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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Viking orbiters</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Viking_orbiters-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Viking orbiters subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Viking_orbiters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Propulsion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propulsion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Propulsion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propulsion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Navigation_and_communication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Navigation_and_communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Navigation and communication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Navigation_and_communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Main_findings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_findings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Main findings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_findings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viking_landers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viking_landers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Viking landers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Viking_landers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Viking landers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Viking_landers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Entry,_Descent_and_Landing_(EDL)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entry,_Descent_and_Landing_(EDL)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Entry, Descent and Landing (EDL)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entry,_Descent_and_Landing_(EDL)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Propulsion_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propulsion_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Propulsion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propulsion_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Power_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Payload" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Payload"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Payload</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Payload-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Communications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Communications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Instruments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological_experiments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_experiments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Biological experiments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biological_experiments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Camera/imaging_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Camera/imaging_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Camera/imaging system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Camera/imaging_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mass_Breakdown_of_Viking_Landers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mass_Breakdown_of_Viking_Landers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Mass Breakdown of Viking Landers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mass_Breakdown_of_Viking_Landers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Control_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Control_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Control systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Control_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Financial_cost_of_the_Viking_program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financial_cost_of_the_Viking_program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Financial cost of the Viking program</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financial_cost_of_the_Viking_program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mission_end" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mission_end"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Mission end</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mission_end-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Message_artifact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Message_artifact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Message artifact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Message_artifact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viking_lander_locations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viking_lander_locations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Viking lander locations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viking_lander_locations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Viking program</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking-program" title="Viking-program – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Viking-program" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AC_%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%BA" title="برنامج فايكينغ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="برنامج فايكينغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikinq_proqram%C4%B1" title="Vikinq proqramı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vikinq proqramı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="وایکینگ برنامه‌سی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="وایکینگ برنامه‌سی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="ভাইকিং প্রোগ্রাম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভাইকিং প্রোগ্রাম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%C2%AB%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%C2%BB" title="Праграма «Вікінг» – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Праграма «Вікінг»" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Викинг (програма) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Викинг (програма)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_%22Viking%22" title="Program "Viking" – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Program "Viking"" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programa_Viking" title="Programa Viking – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Programa Viking" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_Viking" title="Program Viking – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Program Viking" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking" title="Viking – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Viking" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikingi_programm" title="Vikingi programm – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vikingi programm" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programa_Viking" title="Programa Viking – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Programa Viking" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_programa" title="Viking programa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Viking programa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87_%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF" title="برنامه وایکینگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برنامه وایکینگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programme_Viking" title="Programme Viking – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Programme Viking" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking" title="Viking – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Viking" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programa_Viking" title="Programa Viking – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Programa Viking" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%B4%ED%82%B9_%EA%B3%84%ED%9A%8D" title="바이킹 계획 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바이킹 계획" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A3_(%D5%AE%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D6%80)" title="Վիկինգ (ծրագիր) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վիկինգ (ծրագիր)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_Viking" title="Program Viking – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Program Viking" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_Viking" title="Program Viking – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Program Viking" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking-geimfer%C3%B0a%C3%A1%C3%A6tlunin" title="Viking-geimferðaáætlunin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Viking-geimferðaáætlunin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programma_Viking" title="Programma Viking – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Programma Viking" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92" title="תוכנית ויקינג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תוכנית ויקינג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90)" title="ვიკინგი (კოსმოსური პროგრამა) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვიკინგი (კოსმოსური პროგრამა)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking-Programm" title="Viking-Programm – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Viking-Programm" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_programa" title="Viking programa – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Viking programa" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programa_Viking" title="Programa Viking – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Programa Viking" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking-program" title="Viking-program – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Viking-program" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikingprogramma" title="Vikingprogramma – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vikingprogramma" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E8%A8%88%E7%94%BB" title="バイキング計画 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バイキング計画" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking-programmet" title="Viking-programmet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Viking-programmet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_Viking" title="Program Viking – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Program Viking" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programa_Viking" title="Programa Viking – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Programa Viking" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programul_Viking" title="Programul Viking – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Programul Viking" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0_%C2%AB%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%C2%BB" title="Программа «Викинг» – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Программа «Викинг»" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%9A_%E0%B6%95%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A" title="වයිකින්ගේ ඕබිටර්ස් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වයිකින්ගේ ඕබිටර්ස්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_program" title="Viking program – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Viking program" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_Viking" title="Program Viking – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Program Viking" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking-ohjelma" title="Viking-ohjelma – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Viking-ohjelma" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikingprogrammet" title="Vikingprogrammet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vikingprogrammet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programang_Viking" title="Programang Viking – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Programang Viking" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="வைக்கிங் திட்டம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வைக்கிங் திட்டம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_program%C4%B1" title="Viking programı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Viking programı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%C2%AB%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%C2%BB" title="Програма «Вікінг» – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Програма «Вікінг»" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programa_Viking" title="Programa Viking – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Programa Viking" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_tr%C3%ACnh_Viking" 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</div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the NASA Mars probes. For the Swedish spacecraft, see <a href="/wiki/Viking_(satellite)" title="Viking (satellite)">Viking (satellite)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Viking Mars" redirects here. For the cruise ship, see <a href="/wiki/Viking_Cruises" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking Cruises">Viking Cruises</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25em;"><caption class="infobox-title">Viking</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Viking_Orbiter_releasing_the_lander.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Viking_Orbiter_releasing_the_lander.jpg/260px-Viking_Orbiter_releasing_the_lander.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Viking_Orbiter_releasing_the_lander.jpg/390px-Viking_Orbiter_releasing_the_lander.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Viking_Orbiter_releasing_the_lander.jpg/520px-Viking_Orbiter_releasing_the_lander.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1315" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Artist impression of a Viking orbiter releasing a lander descent capsule</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martin_Marietta" title="Martin Marietta">Martin Marietta</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country of origin</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> / <a href="/wiki/JPL" class="mw-redirect" title="JPL">JPL</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Applications</th><td class="infobox-data">Mars orbiter/lander</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Specifications</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch mass</th><td class="infobox-data">3,527 kilograms (7,776 lb)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Power</th><td class="infobox-data">Orbiters: 620 watts (<a href="/wiki/Solar_array" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar array">solar array</a>)<br />Lander: 70 watts (two <a href="/wiki/Radioisotope_thermoelectric_generator" title="Radioisotope thermoelectric generator">RTG</a> units)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Regime</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Areocentric_orbit" title="Areocentric orbit">Areocentric</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Design life</th><td class="infobox-data">Orbiters: 4 years at Mars<br />Landers: 4–6 years at Mars</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Production</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Retired</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Built</th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launched</th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Retired</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Viking_1" title="Viking 1">Viking 1</a></i> orbiter<br />August 17, 1980<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20061218_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20061218-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Viking_1" title="Viking 1">Viking 1</a></i> lander<br />July 20, 1976<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20061218_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20061218-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (landing) to November 13, 1982<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20061218_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20061218-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Viking_2" title="Viking 2">Viking 2</a></i> orbiter<br />July 25, 1978<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20061218_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20061218-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Viking_2" title="Viking 2">Viking 2</a></i> lander<br />September 3, 1976<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20061218_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20061218-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (landing) to April 11, 1980<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20061218_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20061218-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Maiden launch</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Viking_1" title="Viking 1">Viking 1</a></i><br />August 20, 1975<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20061218_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20061218-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NASA-Viking1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-Viking1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Last launch</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Viking_2" title="Viking 2">Viking 2</a></i><br />September 9, 1975<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20061218_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20061218-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NASA-Viking2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-Viking2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b><i>Viking</i> program</b> consisted of a pair of identical American <a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">space probes</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Viking_1" title="Viking 1">Viking 1</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Viking_2" title="Viking 2">Viking 2</a></i>, which landed on <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> in 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20061218_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20061218-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mission effort began in 1968 and was managed by the NASA Langley Research Center.