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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Devadasis,_anti-dance_movement,_colonial_ban,_and_the_decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Devadasis,_anti-dance_movement,_colonial_ban,_and_the_decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Devadasis, anti-dance movement, colonial ban, and the decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Devadasis,_anti-dance_movement,_colonial_ban,_and_the_decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-colonial_revival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-colonial_revival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Post-colonial revival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-colonial_revival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Elements</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Elements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Elements subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arangetram" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arangetram"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Arangetram</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arangetram-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sequence_of_dances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sequence_of_dances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Sequence of dances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sequence_of_dances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Costume_and_attire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Costume_and_attire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Costume and attire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Costume_and_attire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Symbolism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_revival:_schools_and_training_centers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_revival:_schools_and_training_centers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Modern revival: schools and training centers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_revival:_schools_and_training_centers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In cinema</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Bharatanatyam</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85" title="بهاراتاتيام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بهاراتاتيام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AE" title="ভাৰতনাট্যম – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ভাৰতনাট্যম" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatnatyam" title="Bharatnatyam – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bharatnatyam" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AE" title="ভরতনাট্যম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভরতনাট্যম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="भरतनाट्यम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="भरतनाट्यम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%BC" title="Бхаратанатям – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бхаратанатям" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bharatanatyam" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bharatanatyam" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bharatanatyam" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bharatanatyam" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85" title="بهاراتاناتیام – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بهاراتاناتیام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharata_natyam" title="Bharata natyam – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bharata natyam" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%AE" title="ભરતનાટ્યમ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ભરતનાટ્યમ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Bharatanatyam" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="भरतनाट्यम् – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भरतनाट्यम्" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bharatanatyam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bharatanatyam" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF" title="ಭರತನಾಟ್ಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಭರತನಾಟ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ბჰარატნატიამი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბჰარატნატიამი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="भरतनाट्यम् – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="भरतनाट्यम्" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ഭരതനാട്യം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഭരതനാട്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="भरतनाट्यम् – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="भरतनाट्यम्" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85" title="بهاراتناتام – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بهاراتناتام" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85" title="بهاراتاناتیام – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بهاراتاناتیام" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharathanatayam" title="Bharathanatayam – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bharathanatayam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharata_natyam" title="Bharata natyam – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bharata natyam" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="भरतनाट्यम् – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="भरतनाट्यम्" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="भरतनाट्यम् – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="भरतनाट्यम्" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%A9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%8A%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%A4%E3%83%A0" title="バラタナティヤム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バラタナティヤム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bharatanatyam" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%AE" title="ଭରତନାଟ୍ୟମ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଭରତନାଟ୍ୟମ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bharatanatyam" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE" title="ਭਰਤਨਾਟਿਅਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਭਰਤਨਾਟਿਅਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DA%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%B9%DB%8C%D8%A6%D9%85" title="بھرتناٹیئم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بھرتناٹیئم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%88%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8A%E1%9E%99%E1%9F%90%E1%9E%98" title="ភារតៈនាដយ័ម – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភារតៈនាដយ័ម" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatanatjam" title="Bharatanatjam – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bharatanatjam" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bharatanatyam" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bharatanatyam" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC" title="Бхаратнатьям – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бхаратнатьям" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="भरतनाट्यम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="भरतनाट्यम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9B_%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A2" title="ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱱᱟᱴᱭᱚᱢ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱱᱟᱴᱭᱚᱢ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B7%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A" title="භරතනාට්‍යම් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="භරතනාට්‍යම්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharata_Natyam" title="Bharata Natyam – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bharata Natyam" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Баратнатјам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Баратнатјам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharata_natyam" title="Bharata natyam – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bharata natyam" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharata_natyam" title="Bharata natyam – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bharata natyam" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharata_natyam" title="Bharata natyam – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bharata natyam" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பரதநாட்டியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பரதநாட்டியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="భరతనాట్యం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="భరతనాట్యం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bharatanatyam" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC" title="Бхаратанатьям – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бхаратанатьям" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DA%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%85" title="بھرت ناٹیم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بھرت ناٹیم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharata_Natyam" title="Bharata Natyam – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bharata Natyam" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A9%86%E7%BE%85%E5%A4%9A%E8%88%9E" title="婆羅多舞 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="婆羅多舞" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Major form of Indian classical dance</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid 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.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary"><i>Bharatanatyam</i></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Murugashankari_Leo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Murugashankari_Leo.jpg/220px-Murugashankari_Leo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Murugashankari_Leo.jpg/330px-Murugashankari_Leo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Murugashankari_Leo.jpg/440px-Murugashankari_Leo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="782" data-file-height="1154" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Native name</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nickname">பரதநாட்டியம் (Tamil)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Etymology</th><td class="infobox-data">Portmanteau of the Tamil words <i>bhavam</i> (expression), <i><a href="/wiki/Raga" title="Raga">ragam</a></i> (melody), <i><a href="/wiki/Tala_(music)" title="Tala (music)">thalam</a></i> (rhythm), and <i>natyam</i> (dance)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Indian classical dance</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Origin</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, India</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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chronology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sampradaya" title="Sampradaya">Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Major Sampradaya (Traditions)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijña</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><i><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Other Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></i></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Absolute Reality / Unifying Force</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other major <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devis</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Vedic Deities:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tridasha">Tridasha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adityas" title="Adityas">Adityas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudras" title="Rudras">Rudras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasus">Vasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvins" title="Ashvins">Ashvins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigvedic_deities" title="Rigvedic deities">Other Vedic Deities</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Post-Vedic:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navadurga" title="Navadurga">Navadurga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishvakarma" title="Vishvakarma">Vishvakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Concepts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Worldview</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_cosmology" title="Hindu cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ontology</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tattva" title="Tattva">Tattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanmatras" title="Tanmatras">Subtle elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchikarana" title="Panchikarana">Panchikarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancha_Bhuta" title="Pancha Bhuta">Gross elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">Guṇas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">Prakṛti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Para_Brahman" title="Para Brahman">Supreme reality</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nirguna_brahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirguna brahman">Nirguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saguna_brahman" title="Saguna brahman">Saguna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saccid%C4%81nanda" title="Saccidānanda">Saccidānanda</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">God</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">God in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_and_gender_in_Hinduism" title="God and gender in Hinduism">God and gender</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārtha (Meaning of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80%C5%9Brama_(stage)" title="Āśrama (stage)">Āśrama (Stages of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%E1%B9%9Bhastha" title="Gṛhastha">Gṛhastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81naprastha" title="Vānaprastha">Vānaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Three_Yogas" title="Three Yogas">Three paths to liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Mokṣa-related topics:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramatman" title="Paramatman">Paramātman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Mind</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman (self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81tman_(Hinduism)" title="Anātman (Hinduism)">Anātman (non-self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_bodies_doctrine" title="Three bodies doctrine">Sūkṣma śarīra (subtle body)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antahkarana" title="Antahkarana">Antaḥkaraṇa (mental organs)</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Hinduism)" title="Prajñā (Hinduism)">Prajña (wisdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda_(Hindu_philosophy)" title="Ānanda (Hindu philosophy)">Ānanda (happiness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viveka" title="Viveka">Viveka (discernment)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairagya" title="Vairagya">Vairagya (dispassion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatva" title="Samatva">Sama (equanimity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Dama (temperance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uparati" title="Uparati">Uparati (self-settledness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titiksha" title="Titiksha">Titiksha (forbearance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Hinduism" title="Faith in Hinduism">Shraddha (faith)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samadhana (concentration)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arishadvargas" title="Arishadvargas">Arishadvargas (six enemies)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahamkara" title="Ahamkara">Ahamkara (attachment)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ethics</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti śastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Achourya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjava" title="Arjava">Arjava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santosha" title="Santosha">Santosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaucha" title="Shaucha">Shaucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources of dharma</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Epistemology</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratyaksha" title="Pratyaksha">Pratyakṣa (perception)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anumāṇa" title="Pramana">Anumāṇa (inference)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upam%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" class="mw-redirect" title="Upamāṇa">Upamāṇa (comparison, analogy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Arthāpatti" title="Pramana">Arthāpatti (postulation, presumption)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anupalabdi" title="Pramana">Anupalabdi (non-perception, negation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabda" title="Shabda">Śabda (word, testimony)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a>, sacrifice, and charity</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arti_(Hinduism)" title="Arti (Hinduism)">Ārtī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_Hinduism" title="Prayer in Hinduism">Prarthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kīrtana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarpana" title="Tarpana">Tarpana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C4%81ya%C5%9Bcitta" title="Prāyaścitta">Prāyaścitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Hinduism)" title="Tirtha (Hinduism)">Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatra" title="Yatra">Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthadana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matha" title="Matha">Matha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Nritta-Nritya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sev%C4%81" title="Sevā">Sevā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Meditation</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Dhyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samādhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nididhy%C4%81sana" title="Nididhyāsana">Nididhyāsana</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadhu" title="Sadhu">Sadhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogini" title="Yogini">Yogini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81" title="Sādhanā">Sādhanā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81ja_yoga" title="Rāja yoga">Rāja yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundalini_yoga" title="Kundalini yoga">Kundalini yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Arts</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bharatanatyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathak" title="Kathak">Kathak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuchipudi" title="Kuchipudi">Kuchipudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_dance" title="Manipuri dance">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohiniyattam" title="Mohiniyattam">Mohiniyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi">Odissi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattriya" title="Sattriya">Sattriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Mela" title="Bhagavata Mela">Bhagavata Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakshagana" title="Yakshagana">Yakshagana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandiya_Raas" title="Dandiya Raas">Dandiya Raas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandav_Lila" title="Pandav Lila">Pandav Lila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalaripayattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silambam" title="Silambam">Silambam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adimurai" title="Adimurai">Adimurai</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Samskara_(rite_of_passage)" title="Samskara (rite of passage)">Rites of passage</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Pumsavana Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simantonnayana" title="Simantonnayana">Simantonnayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Nāmakaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyāraṃbhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_wedding" title="Hindu wedding">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyesti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami-Dussehra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophical schools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Astika" class="mw-redirect" title="Astika">Six Astika schools</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Achintya Bheda Abheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Svabhavika_Bhedabheda" title="Svabhavika Bhedabheda">Svabhavika Bhedabheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other schools</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Gurus, Rishi, Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">Ancient</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saptarshi" title="Saptarshi">Saptarshi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vashistha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vashistha">Vashistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashyapa" title="Kashyapa">Kashyapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atri" title="Atri">Atri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamadagni" title="Jamadagni">Jamadagni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyaya Sutras">Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishvamitra" title="Vishvamitra">Vishvamitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharadwaja" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharadwaja">Bharadwaja</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agastya" title="Agastya">Agastya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiras" title="Angiras">Angiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruni">Aruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtavakra" title="Ashtavakra">Ashtavakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanada_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanada (philosopher)">Kanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashastapada" title="Prashastapada">Prashastapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raikva" title="Raikva">Raikva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyakama_Jabala" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyakama Jabala">Satyakama Jabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yajnavalkya</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akka_Mahadevi" title="Akka Mahadevi">Akka Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allama_Prabhu" title="Allama Prabhu">Allama Prabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basava" title="Basava">Basava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramdas_Kathiababa" title="Ramdas Kathiababa">Ramdas Kathiababa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changdev" class="mw-redirect" title="Changdev">Chāngadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eknath" title="Eknath">Eknath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangesha_Upadhyaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangesha Upadhyaya">Gangesha Upadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorakshanath" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorakshanath">Gorakshanatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridasa_Thakur" title="Haridasa Thakur">Haridasa Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hith_Harivansh_Mahaprabhu" title="Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu">Harivansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannatha_Dasa_(Odia_poet)" title="Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet)">Jagannatha Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayanta_Bhatta" title="Jayanta Bhatta">Jayanta Bhatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatirtha" title="Jayatirtha">Jayatīrtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jiva Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B1%C4%81ne%C5%9Bvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jñāneśvar">Jñāneśvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaka_Dasa" title="Kanaka Dasa">Kanaka Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhus%C5%ABdana_Sarasvat%C4%AB" title="Madhusūdana Sarasvatī">Madhusūdana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsyendranath" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsyendranath">Matsyendranatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morya_Gosavi" title="Morya Gosavi">Morya Gosavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukundraj" title="Mukundraj">Mukundarāja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narahari_Tirtha" title="Narahari Tirtha">Narahari Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha_Saraswati" title="Narasimha Saraswati">Narasimha Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayanars" title="Nayanars">Nayanars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarkacharya" title="Nimbarkacharya">Nimbarkacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabh%C4%81kara" title="Prabhākara">Prabhākara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghavendra_Swami" class="mw-redirect" title="Raghavendra Swami">Raghavendra Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunatha_Siromani" title="Raghunatha Siromani">Raghunatha Siromani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghuttama_Tirtha" title="Raghuttama Tirtha">Raghuttama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Charan_(guru)" title="Ram Charan (guru)">Ram Charan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidas" title="Ravidas">Ravidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupa_Goswami" title="Rupa Goswami">Rupa Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarth_Ramdas" title="Samarth Ramdas">Samarth Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyanatha_Tirtha" title="Satyanatha Tirtha">Satyanatha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddheshwar" title="Siddheshwar">Siddheshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripada_Srivallabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sripada Srivallabha">Sripada Srivallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripadaraja" title="Sripadaraja">Sripadaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surdas" title="Surdas">Surdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Sastri" title="Syama Sastri">Śyāma Śastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyagaraja" title="Tyagaraja">Tyagaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81caspati_Mi%C5%9Bra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vācaspati Miśra">Vācaspati Miśra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadiraja_Tirtha" title="Vadiraja Tirtha">Vadiraja Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyaranya" title="Vidyaranya">Vidyaranya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasaraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyasaraja">Vyasaraja</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Modern</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktisiddhanta_Sarasvati" title="Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati">Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktivinoda_Thakur" title="Bhaktivinoda Thakur">Bhaktivinoda Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrashekarendra_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandrashekarendra Saraswati">Chandrashekarendra Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmayananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinmayananda">Chinmayananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaggi Vasudev">Jaggi Vasudev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnananda_Saraswati" title="Krishnananda Saraswati">Krishnananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavatar_Babaji" title="Mahavatar Babaji">Mahavatar Babaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Mahesh Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigamananda_Paramahansa" title="Nigamananda Paramahansa">Nigamananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisargadatta_Maharaj" title="Nisargadatta Maharaj">Nisargadatta Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">Prabhupada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramachandra_Dattatrya_Ranade" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade">R. D. Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Rama_Tirtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Rama Tirtha">Rama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_(spiritual_leader)" title="Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)">Ravi Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Ramdas" title="Swami Ramdas">Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Samarth" title="Swami Samarth">Samarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba" title="Sathya Sai Baba">Sathya Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sai_Baba_of_Shirdi" title="Sai Baba of Shirdi">Shirdi Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Shraddhanand" title="Swami Shraddhanand">Shraddhanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadhyana_Tirtha" title="Satyadhyana Tirtha">Satyadhyana Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddharameshwar_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddharameshwar Maharaj">Siddharameshwar Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivananda_Saraswati" title="Sivananda Saraswati">Sivananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailanga" title="Trailanga">Trailanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U._G._Krishnamurti" title="U. G. Krishnamurti">U. G. Krishnamurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upasni_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Upasni Maharaj">Upasni Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vethathiri_Maharishi" title="Vethathiri Maharishi">Vethathiri Maharishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Yogananda</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources and classification of scripture</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80c%C4%81ra" title="Ācāra">Ācāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmatusti" title="Atmatusti">Ātmatuṣṭi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hindu_texts" title="Timeline of Hindu texts">Timeline of Hindu texts</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Divisions</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhitapatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Samhitapatha">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Rigveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Yajurveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitri</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Samaveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Atharvaveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedangas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedangas">Vedangas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_metre" title="Vedic metre">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hindu scriptures">Other scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)"><i>Agama</i>s (Hinduism)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vāmana Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmanda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahma Vaivarta Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kūrma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya Purana</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas#Upaveda" title="Vedas">Upavedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhanurveda" title="Dhanurveda">Dhanurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gandharvaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandharvaveda">Gandharvaveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sthapatyaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Sthapatyaveda">Sthapatyaveda</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">samhitas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharma Shastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Artha Śastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra">Kama Sutra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samkhya_Pravachana_Sutra" title="Samkhya Pravachana Sutra">Samkhya Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charaka_Samhita" title="Charaka Samhita">Charaka Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Swarodaya" title="Shiva Swarodaya">Swara yoga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_suktas_and_stutis" title="List of suktas and stutis">stutis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhashya" title="Bhashya">Bhashya</a> </div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kanakadhara_Stotra" title="Kanakadhara Stotra">Kanakadhara Stotra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Stuti" title="Shiva Stuti">Shiva Stuti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Stuti" title="Vayu Stuti">Vayu Stuti</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil literature</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tiruppukal" title="Tiruppukal">Tiruppukal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kural" title="Kural">Kural</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam/Ramavataram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abirami_Antati" title="Abirami Antati">Abirami Antati</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed; border-bottom:1px dotted"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other texts</a></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Hindu Culture & Society</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Society</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81ti" title="Jāti">Jāti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotra" title="Gotra">Gotra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Art</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Hindu art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Hindu iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa (aesthetics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_aesthetics" title="Indian aesthetics">Indian aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yantra" title="Yantra">Yantra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Architecture</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_architecture" title="Hindu architecture">Hindu architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Hindu temple architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastu_shastra" title="Vastu shastra">Vastu shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talamana" title="Talamana">Talamana</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Music</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_music" title="Hindu music">Hindu music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shruti_(music)" title="Shruti (music)">Shruti (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svara" title="Svara">Svara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alank%C4%81ra" title="Alankāra">Alankāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tala_(music)" title="Tala (music)">Tala (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raga" title="Raga">Raga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa (aesthetics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangita" title="Sangita">Sangita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadya" title="Vadya">Vadya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Food & Diet Customs</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Hinduism" title="Diet in Hinduism">Diet in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattvic_diet" title="Sattvic diet">Sattvic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhatka" title="Jhatka">Jhatka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Time Keeping Practices</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu units of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchangam" title="Panchangam">Panchangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaka_era" title="Shaka era">Shaka era</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Pilgrimage</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other society-related topics:</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_organisations" title="List of Hindu organisations">Organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Reform movements</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Other topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Greater India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Shaktism" title="Caribbean Shaktism">Caribbean Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template:Hindu scriptures and texts">Template:Hindu scriptures and texts</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hinduism & Other Religions</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Jainism" title="Hinduism and Jainism">Hinduism and Jainism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">and Buddhism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">and Sikhism</a> / <a 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Shaktism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hinduism" title="Outline of Hinduism">Outline</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/16px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/23px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/31px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Hinduism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hinduism" title="Template:Hinduism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hinduism" title="Template talk:Hinduism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hinduism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hinduism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Bharatanatyam</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>: <span lang="ta">பரதநாட்டியம்</span>) is an <a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Indian classical dance</a> form that originated in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a classical dance form recognized by the <a href="/wiki/Sangeet_Natak_Akademi" title="Sangeet Natak Akademi">Sangeet Natak Akademi</a>, and expresses South Indian religious themes and spiritual ideas of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-britannicabn_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannicabn-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schechner65_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schechner65-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A description of precursors of <i>Bharatanatyam</i> from the <a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a> dated around (500 BCE)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENatalia_Lidova1994111–113_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENatalia_Lidova1994111–113-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichmondSwannZarrilli199330_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichmondSwannZarrilli199330-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the ancient Tamil epic <i><a href="/wiki/Silappatikaram" class="mw-redirect" title="Silappatikaram">Silappatikaram</a></i> dated around (171 CE),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDikshitar193911–18_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDikshitar193911–18-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanielou1965ix_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielou1965ix-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while temple sculptures of the 6th to 9th century CE suggest dance was a refined performance art by the mid-1st millennium CE.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p103_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lochtefeld2002p103-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sadiraattam, which was renamed Bharatanatyam in 1932, is the oldest classical dance tradition in India.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bharatanatyam is the state dance form of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>. </p><p><i>Bharatanatyam</i> contains different types of <i>bani</i>. <i>Bani</i>, or "tradition", is a term used to describe the dance technique and style specific to a guru or school, often named for the village of the guru. <i>Bharatanatyam</i> style is noted for its fixed upper torso, bent legs, and flexed knees (<i>Aramandi</i>) combined with footwork, and a vocabulary of <a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">sign language</a> based on gestures of hands, eyes, and face muscles.<sup id="cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p103_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lochtefeld2002p103-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dance is accompanied by music and a singer, and typically the dancer's <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">guru</a> is present as the <i>nattuvanar</i> or director-conductor of the performance and art. The performance repertoire of Bharatanatyam, like other classical dances, includes <i>nrita</i> (pure dance), <i><a href="/wiki/Nritya" title="Nritya">nritya</a></i> (Conveys a meaning to the audience through hand gestures) and <i><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">natya</a></i> (Consists of the elements of drama).<sup id="cite_ref-Claus2003p136_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Claus2003p136-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kjayakrishnan25_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kjayakrishnan25-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A program of bharatanatyam usually lasts two hours without interruption and includes a specific list of procedures, all performed by one dancer, who does not leave the stage or change costume. The accompanying orchestra—composed of drums, drone, and singer—occupies the back of the stage, led by the guru, or the teacher, of the dancer. </p><p>Sadiraattam remained exclusive to Hindu temples through the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p103_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lochtefeld2002p103-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was banned by the colonial British government in 1910,<sup id="cite_ref-pallabinilan30_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pallabinilan30-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the Indian community protested against the ban and expanded its performance outside temples in the 20th century as Bharatanatyam.<sup id="cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p103_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lochtefeld2002p103-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pallabinilan30_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pallabinilan30-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern stage productions of Bharatanatyam have become popular throughout India and include performances that are purely dance-based on non-religious ideas and fusion themes.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p103_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lochtefeld2002p103-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_Quartet" title="Thanjavur Quartet">Thanjavur Quartet</a> developed the basic structure of modern Bharatanatyam by formalizing it.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bharatanatyam&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1932, <a href="/wiki/E._Krishna_Iyer" title="E. Krishna Iyer">E Krishna Iyer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rukmini_Devi_Arundale" title="Rukmini Devi Arundale">Rukmini Devi Arundale</a> put forward a proposal to <a href="/wiki/Retronym" title="Retronym">rename</a> <i>Sadiraattam</i> (<a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>: <span lang="ta">சதிராட்டம்</span>), also known as <i>Parathaiyar Aattam or Thevarattam</i>, as <i>Bharatanatyam</i>, to give the dance form a measure of respect, at a meeting of the Madras Music Academy.<sup id="cite_ref-amandp120_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amandp120-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also were instrumental in modifying mainly the <a href="/wiki/Pandanallur_style" title="Pandanallur style">Pandanallur style</a> of dance. The word <i>Bharatam</i> is also seen as a <a href="/wiki/Backronym" title="Backronym">backronym</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p103_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lochtefeld2002p103-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with <i>bha</i> standing for <i><a href="/wiki/Bhavam" title="Bhavam">bhavam</a></i> (feelings, emotions), <i>ra</i> for <i><a href="/wiki/Ragam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ragam">ragam</a></i> (melody, framework for musical notes), and <i>tam</i> for <i>talam</i> (rhythm).<sup id="cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p103_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lochtefeld2002p103-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Arunkumar1989xxi_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arunkumar1989xxi-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McCutchen2006p450_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCutchen2006p450-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>Natyam</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> word for "dance". The compound word <i>Bharatanatyam</i> is seen to connote a dance that harmoniously expresses <i>bhavam</i>, <i>ragam</i> and <i>talam</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Arunkumar1989xxi_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arunkumar1989xxi-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bharatanatyam&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thanjavur,_Brihadishwara_Temple,_dance_(6851706080).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Thanjavur%2C_Brihadishwara_Temple%2C_dance_%286851706080%29.jpg/260px-Thanjavur%2C_Brihadishwara_Temple%2C_dance_%286851706080%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Thanjavur%2C_Brihadishwara_Temple%2C_dance_%286851706080%29.jpg/390px-Thanjavur%2C_Brihadishwara_Temple%2C_dance_%286851706080%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Thanjavur%2C_Brihadishwara_Temple%2C_dance_%286851706080%29.jpg/520px-Thanjavur%2C_Brihadishwara_Temple%2C_dance_%286851706080%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Dancers at Thanjavur, <a href="/wiki/Brihadeeswarar_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Brihadeeswarar Temple">Brihadeshwara temple</a> dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>. The temple has been a center for dance since about 1000 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tanjore_sadir_temple_dancer_Gnyana_seated_-_L%E2%80%99Ancien_musee_des_colonies,_Fedor_Jagor,_ca._1850.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Tanjore_sadir_temple_dancer_Gnyana_seated_-_L%E2%80%99Ancien_musee_des_colonies%2C_Fedor_Jagor%2C_ca._1850.jpg/220px-Tanjore_sadir_temple_dancer_Gnyana_seated_-_L%E2%80%99Ancien_musee_des_colonies%2C_Fedor_Jagor%2C_ca._1850.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Tanjore_sadir_temple_dancer_Gnyana_seated_-_L%E2%80%99Ancien_musee_des_colonies%2C_Fedor_Jagor%2C_ca._1850.jpg/330px-Tanjore_sadir_temple_dancer_Gnyana_seated_-_L%E2%80%99Ancien_musee_des_colonies%2C_Fedor_Jagor%2C_ca._1850.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Tanjore_sadir_temple_dancer_Gnyana_seated_-_L%E2%80%99Ancien_musee_des_colonies%2C_Fedor_Jagor%2C_ca._1850.jpg/440px-Tanjore_sadir_temple_dancer_Gnyana_seated_-_L%E2%80%99Ancien_musee_des_colonies%2C_Fedor_Jagor%2C_ca._1850.