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/96/Curiosity%27s_Seven_Minutes_of_Terror.ogv/Curiosity%27s_Seven_Minutes_of_Terror.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ACuriosity%27s_Seven_Minutes_of_Terror.ogv&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i>MSL's</i> <i>Seven Minutes of Terror</i>, a NASA video describing the landing</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Curiosity%27s_descent_in_high-definition.ogv/200px--Curiosity%27s_descent_in_high-definition.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" height="113" data-durationhint="207" data-mwtitle="Curiosity's_descent_in_high-definition.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/49/Curiosity%27s_descent_in_high-definition.ogv/Curiosity%27s_descent_in_high-definition.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/49/Curiosity%27s_descent_in_high-definition.ogv/Curiosity%27s_descent_in_high-definition.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Curiosity%27s_descent_in_high-definition.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/49/Curiosity%27s_descent_in_high-definition.ogv/Curiosity%27s_descent_in_high-definition.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/49/Curiosity%27s_descent_in_high-definition.ogv/Curiosity%27s_descent_in_high-definition.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/49/Curiosity%27s_descent_in_high-definition.ogv/Curiosity%27s_descent_in_high-definition.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/49/Curiosity%27s_descent_in_high-definition.ogv/Curiosity%27s_descent_in_high-definition.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i>MSL's</i> descent to the surface of <a href="/wiki/Gale_(crater)" title="Gale (crater)">Gale Crater</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_3" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Curiosity_heat-shield_landing_on_Mars_-_MRO.ogv/200px--Curiosity_heat-shield_landing_on_Mars_-_MRO.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" height="113" data-durationhint="49" data-mwtitle="Curiosity_heat-shield_landing_on_Mars_-_MRO.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/68/Curiosity_heat-shield_landing_on_Mars_-_MRO.ogv/Curiosity_heat-shield_landing_on_Mars_-_MRO.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/68/Curiosity_heat-shield_landing_on_Mars_-_MRO.ogv/Curiosity_heat-shield_landing_on_Mars_-_MRO.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Curiosity_heat-shield_landing_on_Mars_-_MRO.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/68/Curiosity_heat-shield_landing_on_Mars_-_MRO.ogv/Curiosity_heat-shield_landing_on_Mars_-_MRO.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/68/Curiosity_heat-shield_landing_on_Mars_-_MRO.ogv/Curiosity_heat-shield_landing_on_Mars_-_MRO.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/68/Curiosity_heat-shield_landing_on_Mars_-_MRO.ogv/Curiosity_heat-shield_landing_on_Mars_-_MRO.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/68/Curiosity_heat-shield_landing_on_Mars_-_MRO.ogv/Curiosity_heat-shield_landing_on_Mars_-_MRO.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i>MSL's</i> heat shield hitting Martian ground and raising a cloud of dust</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Images">Images</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Science_Laboratory&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Images"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1275594942">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center .gallery{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left .gallery{justify-content:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right .gallery{justify-content:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery 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img{background:none!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb img:not([alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]):not([alt*="\200b \200b \200c "]){background:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{outline:solid #d7d7d7 1px}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{background:none!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb img:not([alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]):not([alt*="\200b \200b \200c "]){background:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_Science_Laboratory_landing_ellipse_reduced.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Curiosity's landing site is on Aeolis Palus near Mount Sharp in Gale Crater – north is down."><img alt="Curiosity's landing site is on Aeolis Palus near Mount Sharp in Gale Crater – north is down." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Mars_Science_Laboratory_landing_ellipse_reduced.jpg/180px-Mars_Science_Laboratory_landing_ellipse_reduced.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Mars_Science_Laboratory_landing_ellipse_reduced.jpg/270px-Mars_Science_Laboratory_landing_ellipse_reduced.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Mars_Science_Laboratory_landing_ellipse_reduced.jpg/360px-Mars_Science_Laboratory_landing_ellipse_reduced.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Curiosity's</i> landing site is on <a href="/wiki/Aeolis_Palus" title="Aeolis Palus">Aeolis Palus</a> near <a href="/wiki/Aeolis_Mons" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeolis Mons">Mount Sharp</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gale_Crater" class="mw-redirect" title="Gale Crater">Gale Crater</a> – north is down.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA-MSL-Curiosity_-Heat-shield.674789main_pia16021-full_full.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ejected Heat Shield as the rover descended to the Martian surface (August 6, 2012 05:17 UTC)"><img alt="Ejected Heat Shield as the rover descended to the Martian surface (August 6, 2012 05:17 UTC)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/NASA-MSL-Curiosity_-Heat-shield.674789main_pia16021-full_full.jpg/180px-NASA-MSL-Curiosity_-Heat-shield.674789main_pia16021-full_full.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/NASA-MSL-Curiosity_-Heat-shield.674789main_pia16021-full_full.jpg/270px-NASA-MSL-Curiosity_-Heat-shield.674789main_pia16021-full_full.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/NASA-MSL-Curiosity_-Heat-shield.674789main_pia16021-full_full.jpg/360px-NASA-MSL-Curiosity_-Heat-shield.674789main_pia16021-full_full.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2108" data-file-height="1533" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ejected Heat Shield as the rover descended to the Martian surface (August 6, 2012 05:17 UTC)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HiRISE_image_of_MSL_during_EDL_(refined).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Curiosity descending under its parachute, as viewed by HiRISE (MRO) (August 6, 2012)"><img alt="Curiosity descending under its parachute, as viewed by HiRISE (MRO) (August 6, 2012)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/HiRISE_image_of_MSL_during_EDL_%28refined%29.png/140px-HiRISE_image_of_MSL_during_EDL_%28refined%29.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/HiRISE_image_of_MSL_during_EDL_%28refined%29.png/210px-HiRISE_image_of_MSL_during_EDL_%28refined%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/HiRISE_image_of_MSL_during_EDL_%28refined%29.png/280px-HiRISE_image_of_MSL_during_EDL_%28refined%29.png 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="496" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Curiosity</i> descending under its parachute, as viewed by <a href="/wiki/HiRISE" title="HiRISE">HiRISE</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">MRO</a>) (August 6, 2012)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA15696-HiRISE-MSL-Sol11_2_-br2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="MSL's debris field on August 17, 2012 (3-D versions: rover and parachute)"><img alt="MSL's debris field on August 17, 2012 (3-D versions: rover and parachute)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/PIA15696-HiRISE-MSL-Sol11_2_-br2.jpg/180px-PIA15696-HiRISE-MSL-Sol11_2_-br2.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/PIA15696-HiRISE-MSL-Sol11_2_-br2.jpg/270px-PIA15696-HiRISE-MSL-Sol11_2_-br2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/PIA15696-HiRISE-MSL-Sol11_2_-br2.jpg/360px-PIA15696-HiRISE-MSL-Sol11_2_-br2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="658" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>MSL's</i> <a href="/wiki/Space_debris" title="Space debris">debris field</a> on August 17, 2012 (3-D versions: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512005245/http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/images/Rover3D-pia16208-br2.jpg">rover</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130511233231/http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/images/Parachute3D-pia16209-br2.jpg">parachute</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Curiosity_Rover_(Exaggerated_Color)_-_HiRISE_-_20120814.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Curiosity's landing site (Bradbury Landing) viewed by HiRISE (MRO) (August 14, 2012)"><img alt="Curiosity's landing site (Bradbury Landing) viewed by HiRISE (MRO) (August 14, 2012)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Curiosity_Rover_%28Exaggerated_Color%29_-_HiRISE_-_20120814.jpg/168px-Curiosity_Rover_%28Exaggerated_Color%29_-_HiRISE_-_20120814.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Curiosity_Rover_%28Exaggerated_Color%29_-_HiRISE_-_20120814.jpg/252px-Curiosity_Rover_%28Exaggerated_Color%29_-_HiRISE_-_20120814.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Curiosity_Rover_%28Exaggerated_Color%29_-_HiRISE_-_20120814.jpg/337px-Curiosity_Rover_%28Exaggerated_Color%29_-_HiRISE_-_20120814.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3022" data-file-height="2515" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Curiosity's</i> landing site (<a href="/wiki/Bradbury_Landing" title="Bradbury Landing">Bradbury Landing</a>) viewed by <a href="/wiki/HiRISE" title="HiRISE">HiRISE</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">MRO</a>) (August 14, 2012)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:First_picture_sent_by_the_Mars_Curiosity_rover.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Curiosity's first image after landing – The rover's wheel can be seen (August 6, 2012)."><img alt="Curiosity's first image after landing – The rover's wheel can be seen (August 6, 2012)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/First_picture_sent_by_the_Mars_Curiosity_rover.jpg/140px-First_picture_sent_by_the_Mars_Curiosity_rover.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/First_picture_sent_by_the_Mars_Curiosity_rover.jpg/210px-First_picture_sent_by_the_Mars_Curiosity_rover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/First_picture_sent_by_the_Mars_Curiosity_rover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Curiosity's</i> first image after landing – The rover's wheel can be seen (August 6, 2012).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:First_colored_image_from_Curiosity.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Curiosity's first color image of the Martian landscape (August 6, 2012)"><img alt="Curiosity's first color image of the Martian landscape (August 6, 2012)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/First_colored_image_from_Curiosity.jpg/151px-First_colored_image_from_Curiosity.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/First_colored_image_from_Curiosity.jpg/227px-First_colored_image_from_Curiosity.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/First_colored_image_from_Curiosity.jpg/302px-First_colored_image_from_Curiosity.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2025" data-file-height="1877" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Curiosity's</i> first color image of the Martian landscape (August 6, 2012)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA16094-Mars_Curiosity_Rover-First_Drive_Tracks.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Curiosity's first test drive (Bradbury Landing) (August 22, 2012)[156]"><img alt="Curiosity's first test drive (Bradbury Landing) (August 22, 2012)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/PIA16094-Mars_Curiosity_Rover-First_Drive_Tracks.jpg/140px-PIA16094-Mars_Curiosity_Rover-First_Drive_Tracks.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/PIA16094-Mars_Curiosity_Rover-First_Drive_Tracks.jpg/210px-PIA16094-Mars_Curiosity_Rover-First_Drive_Tracks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/PIA16094-Mars_Curiosity_Rover-First_Drive_Tracks.jpg/280px-PIA16094-Mars_Curiosity_Rover-First_Drive_Tracks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Curiosity's</i> first test drive (<a href="/wiki/Bradbury_Landing" title="Bradbury Landing">Bradbury Landing</a>) (August 22, 2012)<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20120822_156-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20120822-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:808px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA16072-MarsCuriosityRover-20120809.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Curiosity rover – near Bradbury Landing (August 9, 2012)"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/PIA16072-MarsCuriosityRover-20120809.jpg/800px-PIA16072-MarsCuriosityRover-20120809.jpg" decoding="async" width="800" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/PIA16072-MarsCuriosityRover-20120809.jpg/1200px-PIA16072-MarsCuriosityRover-20120809.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/PIA16072-MarsCuriosityRover-20120809.jpg/1600px-PIA16072-MarsCuriosityRover-20120809.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10400" data-file-height="2415" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA16072-MarsCuriosityRover-20120809.jpg" title="File:PIA16072-MarsCuriosityRover-20120809.jpg"> </a></div><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i> rover</a> – near <a href="/wiki/Bradbury_Landing" title="Bradbury Landing">Bradbury Landing</a> (August 9, 2012)</div></div></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:808px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA16768-MarsCuriosityRover-AeolisMons-20120920.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Curiosity's view of Mount Sharp (September 20, 2012; white balanced) (raw color)"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/PIA16768-MarsCuriosityRover-AeolisMons-20120920.jpg/800px-PIA16768-MarsCuriosityRover-AeolisMons-20120920.jpg" decoding="async" width="800" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/PIA16768-MarsCuriosityRover-AeolisMons-20120920.jpg/1200px-PIA16768-MarsCuriosityRover-AeolisMons-20120920.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/PIA16768-MarsCuriosityRover-AeolisMons-20120920.jpg/1600px-PIA16768-MarsCuriosityRover-AeolisMons-20120920.jpg 2x" data-file-width="14576" data-file-height="2018" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA16768-MarsCuriosityRover-AeolisMons-20120920.jpg" title="File:PIA16768-MarsCuriosityRover-AeolisMons-20120920.jpg"> </a></div><i><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)">Curiosity</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> view of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sharp" title="Mount Sharp">Mount Sharp</a> (September 20, 2012; <a href="/wiki/Color_balance" title="Color balance">white balanced</a>) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/PIA16769.jpg">raw color</a>)</div></div></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:808px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA16453-MarsCuriosityRover-RocknestPanorama-20121126.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Curiosity's view from the "Rocknest" looking eastward toward "Point Lake" (center) on the way to "Glenelg Intrigue" (November 26, 2012; white balanced) (raw color)"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/PIA16453-MarsCuriosityRover-RocknestPanorama-20121126.jpg/800px-PIA16453-MarsCuriosityRover-RocknestPanorama-20121126.jpg" decoding="async" width="800" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/PIA16453-MarsCuriosityRover-RocknestPanorama-20121126.jpg/1200px-PIA16453-MarsCuriosityRover-RocknestPanorama-20121126.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/PIA16453-MarsCuriosityRover-RocknestPanorama-20121126.jpg/1600px-PIA16453-MarsCuriosityRover-RocknestPanorama-20121126.jpg 2x" data-file-width="13726" data-file-height="3008" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA16453-MarsCuriosityRover-RocknestPanorama-20121126.jpg" title="File:PIA16453-MarsCuriosityRover-RocknestPanorama-20121126.jpg"> </a></div><i><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)">Curiosity</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> view from the "<a href="/wiki/Rocknest_(Mars)" title="Rocknest (Mars)">Rocknest</a>" looking eastward toward "Point Lake" (center) on the way to "<a href="/wiki/Glenelg,_Mars" title="Glenelg, Mars">Glenelg Intrigue</a>" (November 26, 2012; <a href="/wiki/Color_balance" title="Color balance">white balanced</a>) (<a href="/wiki/File:PIA16453-MarsCuriosityRover-RocknestPanorama-Raw-20121126.jpg" title="File:PIA16453-MarsCuriosityRover-RocknestPanorama-Raw-20121126.jpg">raw color</a>)</div></div></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:808px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA19912-MarsCuriosityRover-MountSharp-20151002.