<sup id="cite_ref-SoffenViking1978_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SoffenViking1978-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a> was composed of two main parts: an <a href="/wiki/Orbiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbiter">orbiter</a> designed to photograph the surface of Mars from <a href="/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit">orbit</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Lander_(spacecraft)" title="Lander (spacecraft)">lander</a> designed to study the planet from the surface. The orbiters also served as communication relays for the landers once they touched down. </p><p>The Viking program grew from <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>'s earlier, even more ambitious, <a href="/wiki/Voyager_program_(Mars)" title="Voyager program (Mars)">Voyager Mars</a> program, which was not related to the successful <a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager deep space probes</a> of the late 1970s. <i>Viking 1</i> was launched on August 20, 1975, and the second craft, <i>Viking 2</i>, was launched on September 9, 1975, both riding atop <a href="/wiki/Titan_IIIE" title="Titan IIIE">Titan IIIE</a> rockets with <a href="/wiki/Centaur_(rocket_stage)" title="Centaur (rocket stage)">Centaur</a> upper stages. <i>Viking 1</i> entered Mars orbit on June 19, 1976, with <i>Viking 2</i> following on August 7. </p><p>After orbiting Mars for more than a month and returning images used for landing site selection, the orbiters and landers detached; the landers then entered the Martian <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soft_landing_(rocketry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft landing (rocketry)">soft-landed</a> at the sites that had been chosen. The <i>Viking 1</i> lander touched down on the surface of Mars on July 20, 1976, more than two weeks before <i>Viking 2</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s arrival in orbit. <i>Viking 2</i> then successfully soft-landed on September 3. The orbiters continued imaging and performing other scientific operations from orbit while the landers deployed <a href="/wiki/Measuring_instrument" class="mw-redirect" title="Measuring instrument">instruments</a> on the surface. </p><p>The project cost was roughly US$1 billion at the time of launch,<sup id="cite_ref-nssdc-viking1orbiter_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nssdc-viking1orbiter-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-space.com_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-space.com-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> equivalent to about $6 billion in 2023 dollars.<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-USGDP_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-USGDP-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mission was considered successful and is credited with helping to form most of the body of knowledge about Mars through the late 1990s and early 2000s.<sup id="cite_ref-cps-viking_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cps-viking-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-csc-viking-lander_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csc-viking-lander-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Science_objectives">Science objectives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_program&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Science objectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Obtain high-resolution images of the Martian surface</li> <li>Characterize the structure and composition of the atmosphere and surface</li> <li>Search for evidence of <a href="/wiki/Life_on_Mars_(planet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Life on Mars (planet)">life on Mars</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viking_orbiters">Viking orbiters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_program&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Viking orbiters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The primary objectives of the two Viking orbiters were to transport the landers to Mars, perform reconnaissance to locate and certify landing sites, act as communications relays for the landers, and to perform their own scientific investigations. Each orbiter, based on the earlier <a href="/wiki/Mariner_9" title="Mariner 9">Mariner 9</a> spacecraft, was an <a href="/wiki/Octagon" title="Octagon">octagon</a> approximately 2.5 m (8.2 ft) across. The fully fueled orbiter-lander pair had a <a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">mass</a> of 3,527 kg (7,776 lb). After separation and landing, the lander had a mass of about 600 kg (1,300 lb) and the orbiter 900 kg (2,000 lb). The total launch mass was 2,328 kg (5,132 lb), of which 1,445 kg (3,186 lb) were propellant and <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_attitude_control" title="Spacecraft attitude control">attitude control</a> gas. The eight faces of the ring-like structure were 0.457 m (18 in) high and were alternately 1.397 and 0.508 m (55 and 20 in) wide. The overall height was 3.29 m (10.8 ft) from the lander attachment points on the bottom to the launch vehicle attachment points on top. There were 16 modular compartments, 3 on each of the 4 long faces and one on each short face. Four solar panel wings extended from the <a href="/wiki/Coordinate_axis" class="mw-redirect" title="Coordinate axis">axis</a> of the orbiter, the distance from tip to tip of two oppositely extended solar panels was 9.75 m (32 ft). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Propulsion">Propulsion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_program&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Propulsion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_propulsion" title="Spacecraft propulsion">propulsion</a> unit was mounted above the <a href="/wiki/Satellite_bus" title="Satellite bus">orbiter bus</a>. Propulsion was furnished by a <a href="/wiki/Bipropellant" class="mw-redirect" title="Bipropellant">bipropellant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monomethylhydrazine" title="Monomethylhydrazine">monomethylhydrazine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_tetroxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogen tetroxide">nitrogen tetroxide</a>) liquid-fueled <a href="/wiki/Rocket_engine" title="Rocket engine">rocket engine</a> which could be <a href="/wiki/Gimbal" title="Gimbal">gimballed</a> up to 9 <a href="/wiki/Degree_(angle)" title="Degree (angle)">degrees</a>. The engine was capable of 1,323 <a href="/wiki/Newton_(unit)" title="Newton (unit)">N</a> (297 <a href="/wiki/Pound_(force)" title="Pound (force)">lbf</a>) thrust, providing a <a href="/wiki/Delta-V" class="mw-redirect" title="Delta-V">change in velocity</a> of 1,480 m/s (3,300 mph). <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_attitude_control" title="Spacecraft attitude control">Attitude control</a> was achieved by 12 small compressed-nitrogen jets. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Navigation_and_communication">Navigation and communication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_program&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Navigation and communication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An acquisition <a href="/wiki/Sun_sensor" title="Sun sensor">Sun sensor</a>, a cruise Sun sensor, a <a href="/wiki/Canopus" title="Canopus">Canopus</a> <a href="/wiki/Star_tracker" title="Star tracker">star tracker</a> and an inertial reference unit consisting of six <a href="/wiki/Gyroscope" title="Gyroscope">gyroscopes</a> allowed three-axis stabilization. Two <a href="/wiki/Accelerometers" class="mw-redirect" title="Accelerometers">accelerometers</a> were also on board. </p><p>Communications were accomplished through a <span class="nowrap">20 W</span> <a href="/wiki/S-band" class="mw-redirect" title="S-band">S-band</a> (2.3 <a href="/wiki/Gigahertz" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigahertz">GHz</a>) <a href="/wiki/Transmitter" title="Transmitter">transmitter</a> and two <span class="nowrap">20 W</span> <a href="/wiki/TWTA" class="mw-redirect" title="TWTA">TWTAs</a>. An <a href="/wiki/X-band" class="mw-redirect" title="X-band">X band</a> <span class="nowrap">(8.4 GHz)</span> <a href="/wiki/Downlink" class="mw-redirect" title="Downlink">downlink</a> was also added specifically for <a href="/wiki/Doppler_effect" title="Doppler effect">radio science</a> and to conduct communications experiments. <a href="/wiki/Uplink" class="mw-redirect" title="Uplink">Uplink</a> was via S band <span class="nowrap">(2.1 GHz).</span> A two-axis steerable <a href="/wiki/Directional_antenna" title="Directional antenna">parabolic dish antenna</a> with a diameter of approximately 1.5 m was attached at one edge of the orbiter base, and a fixed low-gain antenna extended from the top of the bus. Two tape recorders were each capable of storing 1280 <a href="/wiki/Megabit" class="mw-redirect" title="Megabit">megabits</a>. A 381-<a href="/wiki/MHz" class="mw-redirect" title="MHz">MHz</a> relay radio was also available.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Power">Power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_program&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The power to the two orbiter craft was provided by eight 1.57 m × 1.23 m (62 in × 48 in) <a href="/wiki/Solar_panels" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar panels">solar panels</a>, two on each wing. The solar panels comprised a total of 34,800 solar cells and produced 620 W of power at Mars. Power was also stored in two <a href="/wiki/Nickel-cadmium" class="mw-redirect" title="Nickel-cadmium">nickel-cadmium</a> 30-<a href="/wiki/Ampere_hour" class="mw-redirect" title="Ampere hour">A·h</a> <a href="/wiki/Battery_(electricity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery (electricity)">batteries</a>. </p><p>The combined area of the four panels was 15 square meters (160 square feet), and they provided both regulated and unregulated direct current power; unregulated power was provided to the radio transmitter and the lander. </p><p>Two 30-amp·hour, nickel-cadmium, rechargeable batteries provided power when the spacecraft was not facing the Sun, during launch, while performing correction maneuvers and also during Mars occultation.<sup id="cite_ref-jpl-factsheet-viking_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpl-factsheet-viking-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Main_findings">Main findings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_program&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Main findings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_Valles_Marineris.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mars_Valles_Marineris.jpeg/220px-Mars_Valles_Marineris.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mars_Valles_Marineris.jpeg/330px-Mars_Valles_Marineris.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mars_Valles_Marineris.jpeg/440px-Mars_Valles_Marineris.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="1552" /></a><figcaption>Mars image mosaic from the <i>Viking 1</i> orbiter</figcaption></figure> <p>By discovering many geological forms that are typically formed from large amounts of water, the images from the orbiters caused a revolution in our ideas about <a href="/wiki/Water_on_Mars" title="Water on Mars">water on Mars</a>. Huge river valleys were found in many areas. They showed that floods of water broke through dams, carved deep valleys, eroded grooves into bedrock, and travelled thousands of kilometers. Large areas in the southern hemisphere contained branched stream networks, suggesting that rain once fell. The flanks of some volcanoes are believed to have been exposed to rainfall because they resemble those caused on Hawaiian volcanoes. Many craters look as if the impactor fell into mud. When they were formed, ice in the soil may have melted, turned the ground into mud, then flowed across the surface. Normally, material from an impact goes up, then down. It does not flow across the surface, going around obstacles, as it does on some Martian craters.<sup id="cite_ref-Kieffer1992_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kieffer1992-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-raeburn-1998_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raeburn-1998-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-moore-1990_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moore-1990-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regions, called "<a href="/wiki/Martian_chaos_terrain" title="Martian chaos terrain">Chaotic Terrain</a>," seemed to have quickly lost great volumes of water, causing large channels to be formed. The amount of water involved was estimated to ten thousand times the flow of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-morton-2002_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morton-2002-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Underground volcanism may have melted frozen ice; the water then flowed away and the ground collapsed to leave chaotic terrain. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div><b>Viking mosaics</b></div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Streamlined_Islands_in_Maja_Valles.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Streamlined islands show that large floods occurred on Mars. (Lunae Palus quadrangle)"><img alt="Streamlined islands show that large floods occurred on Mars. (location: Lunae Palus quadrangle)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Streamlined_Islands_in_Maja_Valles.jpg/160px-Streamlined_Islands_in_Maja_Valles.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Streamlined_Islands_in_Maja_Valles.jpg/240px-Streamlined_Islands_in_Maja_Valles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Streamlined_Islands_in_Maja_Valles.jpg/320px-Streamlined_Islands_in_Maja_Valles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="392" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small>Streamlined islands show that large floods occurred on Mars. <br />(<i><a href="/wiki/Lunae_Palus_quadrangle" title="Lunae Palus quadrangle">Lunae Palus quadrangle</a></i>)</small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chryse_Planitia_Scour_Patterns.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Scour patterns were produced by flowing water. Dromore crater is at bottom. (Lunae Palus quadrangle)"><img alt="Scour patterns were produced by flowing water. Dromore crater is at bottom. (Lunae Palus quadrangle)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chryse_Planitia_Scour_Patterns.jpg/160px-Chryse_Planitia_Scour_Patterns.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chryse_Planitia_Scour_Patterns.jpg/240px-Chryse_Planitia_Scour_Patterns.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chryse_Planitia_Scour_Patterns.jpg/320px-Chryse_Planitia_Scour_Patterns.jpg 2x" data-file-width="598" data-file-height="511" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small>Scour patterns were produced by flowing water. <a href="/wiki/Dromore_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dromore (crater)">Dromore</a> crater is at bottom. <br />(<i><a href="/wiki/Lunae_Palus_quadrangle" title="Lunae Palus quadrangle">Lunae Palus quadrangle</a></i>)</small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Detail_of_Maja_Valles_Flow.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Large floods of water likely eroded the channels around Dromore crater. (Lunae Palus quadrangle)"><img alt="Large floods of water likely eroded the channels around the crater. (Lunae Palus quadrangle)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Detail_of_Maja_Valles_Flow.jpg/160px-Detail_of_Maja_Valles_Flow.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Detail_of_Maja_Valles_Flow.jpg/240px-Detail_of_Maja_Valles_Flow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Detail_of_Maja_Valles_Flow.jpg/320px-Detail_of_Maja_Valles_Flow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="549" data-file-height="608" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small>Large floods of water likely eroded the channels around <a href="/wiki/Dromore_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dromore (crater)">Dromore</a> crater. <br />(<i><a href="/wiki/Lunae_Palus_quadrangle" title="Lunae Palus quadrangle">Lunae Palus quadrangle</a></i>)</small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Viking_Teardrop_Islands.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tear-drop shaped islands carved by flood waters from Ares Vallis. (Oxia Palus quadrangle)"><img alt="Tear-drop shaped islands carved by flood waters from Ares Vallis. (Oxia Palus quadrangle)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Viking_Teardrop_Islands.jpg/160px-Viking_Teardrop_Islands.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Viking_Teardrop_Islands.jpg/240px-Viking_Teardrop_Islands.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Viking_Teardrop_Islands.jpg/320px-Viking_Teardrop_Islands.jpg 2x" data-file-width="582" data-file-height="467" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small>Tear-drop shaped islands carved by flood waters from <a href="/wiki/Ares_Vallis" title="Ares Vallis">Ares Vallis</a>. <br />(<i><a href="/wiki/Oxia_Palus_quadrangle" title="Oxia Palus quadrangle">Oxia Palus quadrangle</a></i>)</small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vedra,_Maumee,_and_Maja_valles.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image of three valleys: Vedra Valles, Maumee Valles, and Maja Valles. (Lunae Palus quadrangle)"><img alt="Image of three valleys: Vedra Valles, Maumee Valles, and Maja Valles. (Lunae Palus quadrangle)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Vedra%2C_Maumee%2C_and_Maja_valles.jpg/160px-Vedra%2C_Maumee%2C_and_Maja_valles.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Vedra%2C_Maumee%2C_and_Maja_valles.jpg/240px-Vedra%2C_Maumee%2C_and_Maja_valles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Vedra%2C_Maumee%2C_and_Maja_valles.jpg/320px-Vedra%2C_Maumee%2C_and_Maja_valles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1867" data-file-height="824" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small>Image of three valleys: <a href="/wiki/Vedra_Valles" title="Vedra Valles">Vedra Valles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maumee_Valles" title="Maumee Valles">Maumee Valles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maja_Valles" title="Maja Valles">Maja Valles</a>. <br />(<i><a href="/wiki/Lunae_Palus_quadrangle" title="Lunae Palus quadrangle">Lunae Palus quadrangle</a></i>)</small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flow_from_Arandas_Crater.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arandas crater may be on top of large quantities of water ice, which melted when the impact occurred, producing a mud-like ejecta. (Mare Acidalium quadrangle)"><img alt="Arandas crater may be on top of large quantities of water ice, which melted when the impact occurred leaving a mud-like ejecta. (Mare Acidalium quadrangle)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flow_from_Arandas_Crater.jpg/145px-Flow_from_Arandas_Crater.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flow_from_Arandas_Crater.jpg/218px-Flow_from_Arandas_Crater.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flow_from_Arandas_Crater.jpg/290px-Flow_from_Arandas_Crater.jpg 2x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="667" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small><a href="/wiki/Arandas_(crater)" title="Arandas (crater)">Arandas</a> crater may be on top of large quantities of water ice, which melted when the impact occurred, producing a mud-like ejecta. <br />(<i><a href="/wiki/Mare_Acidalium_quadrangle" title="Mare Acidalium quadrangle">Mare Acidalium quadrangle</a></i>)</small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alba_Patera_Channels.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Channels running through Alba Mons. (Arcadia quadrangle)"><img alt="Channels running through Alba Mons. (Arcadia quadrangle)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Alba_Patera_Channels.jpg/160px-Alba_Patera_Channels.