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1121" /></a><figcaption>Notable <i>Sadir</i> dancer <i>Gnyana of Tanjore</i>, 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The theoretical foundations of dance Bharatanatyam are found first in <i><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></i>, a Sanskrit text of performance arts and later in a Tamil text called Kootha nool taken from Tholkappiyam (250 BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Natya Shastra</i> is attributed to the ancient scholar <a href="/wiki/Bharata_Muni" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharata Muni">Bharata Muni</a>, and its first complete compilation is dated to between 500 BCE and 200 CE,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENatalia_Lidova2014_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENatalia_Lidova2014-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarla_Mehta1995xxiv,_19–20_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarla_Mehta1995xxiv,_19–20-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but estimates vary between 500 BCE and 500 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace_Dace1963249_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace_Dace1963249-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Richmond et al. estimate the <i>Natasutras</i> to have been composed around 600 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichmondSwannZarrilli199330_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichmondSwannZarrilli199330-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most studied version of the <i>Natya Shastra</i> text consists of about 6000 verses structured into 36 chapters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENatalia_Lidova2014_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENatalia_Lidova2014-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmmie_Te_Nijenhuis19741–25_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmmie_Te_Nijenhuis19741–25-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text, states Natalia Lidova, describes the theory of <i>Tāṇḍava</i> dance (<a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>), the theory of <i>rasa</i>, of <i>bhāva</i>, expression, gestures, acting techniques, basic steps, standing postures—all of which are part of Indian classical dances.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENatalia_Lidova2014_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENatalia_Lidova2014-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapila_Vatsyayan2001_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapila_Vatsyayan2001-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dance and performance arts, states this text,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are a form of expression of spiritual ideas, virtues and the essence of scriptures.<sup id="cite_ref-mog17_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mog17-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historical references to dance are found in the Tamil epics <i><a href="/wiki/Silappatikaram" class="mw-redirect" title="Silappatikaram">Silappatikaram</a></i> (c. 2nd century CE<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERagini_Devi199047_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERagini_Devi199047-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and <i>Manimegalai</i> (c. 6th century).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p103_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lochtefeld2002p103-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ancient text <i>Silappatikaram</i>, includes a story of a dancing girl named Madhavi; it describes the dance training regimen called <i>Arangatrau Kathai</i> of Madhavi in verses 113 through 159.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERagini_Devi199047_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERagini_Devi199047-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The carvings in Kanchipuram's Shiva temple that have been dated to 6th to 9th century CE suggest dance was a well-developed performance art by about the mid 1st millennium CE.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p103_11-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lochtefeld2002p103-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kilger1993_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kilger1993-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:323px;max-width:323px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_troglodytique_d%C3%A9di%C3%A9_%C3%A0_Shiva_(Badami,_Inde)_(14146091479).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Temple_troglodytique_d%C3%A9di%C3%A9_%C3%A0_Shiva_%28Badami%2C_Inde%29_%2814146091479%29.jpg/160px-Temple_troglodytique_d%C3%A9di%C3%A9_%C3%A0_Shiva_%28Badami%2C_Inde%29_%2814146091479%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Temple_troglodytique_d%C3%A9di%C3%A9_%C3%A0_Shiva_%28Badami%2C_Inde%29_%2814146091479%29.jpg/240px-Temple_troglodytique_d%C3%A9di%C3%A9_%C3%A0_Shiva_%28Badami%2C_Inde%29_%2814146091479%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Temple_troglodytique_d%C3%A9di%C3%A9_%C3%A0_Shiva_%28Badami%2C_Inde%29_%2814146091479%29.jpg/320px-Temple_troglodytique_d%C3%A9di%C3%A9_%C3%A0_Shiva_%28Badami%2C_Inde%29_%2814146091479%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="844" data-file-height="1181" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A 7th century Shiva in <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:157px;max-width:157px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bharathanaatyam_at_Kerala_school_kalolsavam_2019_8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bharathanaatyam_at_Kerala_school_kalolsavam_2019_8.jpg/155px-Bharathanaatyam_at_Kerala_school_kalolsavam_2019_8.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bharathanaatyam_at_Kerala_school_kalolsavam_2019_8.jpg/233px-Bharathanaatyam_at_Kerala_school_kalolsavam_2019_8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bharathanaatyam_at_Kerala_school_kalolsavam_2019_8.jpg/310px-Bharathanaatyam_at_Kerala_school_kalolsavam_2019_8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2298" data-file-height="3330" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A Bharatanatyam pose</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Dance helped inspire musicians, poets, painters, singers, and sculptors in Indian history.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p>A famous example of illustrative sculpture is in the southern gateway of the Chidambaram temple (≈12th century) dedicated to the Hindu god <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>, where 108 poses, described as <a href="/wiki/Karana_(dance)" title="Karana (dance)">karanas</a> in the <i>Natya Shastra</i>, are carved in stone.<sup id="cite_ref-JonesRyan2006p107_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JonesRyan2006p107-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bharatanatyam shares the dance poses of many ancient Shiva sculptures in Hindu temples. The Cave 1 of the <a href="/wiki/Badami_cave_temples" title="Badami cave temples">Badami cave temples</a> of <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, dated back to the 7th century portrays the <i><a href="/wiki/Tandava" title="Tandava">Tandava</a></i> dancing Shiva as <a href="/wiki/Nataraja" title="Nataraja">Nataraja</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichell201437–38_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichell201437–38-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFergusson1880414_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFergusson1880414-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aliceboner_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aliceboner-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The image, 5 feet (1.5 m) tall, has 18 arms in a form that expresses the dance positions arranged in a geometric pattern.<sup id="cite_ref-aliceboner_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aliceboner-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The arms of Shiva express <a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra"><i>mudras</i></a> (symbolic hand gestures),<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that are used in Bharatanatyam.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early 12th century ancient Sanskrit text <a href="/wiki/Manasollasa" title="Manasollasa">Manasollasa</a> discusses about the dancing movements like <a href="/wiki/Natya" class="mw-redirect" title="Natya">Natya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tandava" title="Tandava">Tandava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lasya" title="Lasya">Lasya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laghu" class="mw-redirect" title="Laghu">Laghu</a>, Visama and Vikata, This discussion is similar to that found in <a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Devadasis,_anti-dance_movement,_colonial_ban,_and_the_decline"><span id="Devadasis.2C_anti-dance_movement.2C_colonial_ban.2C_and_the_decline"></span>Devadasis, anti-dance movement, colonial ban, and the decline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bharatanatyam&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Devadasis, anti-dance movement, colonial ban, and the decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some colonial <a href="/wiki/Indologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Indologist">Indologists</a> and modern authors have argued that Bharatanatyam is a descendant of an ancient <i><a href="/wiki/Devadasi" title="Devadasi">Devadasi</a></i> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">servant girls of Devas</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) culture, suggesting a historical origin back to between 300 BCE and 300 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-soneji30_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soneji30-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern scholars have questioned this theory for lack of any direct textual or archeological evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-amritsri73_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amritsri73-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-leslieorr8_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leslieorr8-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historic sculptures and texts do describe and project dancing girls, as well as temple quarters dedicated to women, but they do not state them to be courtesans and prostitutes as alleged by early colonial Indologists.<sup id="cite_ref-soneji30_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soneji30-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Davesh Soneji, a critical examination of evidence suggests that courtesan dancing is a phenomenon of the modern era, beginning in the late 16th or the 17th century of the <a href="/wiki/Madurai_Nayak_dynasty" title="Madurai Nayak dynasty">Nayaka period</a> of Tamil Nadu.<sup id="cite_ref-soneji30_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soneji30-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to James Lochtefeld, classical dance remained exclusive to Hindu temples through the 19th century, only in the 20th century appearing on stage outside the temples.<sup id="cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p103_11-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lochtefeld2002p103-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, the <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_Maratha_kingdom" title="Thanjavur Maratha kingdom">Thanjavur Maratha kingdom</a> patronized classical dance.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rukmini_Devi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Rukmini_Devi.jpg/170px-Rukmini_Devi.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Rukmini_Devi.jpg/255px-Rukmini_Devi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Rukmini_Devi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="257" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rukmini_Devi_Arundale" title="Rukmini Devi Arundale">Rukmini Devi Arundale</a>, pictured in 1940, proposed Bharatanatyam after Hindu temple dancing was banned by the British colonial government in 1910.</figcaption></figure> <p>With the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> in the 18th century, and British colonial rule in the 19th, classical Indian dance forms were ridiculed and discouraged, and these performance arts declined.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christian missionaries and British officials presented "<a href="/wiki/Nautch_girl" class="mw-redirect" title="Nautch girl">nautch girls</a>" of north India (<a href="/wiki/Kathak" title="Kathak">Kathak</a>) and "devadasis" of south India (Bharatanatyam) as evidence of "harlots, debased erotic culture, slavery to idols and priests" tradition, and Christian missionaries demanded that this must be stopped, launching the "anti-dance movement" in 1892.<sup id="cite_ref-marysnodgrass166_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marysnodgrass166-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ghuman2014p97_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghuman2014p97-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Walker2016p94_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker2016p94-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The anti-dance camp accused the dance form as a front for prostitution, while revivalists questioned the constructed colonial histories.<sup id="cite_ref-amritsri73_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amritsri73-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-leslieorr8_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leslieorr8-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1910, the <a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras Presidency</a> of the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Empire</a> banned temple dancing, and with it the classical dance tradition in Hindu temples.<sup id="cite_ref-pallabinilan30_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pallabinilan30-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The banning of temple dancing stemmed from the 1892 anti-dance movement and new, liberal colonial perspectives. What the English imagined nineteenth-century modernity to be did not include what they regarded Bharatanatyam to be, which they regarded as indecent.<sup id="cite_ref-Meduri_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meduri-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coming from a deep orientalist perspective, the morality of people who performed Bharatanatyam was called into question.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accusations of prostitution were thrown around. Some women from traditionally performing communities were used as a way to showcase obscenity.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New reforms disregarded local issues like production of the arts for the sake of liberalism and felt able to impose disruptive reforms that reshaped lives at all levels and subjected people to new standards. Colonial reforms were largely unsympathetic to local traditions, and dismissive of the industry surrounding producing art.<sup id="cite_ref-Meduri_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meduri-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The adoption of Anglo-Indian laws that imposed certain restrictions and regulations on certain expressions of sexuality, and more so regulations on bodies and sex in general, which in turn affected traditional dance practices.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Temple dancing became caught in a web of multiple political agendas, hoping to bend this burgeoning morality issue to suit their cause.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colonial denunciations of the practice of temple dancing were caught up in liberal ideals of bringing modernity to India, where modernity was tied to Anglo-Protestant moral ideas about how bodies are viewed and how sexuality was presented.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-colonial_revival">Post-colonial revival</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bharatanatyam&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Post-colonial revival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1910 ban triggered protests against the stereotyping and dehumanization of temple dancers.<sup id="cite_ref-pallabinilan30_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pallabinilan30-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tamil people were concerned that a historic and rich dance tradition was being victimized under the excuse of social reform.<sup id="cite_ref-pallabinilan30_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pallabinilan30-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapila_Vatsyayan197423_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapila_Vatsyayan197423-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Classical art revivalists such as <a href="/wiki/E._Krishna_Iyer" title="E. Krishna Iyer">E. Krishna Iyer</a>, a lawyer who had learned from traditional practitioners of Sadir, questioned the cultural discrimination and the assumed connection, asking why prostitution needs years of training for performance arts, and how killing performance arts could end any evils in society.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iyer was arrested and sentenced to prison on charges of nationalism, who while serving out his prison term persuaded his fellow political prisoners to support Bharatanatyam.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the British colonial government enforced laws to suppress Hindu temple dances, some from the West, such as the American dancer Esther Sherman moved to India in 1930, learned Indian classical dances, changed her name to <a href="/wiki/Ragini_Devi" title="Ragini Devi">Ragini Devi</a>, and joined the movement to revive Bharatanatyam and other ancient dance arts.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Indian independence movement in the early 20th century, already in progress, became a period of cultural foment and initiated an effort by its people to reclaim their culture and rediscover history.<sup id="cite_ref-marysnodgrass166_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marysnodgrass166-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this period of cultural and political turmoil, Bharatanatyam was revived as a mainstream dance outside of Hindu temples by artists such as <a href="/wiki/Rukmini_Devi_Arundale" title="Rukmini Devi Arundale">Rukmini Devi Arundale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balasaraswati" title="Balasaraswati">Balasaraswati</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yamini_Krishnamurti" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamini Krishnamurti">Yamini Krishnamurti</a><sup id="cite_ref-PineKuhlke2013p5_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PineKuhlke2013p5-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They championed and performed the <a href="/wiki/Pandanallur_style" title="Pandanallur style">Pandanallur style</a> and Thanjavur styles of Bharatanatyam.<sup id="cite_ref-PineKuhlke2013p5_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PineKuhlke2013p5-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nationalist movements that brought revitalizing devadasis up as an issue to focus on viewed it as a way to critique the imposition of colonial morality on India. However, the revival movement was not without Western influence. Nationalist movements that also focused on devadasis revival were influenced by Western ideas of democratization of arts. Part of the revival movement was making the opportunity to dance open to more people.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nationalist movements that focused on revival were also influenced by Western ideology through their propagation that part of the revival movement is a reassertion of traditional values, as well as a moment to remind people of the country’s cultural heritage and reestablish a sense of identity.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fighting for freedom from the British and fighting for civil liberties included debates about morality, and how gender impacts morality. The revival movement moralized devadasis by democratizing the art, while also decorating it with the female performing class.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Figures like Rukmini Devi Arundale, who are credited with revitalizing Bharatanatyam, also shifted the practice to appeal to middle to upper-class women.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rukmini Devi Arundale is credited with helping develop the <a href="/wiki/Kalakshetra_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalakshetra style">Kalakshetra style</a> of Bharatanatyam.<sup id="cite_ref-Meduri_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meduri-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was an emphasis on building a modern India through Indian nationalism, which tied in with protecting traditional artistic traditions. The decommercialization and sanitation of Bharatanatyam for the sake of protecting the spirit of the art is part of Bharatanatyam’s revival.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_53-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bharatanatyam’s successful revival meant that it was regarded as a classical dance tradition specific to India, as opposed to a cultural dance that had been changed by colonial censorship.<sup id="cite_ref-Meduri_50-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meduri-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was becoming a modern nation to have a traditional dance that was practiced recreationally and was nationally recognized.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the standardization of Bharatanatyam, there came books based on historic texts, like <a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a>, which described the different movements.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence of a successful revival movement of Bharatanatyam through <a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalist_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian nationalist movement">Indian Nationalist movements</a> was the introduction of state-sponsored dance festivals in 1955 in an independent India. These festivals were put on to display art with religious, social, and cultural connotations that have some regional diversity on a common national platform.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 20th century, Tamil Hindu migrants reintroduced the traditions of temple dancing in British Tamil temples.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elements">Elements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bharatanatyam&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Elements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bharatanatyam_danseuse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Bharatanatyam_danseuse.jpg/170px-Bharatanatyam_danseuse.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Bharatanatyam_danseuse.jpg/255px-Bharatanatyam_danseuse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Bharatanatyam_danseuse.jpg/340px-Bharatanatyam_danseuse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1516" data-file-height="2292" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rama_Vaidyanathan" title="Rama Vaidyanathan">Rama Vaidyanathan</a> using expression and posture</figcaption></figure> <p>Bharatanatyam is traditionally a team performance art that consists of a <a href="/wiki/Solo_dance" title="Solo dance">solo dancer</a>, accompanied by musicians and one or more singers. It is described as classical art because the theory of musical notes, vocal performance, and the dance movement reflect ideas of the Sanskrit treatise <i><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></i> and other Sanskrit and Tamil texts, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Abhinaya_Darpana" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhinaya Darpana">Abhinaya Darpana</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-O'Shea2007p1_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Shea2007p1-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The solo artist (<i>ekaharya</i>) in Bharatanatyam is dressed in a colorful <a href="/wiki/Sari" title="Sari">sari</a>, adorned with jewelry and presents a dance and it is synchronized with Indian classical music.