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Curiosity's view of Mount Sharp (September 9, 2015)"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/PIA19912-MarsCuriosityRover-MountSharp-20151002.jpg/800px-PIA19912-MarsCuriosityRover-MountSharp-20151002.jpg" decoding="async" width="800" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/PIA19912-MarsCuriosityRover-MountSharp-20151002.jpg/1200px-PIA19912-MarsCuriosityRover-MountSharp-20151002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/PIA19912-MarsCuriosityRover-MountSharp-20151002.jpg/1600px-PIA19912-MarsCuriosityRover-MountSharp-20151002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2259" data-file-height="926" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA19912-MarsCuriosityRover-MountSharp-20151002.jpg" title="File:PIA19912-MarsCuriosityRover-MountSharp-20151002.jpg"> </a></div><i><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)">Curiosity</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> view of Mount Sharp (September 9, 2015)</div></div></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:808px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Martian-Sunset-O-de-Goursac-Curiosity-2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Curiosity's view of Mars sky at sunset (February 2013; Sun simulated by artist)"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Martian-Sunset-O-de-Goursac-Curiosity-2013.jpg/800px-Martian-Sunset-O-de-Goursac-Curiosity-2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="800" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Martian-Sunset-O-de-Goursac-Curiosity-2013.jpg/1200px-Martian-Sunset-O-de-Goursac-Curiosity-2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Martian-Sunset-O-de-Goursac-Curiosity-2013.jpg/1600px-Martian-Sunset-O-de-Goursac-Curiosity-2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6044" data-file-height="1695" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Martian-Sunset-O-de-Goursac-Curiosity-2013.jpg" title="File:Martian-Sunset-O-de-Goursac-Curiosity-2013.jpg"> </a></div><i><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)">Curiosity</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> view of <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_skies#Mars" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraterrestrial skies">Mars sky</a> at <a href="/wiki/Sunset#Planets" title="Sunset">sunset</a> (February 2013; Sun simulated by artist)</div></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Science_Laboratory&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/28px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/42px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/56px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolis_quadrangle" title="Aeolis quadrangle">Aeolis quadrangle</a> – One of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a> – Science concerned with life in the universe</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera,_hand_lens,_and_microscope_probe" title="Camera, hand lens, and microscope probe">Camera, hand lens, and microscope probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a> – Astrobiology programme</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Mars" title="Exploration of Mars">Exploration of Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight">InSight</a> – NASA Mars lander (2018–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Mars" title="List of missions to Mars">List of missions to Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rocks_on_Mars" title="List of rocks on Mars">List of rocks on Mars</a> – Alphabetical list of named rocks and meteorites found on Mars</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> – Astrobiology Mars rover mission by NASA</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAVEN" title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a> – NASA Mars orbiter (2013–Present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic spacecraft</a> – Spacecraft without people on board<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_information_from_the_Mars_Exploration_Rover_mission" title="Scientific information from the Mars Exploration Rover mission">Scientific information from the Mars Exploration Rover mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._space_exploration_history_on_U.S._stamps" title="U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps">U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps</a> – Overview of ventures beyond Earth as depicted for ease of American postage</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Science_Laboratory&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Mars_Science_Laboratory_Landing_Press_Kit-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mars_Science_Laboratory_Landing_Press_Kit_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a 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K. Lockwood (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120809003132/http://pdf.aiaa.org/jaPreview/JSR/2006/PVJA20678.pdf">"Introduction: Mars Science Laboratory: The Next Generation of Mars Landers And The Following 13 articles"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets</i>. <b>43</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Aeronautics_and_Astronautics" title="American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics">American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics</a>: 257. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006JSpRo..43..257L">2006JSpRo..43..257L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2514%2F1.20678">10.2514/1.20678</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdf.aiaa.org/jaPreview/JSR/2006/PVJA20678.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on August 9, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 13,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Spacecraft+and+Rockets&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+Mars+Science+Laboratory%3A+The+Next+Generation+of+Mars+Landers+And+The+Following+13+articles&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=257&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2514%2F1.20678&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006JSpRo..43..257L&rft.au=M.+K.+Lockwood&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpdf.aiaa.org%2FjaPreview%2FJSR%2F2006%2FPVJA20678.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Science+Laboratory" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrotzingerCrispVasavadaAnderson2012" class="citation journal cs1">Grotzinger, J. P.; <a href="/wiki/Joy_Crisp" title="Joy Crisp">Crisp, J.</a>; Vasavada, A. R.; Anderson, R. C.; Baker, C. J.; Barry, R.; Blake, D. F.; Conrad, P.; Edgett, K. S.; Ferdowski, B.; Gellert, R.; Gilbert, J. B.; Golombek, M.; Gómez-Elvira, J.; Hassler, D. M.; Jandura, L.; Litvak, M.; Mahaffy, P.; Maki, J.; Meyer, M.; Malin, M. C.; Mitrofanov, I.; Simmonds, J. J.; Vaniman, D.; Welch, R. V.; Wiens, R. C. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11214-012-9892-2">"Mars Science Laboratory Mission and Science Investigation"</a>. <i>Space Science Reviews</i>. <b>170</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>4): <span class="nowrap">5–</span>56. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012SSRv..170....5G">2012SSRv..170....5G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11214-012-9892-2">10.1007/s11214-012-9892-2</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Space+Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=Mars+Science+Laboratory+Mission+and+Science+Investigation&rft.volume=170&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E56&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11214-012-9892-2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012SSRv..170....5G&rft.aulast=Grotzinger&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft.au=Crisp%2C+J.&rft.au=Vasavada%2C+A.+R.&rft.au=Anderson%2C+R.+C.&rft.au=Baker%2C+C.+J.&rft.au=Barry%2C+R.&rft.au=Blake%2C+D.+F.&rft.au=Conrad%2C+P.&rft.au=Edgett%2C+K.+S.&rft.au=Ferdowski%2C+B.&rft.au=Gellert%2C+R.&rft.au=Gilbert%2C+J.+B.&rft.au=Golombek%2C+M.&rft.au=G%C3%B3mez-Elvira%2C+J.&rft.au=Hassler%2C+D.+M.&rft.au=Jandura%2C+L.&rft.au=Litvak%2C+M.&rft.au=Mahaffy%2C+P.&rft.au=Maki%2C+J.&rft.au=Meyer%2C+M.&rft.au=Malin%2C+M.+C.&rft.au=Mitrofanov%2C+I.&rft.au=Simmonds%2C+J.+J.&rft.au=Vaniman%2C+D.&rft.au=Welch%2C+R.+V.&rft.au=Wiens%2C+R.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs11214-012-9892-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Science+Laboratory" class="Z3988"></span>—overview article about the MSL, landing site, and instrumentation</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Science_Laboratory&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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Descent & Landing (EDL) – Animated Video (02:00)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=UULA_DiR1FfKNvjuUpBHmylQ">MSL – NASA Updates – *REPLAY* Anytime (NASA-YouTube)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zervvVw2dnU">MSL – "<i>Curiosity</i> Lands" (08/06/2012) – NASA/JPL – Video (03:40)</a></li> <li>Descent video <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GMsdobLq1-4">sim&real/narrated</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fJgeoHBQpFQ">MSL real time/25fps</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VlKW1KG8ies">all/4fp</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu/releases/msl-descent.php">HiRise</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ki_Af_o9Q9s">MSL – Landing ("7 Minutes of Terror")</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qrxvbRA2xCI">MSL – Landing Site – Gale Crater – Animated/Narrated Video (02:37)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P4boyXQuUIw">MSL – Mission Summary – Animated/Extended Video (11:20)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1QCNsKricls">MSL – "<i>Curiosity</i> Launch" (11/26/2011) – NASA/Kennedy – Video (04:00)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131215005525/http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/multimedia/interactives/photosynth/">MSL – NASA/JPL Virtual Tour – Rover</a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/msl-what-to-expect-on-sunday-night">MSL – Entry, Descent & Landing (EDL) – Timeline/ieee</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050127234438/http://acquisition.jpl.nasa.gov/rfp/motion-simulator/MSL_EDL_Overview.pdf">MSL – Entry, Descent & Landing (EDL) – Description.</a> (<a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nasatech.net/ntCURIOSITY_PAGE.html">MSL – Pre-Launch Preparations at KSC (Hi-Res Images & Spherical Panoramas)</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/multimedia/raw/">MSL – Raw Images</a>, Listing by JPL (official)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Template:Mars Science Laboratory"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Template talk:Mars Science Laboratory"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mars Science Laboratory"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mars_Science_Laboratory451" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mars Science Laboratory</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA16239_High-Resolution_Self-Portrait_by_Curiosity_Rover_Arm_Camera_square.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/PIA16239_High-Resolution_Self-Portrait_by_Curiosity_Rover_Arm_Camera_square.jpg/112px-PIA16239_High-Resolution_Self-Portrait_by_Curiosity_Rover_Arm_Camera_square.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/PIA16239_High-Resolution_Self-Portrait_by_Curiosity_Rover_Arm_Camera_square.jpg/168px-PIA16239_High-Resolution_Self-Portrait_by_Curiosity_Rover_Arm_Camera_square.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/PIA16239_High-Resolution_Self-Portrait_by_Curiosity_Rover_Arm_Camera_square.jpg/224px-PIA16239_High-Resolution_Self-Portrait_by_Curiosity_Rover_Arm_Camera_square.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5233" data-file-height="5233" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)#Instruments" title="Curiosity (rover)">Instruments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_particle_X-ray_spectrometer#Specific_instruments" title="Alpha particle X-ray spectrometer">APXS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemistry_and_Camera_complex" title="Chemistry and Camera complex">ChemCam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CheMin" title="CheMin">CheMin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Albedo_of_Neutrons" title="Dynamic Albedo of Neutrons">DAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)#Dust_Removal_Tool_.28DRT.29" title="Curiosity (rover)">DRT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazcam" title="Hazcam">Hazcam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)#Mars_Descent_Imager_.28MARDI.29" title="Curiosity (rover)">MARDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Hand_Lens_Imager" title="Mars Hand Lens Imager">MAHLI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)#Mast_Camera_(MastCam)" title="Curiosity (rover)">MastCam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navcam" title="Navcam">Navcam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_assessment_detector" title="Radiation assessment detector">RAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rover_Environmental_Monitoring_Station" title="Rover Environmental Monitoring Station">REMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)#Robotic_arm" title="Curiosity (rover)">Robotic arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_embedded_computer_systems_on_board_the_Mars_rovers" title="Comparison of embedded computer systems on board the Mars rovers">Rover embedded computers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sample_Analysis_at_Mars" title="Sample Analysis at Mars">SAM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MarsDial" title="MarsDial">MarsDial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-mission_radioisotope_thermoelectric_generator" title="Multi-mission radioisotope thermoelectric generator">MMRTG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocker-bogie" title="Rocker-bogie">Rocker-bogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_crane_(landing_system)" title="Sky crane (landing system)">Sky crane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Sharp" title="Mount Sharp">Mount Sharp (Aeolis Mons)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeolis_Palus" title="Aeolis Palus">Aeolis Palus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradbury_Landing" title="Bradbury Landing">Bradbury Landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gale_(crater)" title="Gale (crater)">Gale Crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenelg,_Mars" title="Glenelg, Mars">Glenelg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Vallis" title="Peace Vallis">Peace Vallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocknest_(Mars)" title="Rocknest (Mars)">Rocknest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellowknife_Bay,_Mars" title="Yellowknife Bay, Mars">Yellowknife Bay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rocks_on_Mars#2012_–_Curiosity_rover_(Mars_Science_Laboratory)" title="List of rocks on Mars">Rocks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bathurst_Inlet_(rock)" title="Bathurst Inlet (rock)">Bathurst Inlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N165" title="N165">Coronation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulburn_(Mars)" title="Goulburn (Mars)">Goulburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hottah_(Mars)" title="Hottah (Mars)">Hottah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jake_Matijevic_(rock)" title="Jake Matijevic (rock)">Jake Matijevic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_(Mars)" title="Link (Mars)">Link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocknest_(Mars)" title="Rocknest (Mars)">Rocknest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocknest_3_(rock)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocknest 3 (rock)">Rocknest 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tintina_(rock)" title="Tintina (rock)">Tintina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Experience_Curiosity" title="Experience Curiosity">Experience Curiosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Mars" title="Exploration of Mars">Exploration of Mars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Category:Mars Science Laboratory">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/22px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="22" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/34px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/45px-Solar_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Solar System portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory39" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Curiosity_Rover_Timeline" title="Template:Curiosity Rover Timeline"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Curiosity_Rover_Timeline" title="Template talk:Curiosity Rover