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Alba_Patera_Channels.jpg/240px-Alba_Patera_Channels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Alba_Patera_Channels.jpg/320px-Alba_Patera_Channels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="439" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small>Channels running through <a href="/wiki/Alba_Mons" title="Alba Mons">Alba Mons</a>. <br />(<i><a href="/wiki/Arcadia_quadrangle" title="Arcadia quadrangle">Arcadia quadrangle</a></i>)</small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Branched_Channels_from_Viking.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Branched channels in Thaumasia quadrangle provide possible evidence of past rain on Mars."><img alt="Branched channels in Thaumasia quadrangle, possible evidence of past rain on Mars." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Branched_Channels_from_Viking.jpg/160px-Branched_Channels_from_Viking.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Branched_Channels_from_Viking.jpg/240px-Branched_Channels_from_Viking.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Branched_Channels_from_Viking.jpg/320px-Branched_Channels_from_Viking.jpg 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="519" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span style="font-size:85%;">Branched channels in <a href="/wiki/Thaumasia_quadrangle" title="Thaumasia quadrangle">Thaumasia quadrangle</a> provide possible evidence of past rain on Mars.</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dissected_Channels,_as_seen_by_Viking.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="These branched channels provide possible evidence of past rain on Mars. (Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle)"><img alt="These branched channels provide possible evidence of past rain on Mars. (Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Dissected_Channels%2C_as_seen_by_Viking.jpg/160px-Dissected_Channels%2C_as_seen_by_Viking.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Dissected_Channels%2C_as_seen_by_Viking.jpg/240px-Dissected_Channels%2C_as_seen_by_Viking.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Dissected_Channels%2C_as_seen_by_Viking.jpg/320px-Dissected_Channels%2C_as_seen_by_Viking.jpg 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="503" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span style="font-size:85%;">These branched channels provide possible evidence of past rain on Mars. (<i><a href="/wiki/Margaritifer_Sinus_quadrangle" title="Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle">Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle</a></i>)</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ravi_Vallis.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ravi Vallis was possibly formed from extreme flooding. (Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle)"><img alt="Ravi Vallis was possibly formed from extreme flooding. (Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Ravi_Vallis.jpg/160px-Ravi_Vallis.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Ravi_Vallis.jpg/240px-Ravi_Vallis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Ravi_Vallis.jpg/320px-Ravi_Vallis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="581" data-file-height="335" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Vallis" title="Ravi Vallis">Ravi Vallis</a> was possibly formed from extreme flooding. <br />(<i><a href="/wiki/Margaritifer_Sinus_quadrangle" title="Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle">Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle</a></i>)</small></div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viking_landers">Viking landers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_program&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Viking landers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NASM-A19790215000-NASM2016-02690.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/NASM-A19790215000-NASM2016-02690.jpg/220px-NASM-A19790215000-NASM2016-02690.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/NASM-A19790215000-NASM2016-02690.jpg/330px-NASM-A19790215000-NASM2016-02690.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/NASM-A19790215000-NASM2016-02690.jpg/440px-NASM-A19790215000-NASM2016-02690.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2413" /></a><figcaption>Proof test article of the Viking lander</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sagan_large.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sagan_large.jpg/220px-Sagan_large.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sagan_large.jpg/330px-Sagan_large.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sagan_large.jpg/440px-Sagan_large.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3678" data-file-height="2468" /></a><figcaption>Astronomer <a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Carl Sagan</a> stands next to a model of a <i>Viking</i> lander to provide scale</figcaption></figure> <p>Each lander comprised a six-sided aluminium base with alternate 1.09 and 0.56 m (43 and 22 in) long sides, supported on three extended legs attached to the shorter sides. The leg footpads formed the vertices of an equilateral triangle with 2.21 m (7.3 ft) sides when viewed from above, with the long sides of the base forming a straight line with the two adjoining footpads. Instrumentation was attached inside and on top of the base, elevated above the surface by the extended legs.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each lander was enclosed in an <a href="/wiki/Aeroshell" title="Aeroshell">aeroshell</a> heat shield designed to slow the lander down during the entry phase. To prevent contamination of Mars by Earth organisms, each lander, upon assembly and enclosure within the aeroshell, was enclosed in a pressurized "bioshield" and then <a href="/wiki/Sterilization_(microbiology)" title="Sterilization (microbiology)">sterilized</a> at a temperature of 111 °C (232 °F) for 40 hours. For thermal reasons, the cap of the bioshield was jettisoned after the Centaur upper stage powered the Viking orbiter/lander combination out of Earth orbit.<sup id="cite_ref-science-19760827_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-science-19760827-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Astronomer <a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Carl Sagan</a> helped to choose landing sites for both <i>Viking</i> probes.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica-carl-sagan_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-carl-sagan-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entry,_Descent_and_Landing_(EDL)"><span id="Entry.2C_Descent_and_Landing_.28EDL.29"></span>Entry, Descent and Landing (EDL)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_program&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Entry, Descent and Landing (EDL)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each lander arrived at Mars attached to the orbiter. The assembly orbited Mars many times before the lander was released and separated from the orbiter for descent to the surface. Descent comprised four distinct phases, starting with a <a href="/wiki/Deorbit#Deorbit_and_re-entry" class="mw-redirect" title="Deorbit">deorbit burn</a>. The lander then experienced <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_entry" title="Atmospheric entry">atmospheric entry</a> with peak heating occurring a few seconds after the start of frictional heating with the Martian atmosphere. At an altitude of about 6 kilometers (3.7 miles) and traveling at a velocity of 900 kilometers per hour (600 mph), the parachute deployed, the aeroshell released and the lander's legs unfolded. At an altitude of about 1.5 kilometers (5,000 feet), the lander activated its three retro-engines and was released from the parachute. The lander then immediately used <a href="/wiki/Retrorockets" class="mw-redirect" title="Retrorockets">retrorockets</a> to slow and control its descent, with a <a href="/wiki/Soft_landing_(rocketry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft landing (rocketry)">soft landing</a> on the surface of Mars.<sup id="cite_ref-astro.if.ufrgs.br-viking_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astro.if.ufrgs.br-viking-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:808px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_Viking_12a001.png" class="mw-file-description" title="First "clear" image ever transmitted from the surface of Mars – shows rocks near the Viking 1 lander (July 20, 1976)."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Mars_Viking_12a001.png/800px-Mars_Viking_12a001.png" decoding="async" width="800" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Mars_Viking_12a001.png/1200px-Mars_Viking_12a001.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Mars_Viking_12a001.png 2x" data-file-width="1438" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_Viking_12a001.png" title="File:Mars Viking 12a001.png"> </a></div>First "clear" image ever transmitted from the surface of Mars – shows <a href="/wiki/List_of_rocks_on_Mars#Viking" title="List of rocks on Mars">rocks</a> near the <i><a href="/wiki/Viking_1" title="Viking 1">Viking 1</a></i> lander (July 20, 1976).</div></div></div><p> At landing (after using rocket propellant) the landers had a mass of about 600 kg. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Propulsion_2">Propulsion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_program&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Propulsion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Propulsion for deorbit was provided by the <a href="/wiki/Monopropellant" title="Monopropellant">monopropellant</a> <a href="/wiki/Hydrazine" title="Hydrazine">hydrazine</a> (N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>), through a rocket with 12 <a href="/wiki/Rocket_engine_nozzles" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocket engine nozzles">nozzles</a> arranged in four clusters of three that provided 32 <a href="/wiki/Newton_(unit)" title="Newton (unit)">newtons</a> (7.2 lb<sub>f</sub>) thrust, translating to a <a href="/wiki/Delta-V" class="mw-redirect" title="Delta-V">change in velocity</a> of 180 m/s (590 ft/s). These nozzles also acted as the control <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_propulsion" title="Spacecraft propulsion">thrusters</a> for <a href="/wiki/Translation_(geometry)" title="Translation (geometry)">translation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rotation" title="Rotation">rotation</a> of the lander. </p><p>Terminal <a href="/wiki/Descent_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Descent (aircraft)">descent</a> (after use of a <a href="/wiki/Parachute" title="Parachute">parachute</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Landing" title="Landing">landing</a> used three (one affixed on each long side of the base, separated by 120 degrees) monopropellant hydrazine engines. The engines had 18 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/_/fgFN2s2GG-OfQA">nozzles</a> to disperse the exhaust and minimize effects on the ground, and were <a href="/wiki/Throttle" title="Throttle">throttleable</a> from 276 to 2,667 <a href="/wiki/Newton_(unit)" title="Newton (unit)">newtons</a> (62 to 600 lb<sub>f</sub>). The hydrazine was purified in order to prevent contamination of the Martian surface with Earth <a href="/wiki/Microbes" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbes">microbes</a>. The lander carried 85 kg (187 lb) of propellant at launch, contained in two spherical <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a> tanks mounted on opposite sides of the lander beneath the RTG windscreens, giving a total launch mass of 657 kg (1,448 lb). Control was achieved through the use of an <a href="/wiki/Inertial_reference_unit" title="Inertial reference unit">inertial reference unit</a>, four <a href="/wiki/Gyroscope" title="Gyroscope">gyros</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Radar_altimeter" title="Radar altimeter">radar altimeter</a>, a terminal descent and landing <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a>, and the control thrusters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Power_2">Power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_program&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Power was provided by two <a href="/wiki/Radioisotope_thermoelectric_generator" title="Radioisotope thermoelectric generator">radioisotope thermoelectric generator</a> (RTG) units containing <a href="/wiki/Plutonium-238" title="Plutonium-238">plutonium-238</a> affixed to opposite sides of the lander base and covered by wind screens. Each Viking RTG<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was 28 cm (11 in) tall, 58 cm (23 in) in diameter, had a mass of 13.6 kg (30 lb) and provided 30 watts of continuous power at 4.4 volts. Four <a href="/wiki/Wet_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Wet cell">wet cell</a> sealed nickel-cadmium 8 <a href="/wiki/Ampere_hours" class="mw-redirect" title="Ampere hours">Ah</a> (28,800 <a href="/wiki/Coulomb" title="Coulomb">coulombs</a>), 28 volt <a href="/wiki/Rechargeable_battery" title="Rechargeable battery">rechargeable batteries</a> were also on board to handle peak power loads. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Payload">Payload</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_program&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Payload"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viking2lander1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Viking2lander1.jpg/220px-Viking2lander1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Viking2lander1.jpg/330px-Viking2lander1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Viking2lander1.jpg/440px-Viking2lander1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2818" data-file-height="2224" /></a><figcaption>Image from Mars taken by the <i>Viking 2</i> lander</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Communications">Communications</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_program&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Communications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Communications were accomplished through a 20-watt S-band transmitter using two <a href="/wiki/Traveling-wave_tube" title="Traveling-wave tube">traveling-wave tubes</a>. A two-axis steerable high-gain parabolic antenna was mounted on a boom near one edge of the lander base. An <a href="/wiki/Omnidirectional_antenna" title="Omnidirectional antenna">omnidirectional</a> low-gain S-band antenna also extended from the base. Both these antennae allowed for communication directly with the Earth, permitting Viking 1 to continue to work long after both orbiters had failed. A <a href="/wiki/UHF" class="mw-redirect" title="UHF">UHF</a> <span class="nowrap">(381 MHz)</span> antenna provided a one-way relay to the orbiter using a 30 watt relay radio. Data storage was on a 40-Mbit tape recorder, and the lander computer had a 6000-<a href="/wiki/Word_(data_type)" class="mw-redirect" title="Word (data type)">word</a> memory for command instructions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Instruments">Instruments</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_program&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The lander carried instruments to achieve the primary scientific objectives of the lander mission: to study the <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, chemical composition (<a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inorganic" class="mw-redirect" title="Inorganic">inorganic</a>), <a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">meteorology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seismology" title="Seismology">seismology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">magnetic</a> properties, appearance, and physical properties of the Martian surface and atmosphere. Two 360-degree cylindrical scan cameras were mounted near one long side of the base. From the center of this side extended the sampler arm, with a collector head, <a href="/wiki/Sensor#Thermal" title="Sensor">temperature sensor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet">magnet</a> on the end. A <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Mars" title="Climate of Mars">meteorology</a> boom, holding temperature, wind direction, and wind velocity sensors extended out and up from the top of one of the lander legs. A <a href="/wiki/Seismometer" title="Seismometer">seismometer</a>, magnet and camera <a href="/wiki/Test_target" title="Test target">test targets</a>, and magnifying <a href="/wiki/Mirror" title="Mirror">mirror</a> are mounted opposite the cameras, near the high-gain antenna. An interior environmentally controlled compartment held the <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a> experiment and the <a href="/wiki/Gas_chromatography" title="Gas chromatography">gas chromatograph</a> mass spectrometer. The <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">fluorescence</a> spectrometer was also mounted within the structure. A <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a> sensor was attached under the lander body. The scientific <a href="/wiki/Payload_(air_and_space_craft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Payload (air and space craft)">payload</a> had a total mass of approximately 91 kg (201 lb). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biological_experiments">Biological experiments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_program&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Biological experiments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Viking_biological_experiments" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking biological experiments">Viking biological experiments</a></div> <p>The Viking landers conducted <a href="/wiki/Viking_biological_experiments" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking biological experiments">biological experiments</a> designed to detect <a href="/wiki/Life_on_Mars_(planet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Life on Mars (planet)">life in the Martian soil</a> (if it existed) with experiments designed by three separate teams, under the direction of chief scientist <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Soffen" title="Gerald Soffen">Gerald Soffen</a> of NASA. One experiment turned positive for the detection of <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a> (current life), but based on the results of the other two experiments that failed to reveal any <a href="/wiki/Organic_matter" title="Organic matter">organic molecules</a> in the soil, most scientists became convinced that the positive results were likely caused by non-biological chemical reactions from highly oxidizing soil conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Beegle_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beegle-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_Viking_11a097.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Mars_Viking_11a097.png/220px-Mars_Viking_11a097.