<sup id="cite_ref-O'Shea2007p1_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Shea2007p1-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hand and facial gestures are a coded <a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">sign language</a> able to recite legends and spiritual ideas from the <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a> and historic drama texts.<sup id="cite_ref-O'Shea2007p1_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Shea2007p1-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-meduri1_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meduri1-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dancer deploys turns or specific body movements to mark punctuations in the story or the entry of a different character in the play or legend being acted out through dance. <i><a href="/wiki/Abhinaya" title="Abhinaya">Abhinaya</a></i> is the art of expression in <a href="/wiki/Indian_aesthetics" title="Indian aesthetics">Indian aesthetics</a>; footwork, body language, postures, musical notes, the tones of the vocalist, aesthetics and costumes integrate to express and communicate the underlying text.<sup id="cite_ref-O'Shea2007p1_66-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Shea2007p1-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In modern adaptations, Bharatanatyam dance troupes may involve many dancers who play specific characters in a story, creatively choreographed to ease the interpretation and expand the experience by the audience.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The repertoire of Bharatanatyam, like all major classical Indian dance forms, follows the three categories of performance in the <i>Natya Shastra</i>. These are <i>Nritta</i> (Nirutham), <i>Nritya</i> (Niruthiyam) and <i>Natya</i> (Natyam).<sup id="cite_ref-meduri1_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meduri1-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:36%; ; color: #202122;background-color: #FFE0BB;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p><b>The purpose</b><br /> Bharata Natyam is an art which consecrates the body (...)<br />the dancer, who dissolves her identity in rhythm and music, makes her body an instrument, at least for the duration of the dance, for the experience and expression of the spirit.<br />The traditional order of Bharata Natyam recital viz. <i>alarippu</i>, <i>jatiswaram</i>, <i>varnam</i>, <i>padams</i>, <i>tillana</i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Shloka" title="Shloka">shloka</a></i> is the correct sequence in the practice of this art, which is an artistic <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a>, for revealing the spiritual through the corporeal. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Balasaraswati" title="Balasaraswati">Balasaraswati</a>, a devadasi<sup id="cite_ref-tbalasaras3_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tbalasaras3-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <ul><li>The <i>Nritta</i> performance is an abstract, fast, and rhythmic aspect of the dance.<sup id="cite_ref-koskoff955_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koskoff955-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The viewer is presented with pure movement in Bharatanatyam, wherein the emphasis is the beauty in motion, form, speed, range, and pattern.<sup id="cite_ref-meduri1_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meduri1-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This part of the repertoire has no interpretative aspect, no telling of the story. It is a technical performance and aims to engage the senses (Prakriti) of the audience.<sup id="cite_ref-Descutner2010p45_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Descutner2010p45-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>Nritya</i> is a slower and more expressive aspect of the dance that attempts to communicate feelings, and storyline, particularly with spiritual themes in Hindu dance traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-koskoff955_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koskoff955-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a <i>nritya</i>, the dance-acting expands to include silent expression of words through gestures and body motion set to musical notes. The actor articulates a legend or a spiritual message. This part of a Bharatanatyam repertoire is more than sensory enjoyment, it aims to engage the emotions and mind of the viewer.<sup id="cite_ref-meduri1_68-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meduri1-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Descutner2010p45_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Descutner2010p45-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>Natyam</i> is a play, typically a team performance,<sup id="cite_ref-kjayakrishnan25_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kjayakrishnan25-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but can be acted out by a solo performer where the dancer uses certain standardized body movements to indicate a new character in the underlying story. A <i>Natya</i> incorporates the elements of a <i>Nritya</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-meduri1_68-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meduri1-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arangetram">Arangetram</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bharatanatyam&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Arangetram"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bharatanatyan_Student_with_Guru.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Bharatanatyan_Student_with_Guru.jpg/220px-Bharatanatyan_Student_with_Guru.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Bharatanatyan_Student_with_Guru.jpg/330px-Bharatanatyan_Student_with_Guru.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Bharatanatyan_Student_with_Guru.jpg/440px-Bharatanatyan_Student_with_Guru.jpg 2x" data-file-width="952" data-file-height="852" /></a><figcaption><b>Bharatanatyan Student with Guru in Arangetram Ceremony<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b></figcaption></figure> <p>A Bharatanatyam <a href="/wiki/Arangetram_(dance)" title="Arangetram (dance)">arangetram</a> is a solo debut performance that signifies the completion of initial formal training of a young dancer, female or male in Indian classical dance. The term <i>Arangetram</i> translates to "ascending the stage". This performance is typically done ten to twelve years after a dancer begins learning Bharatanatyam. Still, more importantly, it is done when the <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">guru</a> believes the student is ready for a solo performance. This solo debut is synonymous with a "coming-of-age" celebration. The arangetram is a culmination of multiple years of hard work by the student and the guru, and it is an opportunity for the dancer to showcase his or her dedication and skills developed over the years. Throughout this debut, the dancer performs a series of dances. The dancer must build up his or her concentration and stamina to perform solo dances for approximately three hours. Each dance performed symbolizes various aspects of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu religion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sequence_of_dances">Sequence of dances</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bharatanatyam&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sequence of dances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_girl_performing_a_Bharatanatyam_dance_at_a_Pongal_Festival_in_Namakkal,_Tamil_Nadu,_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/A_girl_performing_a_Bharatanatyam_dance_at_a_Pongal_Festival_in_Namakkal%2C_Tamil_Nadu%2C_India.jpg/220px-A_girl_performing_a_Bharatanatyam_dance_at_a_Pongal_Festival_in_Namakkal%2C_Tamil_Nadu%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/A_girl_performing_a_Bharatanatyam_dance_at_a_Pongal_Festival_in_Namakkal%2C_Tamil_Nadu%2C_India.jpg/330px-A_girl_performing_a_Bharatanatyam_dance_at_a_Pongal_Festival_in_Namakkal%2C_Tamil_Nadu%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/A_girl_performing_a_Bharatanatyam_dance_at_a_Pongal_Festival_in_Namakkal%2C_Tamil_Nadu%2C_India.jpg/440px-A_girl_performing_a_Bharatanatyam_dance_at_a_Pongal_Festival_in_Namakkal%2C_Tamil_Nadu%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2881" data-file-height="1921" /></a><figcaption>A girl performing a Bharatanatyam dance at a Pongal Festival in Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India</figcaption></figure> <p>A traditional Bharatanatyam arangetram dance performance follows a seven to eight-part order of presentation. This set is called <i>Margam</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-tbalasaras3_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tbalasaras3-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><b>Pushpanjali</b></i> </p><p>The Arangetram performance typically begins with a dance called the <i><a href="/wiki/Pushpanjali" title="Pushpanjali">Pushpanjali</a></i>, which translates to "offering of flowers". In this dance, the performer offers flowers and salutations to the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Hindu deities</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">guru</a>, and the audience as a mark of respect. The beginning of the dance symbolizes supplication, from which the dancer then commences the rest of the performance.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><b>Alarippu</b></i> </p><p>The presentation can also begin with a rhythmic invocation (<i>vandana</i>) called the <i><a href="/wiki/Alaripu" class="mw-redirect" title="Alaripu">Alarippu</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-McCutchen2006p450_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCutchen2006p450-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a pure dance, which combines a thank you and benediction for blessings from the gods and goddesses, the <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">guru</a> and the gathered performance team. It also serves as a preliminary warm-up dance, without melody, to enable the dancer to loosen their body, and journey away from distractions and towards single-minded focus.<sup id="cite_ref-tbalasaras3_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tbalasaras3-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><b>Jatiswaram</b></i> </p><p>The next stage of the performance adds melody to the movement of <i>Alarippu</i>, and this is called <i>Jatiswaram</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-McCutchen2006p450_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCutchen2006p450-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tbalasaras3_71-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tbalasaras3-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dance remains a prelim technical performance (<i>nritta</i>), pure in form and without any expressed words. The <a href="/wiki/Drum" title="Drum">drums</a> set the beat, of any Carnatic music <i>raga</i> (melody). They perform a sequence (<i>Korvai</i>) to the rhythm of the beat, presenting to the audience the unity of music, rhythm and movements.<sup id="cite_ref-tbalasaras3_71-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tbalasaras3-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><b>Shabdam</b></i> </p><p>The performance sequence then adds <i>Shabdam</i> (expressed words).<sup id="cite_ref-Vatsyayan1997p81_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vatsyayan1997p81-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the first item of Margam where expressions are introduced. The solo dancer, the vocalist(s), and the musical team, in this stage of the production, present short compositions, with words and meaning, in a spectrum of moods.<sup id="cite_ref-tbalasaras35_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tbalasaras35-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This performance praises God (such as Krishna, Shiva, Rama, and Murugan) and their qualities.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <p><i><b>Varnam</b></i></p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rajasree_warrier_IMG_7539.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Rajasree_warrier_IMG_7539.JPG/180px-Rajasree_warrier_IMG_7539.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Rajasree_warrier_IMG_7539.JPG/270px-Rajasree_warrier_IMG_7539.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Rajasree_warrier_IMG_7539.JPG/360px-Rajasree_warrier_IMG_7539.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The <i>Varnam</i> part of Bharatanatyam emphasizes expressive dance.</figcaption></figure> <p>The performance thereafter evolves into the <i>Varnam</i> stage.<sup id="cite_ref-Vatsyayan1997p81_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vatsyayan1997p81-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This marks the arrival into the sanctum sanctorum core of the performance.<sup id="cite_ref-tbalasaras3_71-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tbalasaras3-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the longest section and the <i>nritya</i>. A traditional Varnam may be as long as 30–45 minutes or sometimes an hour. Varnam offers huge scope for improvisation and an experienced dancer can stretch the Varnam to a desirable length. The artist presents the play or the main composition, reveling in all their movements, silently communicating the text through codified gestures and footwork, harmoniously with the music, rhythmically punctuated. The dancer performs complicated moves, such as expressing a verse at two speeds.<sup id="cite_ref-ccrtindia_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ccrtindia-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their hands and body tell a story, whether of love and longing or of a battle between the good and the evil,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the musicians envelop them with musical notes and tones that set the appropriate mood.<sup id="cite_ref-tbalasaras35_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tbalasaras35-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><b>Padam</b></i> </p><p>The <i>Padam</i> is next.<sup id="cite_ref-Vatsyayan1997p81_80-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vatsyayan1997p81-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AlbrightGere2003p143_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlbrightGere2003p143-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the stage of reverence, of simplicity, of <i>abhinaya</i> (expression) of the solemn spiritual message or devotional religious prayer (<a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">bhakti</a>). The music is lighter, the chant intimate, the dance emotional.<sup id="cite_ref-ccrtindia_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ccrtindia-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tbalasaras56_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tbalasaras56-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The choreography attempts to express <i>rasa</i> (emotional taste) and a mood, while the recital may include items such as a <a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">keertanam</a> (expressing devotion), a <i>javali</i> (expressing divine love) or something else.<sup id="cite_ref-ccrtindia_84-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ccrtindia-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AlbrightGere2003p143_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlbrightGere2003p143-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><b>Tillana</b></i> </p><p>The performance sequence ends with a <i><a href="/wiki/Tillana" title="Tillana">Tillana</a></i>, the climax.<sup id="cite_ref-Vatsyayan1997p81_80-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vatsyayan1997p81-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It closes out the <i>nritya</i> portion, the movements exit the temple of expressive dance, returning to the <i>nritta</i> style, where a series of pure movement and music are rhythmically performed. Therewith the performance ends.<sup id="cite_ref-tbalasaras3_71-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tbalasaras3-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ccrtindia_84-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ccrtindia-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><b>Shlokam or Mangalam</b></i> </p><p>The seventh and final item in the sequence can be either a <i><a href="/wiki/Shlokam" class="mw-redirect" title="Shlokam">Shlokam</a></i> or a <i>Mangalam</i>. The dancer calls for blessings on the people all around.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The overall sequence of Bharatanatyam, states Balasaraswati, thus moves from "mere meter; then melody and meter; continuing with music, meaning and meter; its expansion in the centerpiece of the varnam; thereafter, music and meaning without meter; (...) a non-metrical song at the end. We see a most wonderful completeness and symmetry in this art".<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bharathanatyam_By_Ranjitha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Bharathanatyam_By_Ranjitha.jpg/200px-Bharathanatyam_By_Ranjitha.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Bharathanatyam_By_Ranjitha.jpg/300px-Bharathanatyam_By_Ranjitha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Bharathanatyam_By_Ranjitha.jpg/400px-Bharathanatyam_By_Ranjitha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4472" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Costumes in Bharatanatyam</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Costume_and_attire">Costume and attire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bharatanatyam&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Costume and attire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The costume of a female Bharatanatyam dancer resembles a Tamil Hindu bridal dress. It typically consists of a <a href="/wiki/Sari" title="Sari">sari</a> in bright colors with golden or silver <i><a href="/wiki/Zari" title="Zari">zari</a></i> embroidery on the borders. The costume can be stitched from the <i><a href="/wiki/Sari" title="Sari">sari</a></i>, with individual pieces for a bottom (either a skirt or <i><a href="/wiki/Salwar" title="Salwar">salwar</a></i>-shaped pants), a pleated piece which falls in front and opens like a <a href="/wiki/Hand_fan" title="Hand fan">hand fan</a> when the dancer flexes her knees or performs footwork, a hip piece that covers the seat of the pant/skirt, and a torso piece that looks like an <i>aanchal</i> (i.e. the draped part of a regular sari). Some dancers also opt for an <b>unstitched</b> <i>sari</i> that is draped specially, with the single piece of cloth starting around the legs like a <i><a href="/wiki/Dhoti" title="Dhoti">dhoti</a></i>, then upwards along the front torso, over the left shoulder, and then down the back with its end held at the waist by a jeweled belt.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The costume of a male Bharatanatyam dancer is usually either a <i>sari</i> or a white cotton cloth draped around the legs and bottom half of the body like a <i>dhoti</i>. During performances, the upper body of the male dancer remains bare. Male dancers typically do not wear stitched costumes. </p><p>Both female and male dancers wear elaborate jewelry on their ears, nose, neck, and wrists. Female dancers wear additional jewelry on their heads that emphasizes their hairline and parting. They also wear a smaller piece of jewelry on each side of their parting. These represent the sun and the moon. </p><p>Long hair on both male and female dancers is either secured by a bun or a braid. Female dancers with short hair often use braid extensions or bun hair pieces to simulate long hair. Female dancers also wear imitation flowers made of either cloth or paper around their braids or buns. These are known as (or <i><a href="/wiki/Gajra" title="Gajra">gajra</a></i>). </p><p>Both male and female dancers wear makeup, including foundation, blush, lipstick, and thick eyeliner or <a href="/wiki/Kohl_(cosmetics)" title="Kohl (cosmetics)">kohl</a>, which helps the audience see and understand their facial expressions.<sup id="cite_ref-Ravindranath1980p75_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ravindranath1980p75-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All dancers wear leather anklets on each foot, which are called <i>salangai</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Ghungroo" title="Ghungroo">ghungroos</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are made of small bells attached to a broad leather strap with belts that secure them at the back of the ankle. The bells are arranged in uniform rows and can be heard when the dancer moves their feet. The <i>salangai</i> helps emphasize the rhythm of the music as well as the dancer's footwork. </p><p>Lastly, all dancers outline their hands and feet with red <i>kumkum</i> powder or <a href="/wiki/Alta_(dye)" title="Alta (dye)">alta</a>, a tradition that helps the audience easily see their hand and foot gestures.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For classes, training, practice, or rehearsals, dancers traditionally wear a special dance sari. These saris are always cotton and have a shorter breadth than normal saris, falling at the knees rather than the ankles. These are paired with cotton pyjamas and blouses. The sari is worn with pleats at the front and tied tightly around the torso and hips. However, in recent times, dancers also opt for <a href="/wiki/Shalwar_kameez" title="Shalwar kameez">salwar kameez</a> or athletic wear (like T-shirts and leggings) when not performing. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The accompanying music to Bharatanatyam is in the <a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic</a> style of <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>, as is the recitation and chanting.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vocalist is called <i>nattuvanar</i>, typically also the conductor of the entire performance, who may be the <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">guru</a> of the dancer and may also be playing cymbals or one of the musical instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-Sinha2006p10_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinha2006p10-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The recited verses and text in Bharatanatyam are in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The instruments used include the <a href="/wiki/Mridangam" title="Mridangam">mridangam</a> (double-sided drum), <a href="/wiki/Nadaswaram" title="Nadaswaram">nadaswaram</a> (long type of oboe made from black wood), nattuvangam (cymbals), the <a href="/wiki/Flute" title="Flute">flute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">violin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Veena" title="Veena">veena</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sinha2006p10_88-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinha2006p10-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ravindranath1980p75_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ravindranath1980p75-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbolism">Symbolism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bharatanatyam&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Symbolism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bharatanatyam, like all classical dances of India, uses symbolism in its <i><a href="/wiki/Abhinaya" title="Abhinaya">abhinaya</a></i> (acting) and its goals. The roots of <i>abhinaya</i> appear in the <i><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></i> text, which defines drama in verse 6.10 as something that aesthetically arouses joy in the spectator, through the medium of the actor's art of communication, that helps connect and transport the individual into a sensual inner state of being. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarla_Mehta19953_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarla_Mehta19953-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A performance art, asserts <i>Natya Shastra</i>, connects the artists and the audience through <i>abhinaya</i> (literally, "carrying to the spectators"), that is applying body-speech-mind and scene, wherein the actors communicate to the audience, through song and music. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarla_Mehta19953_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarla_Mehta19953-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drama in this ancient Sanskrit text, thus is an art that engages every aspect of life to glorify and give a state of joyful consciousness. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarla_Mehta19955_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarla_Mehta19955-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:74px;max-width:74px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:54px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hasthamudra8.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Hasthamudra8.JPG/72px-Hasthamudra8.JPG" decoding="async" width="72" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Hasthamudra8.JPG/108px-Hasthamudra8.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Hasthamudra8.JPG/144px-Hasthamudra8.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:74px;max-width:74px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:54px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hasthamudra18.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Hasthamudra18.JPG/72px-Hasthamudra18.JPG" decoding="async" width="72" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Hasthamudra18.JPG/108px-Hasthamudra18.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Hasthamudra18.JPG/144px-Hasthamudra18.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:74px;max-width:74px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:54px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hasthamudra11.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Hasthamudra11.JPG/72px-Hasthamudra11.JPG" decoding="async" width="72" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Hasthamudra11.JPG/108px-Hasthamudra11.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Hasthamudra11.JPG/144px-Hasthamudra11.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:74px;max-width:74px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:54px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hasthamudra7.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Hasthamudra7.JPG/72px-Hasthamudra7.JPG" decoding="async" width="72" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Hasthamudra7.JPG/108px-Hasthamudra7.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Hasthamudra7.JPG/144px-Hasthamudra7.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:74px;max-width:74px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:54px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hasthamudra19.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Hasthamudra19.JPG/72px-Hasthamudra19.JPG" decoding="async" width="72" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Hasthamudra19.JPG/108px-Hasthamudra19.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Hasthamudra19.JPG/144px-Hasthamudra19.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:74px;max-width:74px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:54px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hasthamudra17.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Hasthamudra17.JPG/72px-Hasthamudra17.JPG" decoding="async" width="72" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Hasthamudra17.JPG/108px-Hasthamudra17.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Hasthamudra17.JPG/144px-Hasthamudra17.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Example <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_mudras_(dance)" title="List of mudras (dance)">mudras</a></i> – gestures as symbols in Bharatanatyam.</div></div></div></div> <p>The communication through symbols is in the form of expressive gestures and pantomime set to music. The gestures and facial expressions convey the <i>ras</i> (sentiment, emotional taste) and <i>bhava</i> (mood) of the underlying story.<sup id="cite_ref-BajajVohra2015p82_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BajajVohra2015p82-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Hindu texts on dance, the dancer successfully expresses the spiritual ideas by paying attention to four aspects of a performance: <i>Angika</i> (gestures and body language), <i>Vachika</i> (song, recitation, music and rhythm), <i>Aharya</i> (stage setting, costume, makeup, jewelry), and <i>Sattvika</i> (artist's mental disposition and emotional connection with the story and audience, wherein the artist's inner and outer state resonates).<sup id="cite_ref-BajajVohra2015p82_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BajajVohra2015p82-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Abhinaya</i> draws out the <i>bhava</i> (mood, psychological states).<sup id="cite_ref-BajajVohra2015p82_103-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BajajVohra2015p82-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The gestures used in Bharatanatyam are called <i>Hasta</i> (or <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_mudras_(dance)" title="List of mudras (dance)">mudras</a></i>). These symbols are of three types: <i>asamyuta hastas</i> (single hand gestures), <i>samyuta hastas</i> (two hand gestures), and <i>nrtta hastas</i> (dance hand gestures).<sup id="cite_ref-BajajVohra2015p85_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BajajVohra2015p85-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like words in a glossary, these gestures are presented in the <i>nritta</i> as a list or embellishment to a prelim performance. In <i>nritya</i> stage of Bharatanatyam, these symbols set in a certain sequence become sentences with meaning, with emotions expressed through facial expressions and other aspects of <i>abhinaya</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-BajajVohra2015p85_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BajajVohra2015p85-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The basic standing position is called as Aramandi. </p><p>Bharatanatyam contains at least 20 <a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">asanas</a> found in <a href="/wiki/Modern_yoga" title="Modern yoga">modern yoga</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Dhanurasana" title="Dhanurasana">Dhanurasana</a> (the bow, a back-arch); <a href="/wiki/Chakrasana" title="Chakrasana">Chakrasana</a> (the wheel, a standing <a href="/wiki/Backbend" title="Backbend">back-arch</a>); <a href="/wiki/Vrikshasana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vrikshasana">Vrikshasana</a> (the tree, a <a href="/wiki/Standing_asanas" title="Standing asanas">standing pose</a>); and <a href="/wiki/Natarajasana" title="Natarajasana">Natarajasana</a>, the pose of dancing Shiva.<sup id="cite_ref-Bhavanani_2001_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhavanani_2001-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 108 karanas of classical temple dance are represented in temple statuary; they depict the devadasi temple dancers who made use of yoga asanas in their dancing.<sup id="cite_ref-YJ_2007_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YJ_2007-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bharatanatyam is also considered a form of <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_Yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhakti Yoga">Bhakti Yoga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-YJ_2007_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YJ_2007-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Natarajasana is not found in any medieval hatha yoga text; it was among the many asanas introduced into modern yoga by <a href="/wiki/Krishnamacharya" class="mw-redirect" title="Krishnamacharya">Krishnamacharya</a> in the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_revival:_schools_and_training_centers">Modern revival: schools and training centers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bharatanatyam&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Modern revival: schools and training centers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82-%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82-%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D.jpg/180px-%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82-%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82-%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D.jpg/270px-%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82-%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82-%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D.jpg 2x" data-file-width="341" data-file-height="406" /></a><figcaption>An expression through gesture in Bharatanatyam.</figcaption></figure> <p>Bharatanatyam rapidly expanded after India gained <a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">independence from British rule</a> in 1947. It is now the most popular classical Indian dance style in India, enjoys a high degree of support in expatriate Indian communities, and is considered to be synonymous with Indian dance by many foreigners unaware of the diversity of dances and performance arts in Indian culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Leslie1992p149_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leslie1992p149-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the second half of the 20th century, Bharatanatyam has been to Indian dance tradition what <a href="/wiki/Ballet" title="Ballet">ballet</a> has been in the West.<sup id="cite_ref-Leslie1992p149_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leslie1992p149-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the British government tried to attempt to ban Bharatanatyam traditions, it went on and revived by moving outside the Hindu temple and religious ideas. However, post-independence, with rising interest in its history, the ancient traditions, the invocation rituals and the spiritually expressive part of the dance has returned.<sup id="cite_ref-Leslie1992p149_108-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leslie1992p149-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many innovations and developments in modern Bharatanatyam, states Anne-Marie Geston, are of a quasi-religious type.<sup id="cite_ref-Leslie1992p149_108-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leslie1992p149-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major cities in India now have numerous schools that offer lessons in <i>Bharatanatyam</i>, and these cities host hundreds of shows every year.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Outside India, Bharatanatyam is a sought-after and studied dance, states Meduri, in academic institutes in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Arab states of the Persian Gulf">the Gulf States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For expat Indian and Tamil communities in many countries, it is a source and means for social life and community bonding.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contemporary Bharatanatyam choreographies include both male and female dancers.<sup id="cite_ref-JonesRyan2006p107_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JonesRyan2006p107-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020, an estimated 10,000 dancers got together in <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>, India, to break the world record for the largest Bharatanatyam performance.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The previous record of 7,190 dancers was set in <a href="/wiki/Chidambaram" title="Chidambaram">Chidambaram</a> in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_cinema">In cinema</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bharatanatyam&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In cinema"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Rama_Vaidyanathan_au_mus%C3%A9e_Guimet_2009.ogv/220px--Rama_Vaidyanathan_au_mus%C3%A9e_Guimet_2009.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="37" data-mwtitle="Rama_Vaidyanathan_au_musée_Guimet_2009.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Rama_Vaidyanathan_au_mus%C3%A9e_Guimet_2009.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7a/Rama_Vaidyanathan_au_mus%C3%A9e_Guimet_2009.ogv/Rama_Vaidyanathan_au_mus%C3%A9e_Guimet_2009.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7a/Rama_Vaidyanathan_au_mus%C3%A9e_Guimet_2009.ogv/Rama_Vaidyanathan_au_mus%C3%A9e_Guimet_2009.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Rama_Vaidyanathan_au_mus%C3%A9e_Guimet_2009.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7a/Rama_Vaidyanathan_au_mus%C3%A9e_Guimet_2009.ogv/Rama_Vaidyanathan_au_mus%C3%A9e_Guimet_2009.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7a/Rama_Vaidyanathan_au_mus%C3%A9e_Guimet_2009.ogv/Rama_Vaidyanathan_au_mus%C3%A9e_Guimet_2009.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption>One movement in the Bharatanatyam by <a href="/wiki/Rama_Vaidyanathan" title="Rama Vaidyanathan">Rama Vaidyanathan</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Guimet_Museum" title="Guimet Museum">Guimet Museum</a> (2009).</figcaption></figure> <ol><li><i><a href="/wiki/Senthamarai_(film)" title="Senthamarai (film)">Senthamarai</a></i> (Tamil, 1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thillana_Mohanambal" title="Thillana Mohanambal">Thillana Mohanambal</a></i> (Tamil, 1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paattum_Bharathamum" title="Paattum Bharathamum">Paattum Bharathamum</a></i> (Tamil, 1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sagara_Sangamam" title="Sagara Sangamam">Sagara Sangamam</a></i> (Telugu, 1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mayuri_(film)" title="Mayuri (film)">Mayuri</a></i> (Telugu, 1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manichitrathazhu" title="Manichitrathazhu">Manichitrathazhu</a></i> (Malayalam, 1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sringaram" title="Sringaram">Sringaram</a></i> (Tamil, 2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamaladalam" title="Kamaladalam">Kamaladalam</a></i> (Malayalam, 1992)</li> <li><i>Kochu Kochu Santhoshangal</i> (Malayalam)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bharatanatyam&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">Culture of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vazhuvoor_(Dance)" title="Vazhuvoor (Dance)">Vazhuvoor (dance)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bharatanatyam&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">After the Tillana, the dancer may continue to the seventh part, called <i>Shloka</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sinha2006p10_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinha2006p10-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a reverential greeting, a thank you or a prayer to one or more gods, goddesses or to one's teacher. This is a post-performance, where a Sanskrit verse (Shloka) is danced out in the form of <i>nritya</i>. An example Shloka:<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">Guru</a> (teacher) is the Brahma, the Guru is the Vishnu, the Guru is the Maheshvara (Shiva). The Guru is the pathway to Supreme <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> (supreme soul), to you the auspicious, I reverentially bow." Original: गुरुर्ब्रह्मा गुरुर्विष्णुर्गुरुर्देवो महेश्वरः । गुरुरेव परं ब्रह्म तस्मै श्रीगुरवे नमः ।।</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bharatanatyam&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFrancoNordera2016" class="citation book cs1">Franco, Susanne; Nordera, Marina (29 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nm0WDAAAQBAJ&dq=bharatanatyam+originated+tamil+nadu&pg=PA202"><i>Dance Discourses: Keywords in Dance Research</i></a>. Routledge. p. 202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-94712-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-94712-6"><bdi>978-1-134-94712-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dance+Discourses%3A+Keywords+in+Dance+Research&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016-04-29&rft.isbn=978-1-134-94712-6&rft.aulast=Franco&rft.aufirst=Susanne&rft.au=Nordera%2C+Marina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnm0WDAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dbharatanatyam%2Boriginated%2Btamil%2Bnadu%26pg%3DPA202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlanetBenanavBindlossBrown2019" class="citation book cs1">Planet, Lonely; Benanav, Michael; Bindloss, Joe; Brown, Lindsay; Butler, Stuart; Elliott, Mark; Harding, Paul; Holden, Trent; Mahapatra, Anirban (1 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tmuyDwAAQBAJ&dq=bharatanatyam+originated+tamil+nadu&pg=PT2176"><i>Lonely Planet India</i></a>. Lonely Planet. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78868-682-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78868-682-2"><bdi>978-1-78868-682-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lonely+Planet+India&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2019-10-01&rft.isbn=978-1-78868-682-2&rft.aulast=Planet&rft.aufirst=Lonely&rft.au=Benanav%2C+Michael&rft.au=Bindloss%2C+Joe&rft.au=Brown%2C+Lindsay&rft.au=Butler%2C+Stuart&rft.au=Elliott%2C+Mark&rft.au=Harding%2C+Paul&rft.au=Holden%2C+Trent&rft.au=Mahapatra%2C+Anirban&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtmuyDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dbharatanatyam%2Boriginated%2Btamil%2Bnadu%26pg%3DPT2176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannicabn-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-britannicabn_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/bharata-natyam">Bharata-natyam</a> <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schechner65-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schechner65_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Schechner2010" class="citation book cs1">Richard Schechner (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DoEaulAxbu8C&pg=PA65"><i>Between Theater and Anthropology</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 65–66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0092-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0092-8"><bdi>978-0-8122-0092-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Theater+and+Anthropology&rft.pages=65-66&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-0092-8&rft.au=Richard+Schechner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDoEaulAxbu8C%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">T Balasaraswati (1976), Bharata Natyam, <i>NCPA Quarterly Journal</i>, Volume 4, Issue 4, pages 1-8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENatalia_Lidova1994111–113-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENatalia_Lidova1994111–113_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNatalia_Lidova1994">Natalia Lidova 1994</a>, pp. 111–113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichmondSwannZarrilli199330-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichmondSwannZarrilli199330_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichmondSwannZarrilli199330_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichmondSwannZarrilli1993">Richmond, Swann & Zarrilli 1993</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDikshitar193911–18-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDikshitar193911–18_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDikshitar1939">Dikshitar 1939</a>, pp. 11–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielou1965ix-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanielou1965ix_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDanielou1965">Danielou 1965</a>, p. ix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhokar1984" class="citation book cs1">Khokar, Mohan (1984). <i>Traditions of Indian Classical Dance</i>. India: Clarion Books. pp. 73–76.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traditions+of+Indian+Classical+Dance&rft.place=India&rft.pages=73-76&rft.pub=Clarion+Books&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Khokar&rft.aufirst=Mohan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lochtefeld2002p103-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p103_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p103_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p103_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p103_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p103_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p103_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p103_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p103_11-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p103_11-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p103_11-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_G._Lochtefeld2002" class="citation book cs1">James G. Lochtefeld (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC&pg=PA103"><i>The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M</i></a>. The Rosen Publishing Group. pp. 103–104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3179-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3179-8"><bdi>978-0-8239-3179-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism%3A+A-M&rft.pages=103-104&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8&rft.au=James+G.+Lochtefeld&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5kl0DYIjUPgC%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Schechner2010" class="citation book cs1">Richard Schechner (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DoEaulAxbu8C"><i>Between Theater and Anthropology</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0812279290" title="Special:BookSources/978-0812279290"><bdi>978-0812279290</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Theater+and+Anthropology&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0812279290&rft.au=Richard+Schechner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDoEaulAxbu8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Claus2003p136-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Claus2003p136_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_J._ClausSarah_DiamondMargaret_Ann_Mills2003" class="citation book cs1">Peter J. Claus; Sarah Diamond; Margaret Ann Mills (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ienxrTPHzzwC"><i>South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. Routledge. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93919-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93919-5"><bdi>978-0-415-93919-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Asian+Folklore%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-93919-5&rft.au=Peter+J.+Claus&rft.au=Sarah+Diamond&rft.au=Margaret+Ann+Mills&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DienxrTPHzzwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kjayakrishnan25-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kjayakrishnan25_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kjayakrishnan25_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kavitha Jayakrishnan (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uwspace.uwaterloo.ca/handle/10012/6356">Dancing Architecture: the parallel evolution of Bharatanātyam and South Indian Architecture</a>, MA Thesis, Awarded by University of Waterloo, Canada, page 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pallabinilan30-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pallabinilan30_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pallabinilan30_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pallabinilan30_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pallabinilan30_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pallabinilan30_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPallabi_ChakravortyNilanjana_Gupta2012" class="citation book cs1">Pallabi Chakravorty; Nilanjana Gupta (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KQly7wn0C5sC&pg=PA30"><i>Dance Matters: Performing India on Local and Global Stages</i></a>. Routledge. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-51612-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-51612-2"><bdi>978-1-136-51612-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dance+Matters%3A+Performing+India+on+Local+and+Global+Stages&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-136-51612-2&rft.au=Pallabi+Chakravorty&rft.au=Nilanjana+Gupta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKQly7wn0C5sC%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanet_O'Shea2007" class="citation book cs1">Janet O'Shea (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4CfA4uDwCKwC"><i>At Home in the World: Bharata Natyam on the Global Stage</i></a>. Wesleyan University Press. pp. 26–38, 55–57, 83–87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6837-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6837-3"><bdi>978-0-8195-6837-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=At+Home+in+the+World%3A+Bharata+Natyam+on+the+Global+Stage&rft.pages=26-38%2C+55-57%2C+83-87&rft.pub=Wesleyan+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8195-6837-3&rft.au=Janet+O%27Shea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4CfA4uDwCKwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahotsav" class="citation web cs1">Mahotsav, Amrit. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/blogdetail.htm?58">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Tanjore Quartet' and the birth of modern-day Bharatanatyam"</a>. <i>Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav, Ministry of Culture, Government of India</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Azadi+Ka+Amrit+Mahotsav%2C+Ministry+of+Culture%2C+Government+of+India&rft.atitle=%27Tanjore+Quartet%27+and+the+birth+of+modern-day+Bharatanatyam&rft.aulast=Mahotsav&rft.aufirst=Amrit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famritmahotsav.nic.in%2Fblogdetail.htm%3F58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-amandp120-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-amandp120_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmanda_J._Weidman2006" class="citation book cs1">Amanda J. Weidman (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QEnkgDjS9BAC&pg=PA120"><i>Singing the Classical, Voicing the Modern</i></a>. Duke University Press. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822388050" title="Special:BookSources/9780822388050"><bdi>9780822388050</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Singing+the+Classical%2C+Voicing+the+Modern&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780822388050&rft.au=Amanda+J.+Weidman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQEnkgDjS9BAC%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arunkumar1989xxi-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arunkumar1989xxi_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arunkumar1989xxi_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnjani_Arunkumar1989" class="citation cs2">Anjani Arunkumar (1989), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3UXkAAAAMAAJ"><i>Compositions for Bharatanāṭyam: A Soulful Worship the Divine</i></a>, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, pp. xxi–xxii</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Compositions+for+Bharatan%C4%81%E1%B9%ADyam%3A+A+Soulful+Worship+the+Divine&rft.pages=xxi-xxii&rft.pub=Bharatiya+Vidya+Bhavan&rft.date=1989&rft.au=Anjani+Arunkumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3UXkAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McCutchen2006p450-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McCutchen2006p450_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McCutchen2006p450_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McCutchen2006p450_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrenda_P_McCutchen2006" class="citation book cs1">Brenda P McCutchen (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C0yjXGJ3EEoC&pg=PA450"><i>Teaching Dance as Art in</i></a>. Human Kinetics. pp. 450–452. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7360-5188-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7360-5188-0"><bdi>978-0-7360-5188-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teaching+Dance+as+Art+in&rft.pages=450-452&rft.pub=Human+Kinetics&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7360-5188-0&rft.au=Brenda+P+McCutchen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC0yjXGJ3EEoC%26pg%3DPA450&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_G._Lochtefeld2002" class="citation book cs1">James G. Lochtefeld (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch"><i>The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M</i></a></span>. The Rosen Publishing Group. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/n379">126</a>–127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3179-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3179-8"><bdi>978-0-8239-3179-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism%3A+A-M&rft.pages=126-127&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8&rft.au=James+G.+Lochtefeld&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fillustratedencyc0000loch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoebert" class="citation web cs1">Roebert, Donovan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/62345621">"The Celebrated Sadir Dancer Tanjore Gnyana (1857-1922): A Life in Words and Pictures"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Celebrated+Sadir+Dancer+Tanjore+Gnyana+%281857-1922%29%3A+A+Life+in+Words+and+Pictures&rft.aulast=Roebert&rft.aufirst=Donovan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F62345621&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEugenio_BarbaNicola_Savarese2011" class="citation book cs1">Eugenio Barba; Nicola Savarese (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ky6MAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA208-IA69"><i>A Dictionary of Theatre Anthropology: The Secret Art of the Performer</i></a>. Routledge. p. 208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-17634-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-17634-1"><bdi>978-1-135-17634-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Theatre+Anthropology%3A+The+Secret+Art+of+the+Performer&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-135-17634-1&rft.au=Eugenio+Barba&rft.au=Nicola+Savarese&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKy6MAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA208-IA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_FletcherLaurence_Picken2004" class="citation book cs1">Peter Fletcher; Laurence Picken (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i2vDlcIyVjUC&pg=PA262"><i>World Musics in Context: A Comprehensive Survey of the World's Major Musical Cultures</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 262. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517507-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517507-3"><bdi>978-0-19-517507-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Musics+in+Context%3A+A+Comprehensive+Survey+of+the+World%27s+Major+Musical+Cultures&rft.pages=262&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517507-3&rft.au=Peter+Fletcher&rft.au=Laurence+Picken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di2vDlcIyVjUC%26pg%3DPA262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENatalia_Lidova2014-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENatalia_Lidova2014_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENatalia_Lidova2014_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENatalia_Lidova2014_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNatalia_Lidova2014">Natalia Lidova 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETarla_Mehta1995xxiv,_19–20-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarla_Mehta1995xxiv,_19–20_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTarla_Mehta1995">Tarla Mehta 1995</a>, pp. xxiv, 19–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace_Dace1963249-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace_Dace1963249_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWallace_Dace1963">Wallace Dace 1963</a>, p. 249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmmie_Te_Nijenhuis19741–25-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmmie_Te_Nijenhuis19741–25_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEmmie_Te_Nijenhuis1974">Emmie Te Nijenhuis 1974</a>, pp. 1–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapila_Vatsyayan2001-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapila_Vatsyayan2001_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKapila_Vatsyayan2001">Kapila Vatsyayan 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuy_L._Beck2012" class="citation book cs1">Guy L. Beck (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UzUMCAAAQBAJ"><i>Sonic Liturgy: Ritual and Music in Hindu Tradition</i></a>. University of South Carolina Press. pp. 138–139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61117-108-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61117-108-2"><bdi>978-1-61117-108-2</bdi></a>. <q><b>Quote:</b> "A summation of the signal importance of the Natyasastra for Hindu religion and culture has been provided by Susan Schwartz, "In short, the Natyasastra is an exhaustive encyclopedic dissertation of the arts, with an emphasis on performing arts as its central feature. It is also full of invocations to deities, acknowledging the divine origins of the arts and the central role of performance arts in achieving divine goals (...)".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sonic+Liturgy%3A+Ritual+and+Music+in+Hindu+Tradition&rft.pages=138-139&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-61117-108-2&rft.au=Guy+L.+Beck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUzUMCAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mog17-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mog17_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoormaraswamy_and_Duggirala1917" class="citation web cs1">Coormaraswamy and Duggirala (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924012568535#page/n5/mode/2up">"The Mirror of Gesture"</a>. Harvard University Press. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Mirror+of+Gesture&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1917&rft.au=Coormaraswamy+and+Duggirala&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcu31924012568535%23page%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span>; Also see chapter 36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERagini_Devi199047-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERagini_Devi199047_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERagini_Devi199047_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRagini_Devi1990">Ragini Devi 1990</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kilger1993-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kilger1993_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKilger1993" class="citation book cs1">Kilger, George (1993). <i>Bharata Natyam in Cultural Perspective</i>. New Delhi: Manohar American Institute of Indian Studies. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bharata+Natyam+in+Cultural+Perspective&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Manohar+American+Institute+of+Indian+Studies&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Kilger&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen_G._NobleAshok_K._Dutt1982" class="citation book cs1">Allen G. Noble; Ashok K. Dutt (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5808AAAAMAAJ"><i>India: Cultural Patterns and Processes</i></a>. Westview Press. p. 160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86531-237-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86531-237-1"><bdi>978-0-86531-237-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%3A+Cultural+Patterns+and+Processes&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-86531-237-1&rft.au=Allen+G.+Noble&rft.au=Ashok+K.+Dutt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5808AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JonesRyan2006p107-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JonesRyan2006p107_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JonesRyan2006p107_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConstance_JonesJames_D._Ryan2006" class="citation book cs1">Constance Jones; James D. Ryan (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&pg=PA107"><i>Encyclopedia of Hinduism</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. pp. 79, 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7564-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7564-5"><bdi>978-0-8160-7564-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism&rft.pages=79%2C+107&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5&rft.au=Constance+Jones&rft.au=James+D.+Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOgMmceadQ3gC%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVidya_Dehejia2013" class="citation book cs1">Vidya Dehejia (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=23F7vTn3hBMC"><i>Art of the Imperial Cholas</i></a>. Columbia University Press. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-51524-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-51524-5"><bdi>978-0-231-51524-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+of+the+Imperial+Cholas&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-231-51524-5&rft.au=Vidya+Dehejia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D23F7vTn3hBMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichell201437–38-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichell201437–38_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMichell2014">Michell 2014</a>, p. 37–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFergusson1880414-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFergusson1880414_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFergusson1880">Fergusson 1880</a>, p. 414.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aliceboner-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aliceboner_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aliceboner_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alice Boner (1990), Principles of Composition in Hindu Sculpture: Cave Temple Period, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0705-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0705-1">978-81-208-0705-1</a>, pages 89–95, 115–124, 174–184</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fred Kleiner (2009), Gardner's Art through the Ages: Non-Western Perspectives, Wadsworth Publishing, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-57367-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-57367-8">978-0-495-57367-8</a>, page 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kavitha Jayakrishnan (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uwspace.uwaterloo.ca/handle/10012/6356">Dancing Architecture: the parallel evolution of Bharatanātyam and South Indian Architecture</a>, MA Thesis, Awarded by University of Waterloo, Canada, pages 21-27, 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-soneji30-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-soneji30_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-soneji30_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-soneji30_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavesh_Soneji2011" class="citation book cs1">Davesh Soneji (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=24uaoBjDKQgC"><i>Unfinished Gestures: Devadasis, Memory, and Modernity in South India</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. pp. 30–31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-76811-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-76811-3"><bdi>978-0-226-76811-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unfinished+Gestures%3A+Devadasis%2C+Memory%2C+and+Modernity+in+South+India&rft.pages=30-31&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-226-76811-3&rft.au=Davesh+Soneji&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D24uaoBjDKQgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-amritsri73-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-amritsri73_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-amritsri73_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmrit_Srinivasan1983" class="citation journal cs1">Amrit Srinivasan (1983). "The Hindu Temple-dancer: Prostitute or Nun?". <i>The Cambridge Journal of Anthropology</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 73–99. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23816342">23816342</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cambridge+Journal+of+Anthropology&rft.atitle=The+Hindu+Temple-dancer%3A+Prostitute+or+Nun%3F&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=73-99&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23816342%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Amrit+Srinivasan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-leslieorr8-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-leslieorr8_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-leslieorr8_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeslie_C._Orr2000" class="citation book cs1">Leslie C. Orr (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F___xKcP8lMC"><i>Donors, Devotees, and Daughters of God: Temple Women in Medieval Tamilnadu</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 5, 8–17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-535672-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-535672-4"><bdi>978-0-19-535672-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Donors%2C+Devotees%2C+and+Daughters+of+God%3A+Temple+Women+in+Medieval+Tamilnadu&rft.pages=5%2C+8-17&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-535672-4&rft.au=Leslie+C.+Orr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF___xKcP8lMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2017/dec/27/royal-tribute-to-thanjavur-rulers-1738354.html">"Royal tribute to Thanjavur rulers"</a>. <i>The New Indian Express</i>. 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Royal+tribute+to+Thanjavur+rulers&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fcities%2Fchennai%2F2017%2Fdec%2F27%2Froyal-tribute-to-thanjavur-rulers-1738354.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeslie_C._Orr2000" class="citation book cs1">Leslie C. Orr (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F___xKcP8lMC"><i>Donors, Devotees, and Daughters of God: Temple Women in Medieval Tamilnadu</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 11–13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-535672-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-535672-4"><bdi>978-0-19-535672-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Donors%2C+Devotees%2C+and+Daughters+of+God%3A+Temple+Women+in+Medieval+Tamilnadu&rft.pages=11-13&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-535672-4&rft.au=Leslie+C.+Orr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF___xKcP8lMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-marysnodgrass166-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-marysnodgrass166_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marysnodgrass166_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMary_Ellen_Snodgrass2016" class="citation book cs1">Mary Ellen Snodgrass (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DMGpDAAAQBAJ"><i>The Encyclopedia of World Folk Dance</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 165–168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-5749-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-5749-8"><bdi>978-1-4422-5749-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+World+Folk+Dance&rft.pages=165-168&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-5749-8&rft.au=Mary+Ellen+Snodgrass&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDMGpDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ghuman2014p97-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ghuman2014p97_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNalini_Ghuman2014" class="citation book cs1">Nalini Ghuman (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BkVZAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA97"><i>Resonances of the Raj: India in the English Musical Imagination, 1897-1947</i></a>. 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Walker (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nC83DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA94"><i>India's Kathak Dance in Historical Perspective</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 94–98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-11737-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-11737-7"><bdi>978-1-317-11737-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%27s+Kathak+Dance+in+Historical+Perspective&rft.pages=94-98&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-11737-7&rft.au=Margaret+E.+Walker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnC83DAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meduri-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meduri_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meduri_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meduri_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meduri_50-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvanthi_Meduri2004" class="citation journal cs1">Avanthi Meduri (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20444589">"Bharatanatyam as a Global Dance: Some Issues in Research, Teaching, and Practice"</a>. <i>Dance Research Journal</i>. <b>36</b> (2): 11–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20444589">10.2307/20444589</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20444589">20444589</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144784756">144784756</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dance+Research+Journal&rft.atitle=Bharatanatyam+as+a+Global+Dance%3A+Some+Issues+in+Research%2C+Teaching%2C+and+Practice&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=11-29&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144784756%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20444589%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F20444589&rft.au=Avanthi+Meduri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20444589&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThobani2017" class="citation book cs1">Thobani, Sitara (2017). <i>Indian classical dance and the making of Postcolonial National Identities: Dancing on Empire's stage</i>. 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"The Hindu Temple-dancer: Prostitute or Nun?". <i>The Cambridge Journal of Anthropology</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 79–80. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23816342">23816342</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cambridge+Journal+of+Anthropology&rft.atitle=The+Hindu+Temple-dancer%3A+Prostitute+or+Nun%3F&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=79-80&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23816342%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Amrit+Srinivasan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeduri1988" class="citation journal cs1">Meduri, Avanthi (1988). "Bharatha Natyam-What Are You?". <i>Asian Theatre Journal</i>. <b>5</b> (1). University of Hawaii Press: 5–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1124019">10.2307/1124019</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1124019">1124019</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Theatre+Journal&rft.atitle=Bharatha+Natyam-What+Are+You%3F&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-7&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1124019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1124019%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Meduri&rft.aufirst=Avanthi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanet_O'Shea2007" class="citation book cs1">Janet O'Shea (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4CfA4uDwCKwC"><i>At Home in the World: Bharata Natyam on the Global Stage</i></a>. Wesleyan University Press. pp. 35–36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6837-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6837-3"><bdi>978-0-8195-6837-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=At+Home+in+the+World%3A+Bharata+Natyam+on+the+Global+Stage&rft.pages=35-36&rft.pub=Wesleyan+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8195-6837-3&rft.au=Janet+O%27Shea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4CfA4uDwCKwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanet_O'Shea2007" class="citation book cs1">Janet O'Shea (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4CfA4uDwCKwC"><i>At Home in the World: Bharata Natyam on the Global Stage</i></a>. Wesleyan University Press. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6837-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6837-3"><bdi>978-0-8195-6837-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=At+Home+in+the+World%3A+Bharata+Natyam+on+the+Global+Stage&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Wesleyan+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8195-6837-3&rft.au=Janet+O%27Shea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4CfA4uDwCKwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargaret_E._Walker2016" class="citation book cs1">Margaret E. Walker (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nC83DAAAQBAJ"><i>India's Kathak Dance in Historical Perspective</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 99–102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-11737-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-11737-7"><bdi>978-1-317-11737-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%27s+Kathak+Dance+in+Historical+Perspective&rft.pages=99-102&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-11737-7&rft.au=Margaret+E.+Walker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnC83DAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEster_Gallo2016" class="citation book cs1">Ester Gallo (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TswFDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA32"><i>Migration and Religion in Europe: Comparative Perspectives on South Asian Experiences</i></a>. Routledge. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-09637-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-09637-5"><bdi>978-1-317-09637-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Migration+and+Religion+in+Europe%3A+Comparative+Perspectives+on+South+Asian+Experiences&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-09637-5&rft.au=Ester+Gallo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTswFDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PineKuhlke2013p5-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PineKuhlke2013p5_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PineKuhlke2013p5_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParomitra_Kar2013" class="citation book cs1">Paromitra Kar (2013). Adam M. Pine and Olaf Kuhlke (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l1FzAgAAQBAJ"><i>Geographies of Dance: Body, Movement, and Corporeal Negotiations</i></a>. Lexington. pp. 5–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-7185-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-7185-1"><bdi>978-0-7391-7185-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geographies+of+Dance%3A+Body%2C+Movement%2C+and+Corporeal+Negotiations&rft.pages=5-6&rft.pub=Lexington&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-7185-1&rft.au=Paromitra+Kar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl1FzAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanet_O'Shea2007" class="citation book cs1">Janet O'Shea (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4CfA4uDwCKwC"><i>At Home in the World: Bharata Natyam on the Global Stage</i></a>. Wesleyan University Press. pp. 82–85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6837-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6837-3"><bdi>978-0-8195-6837-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=At+Home+in+the+World%3A+Bharata+Natyam+on+the+Global+Stage&rft.pages=82-85&rft.pub=Wesleyan+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8195-6837-3&rft.au=Janet+O%27Shea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4CfA4uDwCKwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_63-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShah2002" class="citation journal cs1">Shah, Purnima (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1568182">"State Patronage in India: Appropriation of the "Regional" and "National"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Dance Chronicle</i>. <b>25</b> (1): 125–141. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1081%2FDNC-120003123">10.1081/DNC-120003123</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0147-2526">0147-2526</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1568182">1568182</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159713358">159713358</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dance+Chronicle&rft.atitle=State+Patronage+in+India%3A+Appropriation+of+the+%22Regional%22+and+%22National%22&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=125-141&rft.date=2002&rft.issn=0147-2526&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159713358%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1568182%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1081%2FDNC-120003123&rft.aulast=Shah&rft.aufirst=Purnima&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1568182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBharat_Muni" class="citation book cs1">Bharat Muni. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/NatyaShastra"><i>Natya Shastra</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Natya+Shastra&rft.au=Bharat+Muni&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FNatyaShastra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ann David (2007), Religious Dogma or Political Agenda? Bharatanatyam and its Reemergence in British Tamil Temples, <i>Journal for the Anthropological Study of Human Movement</i>, Volume 14, Number 4, Fall 2007, University of Illinois Press, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jashm.press.illinois.edu/14.4/index.html">Archive</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-O'Shea2007p1-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-O'Shea2007p1_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-O'Shea2007p1_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-O'Shea2007p1_66-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-O'Shea2007p1_66-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanet_O'Shea2007" class="citation book cs1">Janet O'Shea (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4CfA4uDwCKwC"><i>At Home in the World: Bharata Natyam on the Global Stage</i></a>. Wesleyan University Press. pp. 1–3, 26, 85–86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6837-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6837-3"><bdi>978-0-8195-6837-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=At+Home+in+the+World%3A+Bharata+Natyam+on+the+Global+Stage&rft.pages=1-3%2C+26%2C+85-86&rft.pub=Wesleyan+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8195-6837-3&rft.au=Janet+O%27Shea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4CfA4uDwCKwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeduri1988" class="citation journal cs1">Meduri, Avanthi (1988). "Bharatha Natyam-What Are You?". <i>Asian Theatre Journal</i>. <b>5</b> (1). University of Hawaii Press: 2–3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1124019">10.2307/1124019</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1124019">1124019</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Theatre+Journal&rft.atitle=Bharatha+Natyam-What+Are+You%3F&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=2-3&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1124019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1124019%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Meduri&rft.aufirst=Avanthi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-meduri1-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-meduri1_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-meduri1_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-meduri1_68-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-meduri1_68-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-meduri1_68-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeduri1988" class="citation journal cs1">Meduri, Avanthi (1988). 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University of Hawaii Press: 3–4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1124019">10.2307/1124019</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1124019">1124019</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Theatre+Journal&rft.atitle=Bharatha+Natyam-What+Are+You%3F&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-4&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1124019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1124019%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Meduri&rft.aufirst=Avanthi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeduri1988" class="citation journal cs1">Meduri, Avanthi (1988). "Bharatha Natyam-What Are You?". <i>Asian Theatre Journal</i>. <b>5</b> (1). University of Hawaii Press: 1–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1124019">10.2307/1124019</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1124019">1124019</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Theatre+Journal&rft.atitle=Bharatha+Natyam-What+Are+You%3F&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-22&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1124019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1124019%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Meduri&rft.aufirst=Avanthi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatrak2004" class="citation journal cs1">Katrak, Ketu H. (2004). "Cultural Translation of Bharata Natyam into Contemporary Indian Dance. Second-generation South Asian Americans and cultural politics in diasporic locations". <i>South Asian Popular Culture</i>. <b>2</b> (2): 79–102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1474668042000275699">10.1080/1474668042000275699</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144136967">144136967</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Asian+Popular+Culture&rft.atitle=Cultural+Translation+of+Bharata+Natyam+into+Contemporary+Indian+Dance.+Second-generation+South+Asian+Americans+and+cultural+politics+in+diasporic+locations&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=79-102&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F1474668042000275699&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144136967%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Katrak&rft.aufirst=Ketu+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tbalasaras3-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tbalasaras3_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tbalasaras3_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tbalasaras3_71-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tbalasaras3_71-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tbalasaras3_71-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tbalasaras3_71-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tbalasaras3_71-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">T Balasaraswati (1976), Bharata Natyam, <i>NCPA Quarterly Journal</i>, Volume 4, Issue 4, page 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeduri1988" class="citation journal cs1">Meduri, Avanthi (1988). "Bharatha Natyam-What Are You?". <i>Asian Theatre Journal</i>. <b>5</b> (1). University of Hawaii Press: 7–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1124019">10.2307/1124019</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1124019">1124019</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Theatre+Journal&rft.atitle=Bharatha+Natyam-What+Are+You%3F&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7-8&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1124019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1124019%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Meduri&rft.aufirst=Avanthi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-koskoff955-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-koskoff955_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-koskoff955_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllen_Koskoff2008" class="citation book cs1">Ellen Koskoff (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=73MO0eiQD_EC&pg=PA955"><i>The Concise Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: The Middle East, South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia</i></a>. Routledge. p. 955. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-99404-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-99404-0"><bdi>978-0-415-99404-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Garland+Encyclopedia+of+World+Music%3A+The+Middle+East%2C+South+Asia%2C+East+Asia%2C+Southeast+Asia&rft.pages=955&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-415-99404-0&rft.au=Ellen+Koskoff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D73MO0eiQD_EC%26pg%3DPA955&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Descutner2010p45-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Descutner2010p45_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Descutner2010p45_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanet_Descutner2010" class="citation book cs1">Janet Descutner (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8tCYjXOtkdgC"><i>Asian Dance</i></a>. 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Wesleyan University Press. p. 143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6648-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6648-5"><bdi>978-0-8195-6648-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taken+by+Surprise%3A+A+Dance+Improvisation+Reader&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=Wesleyan+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8195-6648-5&rft.au=Ann+Cooper+Albright&rft.au=David+Gere&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOYbHhwUpxAMC%26pg%3DPA143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nadanam.com/bharatnatyam/techinque/margam/pushpanjali/">"Pushpanjali – Nadanam"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Star Publications. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7650-097-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7650-097-5"><bdi>978-81-7650-097-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Let%27s+Know+Dances+of+India&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Star+Publications&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-81-7650-097-5&rft.aulast=Sinha&rft.aufirst=Aakriti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh67wZpGPUi0C%26q%3DAndhranatyam%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParidaRoshni2022" class="citation journal cs1">Parida, Srikanta; Roshni, CP (April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vedasamskritaacademy.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Centenary-Commemoration-Volume.pdf#page=109">"An analysis of Bharatanatyam"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Veda Samskrita Academy</i>. <b>I</b>: 107.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Veda+Samskrita+Academy&rft.atitle=An+analysis+of+Bharatanatyam&rft.volume=I&rft.pages=107&rft.date=2022-04&rft.aulast=Parida&rft.aufirst=Srikanta&rft.au=Roshni%2C+CP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvedasamskritaacademy.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2022%2F05%2FCentenary-Commemoration-Volume.pdf%23page%3D109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ccrtindia-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ccrtindia_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ccrtindia_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ccrtindia_84-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ccrtindia_84-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ccrtindia.gov.in/bharatnatyam.php">Bharatnatyam Dance</a>, Centre for Cultural Resources and Training, Government of India</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBajaj,_TanviVohra,_Swasti_Shrimali2015" class="citation book cs1">Bajaj, Tanvi; Vohra, Swasti Shrimali (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2MRcCgAAQBAJ"><i>Performing Arts and Therapeutic Implications</i></a>. 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Savita Damodaran Arengetra Samiti. p. 75.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bhava%E1%B9%81%2C+raga%E1%B9%81%2C+talam%2C+natya%E1%B9%81%3A+a+hand-book+of+Indian+dance&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Savita+Damodaran+Arengetra+Samiti&rft.date=1980&rft.au=P.+K.+Ravindranath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcBP0AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGurcharan_Singh_RandhawaAmitabha_Mukhopadhyay1986" class="citation book cs1">Gurcharan Singh Randhawa; Amitabha Mukhopadhyay (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bQCIZoKDG1kC"><i>Floriculture in India</i></a>. Allied Publishers. pp. 607–608. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7023-494-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7023-494-4"><bdi>978-81-7023-494-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Floriculture+in+India&rft.pages=607-608&rft.pub=Allied+Publishers&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-81-7023-494-4&rft.au=Gurcharan+Singh+Randhawa&rft.au=Amitabha+Mukhopadhyay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbQCIZoKDG1kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwarajya_Prakash_GuptaKrishna_LalMahua_Bhattacharyya2002" class="citation book cs1">Swarajya Prakash Gupta; Krishna Lal; Mahua Bhattacharyya (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QNeAAAAAMAAJ"><i>Cultural tourism in India: museums, monuments & arts</i></a>. Indraprastha Museum of Art and Archaeology. p. 198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-246-0215-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-246-0215-7"><bdi>978-81-246-0215-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+tourism+in+India%3A+museums%2C+monuments+%26+arts&rft.pages=198&rft.pub=Indraprastha+Museum+of+Art+and+Archaeology&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-246-0215-7&rft.au=Swarajya+Prakash+Gupta&rft.au=Krishna+Lal&rft.au=Mahua+Bhattacharyya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQNeAAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaratt_Mythili_AnoopVarun_Gulati2016" class="citation book cs1">Maratt Mythili Anoop; Varun Gulati (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8aE8CwAAQBAJ"><i>Scripting Dance in Contemporary India</i></a>. Lexington Books. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-0552-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-0552-9"><bdi>978-1-4985-0552-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scripting+Dance+in+Contemporary+India&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4985-0552-9&rft.au=Maratt+Mythili+Anoop&rft.au=Varun+Gulati&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8aE8CwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiyuan_Liu2016" class="citation book cs1">Siyuan Liu (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H1iFCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA132"><i>Routledge Handbook of Asian Theatre</i></a>. Routledge. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-27886-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-27886-3"><bdi>978-1-317-27886-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Handbook+of+Asian+Theatre&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-27886-3&rft.au=Siyuan+Liu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH1iFCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTM_Krishna2013" class="citation book cs1">TM Krishna (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WqvRBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT148"><i>A Southern Music</i></a>. HarperCollins Publishers. pp. 147–148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5029-822-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5029-822-0"><bdi>978-93-5029-822-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Southern+Music&rft.pages=147-148&rft.pub=HarperCollins+Publishers&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-93-5029-822-0&rft.au=TM+Krishna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWqvRBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenblatt_LouisSanford_B._Steever2015" class="citation book cs1">Rosenblatt Louis; Sanford B. Steever (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n2DxBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2"><i>The Dravidian Languages</i></a>. Routledge. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-91164-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-91164-4"><bdi>978-1-136-91164-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dravidian+Languages&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-136-91164-4&rft.au=Rosenblatt+Louis&rft.au=Sanford+B.+Steever&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn2DxBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETarla_Mehta19953-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarla_Mehta19953_101-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarla_Mehta19953_101-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTarla_Mehta1995">Tarla Mehta 1995</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETarla_Mehta19955-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarla_Mehta19955_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTarla_Mehta1995">Tarla Mehta 1995</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BajajVohra2015p82-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BajajVohra2015p82_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BajajVohra2015p82_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BajajVohra2015p82_103-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanvi_BajajSwasti_Shrimali_Vohra2015" class="citation book cs1">Tanvi Bajaj; Swasti Shrimali Vohra (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2MRcCgAAQBAJ"><i>Performing Arts and Therapeutic Implications</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 82–84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-32572-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-32572-7"><bdi>978-1-317-32572-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Performing+Arts+and+Therapeutic+Implications&rft.pages=82-84&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-32572-7&rft.au=Tanvi+Bajaj&rft.au=Swasti+Shrimali+Vohra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2MRcCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BajajVohra2015p85-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BajajVohra2015p85_104-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BajajVohra2015p85_104-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanvi_BajajSwasti_Shrimali_Vohra2015" class="citation book cs1">Tanvi Bajaj; Swasti Shrimali Vohra (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2MRcCgAAQBAJ"><i>Performing Arts and Therapeutic Implications</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 85–87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-32572-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-32572-7"><bdi>978-1-317-32572-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Performing+Arts+and+Therapeutic+Implications&rft.pages=85-87&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-32572-7&rft.au=Tanvi+Bajaj&rft.au=Swasti+Shrimali+Vohra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2MRcCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bhavanani_2001-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bhavanani_2001_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhavananiBhavanani2001" class="citation web cs1">Bhavanani, Ananda Balayogi; Bhavanani, Devasena (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dhdi.free.fr/recherches/horizonsinterculturels/articles/bharatanatyamyoga.htm">"BHARATANATYAM AND YOGA"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061023215608/http://www.dhdi.free.fr/recherches/horizonsinterculturels/articles/bharatanatyamyoga.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2006. <q>He also points out that these [Bharatanatyam dance] stances are very similar to Yoga Asanas, and in the Gopuram walls at Chidambaram, at least twenty different classical Yoga Asanas are depicted by the dancers, including Dhanurasana, Chakrasana, Vrikshasana, Natarajasana, Trivikramasana, Ananda Tandavasana, Padmasana, Siddhasana, Kaka Asana, Vrishchikasana and others.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BHARATANATYAM+AND+YOGA&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Bhavanani&rft.aufirst=Ananda+Balayogi&rft.au=Bhavanani%2C+Devasena&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhdi.free.fr%2Frecherches%2Fhorizonsinterculturels%2Farticles%2Fbharatanatyamyoga.