Timeline"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Curiosity_Rover_Timeline" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Curiosity Rover Timeline"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory39" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="float:left;border:none;width:100%"><div style="text-align:left; padding:1em; font-size:95%; margin:1em; background:transparent"><div style="width:100%; position:relative; left:-0.2em; top:0.8em; clear:both; height:2.5em"><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:40%; margin-top:0; position:relative"><span style="position:relative; top:0.25em; left:-1.5px">↓</span><span style="font-size:90% ;position:relative; line-height:3px; overflow:visible;left:-3em; top:0em; z-index:999"><a href="/wiki/Bradbury_Landing" title="Bradbury Landing">Bradbury</a></span></div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:45%; margin-top:0; position:relative"><span style="position:relative; top:0.25em; left:-1.5px">↓</span><span style="font-size:90% ;position:relative; line-height:3px; overflow:visible;left:-3em; top:0em; z-index:999"><a href="/wiki/Glenelg,_Mars" title="Glenelg, Mars">Glenelg</a></span></div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:50%; margin-top:0; position:relative"><span style="position:relative; top:0.25em; left:-1.5px">↓</span><span style="font-size:90% ;position:relative; line-height:3px; overflow:visible;left:-2em; top:0em; z-index:999">Dingo Gap</span></div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:55%; margin-top:0; position:relative"><span style="position:relative; top:0.25em; left:-1.5px">↓</span><span style="font-size:90% ;position:relative; line-height:3px; overflow:visible;left:-2em; top:0em; z-index:999">Mojave</span></div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:60%; margin-top:0; position:relative"><span style="position:relative; top:0.25em; left:-1.5px">↓</span><span style="font-size:90% ;position:relative; line-height:3px; overflow:visible;left:-2em; top:0em; z-index:999">Murray</span></div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:65%; margin-top:0; position:relative"><span style="position:relative; top:0.25em; left:-1.5px">↓</span><span style="font-size:90% ;position:relative; line-height:3px; overflow:visible;left:-2em; top:0em; z-index:999">Old Soaker</span></div></div></div><div style="width:100%; position:relative; left:-0.2em; top:0.8em; clear:both; height:2.5em"><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:40%; margin-top:0; position:relative"><span style="position:relative; top:0.25em; left:-1.5px">↓</span><span style="font-size:90% ;position:relative; line-height:3px; overflow:visible;left:-3em; top:0em; z-index:998"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory#Glenelg_terrain" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">Testings</a></span></div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:45%; margin-top:0; position:relative"><span style="position:relative; top:0.25em; left:-1.5px">↓</span><span style="font-size:90% ;position:relative; line-height:3px; overflow:visible;left:-3em; top:0em; z-index:998"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory#Glenelg_terrain" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">1st Drilling</a></span></div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:50%; margin-top:0; position:relative"><span style="position:relative; top:0.25em; left:-1.5px">↓</span><span style="font-size:90% ;position:relative; line-height:3px; overflow:visible;left:-2em; top:0em; z-index:998">Dents</span></div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:55%; margin-top:0; position:relative"><span style="position:relative; top:0.25em; left:-1.5px">↓</span><span style="font-size:90% ;position:relative; line-height:3px; overflow:visible;left:-2em; top:0em; z-index:998">Old-lake</span></div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:60%; margin-top:0; position:relative"><span style="position:relative; top:0.25em; left:-1.5px">↓</span><span style="font-size:90% ;position:relative; line-height:3px; overflow:visible;left:-2em; top:0em; z-index:998">Old-lake</span></div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:65%; margin-top:0; position:relative"><span style="position:relative; top:0.25em; left:-1.5px">↓</span><span style="font-size:90% ;position:relative; line-height:3px; overflow:visible;left:-2em; top:0em; z-index:998">Stratified</span></div></div></div><div style="width:100%; position:relative; left:-0.2em; top:0.8em; clear:both; height:2.5em"><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:0%; margin-top:0; position:relative"><span style="position:relative; top:0.25em; left:-1.5px">↓</span><span style="font-size:90% ;position:relative; line-height:3px; overflow:visible;left:-2em; top:0em; z-index:997"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory#Prelaunch" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">Begin</a></span></div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:20%; margin-top:0; position:relative"><span style="position:relative; top:0.25em; left:-1.5px">↓</span><span style="font-size:90% ;position:relative; line-height:3px; overflow:visible;left:-3em; top:0em; z-index:997"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory#Prelaunch" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">Launch Delay</a></span></div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:35%; margin-top:0; position:relative"><span style="position:relative; top:0.25em; left:-1.5px">↓</span><span style="font-size:90% ;position:relative; line-height:3px; overflow:visible;left:-2em; top:0em; z-index:997"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory#Launch_and_cruise" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">Launch</a></span></div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:40%; margin-top:0; position:relative"><span style="position:relative; top:0.25em; left:-1.5px">↓</span><span style="font-size:90% ;position:relative; line-height:3px; overflow:visible;left:-3em; top:0em; z-index:997"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory#Landing" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">Landing</a></span></div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:45%; margin-top:0; position:relative"><span style="position:relative; top:0.25em; left:-1.5px">↓</span><span style="font-size:90% ;position:relative; line-height:3px; overflow:visible;left:-3em; top:0em; z-index:997"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory#Current_status" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">Driving</a></span></div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:50%; margin-top:0; position:relative"><span style="position:relative; top:0.25em; left:-1.5px">↓</span><span style="font-size:90% ;position:relative; line-height:3px; overflow:visible;left:-2em; top:0em; z-index:997"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory#Current_status" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">Driving</a></span></div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:55%; margin-top:0; position:relative"><span style="position:relative; top:0.25em; left:-1.5px">↓</span><span style="font-size:90% ;position:relative; line-height:3px; overflow:visible;left:-2em; top:0em; z-index:997"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory#Current_status" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">Driving</a></span></div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:60%; margin-top:0; position:relative"><span style="position:relative; top:0.25em; left:-1.5px">↓</span><span style="font-size:90% ;position:relative; line-height:3px; overflow:visible;left:-2em; top:0em; z-index:997"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory#Current_status" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">Driving</a></span></div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:65%; margin-top:0; position:relative"><span style="position:relative; top:0.25em; left:-1.5px">↓</span><span style="font-size:90% ;position:relative; line-height:3px; overflow:visible;left:-2em; top:0em; z-index:997"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory#Current_status" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">Driving</a></span></div></div></div><div style="clear:both;width:100%;max-width:100%;border-top:0.1em solid black;height:1em;"></div><div id="Scale" style="clear:both;position:relative;top:-1.4em;left:-0.2em;width:100%;padding:0;height:2.5em"><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:10%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-1.8em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">2004</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:10%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-1.8em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">2006</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:10%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-1.8em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">2008</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:10%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-1.8em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">2010</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:10%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-1.8em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">2012</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:10%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-1.8em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">2014</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:10%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-1.8em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">2016</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:10%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-1.8em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">2018</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:10%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-1.8em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">2020</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:10%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-1.8em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">2022</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:0%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-1.8em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">2024</div></div></div></div></div><div style="clear:left;"></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mars_rovers192" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mars_rovers" title="Template:Mars rovers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mars_rovers" title="Template talk:Mars rovers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mars_rovers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mars rovers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mars_rovers192" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mars_rover" title="Mars rover">Mars rovers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PrOP-M" title="PrOP-M">PrOP-M</a> <sup>†</sup></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner (rover)">Sojourner</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder">Mars Pathfinder</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)">Spirit</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)">Opportunity</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Opportunity" title="Timeline of Opportunity">Timeline of <i>Opportunity</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Spirit" title="Timeline of Spirit">Timeline of <i>Spirit</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zhurong_(rover)" title="Zhurong (rover)">Zhurong</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-1" title="Tianwen-1">Tianwen-1</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA23491-Mars2020Rover-ObtainingSamples-20200210.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/PIA23491-Mars2020Rover-ObtainingSamples-20200210.jpg/180px-PIA23491-Mars2020Rover-ObtainingSamples-20200210.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/PIA23491-Mars2020Rover-ObtainingSamples-20200210.jpg/270px-PIA23491-Mars2020Rover-ObtainingSamples-20200210.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/PIA23491-Mars2020Rover-ObtainingSamples-20200210.jpg/360px-PIA23491-Mars2020Rover-ObtainingSamples-20200210.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)">Curiosity</a></i> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mars Science Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)">Perseverance</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_2020" title="Timeline of Mars 2020">timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Planned missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_(rover)" title="Rosalind Franklin (rover)">Rosalind Franklin</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_embedded_computer_systems_on_board_the_Mars_rovers" title="Comparison of embedded computer systems on board the Mars rovers">Rover embedded computers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crewed_Mars_rover" title="Crewed Mars rover">Crewed Mars rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_rover" title="Lunar rover">Lunar rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Roving_Vehicle" title="Lunar Roving Vehicle">Lunar Roving Vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rovers_on_extraterrestrial_bodies" title="List of rovers on extraterrestrial bodies">List of rovers on extraterrestrial bodies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_landing" title="Mars landing">Mars landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_crane_(landing_system)" title="Sky crane (landing system)">Sky crane</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Good_Night_Oppy" title="Good Night Oppy">Good Night Oppy</a></i> (documentary)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Missions are ordered by launch date. Sign <sup>†</sup> indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spacecraft_missions_to_Mars435" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mars_spacecraft" title="Template:Mars spacecraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mars_spacecraft" title="Template talk:Mars spacecraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mars_spacecraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mars spacecraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spacecraft_missions_to_Mars435" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Mars" title="List of missions to Mars">Spacecraft missions</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Mars" title="List of missions to Mars">List of missions to Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars_orbiters" title="List of Mars orbiters">List of Mars orbiters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_on_Mars" title="List of artificial objects on Mars">List of artificial objects on Mars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:55px">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px"><a href="/wiki/Mars_flyby" title="Mars flyby">Flybys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psyche_(spacecraft)" title="Psyche (spacecraft)"><i>Psyche</i></a><sup>‡</sup> (2023, flyby in 2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hera_(space_mission)" title="Hera (space mission)"><i>Hera</i></a><sup>‡</sup> (2024, flyby in 2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></i><sup>‡</sup> (2024, flyby in 2025)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars_orbiters" title="List of Mars orbiters">Orbiters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">2001 Mars Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">Mars Express</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Timeline of Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAVEN" title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="Trace Gas Orbiter">ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_Mars_Mission" title="Emirates Mars Mission"><i>Hope</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-1#Orbiter" title="Tianwen-1"><i>Tianwen-1</i> orbiter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px"><a href="/wiki/Mars_rover" title="Mars rover">Rovers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i></a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mars Science Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_2020" title="Timeline of Mars 2020">timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg/100px-2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg/150px-2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg/200px-2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5824" data-file-height="4737" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <br /> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenix_landing_(PIA09943_cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Phoenix_landing_%28PIA09943_cropped%29.jpg/100px-Phoenix_landing_%28PIA09943_cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Phoenix_landing_%28PIA09943_cropped%29.jpg/150px-Phoenix_landing_%28PIA09943_cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Phoenix_landing_%28PIA09943_cropped%29.jpg/200px-Phoenix_landing_%28PIA09943_cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <br /> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MSL_Artist_Concept_(PIA14164_crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/MSL_Artist_Concept_%28PIA14164_crop%29.jpg/100px-MSL_Artist_Concept_%28PIA14164_crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/MSL_Artist_Concept_%28PIA14164_crop%29.jpg/150px-MSL_Artist_Concept_%28PIA14164_crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/MSL_Artist_Concept_%28PIA14164_crop%29.jpg/200px-MSL_Artist_Concept_%28PIA14164_crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:55px">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px"><a href="/wiki/Mars_flyby" title="Mars flyby">Flybys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_1" title="Mars 1">Mars 1</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_4" title="Mariner 4">Mariner 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_2" title="Zond 2">Zond 2</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_6_and_7" title="Mariner 6 and 7">Mariner 6 and 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_6" title="Mars 6">Mars 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_7" title="Mars 7">Mars 7</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a></i><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)">Dawn</a></i><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Cube_One" title="Mars Cube One">Mars Cube One</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Orbiters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2" title="Mars 2">Mars 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_3" title="Mars 3">Mars 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_9" title="Mariner 9">Mariner 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_4" title="Mars 4">Mars 4</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_5" title="Mars 5">Mars 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking program</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Viking_1" title="Viking 1">Viking 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Viking_2" title="Viking 2">Viking 2</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_program" title="Phobos program">Phobos program</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_1" title="Phobos 1">Phobos 1</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_2" title="Phobos 2">Phobos 2</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Observer" title="Mars Observer">Mars Observer</a></i><sup>†</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor">Mars Global Surveyor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nozomi_(spacecraft)" title="Nozomi (spacecraft)">Nozomi</a></i><sup>†</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter" title="Mars Climate Orbiter">Mars Climate Orbiter</a></i><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission" title="Mars Orbiter Mission"><i>Mangalyaan</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars_landers" title="List of Mars landers">Landers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2" title="Mars 2">Mars 2</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_3" title="Mars 3">Mars 3</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_6" title="Mars 6">Mars 6</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_7" title="Mars 7">Mars 7</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_1" title="Viking 1"><i>Viking 1</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_2" title="Viking 2"><i>Viking 2</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder"><i>Mars Pathfinder</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Polar_Lander" title="Mars Polar Lander">Mars Polar Lander</a><sup>†</sup> / <a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_2" title="Deep Space 2">Deep Space 2</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beagle_2" title="Beagle 2">Beagle 2</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(spacecraft)" title="Phoenix (spacecraft)"><i>Phoenix</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schiaparelli_EDM" title="Schiaparelli EDM">ExoMars <i>Schiaparelli</i></a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight"><i>InSight</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-1" title="Tianwen-1"><i>Tianwen-1</i> lander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Rovers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PrOP-M" title="PrOP-M">PrOP-M</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner (rover)"><i>Sojourner</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><i>Spirit</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Spirit" title="Timeline of Spirit">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><i>Opportunity</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Opportunity" title="Timeline of Opportunity">timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhurong_(rover)" title="Zhurong (rover)"><i>Zhurong</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px"><a href="/wiki/Mars_aircraft" title="Mars aircraft">Aircraft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)"><i>Ingenuity</i> helicopter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ingenuity_flights" title="List of Ingenuity flights">flights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Failedlaunches19" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px;background: #ddddff;">Failed<br />launches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_1M_No.1" title="Mars 1M No.1">Mars 1M No.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_1M_No.2" title="Mars 1M No.2">1M No.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2MV-4_No.1" title="Mars 2MV-4 No.1">2MV-4 No.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2MV-3_No.1" title="Mars 2MV-3 No.1">2MV-3 No.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_3" title="Mariner 3">Mariner 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2M_No.521" title="Mars 2M No.521">Mars 2M No.521</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2M_No.522" title="Mars 2M No.522">2M No.522</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_8" title="Mariner 8">Mariner 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_419" title="Kosmos 419">Mars 3MS No.170</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_96" title="Mars 96">Mars 96</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fobos-Grunt" title="Fobos-Grunt">Fobos-Grunt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yinghuo-1" title="Yinghuo-1">Yinghuo-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:55px">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EscaPADE" title="EscaPADE">EscaPADE</a> (2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tera-hertz_Explorer" title="Tera-hertz Explorer">Tera-hertz Explorer (TEREX)</a> (mid 2020s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_Moons_eXploration" title="Martian Moons eXploration">Martian Moons eXploration (MMX)</a> (2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Orbiter Mission 2"><i>Mangalyaan-2</i></a> (2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-3" title="Tianwen-3">Tianwen-3</a> (2028)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_(rover)" title="Rosalind Franklin (rover)">Rosalind Franklin</a></i> (2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MBR_Explorer" title="MBR Explorer">MBR Explorer</a><sup>‡</sup> (2028, flyby in 2031)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA-ESA_Mars_Sample_Return" title="NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return">NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Sample_Recovery_Helicopter" title="Mars Sample Recovery Helicopter">Mars Sample Recovery Helicopters</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kazachok" title="Kazachok">Kazachok</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Aerial_and_Ground_Global_Intelligent_Explorer" title="Mars Aerial and Ground Global Intelligent Explorer">MAGGIE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Mars_program" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX Mars program">SpaceX Mars program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars-Grunt" title="Mars-Grunt">Mars-Grunt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cancelledor_not_developed30" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px;background: #ddddff;">Cancelled<br />or not developed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_Regional-scale_Environmental_Survey" title="Aerial Regional-scale Environmental Survey">Aerial Regional-scale Environmental Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology_Field_Laboratory" title="Astrobiology Field Laboratory">Astrobiology Field Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beagle_3" title="Beagle 3">Beagle 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_Oxidant_and_Life_Detection" title="Biological Oxidant and Life Detection">Biological Oxidant and Life Detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deimos_and_Phobos_Interior_Explorer" title="Deimos and Phobos Interior Explorer">DePhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icebreaker_Life" title="Icebreaker Life">Icebreaker Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsokhod" title="Marsokhod">Marsokhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_4NM" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars 4NM">Mars 4NM & 5NM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_5M" title="Mars 5M">Mars 5M (Mars-79)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars-Aster" title="Mars-Aster">Mars-Aster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Astrobiology_Explorer-Cacher" title="Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher">Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher (MAX-C)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Geyser_Hopper" title="Mars Geyser Hopper">Mars Geyser Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Ice_Mapper" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Exploration Ice Mapper">Mars Exploration Ice Mapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_One" title="Mars One">Mars One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Micro_Orbiter" title="Mars Micro Orbiter">Mars Micro Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Surveyor_2001" title="Mars Surveyor 2001">Mars Surveyor Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Telecommunications_Orbiter" title="Mars Telecommunications Orbiter">Mars Telecommunications Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MELOS" title="MELOS">MELOS rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_MetNet" title="Mars MetNet">MetNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetLander" title="NetLander">NetLander</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Light_(spacecraft)" title="Northern Light (spacecraft)">Northern Light</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next_Mars_Orbiter" title="Next Mars Orbiter">Next Mars Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_And_Deimos_%26_Mars_Environment" title="Phobos And Deimos & Mars Environment">PADME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phootprint" title="Phootprint">Phootprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sample_Collection_for_Investigation_of_Mars" title="Sample Collection for Investigation of Mars">Sample Collection for Investigation of Mars (SCIM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky-Sailor" title="Sky-Sailor">Sky-Sailor</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Red_Dragon" title="SpaceX Red Dragon">SpaceX Red Dragon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vesta_(spacecraft)" title="Vesta (spacecraft)">Vesta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program_(Mars)" title="Voyager program (Mars)">Voyager Mars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:55px"><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Mars" title="Exploration of Mars">Exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_flyby" title="Mars flyby">Flyby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars_orbiters" title="List of Mars orbiters">Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_landing" title="Mars landing">Landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_atmospheric_entry" title="Mars atmospheric entry">Atmospheric entry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_rover" title="Mars rover">Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_aircraft" title="Mars aircraft">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_sample-return_mission" title="Mars sample-return mission">Sample return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_mission_to_Mars" title="Human mission to Mars">Human mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_to_Stay" title="Mars to Stay">Permanent settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_Mars" title="Colonization of Mars">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terraforming_of_Mars" title="Terraforming of Mars">Terraforming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Strategies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Scout_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Scout Program">Mars Scout Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Program" title="Mars Exploration Program">Mars Exploration Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Joint_Initiative" title="Mars Exploration Joint Initiative">Mars Exploration Joint Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Next_Generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Next Generation">Mars Next Generation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Advocacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mars_Project" title="The Mars Project">The Mars Project</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Case_for_Mars" title="The Case for Mars">The Case for Mars</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspiration_Mars_Foundation" title="Inspiration Mars Foundation">Inspiration Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Institute" title="Mars Institute">Mars Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Society" title="Mars Society">Mars Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_race" title="Mars race">Mars race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Missions are ordered by launch date. Sign <sup>†</sup> indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned. <sup>‡</sup> indicates use of the planet as a <a href="/wiki/Gravity_assist" title="Gravity assist">gravity assist</a> en route to another destination.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="NASA578" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NASA_space_program" title="Template:NASA space program"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NASA_space_program" title="Template talk:NASA space program"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NASA_space_program" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NASA space program"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="NASA578" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Space policy of the United States">Policy</a> and history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">History<br />(<a href="/wiki/Creation_of_NASA" title="Creation of NASA">creation</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics" title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics">NACA</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Act" title="National Aeronautics and Space Act">National Aeronautics and Space Act</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Task_Group" title="Space Task Group">Space Task Group</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_O._Paine#National_Commission_on_Space" title="Thomas O. Paine">Paine</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Commission_Report" title="Rogers Commission Report">Rogers</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ride_Report" title="Ride Report">Ride</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Exploration_Initiative" title="Space Exploration Initiative">Space Exploration Initiative</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_Committee" title="Augustine Committee">Augustine</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Clinton_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">U.S. National Space Policy</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_the_Future_of_the_United_States_Aerospace_Industry" title="Commission on the Future of the United States Aerospace Industry">CFUSAI</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Accident_Investigation_Board" title="Columbia Accident Investigation Board">CAIB</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_for_Space_Exploration" title="Vision for Space Exploration">Vision for Space Exploration</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Commission_on_Implementation_of_United_States_Space_Exploration_Policy" title="President's Commission on Implementation of United States Space Exploration Policy">Aldridge</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Review_of_United_States_Human_Space_Flight_Plans_Committee" title="Review of United States Human Space Flight Plans Committee">Augustine</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_administrators_and_deputy_administrators_of_NASA" class="mw-redirect" title="List of administrators and deputy administrators of NASA">Administrator and Deputy Administrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Chief_Scientist" title="NASA Chief Scientist">Chief Scientist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Corps" title="NASA Astronaut Corps">Astronaut Corps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_ranks_and_positions" title="Astronaut ranks and positions">Ranks and positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Astronaut_Office" title="Chief of the Astronaut Office">Chief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budget_of_NASA" title="Budget of NASA">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_research" title="NASA research">NASA research</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NASA_spinoff_technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA spinoff technologies">spinoff technologies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA%2B" title="NASA+">NASA+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_TV" title="NASA TV">NASA TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Social" title="NASA Social">NASA Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_Services_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch Services Program">Launch Services Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Control_Center" title="Mercury Control Center">Mercury Control Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manned_Space_Flight_Network" title="Manned Space Flight Network">Manned Space Flight Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_Assembly_Building" title="Vehicle Assembly Building">Vehicle Assembly Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39">Launch Complex 39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_48" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 48">Launch Complex 48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_Control_Center" title="Launch Control Center">Launch Control Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_and_Checkout_Building" title="Operations and Checkout Building">Operations and Checkout Building</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Space_Center" title="Johnson Space Center">Johnson Space Center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center" title="Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center">Mission Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Sample_Laboratory_Facility" title="Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility">Lunar Sample Laboratory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Mission_Directorate" title="Science Mission Directorate">Science Mission Directorate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a><br />programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">X-15</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">suborbital</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a> (with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle–<i>Mir</i></a> (with <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellation_program" title="Constellation program">Constellation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_programme" title="International Space Station programme">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Orbital_Transportation_Services" title="Commercial Orbital Transportation Services">Commercial Orbital Transportation Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Program" title="Commercial Crew Program">Commercial Crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic</a> programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hitchhiker_Program" title="Hitchhiker Program">Hitchhiker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_Mark_II" title="Mariner Mark II">Mariner Mark II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MESUR" title="MESUR">MESUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Surveyor_%2798" title="Mars Surveyor '98">Mars Surveyor '98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Millennium_Program" title="New Millennium Program">New Millennium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_program" title="Lunar Orbiter program">Lunar Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Observer_program" title="Planetary Observer program">Planetary Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_program" title="Ranger program">Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_program" title="Surveyor program">Surveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Prometheus" title="Project Prometheus">Project Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Program" title="Mars Exploration Program">Mars Exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Living_With_a_Star" title="Living With a Star">Living With a Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Precursor_Robotic_Program" title="Lunar Precursor Robotic Program">Lunar Precursor Robotic Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Observing_System" title="Earth Observing System">Earth Observing System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Observatories_program" title="Great Observatories program">Great Observatories program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorers_Program" title="Explorers Program">Explorers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Program" title="Discovery Program">Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Frontiers_program" title="New Frontiers program">New Frontiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Terrestrial_Probes_program" title="Solar Terrestrial Probes program">Solar Terrestrial Probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Commercial Lunar Payload Services">Commercial Lunar Payload Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Innovative_Missions_for_Planetary_Exploration" title="Small Innovative Missions for Planetary Exploration">SIMPLEx</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Individual featured<br /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">missions</a><br />(human and robotic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Background_Explorer" title="Cosmic Background Explorer">COBE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_3" title="Mercury-Redstone 3">Mercury 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_6" title="Mercury-Atlas 6">Mercury-Atlas 6</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magellan_(spacecraft)" title="Magellan (spacecraft)">Magellan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_project" title="Galileo project"><i>Galileo</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Timeline of Galileo (spacecraft)">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GALEX" title="GALEX">GALEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRAIL" title="GRAIL">GRAIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkinson_Microwave_Anisotropy_Probe" title="Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe">WMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitzer_Space_Telescope" title="Spitzer Space Telescope">Spitzer Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner (rover)"><i>Sojourner</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><i>Spirit</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LADEE" title="LADEE">LADEE</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquarius_(SAC-D_instrument)" title="Aquarius (SAC-D instrument)">Aquarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens"><i>Cassini</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)"><i>Dawn</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler space telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><i>Opportunity</i> rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Opportunity" title="Timeline of Opportunity">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_surface_features_of_Mars_visited_by_Spirit_and_Opportunity" title="List of surface features of Mars visited by Spirit and Opportunity">observed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramaty_High_Energy_Solar_Spectroscopic_Imager" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager">RHESSI</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight">InSight</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)"><i>Ingenuity</i> helicopter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ingenuity_flights" title="List of Ingenuity flights">flights</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Currently<br />operating</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">2001 Mars Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gehrels_Swift_Observatory" title="Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory"><i>Swift</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THEMIS" title="THEMIS">THEMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i> rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOES_14" title="GOES 14">GOES 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOES_15" title="GOES 15">GOES 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Allen_Probes" title="Van Allen Probes">Van Allen Probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Dynamics_Observatory" title="Solar Dynamics Observatory">Solar Dynamics Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)"><i>Juno</i></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mars Science Laboratory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NuSTAR" title="NuSTAR">NuSTAR</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-field_Infrared_Survey_Explorer" title="Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer">WISE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAVEN" title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetospheric_Multiscale_Mission" title="Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission">MMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite" title="Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite">Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_2020" title="Timeline of Mars 2020">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="Timeline of the James Webb Space Telescope">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plankton,_Aerosol,_Cloud,_ocean_Ecosystem" title="Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem">PACE</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NISAR_(satellite)" title="NISAR (satellite)">NISAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Grace_Roman_Space_Telescope" title="Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope">Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DAVINCI" title="DAVINCI">DAVINCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VERITAS_(spacecraft)" title="VERITAS (spacecraft)">VERITAS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_Communications_and_Navigation_Program" title="Space Communications and Navigation Program">Communications<br />and navigation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near_Earth_Network" title="Near Earth Network">Near Earth Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Network" title="Space Network">Space Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Deep_Space_Network" title="NASA Deep Space Network">Deep Space Network</a> (<a href="/wiki/Goldstone_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex">Goldstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Madrid Deep Space Communications Complex">Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canberra_Deep_Space_Communication_Complex" title="Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex">Canberra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Flight_Operations_Facility" title="Space Flight Operations Facility">Space Flight Operations Facility</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Atomic_Clock" title="Deep Space Atomic Clock">Deep Space Atomic Clock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">NASA lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">Astronauts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_name" title="List of astronauts by name">by name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_year_of_selection" title="List of astronauts by year of selection">by year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gemini_astronauts" title="List of Gemini astronauts">Gemini astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts" title="List of Apollo astronauts">Apollo astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_crews" title="List of Space Shuttle crews">Space Shuttle crews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_aircraft" title="List of NASA aircraft">NASA aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">NASA missions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_uncrewed_NASA_missions" title="List of uncrewed NASA missions">uncrewed missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_missions" title="List of Apollo missions">Apollo missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="List of Space Shuttle missions">Space Shuttle missions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rockets_of_the_United_States" title="List of rockets of the United States">United States rockets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_cancellations" title="List of NASA cancellations">NASA cancellations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_cameras_on_spacecraft" title="List of NASA cameras on spacecraft">NASA cameras on spacecraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">NASA images<br />and artwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Earthrise" title="Earthrise">Earthrise</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Marble" title="The Blue Marble">The Blue Marble</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Family_Portrait_(Voyager)" title="Family Portrait (Voyager)">Family Portrait</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pale_Blue_Dot" title="Pale Blue Dot">Pale Blue Dot</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Creation" title="Pillars of Creation">Pillars of Creation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mystic_Mountain" title="Mystic Mountain">Mystic Mountain</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Portrait_(MESSENGER)" title="Family Portrait (MESSENGER)"><i>Solar System Family Portrait</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Day_the_Earth_Smiled" title="The Day the Earth Smiled">The Day the Earth Smiled</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fallen_Astronaut" title="Fallen Astronaut">Fallen Astronaut</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deep_fields" title="List of deep fields">Deep fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_plaque" title="Lunar plaque">Lunar plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_plaque" title="Pioneer plaque">Pioneer plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Voyager Golden Record">Voyager Golden Record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_goodwill_messages" title="Apollo 11 goodwill messages">Apollo 11 goodwill messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_insignia" title="NASA insignia">NASA insignia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_space-flown_Gemini_and_Apollo_medallions" title="NASA space-flown Gemini and Apollo medallions">Gemini and Apollo medallions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_patch" title="Mission patch">Mission patches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hubble_Space_Telescope_anniversary_images" title="List of Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images">Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/We_choose_to_go_to_the_Moon" title="We choose to go to the Moon">We choose to go to the Moon</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8_Genesis_reading" title="Apollo 8 Genesis reading">Apollo 8 Genesis reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15_postal_covers_incident" title="Apollo 15 postal covers incident">Apollo 15 postal covers incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Mirror_Memorial" title="Space Mirror Memorial">Space Mirror Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Astronaut_Monument" title="The Astronaut Monument">The Astronaut Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_sample_displays" title="Lunar sample displays">Lunar sample displays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon_rock" title="Moon rock">Moon rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolen_and_missing_Moon_rocks" title="Stolen and missing Moon rocks">stolen or missing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Astronaut_Hall_of_Fame" title="United States Astronaut Hall of Fame">U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._space_exploration_history_on_U.S._stamps" title="U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps">Space program on U.S. stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fe,_Fi,_Fo,_Fum,_and_Phooey" title="Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey">Apollo 17 Moon mice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_tree" title="Moon tree">Moon tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkeys_and_apes_in_space#United_States" title="Monkeys and apes in space">Other primates in space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_International_Space_Apps_Challenge" title="NASA International Space Apps Challenge">NASA International Space