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Mars_Viking_11a097.png/330px-Mars_Viking_11a097.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Mars_Viking_11a097.png/440px-Mars_Viking_11a097.png 2x" data-file-width="2999" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Dust dunes and a large boulder taken by the <i>Viking 1</i> lander.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_Viking_11d128.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Mars_Viking_11d128.png/220px-Mars_Viking_11d128.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Mars_Viking_11d128.png/330px-Mars_Viking_11d128.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Mars_Viking_11d128.png/440px-Mars_Viking_11d128.png 2x" data-file-width="1042" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Trenches dug by the soil sampler of the <i>Viking 1</i> lander.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Although there was a pronouncement by NASA during the mission saying that the Viking lander results did not demonstrate conclusive <a href="/wiki/Biosignature" title="Biosignature">biosignatures</a> in soils at the two landing sites, the test results and their limitations are still under assessment. The validity of the positive 'Labeled Release' (LR) results hinged entirely on the absence of an oxidative agent in the Martian soil, but one was later discovered by the <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_lander" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenix lander"><i>Phoenix</i> lander</a> in the form of <a href="/wiki/Perchlorate" title="Perchlorate">perchlorate</a> salts.<sup id="cite_ref-latimes-20080806_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latimes-20080806-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sciencedaily-20080806_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciencedaily-20080806-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been proposed that organic compounds could have been present in the soil analyzed by both <i>Viking 1</i> and <i>Viking 2</i>, but remained unnoticed due to the presence of perchlorate, as detected by Phoenix in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Researchers found that perchlorate will destroy organics when heated and will produce <a href="/wiki/Chloromethane" title="Chloromethane">chloromethane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dichloromethane" title="Dichloromethane">dichloromethane</a>, the identical chlorine compounds discovered by both Viking landers when they performed the same tests on Mars.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The question of microbial life on Mars remains unresolved. Nonetheless, on April 12, 2012, an international team of scientists reported studies, based on mathematical speculation through <a href="/wiki/Complexity_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Complexity analysis">complexity analysis</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Viking_biological_experiments#Labeled_release" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking biological experiments">Labeled Release experiments</a> of the 1976 Viking Mission, that may suggest the detection of "extant microbial life on Mars."<sup id="cite_ref-Bianciardi-2012_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bianciardi-2012-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Discovery-20120412_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Discovery-20120412-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, new findings from re-examination of the Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer (GCMS) results were published in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Camera/imaging_system"><span id="Camera.2Fimaging_system"></span>Camera/imaging system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_program&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Camera/imaging system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The leader of the imaging team was <a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Mutch" title="Thomas A. Mutch">Thomas A. Mutch</a>, a geologist at <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">Providence, Rhode Island</a>. The camera uses a movable mirror to illuminate 12 <a href="/wiki/Photodiode" title="Photodiode">photodiodes</a>. Each of the 12 silicon diodes are designed to be sensitive to different frequencies of light. </p><p>Several broad band diodes (designated BB1, BB2, BB3, and BB4) are placed to focus accurately at distances between six and 43 feet away from the lander.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A low resolution broad band diode was named SURVEY.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>  There are also three narrow band low resolution diodes (named BLUE, GREEN and RED) for obtaining <a href="/wiki/RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">color images</a>, and another three (IR1, IR2, and IR3) for <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> imagery.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cameras scanned at a rate of five vertical scan lines per second, each composed of 512 pixels. The 300 degree panorama images were composed of 9150 lines. The cameras' scan was slow enough that in a crew shot taken during development of the imaging system several members show up several times in the shot as they moved themselves as the camera scanned.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nytimes-19760721_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-19760721-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mass_Breakdown_of_Viking_Landers">Mass Breakdown of Viking Landers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_program&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Mass Breakdown of Viking Landers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Item</th> <th>Mass,kg (lb)<sup id="cite_ref-MarsLanderRetroprop_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MarsLanderRetroprop-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Structures and Mechanisms </td> <td>132 kg (291 lb) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Propulsion </td> <td>56 kg (123 lb) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pyro and Cabling </td> <td>43 kg (95 lb) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thermal Control </td> <td>36 kg (79 lb) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Guidance and Control </td> <td>79 kg (174 lb) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Power </td> <td>103 kg (227 lb) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Communications / Telemetry </td> <td>57 kg (126 lb) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Science Instruments </td> <td>91 kg (201 lb) </td></tr> <tr> <td>=<b>Total Dry Mass</b></td> <td>595 kg (1,312 lb) </td></tr> <tr> <td>+Landing Propellant (incl. ~15 kg (33 lb) residuals) </td> <td>84 kg (185 lb) </td></tr> <tr> <td>+Decelerator (incl.lander deorbit propellant) </td> <td>118 kg (260 lb) </td></tr> <tr> <td>+Aeroshell </td> <td>269 kg (593 lb) </td></tr> <tr> <td>+Bioshield </td> <td>74 kg (163 lb) </td></tr> <tr> <td>+Cap </td> <td>54 kg (119 lb) </td></tr> <tr> <td>=<b>Total Launch Mass</b> (Lander+Flight Capsule)</td> <td>1,194 kg (2,632 lb) </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viking_control_room.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Viking_control_room.jpg/220px-Viking_control_room.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Viking_control_room.jpg/330px-Viking_control_room.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Viking_control_room.jpg/440px-Viking_control_room.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3498" data-file-height="2219" /></a><figcaption>Viking control room at the <a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a>, days before the landing of Viking 1.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Control_systems">Control systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_program&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Control systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Viking landers used a Guidance, Control and Sequencing Computer (GCSC) consisting of two <a href="/wiki/Honeywell" title="Honeywell">Honeywell</a> HDC 402 24-bit computers with 18K of <a href="/wiki/Plated_wire_memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Plated wire memory">plated-wire memory</a>, while the Viking orbiters used a Command Computer Subsystem (CCS) using two custom-designed 18-bit serial processors.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa-computers_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa-computers-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Financial_cost_of_the_Viking_program">Financial cost of the Viking program</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_program&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Financial cost of the Viking program"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The two orbiters cost US$217 million at the time, which is about $1 billion in 2023 dollars.<sup id="cite_ref-marsmoney_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marsmoney-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most expensive single part of the program was the lander's life-detection unit, which cost about $60 million then or $400 million in 2023 dollars.<sup id="cite_ref-marsmoney_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marsmoney-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Development of the Viking lander design cost $357 million.<sup id="cite_ref-marsmoney_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marsmoney-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was decades before NASA's "faster, better, cheaper" approach, and Viking needed to pioneer unprecedented technologies under national pressure brought on by the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> and the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a>, all under the prospect of possibly discovering extraterrestrial life for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-marsmoney_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marsmoney-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The experiments had to adhere to a special 1971 directive that mandated that no single failure shall stop the return of more than one experiment—a difficult and expensive task for a device with over 40,000 parts.<sup id="cite_ref-marsmoney_35-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marsmoney-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Viking camera system cost $27.3 million to develop, or about $200 million in 2023 dollars.<sup id="cite_ref-marsmoney_35-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marsmoney-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Imaging system design was completed, it was difficult to find anyone who could manufacture its advanced design.<sup id="cite_ref-marsmoney_35-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marsmoney-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The program managers were later praised for fending off pressure to go with a simpler, less advanced imaging system, especially when the views rolled in.<sup id="cite_ref-marsmoney_35-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marsmoney-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The program did however save some money by cutting out a third lander and reducing the number of experiments on the lander.<sup id="cite_ref-marsmoney_35-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marsmoney-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Overall NASA says that $1 billion in 1970s dollars was spent on the program,<sup id="cite_ref-nssdc-viking1orbiter_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nssdc-viking1orbiter-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-space.com_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-space.com-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which when inflation-adjusted to 2023 dollars is about $6 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mission_end">Mission end</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_program&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Mission end"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The craft all eventually failed, one by one, as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20061218_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20061218-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Craft</th> <th>Arrival date</th> <th>Shut-off date</th> <th>Operational lifetime</th> <th>Cause of failure </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>Viking 2</i> orbiter</td> <td>August 7, 1976</td> <td>July 25, 1978</td> <td>1 year, 11 months, 18 days</td> <td>Shut down after fuel leak in propulsion system. </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Viking 2</i> lander</td> <td>September 3, 1976</td> <td>April 11, 1980</td> <td>3 years, 7 months, 8 days</td> <td>Shut down after battery failure. </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Viking 1</i> orbiter</td> <td>June 19, 1976</td> <td>August 17, 1980</td> <td>4 years, 1-month, 19 days</td> <td>Shut down after depletion of <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_attitude_control" title="Spacecraft attitude control">attitude control</a> fuel. </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Viking 1</i> lander</td> <td>July 20, 1976</td> <td>November 13, 1982</td> <td>6 years, 3 months, 22 days</td> <td>Shut down after human error during software update caused the lander's antenna to go down, terminating power and communication. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Viking program ended on May 21, 1983. To prevent an imminent impact with Mars the orbit of <i>Viking 1</i> orbiter was raised on August 7, 1980, before it was shut down 10 days later. Impact and potential contamination on the planet's surface is possible from 2019 onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-nssdc-viking1orbiter_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nssdc-viking1orbiter-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Viking 1</i> lander was found to be about 6 kilometers from its planned landing site by the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a> in December 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Message_artifact">Message artifact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_program&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Message artifact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_extraterrestrial_memorials" title="List of extraterrestrial memorials">List of extraterrestrial memorials</a></div> <p>Each <i>Viking</i> lander carried a tiny dot of microfilm containing the names of several thousand people who had worked on the mission.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several earlier space probes had carried message artifacts, such as the <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_plaque" title="Pioneer plaque">Pioneer plaque</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Voyager Golden Record">Voyager Golden Record</a>. Later probes also carried memorials or lists of names, such as the <a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i></a> rover which recognizes the almost 11 million people who <a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)#Commemorative_artifacts" title="Perseverance (rover)">signed up to include their names</a> on the mission. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viking_lander_locations">Viking lander locations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_program&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Viking lander locations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="position: relative; width: 620px; margin: 0 auto;" class="noresize"> <figure class="mw-halign-center noresize" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><img alt="Map of Mars" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Mars_Map.JPG/600px-Mars_Map.JPG" decoding="async" width="600" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Mars_Map.JPG/900px-Mars_Map.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Mars_Map.JPG/1200px-Mars_Map.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2180" data-file-height="1244" resource="/wiki/File:Mars_Map.JPG" /></span><figcaption> <div style="float: right;">(<a href="/wiki/Template:Features_and_artificial_objects_on_Mars" title="Template:Features and artificial objects on Mars">view</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Features_and_artificial_objects_on_Mars" title="Template talk:Features and artificial objects on Mars">discuss</a>)</div><a href="/wiki/Image_map" title="Image map">Interactive image map</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mars" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Mars">global topography of Mars</a>, overlaid with the position of <a href="/wiki/Mars_rover" title="Mars rover">Martian rovers</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars_landers" title="List of Mars landers">landers</a>. Coloring of the base map indicates relative elevations of Martian surface.<hr /><div style="text-align:right; font-size:smaller; font-style:italic; padding-top:0.2em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mano_cursor.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Mano_cursor.svg/10px-Mano_cursor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Mano_cursor.svg/15px-Mano_cursor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Mano_cursor.svg/20px-Mano_cursor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="440" /></a></span><b> Clickable image: </b>Clicking on the labels will open a new article.</div><div style="float: left;">(<span style="font-size:85%;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF4F00; color:black;"> </span> Active</span> • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#000; color:white;"> </span> Inactive</span> • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFFF00; color:black;"> </span> Planned)</span></span></div> <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(See also: <a href="/wiki/Template:Mars_map" title="Template:Mars map">Mars map</a>; <a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_on_Mars#Landing_site_namings_and_memorials" title="List of artificial objects on Mars">Mars Memorials list</a>) </span></div></figcaption></figure> <div style="position: absolute; left: 440px; top: 137px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Beagle_2" title="Beagle 2"><img alt="Beagle 2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/PhoenixIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span><span style="display:inline;background-color:#000;padding:0 4px 0 2px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Beagle_2" title="Beagle 2"><span style="color:white"><small><i>Beagle 2</i></small></span></a> </span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 523px; top: 173px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory#Landing_site" title="Bradbury Landing"><img alt="Bradbury Landing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/CuriosityIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; right: 97px; top: 174px"><span style="display:inline;border:#fff 1px solid;text-align:right;background-color:#FF4F00;padding:0 4px 0 4px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><span style="color:white"><small><i>Curiosity</i></small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 520px; top: 300px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_2" title="Deep Space 2"><img alt="Deep Space 2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/PhoenixIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; right: 100px; top: 301px"><span style="display:inline;text-align:right;background-color:#000;padding:0 4px 0 4px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_2" title="Deep Space 2"><span style="color:white"><small>Deep Space 2</small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 521px; top: 153px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight"><img alt="InSight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/PhoenixIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span><span style="display:inline;background-color:#000;padding:0 4px 0 2px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight"><span style="color:white"><small><i>InSight</i></small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 373px; top: 234px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mars_2" title="Mars 2"><img alt="Mars 2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Mars3landericon.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="21" /></a></span><span style="display:inline;background-color:#000;padding:0 4px 0 2px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mars_2" title="Mars 2"><span style="color:white"><small>Mars 2</small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 65px; top: 235px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mars_3" title="Mars 3"><img alt="Mars 3" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Mars3landericon.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="21" /></a></span><span style="display:inline;background-color:#000;padding:0 4px 0 2px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mars_3" title="Mars 3"><span style="color:white"><small>Mars 3</small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 270px; top: 195px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mars_6" title="Mars 6"><img alt="Mars 6" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Mars3landericon.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="21" /></a></span><span style="display:inline;background-color:#000;padding:0 4px 0 2px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mars_6" title="Mars 6"><span style="color:white"><small>Mars 6</small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 545px; top: 300px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mars_Polar_Lander" title="Mars Polar Lander"><img alt="Mars Polar Lander" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/PhoenixIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; right: 54px; top: 283px"><span style="display:inline;background-color:#000;padding:0 4px 0 4px;text-align:right;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mars_Polar_Lander" title="Mars Polar Lander"><span style="color:white"><small>Mars Polar Lander ↓</small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 300px; top: 175px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity"><img alt="Opportunity" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/RoverIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span><span style="display:inline;background-color:#000;padding:0 4px 0 2px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><span style="color:white"><small><i>Opportunity</i></small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 417px; top: 125px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance"><img alt="Perseverance" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/CuriosityIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 436.5px; top: 121px"><span style="display:inline;border:#fff 1px solid;background-color:#FF4F00;padding:0 4px 0 4px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><span style="color:white"><small><i>Perseverance</i></small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 116px; top: 28px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(spacecraft)" title="Phoenix"><img alt="Phoenix" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/PhoenixIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span><span style="display:inline;background-color:#000;padding:0 4px 0 2px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(spacecraft)" title="Phoenix (spacecraft)"><span style="color:white"><small><i>Phoenix</i></small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 275px; top: 105px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_(rover)" title="Rosalind Franklin"><img alt="Rosalind Franklin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/RoverIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span><span style="display:inline;border:#000 1px;background-color:#FFFF00;padding:0 4px 0 2px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_(rover)" title="Rosalind Franklin (rover)"><span style="color:black;background: white;"><small><i>Rosalind Franklin</i></small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 278px; top: 169px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Schiaparelli_EDM" title="Schiaparelli EDM"><img alt="Schiaparelli EDM" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/EDMIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; right: 342px; top: 170px"><span style="display:inline;background-color:#000;text-align:right;padding:0 4px 0 4px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Schiaparelli_EDM" title="Schiaparelli EDM"><span style="color:white"><small><i>Schiaparelli</i> EDM</small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 260px; top: 124px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner"><img alt="Sojourner" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/SojournerIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span><span style="display:inline;background-color:#000;;padding:0 4px 0 2px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner (rover)"><span style="color:white"><small><i>Sojourner</i></small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 562px; top: 184px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit"><img alt="Spirit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/RoverIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; right: 38px; top: 201px"><span style="display:inline;background-color:#000;text-align:right;padding:0 4px 0 4px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><span style="color:white"><small><i>Spirit</i></small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 445px; top: 105px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-1" title="Tianwen-1"><img alt="Tianwen-1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/ZhurongIcon.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span><span style="display:inline;border:#000 1px solid;background-color:#000;padding:0 4px 0 2px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zhurong_(rover)" title="Zhurong (rover)"><span style="color:white"><small><i>Zhurong</i></small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 231px; top: 119px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Viking_1" title="Viking 1"><img alt="Viking 1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/VikingIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; right: 388px; top: 120px"><span style="display:inline;background-color:#000;padding:0 4px 0 2px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Viking_1" title="Viking 1"><span style="color:white"><small><i>Viking 1</i></small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 495px; top: 67px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Viking_2" title="Viking 2"><img alt="Viking 2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/VikingIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span><span style="display:inline;background-color:#000;padding:0 4px 0 2px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Viking_2" title="Viking 2"><span style="color:white"><small><i>Viking 2</i> </small></span></a> </span></div> </div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_program&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Mars" title="Exploration of Mars">Exploration of Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_on_Mars" title="Life on Mars">Life on Mars</a> – Scientific assessments on the microbial habitability of Mars</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Mars" title="List of missions to Mars">List of missions to Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a> – Robotic mission that deployed the Curiosity rover to Mars in 2012</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder">Mars Pathfinder</a> – Mission including first robotic rover to operate on Mars (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_L._Crabill" title="Norman L. Crabill">Norman L. Crabill</a> – NASA engineer (1926–2024)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_program&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NASA-20061218-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NASA-20061218_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASA-20061218_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASA-20061218_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASA-20061218_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASA-20061218_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASA-20061218_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASA-20061218_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASA-20061218_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASA-20061218_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASA-20061218_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2006" class="citation web cs1">Williams, David R. Dr. (December 18, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/viking.html">"Viking Mission to Mars"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231206095644/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/viking.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 6, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 2,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Viking+Mission+to+Mars&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2006-12-18&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=David+R.+Dr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fplanetary%2Fviking.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASA-Viking1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NASA-Viking1_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson" class="citation web cs1">Nelson, Jon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/viking-1">"Viking 1"</a>. <a href="/wiki/JPL" class="mw-redirect" title="JPL">JPL</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231024145216/https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/viking-1">Archived</a> from the original on October 24, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 2,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Viking+1&rft.pub=JPL&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fmissions%2Fviking-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASA-Viking2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NASA-Viking2_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson" class="citation web cs1">Nelson, Jon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/viking-2">"Viking 2"</a>. <a href="/wiki/JPL" class="mw-redirect" title="JPL">JPL</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231008204431/https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/viking-2">Archived</a> from the original on October 8, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 2,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Viking+2&rft.pub=JPL&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fmissions%2Fviking-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SoffenViking1978-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SoffenViking1978_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Soffen, G. A. (July–August 1978). "Mars and the Remarkable Viking Results." <i>Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets</i>. <b>15</b> (4): 193-200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nssdc-viking1orbiter-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nssdc-viking1orbiter_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nssdc-viking1orbiter_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nssdc-viking1orbiter_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1975-075A">"Viking 1 Orbiter spacecraft details"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NASA_Space_Science_Data_Coordinated_Archive" title="NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive">NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive</a></i>. NASA. March 20, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 13,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=Viking+1%3A+First+U.S.+Lander+on+Mars&rft.date=2012-10-26&rft.aulast=Howell&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2F18234-viking-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-inflation-USGDP-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-inflation-USGDP_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnstonWilliamson2023" class="citation web cs1">Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/usgdp/">"What Was the U.S. GDP Then?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/MeasuringWorth" title="MeasuringWorth">MeasuringWorth</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 30,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MeasuringWorth&rft.atitle=What+Was+the+U.S.+GDP+Then%3F&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft.au=Williamson%2C+Samuel+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.measuringworth.com%2Fdatasets%2Fusgdp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+program" class="Z3988"></span> United States <a href="/wiki/Gross_Domestic_Product_deflator" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross Domestic Product deflator">Gross Domestic Product deflator</a> figures follow the <i>MeasuringWorth</i> series. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cps-viking-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cps-viking_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://planetary-science.org/mars-research/mars-landings/the-viking-program/">"The Viking Program"</a>. The Center for Planetary Science. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231120170823/http://planetary-science.org/mars-research/mars-landings/the-viking-program/">Archived</a> from the original on November 20, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Viking+Program&rft.pub=The+Center+for+Planetary+Science&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplanetary-science.org%2Fmars-research%2Fmars-landings%2Fthe-viking-program%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-csc-viking-lander-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-csc-viking-lander_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://californiasciencecenter.org/exhibits/air-space/mission-planets/viking-lander">"Viking Lander"</a>. <a href="/wiki/California_Science_Center" title="California Science Center">California Science Center</a>. July 3, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230527121521/https://californiasciencecenter.org/exhibits/air-space/mission-planets/viking-lander">Archived</a> from the original on May 27, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Viking+Lander&rft.pub=California+Science+Center&rft.date=2014-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcaliforniasciencecenter.org%2Fexhibits%2Fair-space%2Fmission-planets%2Fviking-lander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jpl-factsheet-viking-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jpl-factsheet-viking_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120310184911/https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/fact_sheets/viking.pdf">"Viking Fact Sheet"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/fact_sheets/viking.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 10, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 27,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Viking+Fact+Sheet&rft.pub=Jet+Propulsion+Laboratory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fnews%2Ffact_sheets%2Fviking.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kieffer1992-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kieffer1992_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiefferJakoskySnyderMatthews1992" class="citation book cs1">Kieffer, Hugh H.; Jakosky, Bruce M.; Snyder, Conway W.; Matthews, Mildred S., eds. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marsspacescience00unse"><i>Mars</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arizona_Press" title="University of Arizona Press">University of Arizona Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-1257-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-1257-7"><bdi>978-0-8165-1257-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/92010951">92010951</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Faust; H. Milton Holt (November 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19810001592/downloads/19810001592.pdf">"NASA Reference Publication 1027: Viking '75 spacecraft design and test summary. Volume 1 – Lander design"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. NASA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA+Reference+Publication+1027%3A+Viking+%2775+spacecraft+design+and+test+summary.+Volume+1+%E2%80%93+Lander+design&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=1980-11&rft.aulast=Holmberg&rft.aufirst=Neil+A.&rft.au=Robert+P.+Faust&rft.au=H.+Milton+Holt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fntrs.nasa.gov%2Fapi%2Fcitations%2F19810001592%2Fdownloads%2F19810001592.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmbergRobert_P._FaustH._Milton_Holt1980" class="citation web cs1">Holmberg, Neil A.; Robert P. Faust; H. Milton Holt (November 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19810001593/downloads/19810001593.pdf">"NASA Reference Publication 1027: Viking '75 spacecraft design and test summary. Volume 2 – Orbiter design"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. NASA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA+Reference+Publication+1027%3A+Viking+%2775+spacecraft+design+and+test+summary.+Volume+2+%E2%80%93+Orbiter+design&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=1980-11&rft.aulast=Holmberg&rft.aufirst=Neil+A.&rft.au=Robert+P.+Faust&rft.au=H.+Milton+Holt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fntrs.nasa.gov%2Fapi%2Fcitations%2F19810001593%2Fdownloads%2F19810001593.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-marsmoney-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-marsmoney_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marsmoney_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marsmoney_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marsmoney_35-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marsmoney_35-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marsmoney_35-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marsmoney_35-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marsmoney_35-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marsmoney_35-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCurdy2001" class="citation book cs1">McCurdy, Howard E. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5Dy6z6DQDNoC&pg=PA68"><i>Faster, Better, Cheaper: Low-Cost Innovation in the U.S. Space Program</i></a>. JHU Press. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6720-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6720-0"><bdi>978-0-8018-6720-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faster%2C+Better%2C+Cheaper%3A+Low-Cost+Innovation+in+the+U.S.+Space+Program&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-6720-0&rft.aulast=McCurdy&rft.aufirst=Howard+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5Dy6z6DQDNoC%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">As the Viking program was a government expense, the inflation index of the United States <a href="/wiki/Nominal_GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominal GDP">Nominal Gross Domestic Product</a> per capita is used for the inflation-adjusting calculation.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandler2006" class="citation magazine cs1">Chandler, David (December 5, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn10727-probes-powerful-camera-spots-vikings-on-mars.html#.UlIB7FDrwbN">"Probe's powerful camera spots Vikings on Mars"</a>. <i>New Scientist</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Probe%27s+powerful+camera+spots+Vikings+on+Mars&rft.date=2006-12-05&rft.aulast=Chandler&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fdn10727-probes-powerful-camera-spots-vikings-on-mars.html%23.UlIB7FDrwbN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.planetary.org/outreach/visions-of-mars-then-and-now">"Visions of Mars: Then and Now"</a>. <i>The Planetary Society</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Planetary+Society&rft.atitle=Visions+of+Mars%3A+Then+and+Now&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.planetary.org%2Foutreach%2Fvisions-of-mars-then-and-now&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_program&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4212/on-mars.html">On Mars: Exploration of the Red Planet</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070205092559/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4212/on-mars.html">Archived</a> February 5, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-441/cover.htm">Viking Orbiter Views of Mars</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-425/cover.htm">The Martian Landscape SP-425</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubs.acs.org/subscribe/journals/ancham/79/i19/pdf/1007feature_viking.pdf"><i>Analytical Chemistry</i> feature article about the Viking spacecraft's scientific mission</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19810001592_1981001592.pdf">Viking '75 spacecraft design and test summary. Volume 1 Lander design – NASA Report</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201027065224/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19810001592_1981001592.pdf">Archived</a> October 27, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19810001593_1981001593.pdf">Viking '75 spacecraft design and test summary. Volume 2 Orbiter design – NASA Report</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201027062855/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19810001593_1981001593.pdf">Archived</a> October 27, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19810002594_1981002594.pdf">Viking '75 spacecraft design and test summary. Volume 3 Engineering test summary – NASA Report</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201028054352/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19810002594_1981002594.pdf">Archived</a> October 28, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_program&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Viking_mission" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Viking mission">Viking mission</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/viking/">NASA Mars Viking Mission</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070223062630/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/viking/">Archived</a> February 23, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19740026174_1974026174.pdf">Viking Mission to Mars (NASA SP-334)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130807125926/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19740026174_1974026174.pdf">Archived</a> August 7, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.solarviews.com/span/vikingfs.htm">Solar Views Project Viking Fact Sheet</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maniacworld.com/Viking-Mission-to-Mars.htm">Viking Mission to Mars</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716215016/http://www.maniacworld.com/Viking-Mission-to-Mars.htm">Archived</a> July 16, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Video</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/airspace/photos/missilespacesystemscutaways/nasa-viking-cutaway-10304.aspx">A diagram of the Viking and its flight profile</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150117191711/http://airandspace.si.edu/exhibitions/exploring-the-planets/online/mars/viking_lab.html">Article at Smithsonian Air and Space Website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vikingpreservationproject.org/">The Viking Mars Missions Education & Preservation Project (VMMEPP)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artsandculture.google.com/exhibit/the-viking-mars-mission-the-viking-mars-missions-education-and-preservation-project/RQKiJsUJbOktIw?hl=en">VMMEPP Online exhibit</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/feature/45-years-ago-viking-1-touches-down-on-mars">45 years ago: <i>Viking</i> 1 Touches Down on Mars</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:Viking_program" title="Template:Viking program"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Viking_program" title="Template talk:Viking program"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Viking_program" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Viking program"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Viking_Mars_landers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Viking Mars landers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Viking program</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Viking_1" title="Viking 1">Viking 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Viking_2" title="Viking 2">Viking 2</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_lander_biological_experiments" title="Viking lander biological experiments">Viking lander biological experiments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Mars" title="Exploration of Mars">Exploration of Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Template:Jet Propulsion Laboratory"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Template talk:Jet Propulsion Laboratory"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jet Propulsion Laboratory"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Euclid_(spacecraft)" title="Euclid (spacecraft)">Euclid</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Psyche_(spacecraft)" title="Psyche (spacecraft)">Psyche</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACRIMSAT" title="ACRIMSAT">ACRIMSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Spaceborne_Thermal_Emission_and_Reflection_Radiometer" title="Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer">ASTER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_infrared_sounder" title="Atmospheric infrared sounder">Atmospheric infrared sounder</a> (AIRS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Atomic_Clock" title="Deep Space Atomic Clock">Deep Space Atomic Clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRACE-FO" class="mw-redirect" title="GRACE-FO">GRACE-FO</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight">InSight</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)"><i>Juno</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._M._Keck_Observatory" title="W. M. Keck Observatory">Keck observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_Binocular_Telescope" title="Large Binocular Telescope">Large Binocular Telescope</a> (LBT)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">Mars Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)"><i>Ingenuity</i> helicopter</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i> (MRO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a> (MSL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_limb_sounder" title="Microwave limb sounder">Microwave limb sounder</a> (MLS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-angle_imaging_spectroradiometer" title="Multi-angle imaging spectroradiometer">Multi-angle imaging spectroradiometer</a> (MISR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_Moisture_Active_Passive" title="Soil Moisture Active Passive">Soil Moisture Active Passive</a> (SMAP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropospheric_Emission_Spectrometer" title="Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer">Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer</a> (TES)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_Water_and_Ocean_Topography" title="Surface Water and Ocean Topography">SWOT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager program</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens"><i>Cassini-Huygens</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)"><i>Dawn</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)" title="Deep Impact (spacecraft)"><i>Deep Impact</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_1" title="Deep Space 1">Deep Space 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_2" title="Deep Space 2">Deep Space 2</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorers_Program" title="Explorers Program">Explorers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GALEX" title="GALEX">GALEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_project" title="Galileo project"><i>Galileo</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">spacecraft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_(spacecraft)" title="Genesis (spacecraft)"><i>Genesis</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_Recovery_and_Climate_Experiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment">GRACE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herschel_Space_Observatory" title="Herschel Space Observatory">Herschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRAS" title="IRAS">IRAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason-1" title="Jason-1">Jason-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magellan_(spacecraft)" title="Magellan (spacecraft)"><i>Magellan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariner</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter" title="Mars Climate Orbiter">Mars Climate Orbiter</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Cube_One" title="Mars Cube One">Mars Cube One</a> (MarCO)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Observer" title="Mars Observer">Mars Observer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder">Mars Pathfinder</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Polar_Lander" title="Mars Polar Lander">Mars Polar Lander</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor">Mars Global Surveyor</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rovers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><i>Spirit</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><i>Opportunity</i> rover</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_Asteroid_Scout" title="Near-Earth Asteroid Scout">Near-Earth Asteroid Scout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scatterometer" title="Scatterometer">NSCAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(spacecraft)" title="Phoenix (spacecraft)"><i>Phoenix</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuikSCAT" title="QuikSCAT">QuikSCAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_program" title="Ranger program">Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)"><i>Rosetta</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasat" title="Seasat">Seasat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Radar_Topography_Mission" title="Shuttle Radar Topography Mission">Shuttle Radar Topography Mission</a> (SRTM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Mesosphere_Explorer" title="Solar Mesosphere Explorer">Solar Mesosphere Explorer</a> (SME)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaceborne_Imaging_Radar" title="Spaceborne Imaging Radar">Spaceborne Imaging Radar</a> (SIR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitzer_Space_Telescope" title="Spitzer Space Telescope">Spitzer Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stardust_(spacecraft)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)"><i>Stardust</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_program" title="Surveyor program">Surveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very-long-baseline_interferometry" title="Very-long-baseline interferometry">SVLBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOPEX/Poseidon" title="TOPEX/Poseidon">TOPEX/Poseidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(spacecraft)" title="Ulysses (spacecraft)"><i>Ulysses</i></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Viking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_Field_and_Planetary_Camera" title="Wide Field and Planetary Camera">Wide Field and Planetary Camera</a> (WFPC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_Field_Infrared_Explorer" title="Wide Field Infrared Explorer">Wide Field Infrared Explorer</a> (WIRE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Flashlight" title="Lunar Flashlight">Lunar Flashlight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Planned missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Grace_Roman_Space_Telescope" title="Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope">Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPHEREx" title="SPHEREx">SPHEREx</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Lander_(NASA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Europa Lander (NASA)">Europa Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_Infrared_Exoplanet_Spectroscopy_Survey_Explorer" title="Fast Infrared Exoplanet Spectroscopy Survey Explorer">FINESSE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canceled missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology_Field_Laboratory" title="Astrobiology Field Laboratory">Astrobiology Field Laboratory</a> (AFL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Astrobiology_Explorer-Cacher" title="Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher">Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher</a> (MAX-C)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">Caltech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Deep_Space_Network" title="NASA Deep Space Network">NASA Deep Space Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldstone_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex">Goldstone Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_Mountain_Observatory" title="Table Mountain Observatory">Table Mountain Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_System_Ambassadors" title="Solar System Ambassadors">Solar System Ambassadors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JPL_Science_Division" title="JPL Science Division">JPL Science Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_Asteroid_Tracking" title="Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking">Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Flight_Operations_Facility" title="Space Flight Operations Facility">Space Flight Operations Facility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="NASA" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NASA_space_program" title="Template:NASA space program"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NASA_space_program" title="Template talk:NASA space program"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NASA_space_program" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NASA space program"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="NASA" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Space policy of the United States">Policy</a> and history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">History<br />(<a href="/wiki/Creation_of_NASA" title="Creation of NASA">creation</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics" title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics">NACA</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Act" title="National Aeronautics and Space Act">National Aeronautics and Space Act</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Task_Group" title="Space Task Group">Space Task Group</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_O._Paine#National_Commission_on_Space" title="Thomas O. Paine">Paine</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Commission_Report" title="Rogers Commission Report">Rogers</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ride_Report" title="Ride Report">Ride</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Exploration_Initiative" title="Space Exploration Initiative">Space Exploration Initiative</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_Committee" title="Augustine Committee">Augustine</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Clinton_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">U.S. National Space Policy</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_the_Future_of_the_United_States_Aerospace_Industry" title="Commission on the Future of the United States Aerospace Industry">CFUSAI</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Accident_Investigation_Board" title="Columbia Accident Investigation Board">CAIB</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_for_Space_Exploration" title="Vision for Space Exploration">Vision for Space Exploration</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Commission_on_Implementation_of_United_States_Space_Exploration_Policy" title="President's Commission on Implementation of United States Space Exploration Policy">Aldridge</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Review_of_United_States_Human_Space_Flight_Plans_Committee" title="Review of United States Human Space Flight Plans Committee">Augustine</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_administrators_and_deputy_administrators_of_NASA" class="mw-redirect" title="List of administrators and deputy administrators of NASA">Administrator and Deputy Administrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Chief_Scientist" title="NASA Chief Scientist">Chief Scientist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Corps" title="NASA Astronaut Corps">Astronaut Corps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_ranks_and_positions" title="Astronaut ranks and positions">Ranks and positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Astronaut_Office" title="Chief of the Astronaut Office">Chief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budget_of_NASA" title="Budget of NASA">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_research" title="NASA research">NASA research</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NASA_spinoff_technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA spinoff technologies">spinoff technologies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA%2B" title="NASA+">NASA+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_TV" title="NASA TV">NASA TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Social" title="NASA Social">NASA Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_Services_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch Services Program">Launch Services Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Control_Center" title="Mercury Control Center">Mercury Control Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manned_Space_Flight_Network" title="Manned Space Flight Network">Manned Space Flight Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_Assembly_Building" title="Vehicle Assembly Building">Vehicle Assembly Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39">Launch Complex 39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_48" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 48">Launch Complex 48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_Control_Center" title="Launch Control Center">Launch Control Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_and_Checkout_Building" title="Operations and Checkout Building">Operations and Checkout Building</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Space_Center" title="Johnson Space Center">Johnson Space Center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center" title="Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center">Mission Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Sample_Laboratory_Facility" title="Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility">Lunar Sample Laboratory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Mission_Directorate" title="Science Mission Directorate">Science Mission Directorate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a><br />programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">X-15</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">suborbital</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a> (with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle–<i>Mir</i></a> (with <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos State Corporation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellation_program" title="Constellation program">Constellation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_programme" title="International Space Station programme">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Orbital_Transportation_Services" title="Commercial Orbital Transportation Services">Commercial Orbital Transportation Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Program" title="Commercial Crew Program">Commercial Crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic</a> programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hitchhiker_Program" title="Hitchhiker Program">Hitchhiker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_Mark_II" title="Mariner Mark II">Mariner Mark II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MESUR" title="MESUR">MESUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Surveyor_%2798" title="Mars Surveyor '98">Mars Surveyor '98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Millennium_Program" title="New Millennium Program">New Millennium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_program" title="Lunar Orbiter program">Lunar Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Observer_program" title="Planetary Observer program">Planetary Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_program" title="Ranger program">Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_program" title="Surveyor program">Surveyor</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Viking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Prometheus" title="Project Prometheus">Project Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Program" title="Mars Exploration Program">Mars Exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Living_With_a_Star" title="Living With a Star">Living With a Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Precursor_Robotic_Program" title="Lunar Precursor Robotic Program">Lunar Precursor Robotic Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Observing_System" title="Earth Observing System">Earth Observing System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Observatories_program" title="Great Observatories program">Great Observatories program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorers_Program" title="Explorers Program">Explorers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Program" title="Discovery Program">Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Frontiers_program" title="New Frontiers program">New Frontiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Terrestrial_Probes_program" title="Solar Terrestrial Probes program">Solar Terrestrial Probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Commercial Lunar Payload Services">Commercial Lunar Payload Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Innovative_Missions_for_Planetary_Exploration" title="Small Innovative Missions for Planetary Exploration">SIMPLEx</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Individual featured<br /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">missions</a><br />(human and robotic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Background_Explorer" title="Cosmic Background Explorer">COBE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_3" title="Mercury-Redstone 3">Mercury 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_6" title="Mercury-Atlas 6">Mercury-Atlas 6</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magellan_(spacecraft)" title="Magellan (spacecraft)">Magellan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_project" title="Galileo project"><i>Galileo</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Timeline of Galileo (spacecraft)">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GALEX" title="GALEX">GALEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRAIL" title="GRAIL">GRAIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkinson_Microwave_Anisotropy_Probe" title="Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe">WMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitzer_Space_Telescope" title="Spitzer Space Telescope">Spitzer Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner (rover)"><i>Sojourner</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><i>Spirit</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LADEE" title="LADEE">LADEE</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquarius_(SAC-D_instrument)" title="Aquarius (SAC-D instrument)">Aquarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens"><i>Cassini</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)"><i>Dawn</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler space telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><i>Opportunity</i> rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Opportunity" title="Timeline of Opportunity">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_surface_features_of_Mars_visited_by_Spirit_and_Opportunity" title="List of surface features of Mars visited by Spirit and Opportunity">observed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramaty_High_Energy_Solar_Spectroscopic_Imager" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager">RHESSI</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight">InSight</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)"><i>Ingenuity</i> helicopter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ingenuity_flights" title="List of Ingenuity flights">flights</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Currently<br />operating</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">2001 Mars Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gehrels_Swift_Observatory" title="Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory"><i>Swift</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THEMIS" title="THEMIS">THEMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i> rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOES_14" title="GOES 14">GOES 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOES_15" title="GOES 15">GOES 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Allen_Probes" title="Van Allen Probes">Van Allen Probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Dynamics_Observatory" title="Solar Dynamics Observatory">Solar Dynamics Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)"><i>Juno</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NuSTAR" title="NuSTAR">NuSTAR</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-field_Infrared_Survey_Explorer" title="Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer">WISE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAVEN" title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetospheric_Multiscale_Mission" title="Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission">MMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite" title="Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite">Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_2020" title="Timeline of Mars 2020">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="Timeline of the James Webb Space Telescope">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plankton,_Aerosol,_Cloud,_ocean_Ecosystem" title="Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem">PACE</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NISAR_(satellite)" title="NISAR (satellite)">NISAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Grace_Roman_Space_Telescope" title="Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope">Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DAVINCI" title="DAVINCI">DAVINCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VERITAS_(spacecraft)" title="VERITAS (spacecraft)">VERITAS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_Communications_and_Navigation_Program" title="Space Communications and Navigation Program">Communications<br />and navigation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near_Earth_Network" title="Near Earth Network">Near Earth Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Network" title="Space Network">Space Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Deep_Space_Network" title="NASA Deep Space Network">Deep Space Network</a> (<a href="/wiki/Goldstone_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex">Goldstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Madrid Deep Space Communications Complex">Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canberra_Deep_Space_Communication_Complex" title="Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex">Canberra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Flight_Operations_Facility" title="Space Flight Operations Facility">Space Flight Operations Facility</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Atomic_Clock" title="Deep Space Atomic Clock">Deep Space Atomic Clock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">NASA lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">Astronauts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_name" title="List of astronauts by name">by name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_year_of_selection" title="List of astronauts by year of selection">by year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gemini_astronauts" title="List of Gemini astronauts">Gemini astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts" title="List of Apollo astronauts">Apollo astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_crews" title="List of Space Shuttle crews">Space Shuttle crews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_aircraft" title="List of NASA aircraft">NASA aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">NASA missions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_uncrewed_NASA_missions" title="List of uncrewed NASA missions">uncrewed missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_missions" title="List of Apollo missions">Apollo missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="List of Space Shuttle missions">Space Shuttle missions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rockets_of_the_United_States" title="List of rockets of the United States">United States rockets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_cancellations" title="List of NASA cancellations">NASA cancellations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_cameras_on_spacecraft" title="List of NASA cameras on spacecraft">NASA cameras on spacecraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">NASA images<br />and artwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Earthrise" title="Earthrise">Earthrise</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Marble" title="The Blue Marble">The Blue Marble</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Family_Portrait_(Voyager)" title="Family Portrait (Voyager)">Family Portrait</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pale_Blue_Dot" title="Pale Blue Dot">Pale Blue Dot</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Creation" title="Pillars of Creation">Pillars of Creation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mystic_Mountain" title="Mystic Mountain">Mystic Mountain</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Portrait_(MESSENGER)" title="Family Portrait (MESSENGER)"><i>Solar System Family Portrait</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Day_the_Earth_Smiled" title="The Day the Earth Smiled">The Day the Earth Smiled</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fallen_Astronaut" title="Fallen Astronaut">Fallen Astronaut</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deep_fields" title="List of deep fields">Deep fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_plaque" title="Lunar plaque">Lunar plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_plaque" title="Pioneer plaque">Pioneer plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Voyager Golden Record">Voyager Golden Record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_goodwill_messages" title="Apollo 11 goodwill messages">Apollo 11 goodwill messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_insignia" title="NASA insignia">NASA insignia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_space-flown_Gemini_and_Apollo_medallions" title="NASA space-flown Gemini and Apollo medallions">Gemini and Apollo medallions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_patch" title="Mission patch">Mission patches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hubble_Space_Telescope_anniversary_images" title="List of Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images">Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/We_choose_to_go_to_the_Moon" title="We choose to go to the Moon">We choose to go to the Moon</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8_Genesis_reading" title="Apollo 8 Genesis reading">Apollo 8 Genesis reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15_postal_covers_incident" title="Apollo 15 postal covers incident">Apollo 15 postal covers incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Mirror_Memorial" title="Space Mirror Memorial">Space Mirror Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Astronaut_Monument" title="The Astronaut Monument">The Astronaut Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_sample_displays" title="Lunar sample displays">Lunar sample displays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon_rock" title="Moon rock">Moon rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolen_and_missing_Moon_rocks" title="Stolen and missing Moon rocks">stolen or missing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Astronaut_Hall_of_Fame" title="United States Astronaut Hall of Fame">U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._space_exploration_history_on_U.S._stamps" title="U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps">Space program on U.S. stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fe,_Fi,_Fo,_Fum,_and_Phooey" title="Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey">Apollo 17 Moon mice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_tree" title="Moon tree">Moon tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkeys_and_apes_in_space#United_States" title="Monkeys and apes in space">Other primates in space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_International_Space_Apps_Challenge" title="NASA International Space Apps Challenge">NASA International Space Apps Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronauts_Day" title="Astronauts Day">Astronauts Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Astronaut_Day" title="National Astronaut Day">National Astronaut Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikon_NASA_F4" title="Nikon NASA F4">Nikon NASA F4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:NASA" title="Category:NASA"><b>Category</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:NASA" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:NASA"><b>Commons</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="NASA_planetary_exploration_programs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NASA_planetary_exploration_programs" title="Template:NASA planetary exploration programs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NASA_planetary_exploration_programs" title="Template talk:NASA planetary exploration programs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NASA_planetary_exploration_programs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NASA planetary exploration programs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="NASA_planetary_exploration_programs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Solar_System_exploration" title="Timeline of Solar System exploration">planetary exploration</a> programs</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_strategic_science_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="Large strategic science missions">Large strategic science missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Discovery_and_Exploration_Program" title="Lunar Discovery and Exploration Program">Lunar Discovery & Exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Program" title="Mars Exploration Program">Mars Exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Missions_Program_Office" title="Planetary Missions Program Office">Planetary Missions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Program" title="Discovery Program">Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Frontiers_program" title="New Frontiers program">New Frontiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Missions_Program_Office#Solar_System_Exploration" title="Planetary Missions Program Office">Solar System