Apps Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronauts_Day" title="Astronauts Day">Astronauts Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Astronaut_Day" title="National Astronaut Day">National Astronaut Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikon_NASA_F4" title="Nikon NASA F4">Nikon NASA F4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:NASA" title="Category:NASA"><b>Category</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:NASA" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:NASA"><b>Commons</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="21st-century_space_probes322" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Solar_System_probes" title="Template:Solar System probes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Solar_System_probes" title="Template talk:Solar System probes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Solar_System_probes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Solar System probes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="21st-century_space_probes322" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">21st-century <a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">space probes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Solar_System_probes" title="List of active Solar System probes">Active space probes</a><br />(deep space missions)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sun</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parker_Solar_Probe" title="Parker Solar Probe">Parker Solar Probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter">Solar Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aditya-L1" title="Aditya-L1">Aditya-L1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_Moon" title="List of missions to the Moon">Moon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/THEMIS" title="THEMIS">ARTEMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAPSTONE" title="CAPSTONE">CAPSTONE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_3" title="Chang'e 3">Chang'e 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4" title="Chang'e 4">Chang'e 4</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yutu-2" title="Yutu-2"><i>Yutu-2</i> rover</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5" title="Chang'e 5">Chang'e 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danuri" title="Danuri">Danuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queqiao_relay_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Queqiao relay satellite">Queqiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queqiao-2_relay_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Queqiao-2 relay satellite">Queqiao 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiandu" title="Tiandu">Tiandu 1 and 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_6" title="Chang'e 6">Chang'e 6</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ICUBE-Q" title="ICUBE-Q">ICUBE-Q</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Ghost_Mission_1" title="Blue Ghost Mission 1">Blue Ghost Mission 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuto-R_Mission_2" title="Hakuto-R Mission 2">Hakuto-R Mission 2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Mars" title="List of missions to Mars">Mars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_Mars_Mission" title="Emirates Mars Mission">Emirates Mars Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a> <a href="/wiki/Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="Trace Gas Orbiter">TGO</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">Mars Express</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">2001 Mars Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAVEN" title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">MRO</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">MSL</a> <a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i> rover</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-1" title="Tianwen-1">Tianwen-1</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i> rover</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other planets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/BepiColombo" title="BepiColombo">BepiColombo</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Mercury" class="mw-redirect" title="List of missions to Mercury">Mercury</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akatsuki_(spacecraft)" title="Akatsuki (spacecraft)">Akatsuki</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Venus" title="List of missions to Venus">Venus</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)">Juno</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_outer_planets" title="List of missions to the outer planets">Jupiter</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">Juice</a></i> <ul><li>Jupiter</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></i> <ul><li>Jupiter</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_minor_planets" title="List of missions to minor planets">Minor planets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_2" title="Chang'e 2">Chang'e 2</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2#MINERVA-II" title="Hayabusa2">MINERVA-II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lucy_(spacecraft)" title="Lucy (spacecraft)">Lucy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hera_(space_mission)" title="Hera (space mission)">Hera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psyche_(spacecraft)" title="Psyche (spacecraft)">Psyche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interstellar space</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_probes" title="List of Solar System probes">Completed after 2000</a><br />(by termination date)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2001 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">NEAR Shoemaker</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_1" title="Deep Space 1">Deep Space 1</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2003 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">Galileo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nozomi_(spacecraft)" title="Nozomi (spacecraft)">Nozomi</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2004 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Genesis_(spacecraft)" title="Genesis (spacecraft)">Genesis</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2005 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Huygens_(spacecraft)" title="Huygens (spacecraft)">Huygens</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2006 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor">Mars Global Surveyor</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2008 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(spacecraft)" title="Phoenix (spacecraft)">Phoenix</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2009 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_1" title="Chang'e 1">Chang'e 1</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(spacecraft)" title="Ulysses (spacecraft)">Ulysses</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-1" title="Chandrayaan-1">Chandrayaan-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SELENE" title="SELENE">SELENE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LCROSS" title="LCROSS">LCROSS</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2010 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa" title="Hayabusa">Hayabusa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">MER</a> <a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><i>Spirit</i> rover</a></li></ul></li> <li>2011 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Stardust_(spacecraft)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)">Stardust</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2012 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GRAIL" title="GRAIL">GRAIL</a></li></ul></li> <li>2013 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)" title="Deep Impact (spacecraft)">Deep Impact</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2014 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LADEE" title="LADEE">LADEE</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Venus_Express" title="Venus Express">Venus Express</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5-T1" title="Chang'e 5-T1">Chang'e 5-T1</a></li></ul></li> <li>2015 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PROCYON" title="PROCYON">PROCYON</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IKAROS" title="IKAROS">IKAROS</a></li></ul></li> <li>2016 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Philae_(spacecraft)" title="Philae (spacecraft)">Philae</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yutu_(rover)" title="Yutu (rover)"><i>Yutu</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Schiaparelli_EDM" title="Schiaparelli EDM">Schiaparelli</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2017 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LISA_Pathfinder" title="LISA Pathfinder">LISA Pathfinder</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2018 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2#MASCOT" title="Hayabusa2">MASCOT</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)">Dawn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longjiang_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Longjiang 1">Longjiang-1</a></li></ul></li> <li>2019 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Cube_One" title="Mars Cube One">MarCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">MER</a> <a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><i>Opportunity</i> rover</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beresheet" title="Beresheet">Beresheet</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longjiang_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Longjiang 2">Longjiang-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-2</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-2)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)"><i>Pragyan</i> rover</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2020 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5" title="Chang'e 5">Chang'e 5</a></li></ul></li> <li>2022 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_Asteroid_Redirection_Test" title="Double Asteroid Redirection Test"><i>Double Asteroid Redirection Test</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission" title="Mars Orbiter Mission"><i>Mangalyaan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight"><i>InSight</i></a></li></ul></li> <li>2023 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakuto-R_Mission_1" title="Hakuto-R Mission 1">Hakuto-R Mission 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_25" title="Luna 25">Luna 25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-3</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-3)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-3)"><i>Pragyan</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhurong_(rover)" title="Zhurong (rover)"><i>Zhurong</i> rover</a></li></ul></li> <li>2024 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Mission_One" title="Peregrine Mission One">Peregrine Mission One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)"><i>Ingenuity</i> helicopter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon" title="Smart Lander for Investigating Moon">SLIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IM-1" title="IM-1">IM-1</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_probes" title="List of Solar System probes">List of Solar System probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lunar_probes" title="List of lunar probes">List of lunar probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extraterrestrial_orbiters" title="List of extraterrestrial orbiters">List of extraterrestrial orbiters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_telescopes" title="List of space telescopes">List of space telescopes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Astrobiology384" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Astrobiology" title="Template:Astrobiology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Astrobiology" title="Template talk:Astrobiology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Astrobiology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Astrobiology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Astrobiology384" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrochemistry" title="Astrochemistry">Astrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">Astrophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric sciences">Atmospheric sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanetology" class="mw-redirect" title="Exoplanetology">Exoplanetology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomicrobiology" title="Geomicrobiology">Geomicrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbiology" title="Microbiology">Microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">Paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_oceanography" title="Planetary oceanography">Planetary oceanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_science" title="Planetary science">Planetary science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Main topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Hills_84001" title="Allan Hills 84001">Allan Hills 84001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomolecule" title="Biomolecule">Biomolecule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosignature" title="Biosignature">Biosignature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drake_equation" title="Drake equation">Drake equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms" title="Earliest known life forms">Earliest known life forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_analog" title="Earth analog">Earth analog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">Extraterrestrial life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_sample_curation" title="Extraterrestrial sample curation">Extraterrestrial sample curation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremophile" title="Extremophile">Extremophiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothetical_types_of_biochemistry" title="Hypothetical types of biochemistry">Hypothetical types of biochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_microorganisms_tested_in_outer_space" title="List of microorganisms tested in outer space">List of microorganisms tested in outer space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean planet">Ocean planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panspermia" title="Panspermia">Panspermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_protection" title="Planetary protection">Planetary protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_for_extraterrestrial_intelligence" title="Search for extraterrestrial intelligence">Search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_000593" title="Yamato 000593">Yamato meteorite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Planetary_habitability" title="Planetary habitability">Planetary<br />habitability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_habitable_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumstellar habitable zone">Circumstellar habitable zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_analog" title="Earth analog">Earth analog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_liquid_water" title="Extraterrestrial liquid water">Extraterrestrial liquid water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_habitable_zone" title="Galactic habitable zone">Galactic habitable zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_binary_star_systems" title="Habitability of binary star systems">Habitability of binary star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_natural_satellites" title="Habitability of natural satellites">Habitability of natural satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_neutron_star_systems" title="Habitability of neutron star systems">Habitability of neutron star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_red_dwarf_systems" title="Habitability of red dwarf systems">Habitability of red dwarf systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_K-type_main-sequence_star_systems" title="Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems">Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_yellow_dwarf_systems" title="Habitability of yellow dwarf systems">Habitability of yellow dwarf systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_F-type_main-sequence_star_systems" title="Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems">Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitable_zone_for_complex_life" title="Habitable zone for complex life">Habitable zone for complex life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_potentially_habitable_exoplanets" title="List of potentially habitable exoplanets">List of potentially habitable exoplanets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tholin" title="Tholin">Tholin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhabitable_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Superhabitable planet">Superhabitable planet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Space<br /> missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Earth orbit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Flyer_Unit#Experimentation_data" title="Space Flyer Unit">BIO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_17#Biological_cosmic_ray_experiment" title="Apollo 17">BIOCORE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biolab" title="Biolab">Biolab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bion_(satellite)" title="Bion (satellite)">Bion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BIOPAN" title="BIOPAN">BIOPAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosatellite_program" title="Biosatellite program">Biosatellite program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposing_Microorganisms_in_the_Stratosphere" title="Exposing Microorganisms in the Stratosphere">E-MIST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exobiology_Radiation_Assembly" title="Exobiology Radiation Assembly">ERA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EuCROPIS" title="EuCROPIS">Eu:CROPIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Duration_Exposure_Facility#EXOSTACK" title="Long Duration Exposure Facility">EXOSTACK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EXPOSE" title="EXPOSE">EXPOSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4#Lunar_lander" title="Chang'e 4">Lunar Micro Ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O/OREOS" title="O/OREOS">O/OREOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OREOcube" title="OREOcube">OREOcube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanpopo_(mission)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanpopo (mission)">Tanpopo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_Production_System" title="Vegetable Production System">VEGGIE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Mars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beagle_2" title="Beagle 2">Beagle 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fobos-Grunt" title="Fobos-Grunt">Fobos-Grunt</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mars Science Laboratory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i> rover</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i> rover</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(spacecraft)" title="Phoenix (spacecraft)">Phoenix</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-1" title="Tianwen-1">Tianwen-1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhurong_(rover)" title="Zhurong (rover)"><i>Zhurong</i> rover</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="Trace Gas Orbiter">Trace Gas Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_lander_biological_experiments" title="Viking lander biological experiments">Viking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Comets and<br />asteroids</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Heliocentric</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BioSentinel" title="BioSentinel">BioSentinel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dragonfly_(Titan_space_probe)" title="Dragonfly (Titan space probe)">Dragonfly</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_(rover)" title="Rosalind Franklin (rover)"><i>Rosalind Franklin</i> rover</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Enceladus_mission" title="Breakthrough Enceladus mission">Breakthrough Enceladus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRUIE" title="BRUIE">BRUIE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAESAR_(spacecraft)" title="CAESAR (spacecraft)">CAESAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Explorer" title="Enceladus Explorer">Enceladus Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Life_Finder" title="Enceladus Life Finder">Enceladus Life Finder‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Life_Signatures_and_Habitability" title="Enceladus Life Signatures and Habitability">Enceladus Life Signatures and Habitability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Orbilander" title="Enceladus Orbilander">Enceladus Orbilander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Lander_(NASA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Europa Lander (NASA)">Europa Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoLance" title="ExoLance">ExoLance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_of_Enceladus_and_Titan" title="Explorer of Enceladus and Titan">Explorer of Enceladus and Titan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icebreaker_Life" title="Icebreaker Life">Icebreaker Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_Enceladus_and_Titan" title="Journey to Enceladus and Titan">Journey to Enceladus and Titan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laplace-P" title="Laplace-P">Laplace-P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_Investigation_For_Enceladus" title="Life Investigation For Enceladus">Life Investigation For Enceladus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_sample_return_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars sample return mission">Mars sample return mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanus_(Titan_orbiter)" title="Oceanus (Titan orbiter)">Oceanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THEO" title="THEO">THEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trident_(spacecraft)" title="Trident (spacecraft)">Trident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Cancelled and <br />undeveloped</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology_Field_Laboratory" title="Astrobiology Field Laboratory">Astrobiology Field Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beagle_3" title="Beagle 3">Beagle 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_Oxidant_and_Life_Detection" title="Biological Oxidant and Life Detection">Biological Oxidant and Life Detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazachok" title="Kazachok">Kazachok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_Interplanetary_Flight_Experiment" title="Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment">Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Astrobiology_Explorer-Cacher" title="Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher">Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MELOS" title="MELOS">MELOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Light_(spacecraft)" title="Northern Light (spacecraft)">Northern Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Red_Dragon" title="SpaceX Red Dragon">Red Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_Planet_Finder" title="Terrestrial Planet Finder">Terrestrial Planet Finder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Institutions<br />and programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology_Society_of_Britain" title="Astrobiology Society of Britain">Astrobiology Society of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology_Science_and_Technology_for_Exploring_Planets" title="Astrobiology Science and Technology for Exploring Planets">Astrobiology Science and Technology for Exploring Planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Initiatives" title="Breakthrough Initiatives">Breakthrough Initiatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Listen" title="Breakthrough Listen">Breakthrough Listen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Message" class="mw-redirect" title="Breakthrough Message">Breakthrough Message</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Starshot" title="Breakthrough Starshot">Breakthrough Starshot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan_Institute" title="Carl Sagan Institute">Carl Sagan Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Life_Detection_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for Life Detection Science">Center for Life Detection Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Astrobiology_Network_Association" title="European Astrobiology Network Association">European Astrobiology Network Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MERMOZ" title="MERMOZ">MERMOZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astrobiology_Institute" title="NASA Astrobiology Institute">NASA Astrobiology Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_for_Exoplanet_System_Science" title="Nexus for Exoplanet System Science">Nexus for Exoplanet System Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Worlds_Exploration_Program" title="Ocean Worlds Exploration Program">Ocean Worlds Exploration Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Astrobiology_Center" title="Spanish Astrobiology Center">Spanish Astrobiology Center‎</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Astrobiology" title="Category:Astrobiology">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Astrobiology" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Astrobiology">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory230" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Template:Jet Propulsion Laboratory"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Template talk:Jet Propulsion Laboratory"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jet Propulsion Laboratory"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory230" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Euclid_(spacecraft)" title="Euclid (spacecraft)">Euclid</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Psyche_(spacecraft)" title="Psyche (spacecraft)">Psyche</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACRIMSAT" title="ACRIMSAT">ACRIMSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Spaceborne_Thermal_Emission_and_Reflection_Radiometer" title="Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer">ASTER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_infrared_sounder" title="Atmospheric infrared sounder">Atmospheric infrared sounder</a> (AIRS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Atomic_Clock" title="Deep Space Atomic Clock">Deep Space Atomic Clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRACE-FO" class="mw-redirect" title="GRACE-FO">GRACE-FO</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight">InSight</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)"><i>Juno</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._M._Keck_Observatory" title="W. M. Keck Observatory">Keck observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_Binocular_Telescope" title="Large Binocular Telescope">Large Binocular Telescope</a> (LBT)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">Mars Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)"><i>Ingenuity</i> helicopter</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i> (MRO)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mars Science Laboratory</a> (MSL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_limb_sounder" title="Microwave limb sounder">Microwave limb sounder</a> (MLS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-angle_imaging_spectroradiometer" title="Multi-angle imaging spectroradiometer">Multi-angle imaging spectroradiometer</a> (MISR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_Moisture_Active_Passive" title="Soil Moisture Active Passive">Soil Moisture Active Passive</a> (SMAP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropospheric_Emission_Spectrometer" title="Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer">Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer</a> (TES)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_Water_and_Ocean_Topography" title="Surface Water and Ocean Topography">SWOT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager program</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens"><i>Cassini-Huygens</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)"><i>Dawn</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)" title="Deep Impact (spacecraft)"><i>Deep Impact</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_1" title="Deep Space 1">Deep Space 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_2" title="Deep Space 2">Deep Space 2</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorers_Program" title="Explorers Program">Explorers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GALEX" title="GALEX">GALEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_project" title="Galileo project"><i>Galileo</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">spacecraft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_(spacecraft)" title="Genesis (spacecraft)"><i>Genesis</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_Recovery_and_Climate_Experiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment">GRACE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herschel_Space_Observatory" title="Herschel Space Observatory">Herschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRAS" title="IRAS">IRAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason-1" title="Jason-1">Jason-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magellan_(spacecraft)" title="Magellan (spacecraft)"><i>Magellan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariner</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter" title="Mars Climate Orbiter">Mars Climate Orbiter</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Cube_One" title="Mars Cube One">Mars Cube One</a> (MarCO)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Observer" title="Mars Observer">Mars Observer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder">Mars Pathfinder</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Polar_Lander" title="Mars Polar Lander">Mars Polar Lander</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor">Mars Global Surveyor</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rovers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><i>Spirit</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><i>Opportunity</i> rover</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_Asteroid_Scout" title="Near-Earth Asteroid Scout">Near-Earth Asteroid Scout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scatterometer" title="Scatterometer">NSCAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(spacecraft)" title="Phoenix (spacecraft)"><i>Phoenix</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuikSCAT" title="QuikSCAT">QuikSCAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_program" title="Ranger program">Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)"><i>Rosetta</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasat" title="Seasat">Seasat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Radar_Topography_Mission" title="Shuttle Radar Topography Mission">Shuttle Radar Topography Mission</a> (SRTM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Mesosphere_Explorer" title="Solar Mesosphere Explorer">Solar Mesosphere Explorer</a> (SME)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaceborne_Imaging_Radar" title="Spaceborne Imaging Radar">Spaceborne Imaging Radar</a> (SIR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitzer_Space_Telescope" title="Spitzer Space Telescope">Spitzer Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stardust_(spacecraft)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)"><i>Stardust</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_program" title="Surveyor program">Surveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very-long-baseline_interferometry" title="Very-long-baseline interferometry">SVLBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOPEX/Poseidon" title="TOPEX/Poseidon">TOPEX/Poseidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(spacecraft)" title="Ulysses (spacecraft)"><i>Ulysses</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_Field_and_Planetary_Camera" title="Wide Field and Planetary Camera">Wide Field and Planetary Camera</a> (WFPC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_Field_Infrared_Explorer" title="Wide Field Infrared Explorer">Wide Field Infrared Explorer</a> (WIRE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Flashlight" title="Lunar Flashlight">Lunar Flashlight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Planned missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Grace_Roman_Space_Telescope" title="Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope">Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPHEREx" title="SPHEREx">SPHEREx</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Lander_(NASA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Europa Lander (NASA)">Europa Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_Infrared_Exoplanet_Spectroscopy_Survey_Explorer" title="Fast Infrared Exoplanet Spectroscopy Survey Explorer">FINESSE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canceled missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology_Field_Laboratory" title="Astrobiology Field Laboratory">Astrobiology Field Laboratory</a> (AFL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Astrobiology_Explorer-Cacher" title="Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher">Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher</a> (MAX-C)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">Caltech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Deep_Space_Network" title="NASA Deep Space Network">NASA Deep Space Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldstone_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex">Goldstone Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_Mountain_Observatory" title="Table Mountain Observatory">Table Mountain Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_System_Ambassadors" title="Solar System Ambassadors">Solar System Ambassadors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JPL_Science_Division" title="JPL Science Division">JPL Science Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_Asteroid_Tracking" title="Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking">Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Flight_Operations_Facility" title="Space Flight Operations Facility">Space Flight Operations Facility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="←_2010Orbital_launches_in_20112012_→618" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Orbital_launches_in_2011" title="Template:Orbital launches in 2011"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Orbital_launches_in_2011" title="Template talk:Orbital launches in 2011"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital_launches_in_2011" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital launches in 2011"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="←_2010Orbital_launches_in_20112012_→618" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div style="float: left;"><a href="/wiki/2010_in_spaceflight" title="2010 in spaceflight">← 2010</a></div><a href="/wiki/2011_in_spaceflight" title="2011 in spaceflight"><span class="vevent"><span class="summary">Orbital launches in <span class="dtstart">2011</span></span></span></a><div style="float: right;"><a href="/wiki/2012_in_spaceflight" title="2012 in spaceflight">2012 →</a></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">January</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elektro-L_No.1" title="Elektro-L No.1">Elektro-L No.