Exploration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Worlds_Exploration_Program" title="Ocean Worlds Exploration Program">Ocean Worlds Exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Completed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_program" title="Lunar Orbiter program">Lunar Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Precursor_Robotic_Program" title="Lunar Precursor Robotic Program">Lunar Precursor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MESUR" title="MESUR">MESUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Millennium_Program" title="New Millennium Program">New Millennium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Observer_program" title="Planetary Observer program">Planetary Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_program" title="Ranger program">Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_program" title="Surveyor program">Surveyor</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Viking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Tour_program" title="Grand Tour program">Grand Tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_Mark_II" title="Mariner Mark II">Mariner Mark II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Prometheus" title="Project Prometheus">Project Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program_(Mars)" title="Voyager program (Mars)">Voyager (Mars)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">List of NASA missions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spacecraft_missions_to_Mars" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mars_spacecraft" title="Template:Mars spacecraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mars_spacecraft" title="Template talk:Mars spacecraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mars_spacecraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mars spacecraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spacecraft_missions_to_Mars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Mars" title="List of missions to Mars">Spacecraft missions</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Mars" title="List of missions to Mars">List of missions to Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars_orbiters" title="List of Mars orbiters">List of Mars orbiters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_on_Mars" title="List of artificial objects on Mars">List of artificial objects on Mars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:55px">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px"><a href="/wiki/Mars_flyby" title="Mars flyby">Flybys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psyche_(spacecraft)" title="Psyche (spacecraft)"><i>Psyche</i></a><sup>‡</sup> (2023, flyby in 2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hera_(space_mission)" title="Hera (space mission)"><i>Hera</i></a><sup>‡</sup> (2024, flyby in 2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></i><sup>‡</sup> (2024, flyby in 2025)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars_orbiters" title="List of Mars orbiters">Orbiters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">2001 Mars Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">Mars Express</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Timeline of Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAVEN" title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="Trace Gas Orbiter">ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_Mars_Mission" title="Emirates Mars Mission"><i>Hope</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-1#Orbiter" title="Tianwen-1"><i>Tianwen-1</i> orbiter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px"><a href="/wiki/Mars_rover" title="Mars rover">Rovers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_2020" title="Timeline of Mars 2020">timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg/100px-2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg/150px-2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg/200px-2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5824" data-file-height="4737" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <br /> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenix_landing_(PIA09943_cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Phoenix_landing_%28PIA09943_cropped%29.jpg/100px-Phoenix_landing_%28PIA09943_cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Phoenix_landing_%28PIA09943_cropped%29.jpg/150px-Phoenix_landing_%28PIA09943_cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Phoenix_landing_%28PIA09943_cropped%29.jpg/200px-Phoenix_landing_%28PIA09943_cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <br /> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MSL_Artist_Concept_(PIA14164_crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/MSL_Artist_Concept_%28PIA14164_crop%29.jpg/100px-MSL_Artist_Concept_%28PIA14164_crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/MSL_Artist_Concept_%28PIA14164_crop%29.jpg/150px-MSL_Artist_Concept_%28PIA14164_crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/MSL_Artist_Concept_%28PIA14164_crop%29.jpg/200px-MSL_Artist_Concept_%28PIA14164_crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:55px">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px"><a href="/wiki/Mars_flyby" title="Mars flyby">Flybys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_1" title="Mars 1">Mars 1</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_4" title="Mariner 4">Mariner 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_2" title="Zond 2">Zond 2</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_6_and_7" title="Mariner 6 and 7">Mariner 6 and 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_6" title="Mars 6">Mars 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_7" title="Mars 7">Mars 7</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a></i><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)">Dawn</a></i><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Cube_One" title="Mars Cube One">Mars Cube One</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Orbiters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2" title="Mars 2">Mars 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_3" title="Mars 3">Mars 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_9" title="Mariner 9">Mariner 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_4" title="Mars 4">Mars 4</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_5" title="Mars 5">Mars 5</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Viking program</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Viking_1" title="Viking 1">Viking 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Viking_2" title="Viking 2">Viking 2</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_program" title="Phobos program">Phobos program</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_1" title="Phobos 1">Phobos 1</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_2" title="Phobos 2">Phobos 2</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Observer" title="Mars Observer">Mars Observer</a></i><sup>†</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor">Mars Global Surveyor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nozomi_(spacecraft)" title="Nozomi (spacecraft)">Nozomi</a></i><sup>†</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter" title="Mars Climate Orbiter">Mars Climate Orbiter</a></i><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission" title="Mars Orbiter Mission"><i>Mangalyaan</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars_landers" title="List of Mars landers">Landers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2" title="Mars 2">Mars 2</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_3" title="Mars 3">Mars 3</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_6" title="Mars 6">Mars 6</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_7" title="Mars 7">Mars 7</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_1" title="Viking 1"><i>Viking 1</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_2" title="Viking 2"><i>Viking 2</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder"><i>Mars Pathfinder</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Polar_Lander" title="Mars Polar Lander">Mars Polar Lander</a><sup>†</sup> / <a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_2" title="Deep Space 2">Deep Space 2</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beagle_2" title="Beagle 2">Beagle 2</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(spacecraft)" title="Phoenix (spacecraft)"><i>Phoenix</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schiaparelli_EDM" title="Schiaparelli EDM">ExoMars <i>Schiaparelli</i></a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight"><i>InSight</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-1" title="Tianwen-1"><i>Tianwen-1</i> lander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Rovers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PrOP-M" title="PrOP-M">PrOP-M</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner (rover)"><i>Sojourner</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><i>Spirit</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Spirit" title="Timeline of Spirit">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><i>Opportunity</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Opportunity" title="Timeline of Opportunity">timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhurong_(rover)" title="Zhurong (rover)"><i>Zhurong</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px"><a href="/wiki/Mars_aircraft" title="Mars aircraft">Aircraft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)"><i>Ingenuity</i> helicopter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ingenuity_flights" title="List of Ingenuity flights">flights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Failedlaunches" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px;background: #ddddff;">Failed<br />launches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_1M_No.1" title="Mars 1M No.1">Mars 1M No.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_1M_No.2" title="Mars 1M No.2">1M No.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2MV-4_No.1" title="Mars 2MV-4 No.1">2MV-4 No.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2MV-3_No.1" title="Mars 2MV-3 No.1">2MV-3 No.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_3" title="Mariner 3">Mariner 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2M_No.521" title="Mars 2M No.521">Mars 2M No.521</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2M_No.522" title="Mars 2M No.522">2M No.522</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_8" title="Mariner 8">Mariner 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_419" title="Kosmos 419">Mars 3MS No.170</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_96" title="Mars 96">Mars 96</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fobos-Grunt" title="Fobos-Grunt">Fobos-Grunt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yinghuo-1" title="Yinghuo-1">Yinghuo-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:55px">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EscaPADE" title="EscaPADE">EscaPADE</a> (2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tera-hertz_Explorer" title="Tera-hertz Explorer">Tera-hertz Explorer (TEREX)</a> (mid 2020s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_Moons_eXploration" title="Martian Moons eXploration">Martian Moons eXploration (MMX)</a> (2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Orbiter Mission 2"><i>Mangalyaan-2</i></a> (2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-3" title="Tianwen-3">Tianwen-3</a> (2028)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_(rover)" title="Rosalind Franklin (rover)">Rosalind Franklin</a></i> (2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MBR_Explorer" title="MBR Explorer">MBR Explorer</a><sup>‡</sup> (2028, flyby in 2031)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA-ESA_Mars_Sample_Return" title="NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return">NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Sample_Recovery_Helicopter" title="Mars Sample Recovery Helicopter">Mars Sample Recovery Helicopters</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kazachok" title="Kazachok">Kazachok</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Aerial_and_Ground_Global_Intelligent_Explorer" title="Mars Aerial and Ground Global Intelligent Explorer">MAGGIE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Mars_program" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX Mars program">SpaceX Mars program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars-Grunt" title="Mars-Grunt">Mars-Grunt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cancelledor_not_developed" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px;background: #ddddff;">Cancelled<br />or not developed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_Regional-scale_Environmental_Survey" title="Aerial Regional-scale Environmental Survey">Aerial Regional-scale Environmental Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology_Field_Laboratory" title="Astrobiology Field Laboratory">Astrobiology Field Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beagle_3" title="Beagle 3">Beagle 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_Oxidant_and_Life_Detection" title="Biological Oxidant and Life Detection">Biological Oxidant and Life Detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deimos_and_Phobos_Interior_Explorer" title="Deimos and Phobos Interior Explorer">DePhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icebreaker_Life" title="Icebreaker Life">Icebreaker Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsokhod" title="Marsokhod">Marsokhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_4NM" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars 4NM">Mars 4NM & 5NM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_5M" title="Mars 5M">Mars 5M (Mars-79)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars-Aster" title="Mars-Aster">Mars-Aster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Astrobiology_Explorer-Cacher" title="Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher">Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher (MAX-C)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Geyser_Hopper" title="Mars Geyser Hopper">Mars Geyser Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Ice_Mapper" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Exploration Ice Mapper">Mars Exploration Ice Mapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_One" title="Mars One">Mars One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Micro_Orbiter" title="Mars Micro Orbiter">Mars Micro Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Surveyor_2001" title="Mars Surveyor 2001">Mars Surveyor Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Telecommunications_Orbiter" title="Mars Telecommunications Orbiter">Mars Telecommunications Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MELOS" title="MELOS">MELOS rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_MetNet" title="Mars MetNet">MetNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetLander" title="NetLander">NetLander</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Light_(spacecraft)" title="Northern Light (spacecraft)">Northern Light</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next_Mars_Orbiter" title="Next Mars Orbiter">Next Mars Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_And_Deimos_%26_Mars_Environment" title="Phobos And Deimos & Mars Environment">PADME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phootprint" title="Phootprint">Phootprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sample_Collection_for_Investigation_of_Mars" title="Sample Collection for Investigation of Mars">Sample Collection for Investigation of Mars (SCIM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky-Sailor" title="Sky-Sailor">Sky-Sailor</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Red_Dragon" title="SpaceX Red Dragon">SpaceX Red Dragon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vesta_(spacecraft)" title="Vesta (spacecraft)">Vesta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program_(Mars)" title="Voyager program (Mars)">Voyager Mars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:55px"><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Mars" title="Exploration of Mars">Exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_flyby" title="Mars flyby">Flyby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars_orbiters" title="List of Mars orbiters">Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_landing" title="Mars landing">Landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_atmospheric_entry" title="Mars atmospheric entry">Atmospheric entry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_rover" title="Mars rover">Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_aircraft" title="Mars aircraft">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_sample-return_mission" title="Mars sample-return mission">Sample return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_mission_to_Mars" title="Human mission to Mars">Human mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_to_Stay" title="Mars to Stay">Permanent settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_Mars" title="Colonization of Mars">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terraforming_of_Mars" title="Terraforming of Mars">Terraforming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Strategies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Scout_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Scout Program">Mars Scout Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Program" title="Mars Exploration Program">Mars Exploration Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Joint_Initiative" title="Mars Exploration Joint Initiative">Mars Exploration Joint Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Next_Generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Next Generation">Mars Next Generation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Advocacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mars_Project" title="The Mars Project">The Mars Project</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Case_for_Mars" title="The Case for Mars">The Case for Mars</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspiration_Mars_Foundation" title="Inspiration Mars Foundation">Inspiration Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Institute" title="Mars Institute">Mars Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Society" title="Mars Society">Mars Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_race" title="Mars race">Mars race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Missions are ordered by launch date. Sign <sup>†</sup> indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned. <sup>‡</sup> indicates use of the planet as a <a href="/wiki/Gravity_assist" title="Gravity assist">gravity assist</a> en route to another destination.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q233708#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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