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA-224" title="USA-224">USA-224</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kounotori_2" title="Kounotori 2">Kounotori 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-09M" title="Progress M-09M">Progress M-09M</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kedr" title="Kedr">Kedr</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">February</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2470" title="Kosmos 2470">Kosmos 2470</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA-225" title="USA-225">USA-225</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler_ATV" title="Johannes Kepler ATV"><i>Johannes Kepler</i> ATV</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-133" title="STS-133">STS-133</a></u> (<a href="/wiki/Leonardo_(ISS_module)" title="Leonardo (ISS module)">Leonardo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2471" title="Kosmos 2471">Kosmos 2471</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">March</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Glory_(satellite)" title="Glory (satellite)">Glory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Explorer-1_Prime" title="Explorer-1 Prime">Explorer-1 [Prime]</a>, <a href="/wiki/KySat-1" title="KySat-1">KySat-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hermes_(satellite)" title="Hermes (satellite)">Hermes</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA-226" class="mw-redirect" title="USA-226">USA-226</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA-227" title="USA-227">USA-227</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">April</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-21" title="Soyuz TMA-21">Soyuz TMA-21</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass-IGSO3" class="mw-redirect" title="Compass-IGSO3">Compass-IGSO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA-229" title="USA-229">USA-229</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resourcesat-2" title="Resourcesat-2">Resourcesat-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/YouthSat" title="YouthSat">YouthSat</a>, <a href="/wiki/X-Sat" title="X-Sat">X-Sat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahsat_1A" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahsat 1A">Yahsat 1A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intelsat_28" title="Intelsat 28">New Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-10M" title="Progress M-10M">Progress M-10M</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">May</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meridian_4" title="Meridian 4">Meridian 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA-230" title="USA-230">USA-230</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-134" title="STS-134">STS-134</a></u> (<a href="/wiki/Alpha_Magnetic_Spectrometer" title="Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer">AMS-02</a>, <a href="/wiki/ExPRESS_Logistics_Carrier" title="ExPRESS Logistics Carrier">ELC-3</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telstar_14R" title="Telstar 14R">Telstar 14R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ST-2" title="ST-2">ST-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/GSAT-8" title="GSAT-8">GSAT-8 / INSAT-4G</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">June</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-02M" title="Soyuz TMA-02M">Soyuz TMA-02M</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAC-D" title="SAC-D">SAC-D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasad_1" title="Rasad 1">Rasad 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChinaSat_10" title="ChinaSat 10">ChinaSat 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-11M" title="Progress M-11M">Progress M-11M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2472" title="Kosmos 2472">Kosmos 2472</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA-231" title="USA-231">USA-231</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">July</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shijian" title="Shijian">Shijian XI-03</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-135" title="STS-135">STS-135</a></u> (<a href="/wiki/Raffaello_MPLM" title="Raffaello MPLM">Raffaello</a>, <a href="/wiki/PSSC-2" title="PSSC-2">PSSC-2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianlian_I-02" class="mw-redirect" title="Tianlian I-02">Tianlian I-02</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_M083&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar M083 (page does not exist)">Globalstar M083</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_M088&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar M088 (page does not exist)">Globalstar M088</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_M091&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar M091 (page does not exist)">Globalstar M091</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_M085&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar M085 (page does not exist)">Globalstar M085</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_M081&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar M081 (page does not exist)">Globalstar M081</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_M089&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar M089 (page does not exist)">Globalstar M089</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-12" title="GSAT-12">GSAT-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SES-3" title="SES-3">SES-3</a>, <a href="/wiki/KazSat-2" title="KazSat-2">KazSat-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA-232" title="USA-232">USA-232</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spektr-R" title="Spektr-R">Spektr-R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass-IGSO4" class="mw-redirect" title="Compass-IGSO4">Compass-IGSO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shijian" title="Shijian">Shijian XI-02</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">August</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)">Juno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astra_1N" title="Astra 1N">Astra 1N</a>, <a href="/wiki/BSAT-3c" title="BSAT-3c">BSAT-3c</a>/<a href="/wiki/JCSAT-110R" class="mw-redirect" title="JCSAT-110R">JCSAT-110R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paksat-1R" title="Paksat-1R">Paksat-1R</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hai_Yang_2A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hai Yang 2A (page does not exist)">Hai Yang 2A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sich_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sich 2 (page does not exist)">Sich 2</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=NigeriaSat-2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NigeriaSat-2 (page does not exist)">NigeriaSat-2</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=NigeriaSat-X&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NigeriaSat-X (page does not exist)">NigeriaSat-X</a>, <a href="/wiki/RASAT" title="RASAT">RASAT</a>, <a href="/wiki/EduSAT" title="EduSAT">EduSAT</a>, <a href="/wiki/AprizeSat-5" class="mw-redirect" title="AprizeSat-5">AprizeSat-5</a>, <a href="/wiki/AprizeSat-6" class="mw-redirect" title="AprizeSat-6">AprizeSat-6</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=BPA-2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BPA-2 (page does not exist)">BPA-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekspress-AM4" title="Ekspress-AM4">Ekspress-AM4</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shijian" title="Shijian">Shijian XI-04</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-12M" title="Progress M-12M">Progress M-12M</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">September</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_Recovery_and_Interior_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory">GRAIL-A</a> , <a href="/wiki/Gravity_Recovery_and_Interior_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory">GRAIL-B</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhongxing-1A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhongxing-1A (page does not exist)">Zhongxing-1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2473" title="Kosmos 2473">Kosmos 2473</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabsat_5C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arabsat 5C (page does not exist)">Arabsat 5C</a>, <a href="/wiki/SES-2" title="SES-2">SES-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IGS_Optical_4" class="mw-redirect" title="IGS Optical 4">IGS Optical 4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_Bird_7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atlantic Bird 7 (page does not exist)">Atlantic Bird 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TacSat-4" title="TacSat-4">TacSat-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong-1" title="Tiangong-1">Tiangong-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuetzSat_1" title="QuetzSat 1">QuetzSat 1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">October</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2474" title="Kosmos 2474">Kosmos 2474</a> / <a href="/wiki/GLONASS-M" title="GLONASS-M">GLONASS-M 742</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelsat_18" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelsat 18">Intelsat 18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutelsat" title="Eutelsat">Eutelsat 16A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megha-Tropiques" title="Megha-Tropiques">Megha-Tropiques</a>, <a href="/wiki/SRMSAT" title="SRMSAT">SRMSAT</a>, <a href="/wiki/VesselSat-1" title="VesselSat-1">VesselSat-1</a>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Jugnu_(satellite)" title="Jugnu (satellite)">Jugnu</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ViaSat-1" title="ViaSat-1">ViaSat-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Galileo_satellites" title="List of Galileo satellites">Galileo-IOV FM1</a> , <a href="/wiki/List_of_Galileo_satellites" title="List of Galileo satellites">Galileo-IOV FM2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suomi_NPP" title="Suomi NPP">NPP</a>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/AubieSat-1" title="AubieSat-1">AubieSat-1</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Ionosphere_CubeSat_Experiment" title="Dynamic Ionosphere CubeSat Experiment">DICE-1</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Ionosphere_CubeSat_Experiment" title="Dynamic Ionosphere CubeSat Experiment">DICE-2</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/M-Cubed" title="M-Cubed">M-Cubed</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/RAX-2" title="RAX-2">RAX-2</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-13M" title="Progress M-13M">Progress M-13M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_8" title="Shenzhou 8">Shenzhou 8</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">November</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2475" title="Kosmos 2475">Kosmos 2475</a> , <a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2476" title="Kosmos 2476">Kosmos 2476</a> , <a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2477" title="Kosmos 2477">Kosmos 2477</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fobos-Grunt" title="Fobos-Grunt">Fobos-Grunt</a> , <a href="/wiki/Yinghuo-1" title="Yinghuo-1">Yinghuo-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaogan" title="Yaogan">Yaogan 12</a> , <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tian_Xun-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tian Xun-1 (page does not exist)">Tian Xun-1</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-22" title="Soyuz TMA-22">Soyuz TMA-22</a></u></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shiyan_Weixing_4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shiyan Weixing 4 (page does not exist)">Shiyan Weixing 4</a> , <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chuang_Xin_1C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chuang Xin 1C (page does not exist)">Chuang Xin 1C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AsiaSat_7" title="AsiaSat 7">AsiaSat 7</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mars Science Laboratory</a> (<a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)">Curiosity</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2478" title="Kosmos 2478">Kosmos 2478</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaogan" title="Yaogan">Yaogan 13</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">December</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compass-IGSO5" class="mw-redirect" title="Compass-IGSO5">Compass-IGSO5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos-5" class="mw-redirect" title="Amos-5">Amos-5</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luch_5A" title="Luch 5A">Luch 5A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IGS_Radar_3" class="mw-redirect" title="IGS Radar 3">IGS Radar 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleiades_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleiades (satellite)">Pléiades-HR 1A</a>, <a href="/wiki/SSOT_(satellite)" title="SSOT (satellite)">SSOT</a>, <a href="/wiki/ELISA_1" class="mw-redirect" title="ELISA 1">ELISA 1</a>, <a href="/wiki/ELISA_2" class="mw-redirect" title="ELISA 2">ELISA 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/ELISA_3" class="mw-redirect" title="ELISA 3">ELISA 3</a>, <a href="/wiki/ELISA_4" class="mw-redirect" title="ELISA 4">ELISA 4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NigComSat-1R&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NigComSat-1R (page does not exist)">NigComSat-1R</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-03M" title="Soyuz TMA-03M">Soyuz TMA-03M</a></u></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ziyuan-1C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ziyuan-1C (page does not exist)">Ziyuan-1C</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meridian_5" title="Meridian 5">Meridian 5</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_M080&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar M080 (page does not exist)">Globalstar M080</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_M082&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar M082 (page does not exist)">Globalstar M082</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_M084&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar M084 (page does not exist)">Globalstar M084</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_M086&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar M086 (page does not exist)">Globalstar M086</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_M090&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar M090 (page does not exist)">Globalstar M090</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_M092&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar M092 (page does not exist)">Globalstar M092</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).<br /><u>Crewed flights</u> are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/15px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/23px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/30px-Solar_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Solar System</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span 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