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YJ_2007-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-YJ_2007_106-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-YJ_2007_106-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRea2007" class="citation journal cs1">Rea, Shiva (28 August 2007). "The Divine Dance". <i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Journal" title="Yoga Journal">Yoga Journal</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yoga+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Divine+Dance&rft.date=2007-08-28&rft.aulast=Rea&rft.aufirst=Shiva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldberg2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Goldberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Elliott Goldberg">Goldberg, Elliott</a> (2016). <i>The Path of Modern Yoga: the history of an embodied spiritual practice</i>. Rochester, Vermont: Inner Traditions. pp. 223, 395–398. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62055-567-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62055-567-5"><bdi>978-1-62055-567-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/926062252">926062252</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Path+of+Modern+Yoga%3A+the+history+of+an+embodied+spiritual+practice&rft.place=Rochester%2C+Vermont&rft.pages=223%2C+395-398&rft.pub=Inner+Traditions&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F926062252&rft.isbn=978-1-62055-567-5&rft.aulast=Goldberg&rft.aufirst=Elliott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leslie1992p149-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leslie1992p149_108-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leslie1992p149_108-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leslie1992p149_108-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leslie1992p149_108-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnne-Marie_Gaston1992" class="citation book cs1">Anne-Marie Gaston (1992). Julia Leslie (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sKDm8EH2L3kC"><i>Roles and Rituals for Hindu Women</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 149–150, 170–171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1036-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1036-5"><bdi>978-81-208-1036-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roles+and+Rituals+for+Hindu+Women&rft.pages=149-150%2C+170-171&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1036-5&rft.au=Anne-Marie+Gaston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsKDm8EH2L3kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnne-Marie_Gaston1992" class="citation book cs1">Anne-Marie Gaston (1992). Julia Leslie (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sKDm8EH2L3kC"><i>Roles and Rituals for Hindu Women</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 150–152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1036-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1036-5"><bdi>978-81-208-1036-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roles+and+Rituals+for+Hindu+Women&rft.pages=150-152&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1036-5&rft.au=Anne-Marie+Gaston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsKDm8EH2L3kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEster_Gallo2016" class="citation book cs1">Ester Gallo (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TswFDAAAQBAJ"><i>Migration and Religion in Europe: Comparative Perspectives on South Asian Experiences</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 32–33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-09637-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-09637-5"><bdi>978-1-317-09637-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Migration+and+Religion+in+Europe%3A+Comparative+Perspectives+on+South+Asian+Experiences&rft.pages=32-33&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-09637-5&rft.au=Ester+Gallo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTswFDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeduri2004" class="citation journal cs1">Meduri, Avanthi (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pure.roehampton.ac.uk/ws/files/455228/Meduri_2004_Bharatanatyam_as_a_Global_Dance_Dance_Research_Journal_36_2_Winter_2004_pp11_29.pdf">"Bharatanatyam as a Global Dance: Some Issues in Research, Teaching, and Practice"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Dance Research Journal</i>. <b>36</b> (2): 11–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20444589">10.2307/20444589</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20444589">20444589</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144784756">144784756</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dance+Research+Journal&rft.atitle=Bharatanatyam+as+a+Global+Dance%3A+Some+Issues+in+Research%2C+Teaching%2C+and+Practice&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=11-29&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144784756%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20444589%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F20444589&rft.aulast=Meduri&rft.aufirst=Avanthi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.roehampton.ac.uk%2Fws%2Ffiles%2F455228%2FMeduri_2004_Bharatanatyam_as_a_Global_Dance_Dance_Research_Journal_36_2_Winter_2004_pp11_29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Shea2003" class="citation journal cs1">O'Shea, Janet (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/1658/1/fulltext.pdf">"At Home in the World? The Bharatanatyam Dancer As Transnational Interpreter"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>TDR</i>. <b>47</b> (1). MIT Press: 176–186. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2F105420403321250071">10.1162/105420403321250071</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17824898">17824898</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TDR&rft.atitle=At+Home+in+the+World%3F+The+Bharatanatyam+Dancer+As+Transnational+Interpreter&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=176-186&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2F105420403321250071&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17824898%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=O%27Shea&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepubs.surrey.ac.uk%2F1658%2F1%2Ffulltext.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msn.com/en-us/video/viral/thousands-of-dancers-mesmerize-in-world-record-attempt-for-largest-bharatanatyam-performance/vi-BBZUNRu?ocid=spartandhp">"Thousands of dancers mesmerize in world record attempt for largest Bharatanatyam performance"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Video)</span>. <i>MSN</i>. 12 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MSN&rft.atitle=Thousands+of+dancers+mesmerize+in+world+record+attempt+for+largest+Bharatanatyam+performance&rft.date=2020-02-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msn.com%2Fen-us%2Fvideo%2Fviral%2Fthousands-of-dancers-mesmerize-in-world-record-attempt-for-largest-bharatanatyam-performance%2Fvi-BBZUNRu%3Focid%3Dspartandhp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailynews.lk/2019/03/04/world/179213/over-7000-bharatanatyam-dancers-set-world-record">"Over 7,000 Bharatanatyam dancers set a world record"</a>. <i>Daily News (Source: The Hindu)</i>. 4 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+News+%28Source%3A+The+Hindu%29&rft.atitle=Over+7%2C000+Bharatanatyam+dancers+set+a+world+record&rft.date=2019-03-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailynews.lk%2F2019%2F03%2F04%2Fworld%2F179213%2Fover-7000-bharatanatyam-dancers-set-world-record&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bharatanatyam&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Uttara Asha Coorlawala, ed. <i>Re-presenting Indian Dance.</i> Dance Research Journal. Congress on Research in Dance 36/2. Winter 2004. ISSN 0149-7677</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallace_Dace1963" class="citation journal cs1">Wallace Dace (1963). "The Concept of "Rasa" in Sanskrit Dramatic Theory". <i>Educational Theatre Journal</i>. <b>15</b> (3): 249–254. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3204783">10.2307/3204783</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3204783">3204783</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Educational+Theatre+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Concept+of+%22Rasa%22+in+Sanskrit+Dramatic+Theory&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=249-254&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3204783&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3204783%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Wallace+Dace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanielou1965" class="citation book cs1">Danielou, Alain (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Uu3QelRpmsgC"><i>Shilappadikaram (The Ankle Bracelet) by Iḷaṅkōvaṭikaḷ</i></a>. New Directions Publishing, New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8112-0001-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8112-0001-1"><bdi>978-0-8112-0001-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shilappadikaram+%28The+Ankle+Bracelet%29+by+I%E1%B8%B7a%E1%B9%85k%C5%8Dva%E1%B9%ADika%E1%B8%B7&rft.pub=New+Directions+Publishing%2C+New+York&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=978-0-8112-0001-1&rft.aulast=Danielou&rft.aufirst=Alain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUu3QelRpmsgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRagini_Devi1990" class="citation book cs1">Ragini Devi (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dancedialectsofi0000ragi"><i>Dance Dialects of India</i></a></span>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0674-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0674-0"><bdi>978-81-208-0674-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dance+Dialects+of+India&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0674-0&rft.au=Ragini+Devi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdancedialectsofi0000ragi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDikshitar1939" class="citation cs2">Dikshitar, V R Ramachandra (1939), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.201802/page/n5"><i>The Silappadikaram</i></a>, Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Silappadikaram&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1939&rft.aulast=Dikshitar&rft.aufirst=V+R+Ramachandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.201802%2Fpage%2Fn5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFergusson1880" class="citation book cs1">Fergusson, James (1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5YqEFKdU8FEC&pg=PA405"><i>The Caves Temples of India</i></a>. W. H. Allen<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Caves+Temples+of+India&rft.pub=W.+H.+Allen&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=Fergusson&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5YqEFKdU8FEC%26pg%3DPA405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Douglas M. Knight, Jr. <i>Balasaraswati: Her Art and Life</i>. Wesleyan University Press. Middletown, CT, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6906-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6906-6">978-0-8195-6906-6</a></li> <li>Sunil Kothari, <i>Bharata Natyam,</i> Marg Publications, Mumbai: 1997.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNatalia_Lidova2014" class="citation book cs1">Natalia Lidova (2014). <i>Natyashastra</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fobo%2F9780195399318-0071">10.1093/obo/9780195399318-0071</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Natyashastra&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fobo%2F9780195399318-0071&rft.au=Natalia+Lidova&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNatalia_Lidova1994" class="citation book cs1">Natalia Lidova (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3TKarwqJJP0C"><i>Drama and Ritual of Early Hinduism</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1234-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1234-5"><bdi>978-81-208-1234-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drama+and+Ritual+of+Early+Hinduism&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1234-5&rft.au=Natalia+Lidova&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3TKarwqJJP0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarla_Mehta1995" class="citation book cs1">Tarla Mehta (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l7naMj1UxIkC"><i>Sanskrit Play Production in Ancient India</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1057-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1057-0"><bdi>978-81-208-1057-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sanskrit+Play+Production+in+Ancient+India&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1057-0&rft.au=Tarla+Mehta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl7naMj1UxIkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichell2014" class="citation book cs1">Michell, George l (15 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-1TroAEACAAJ"><i>Temple Architecture and Art of the Early Chalukyas: Badami, Mahakuta, Aihole, Pattadakal</i></a>. Niyogi Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-83098-33-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-83098-33-0"><bdi>978-93-83098-33-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Temple+Architecture+and+Art+of+the+Early+Chalukyas%3A+Badami%2C+Mahakuta%2C+Aihole%2C+Pattadakal&rft.pub=Niyogi+Books&rft.date=2014-10-15&rft.isbn=978-93-83098-33-0&rft.aulast=Michell&rft.aufirst=George+l&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-1TroAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Narayanan Chittoor Namboodiripad, "Revealing the Art of Natyasastra." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788121512183" title="Special:BookSources/9788121512183">9788121512183</a></li> <li>Srividya Natarajan Another Stage in the Life of the Nation: Sadir, Bharatanatyam, Feminist Theory. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Dept of English, University of Hyderabad, 1997.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmmie_Te_Nijenhuis1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Emmie_te_Nijenhuis" title="Emmie te Nijenhuis">Emmie Te Nijenhuis</a> (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NrgfAAAAIAAJ"><i>Indian Music: History and Structure</i></a>. BRILL Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-03978-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-03978-3"><bdi>90-04-03978-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Music%3A+History+and+Structure&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=90-04-03978-3&rft.au=Emmie+Te+Nijenhuis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNrgfAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Sukanya Rahman. <i>Dancing in the Family.</i> Rupa and Co. New Delhi: 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-291-0594-2" title="Special:BookSources/81-291-0594-2">81-291-0594-2</a></li> <li>Vijaya Rao, (1987), Abbild des Göttlichen. Bharata Natyam. Der klassische Indische Tanz. Freiburg (Germany)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichmondSwannZarrilli1993" class="citation book cs1">Richmond, Farley P.; Swann, Darius L.; Zarrilli, Phillip B. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OroCOEqkVg4C"><i>Indian Theatre: Traditions of Performance</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0981-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0981-9"><bdi>978-81-208-0981-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Theatre%3A+Traditions+of+Performance&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0981-9&rft.aulast=Richmond&rft.aufirst=Farley+P.&rft.au=Swann%2C+Darius+L.&rft.au=Zarrilli%2C+Phillip+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOroCOEqkVg4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapila_Vatsyayan2001" class="citation book cs1">Kapila Vatsyayan (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zKW1PAAACAAJ"><i>Bharata, the Nāṭyaśāstra</i></a>. Sahitya Akademi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-260-1220-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-260-1220-6"><bdi>978-81-260-1220-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bharata%2C+the+N%C4%81%E1%B9%ADya%C5%9B%C4%81stra&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-260-1220-6&rft.au=Kapila+Vatsyayan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzKW1PAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapila_Vatsyayan1977" class="citation book cs1">Kapila Vatsyayan (1977). <i>Classical Indian dance in literature and the arts</i>. Sangeet Natak Akademi. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/233639306">233639306</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Indian+dance+in+literature+and+the+arts&rft.pub=Sangeet+Natak+Akademi&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F233639306&rft.au=Kapila+Vatsyayan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.mpib-berlin.mpg.de/toc/z2008_2719.pdf">Table of Contents</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapila_Vatsyayan1974" class="citation cs2">Kapila Vatsyayan (1974), <i>Indian classical dance</i>, Sangeet Natak Akademi, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2238067">2238067</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+classical+dance&rft.pub=Sangeet+Natak+Akademi&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2238067&rft.au=Kapila+Vatsyayan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapila_Vatsyayan2008" class="citation book cs1">Kapila Vatsyayan (2008). <i>Aesthetic theories and forms in Indian tradition</i>. Munshiram Manoharlal. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8187586357" title="Special:BookSources/978-8187586357"><bdi>978-8187586357</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/286469807">286469807</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aesthetic+theories+and+forms+in+Indian+tradition&rft.pub=Munshiram+Manoharlal&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F286469807&rft.isbn=978-8187586357&rft.au=Kapila+Vatsyayan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapila_Vatsyayan" class="citation book cs1">Kapila Vatsyayan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=58fUibaZdGYC"><i>Dance In Indian Painting</i></a>. Abhinav Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-153-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-153-9"><bdi>978-81-7017-153-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dance+In+Indian+Painting&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-153-9&rft.au=Kapila+Vatsyayan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D58fUibaZdGYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2004" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Drid (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304121105/http://jashm.press.illinois.edu/12.3/12-3IntheShadow_Williams78-99.pdf">"In the Shadow of Hollywood Orientalism: Authentic East Indian Dancing"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Visual Anthropology</i>. <b>17</b> (1). Routledge: 69–98. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08949460490274013">10.1080/08949460490274013</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29065670">29065670</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jashm.press.illinois.edu/12.3/12-3IntheShadow_Williams78-99.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Visual+Anthropology&rft.atitle=In+the+Shadow+of+Hollywood+Orientalism%3A+Authentic+East+Indian+Dancing&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=69-98&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08949460490274013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29065670%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Drid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjashm.press.illinois.edu%2F12.3%2F12-3IntheShadow_Williams78-99.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABharatanatyam" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bharatanatyam&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dance_in_India" title="Template:Dance in India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dance_in_India" title="Template talk:Dance in India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dance_in_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dance in India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dance_in_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_India" title="Dance in India">Dance in India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perini_Sivatandavam" title="Perini Sivatandavam">Perini Sivatandavam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margamkali" title="Margamkali">Margamkali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koothu" title="Koothu">Koothu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parai_Attam" class="mw-redirect" title="Parai Attam">Parai Attam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theyyam" title="Theyyam">Theyyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veeranatyam" title="Veeranatyam">Veeranatyam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recognised</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bharatanatyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathak" title="Kathak">Kathak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuchipudi" title="Kuchipudi">Kuchipudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_dance" title="Manipuri dance">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohiniyattam" title="Mohiniyattam">Mohiniyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi">Odissi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattriya" title="Sattriya">Sattriya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Natyam" title="Andhra Natyam">Andhra Natyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhau_dance" title="Chhau dance">Chhau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deknni" title="Deknni">Deknni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Nritya" title="Gaudiya Nritya">Gaudiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotipua" title="Gotipua">Gotipua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahari_dance" title="Mahari dance">Mahari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Divine forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nataraja" title="Nataraja">Nataraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandava" title="Tandava">Tandava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_lila" class="mw-redirect" title="Rasa lila">Rasa lila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasya" title="Lasya">Lasya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_folk_dances" title="List of Indian folk dances">Folk</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_folk_dances" title="List of Indian folk dances">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkap" title="Alkap">Alkap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baagh_Naach" class="mw-redirect" title="Baagh Naach">Baagh Naach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagurumba" title="Bagurumba">Bagurumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo_Chham" title="Bardo Chham">Bardo Chham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardwi_Sikhla" title="Bardwi Sikhla">Bardwi Sikhla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedara_Vesha" title="Bedara Vesha">Bedara Vesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhangra_(dance)" title="Bhangra (dance)">Bhangra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihu_dance" title="Bihu dance">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bommalattam" title="Bommalattam">Bommalattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakyar_koothu" title="Chakyar koothu">Chakyar koothu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang_dance" title="Chang dance">Chang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang_Lo" title="Chang Lo">Chang Lo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheraw_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheraw dance">Cheraw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chheih_Lam" title="Chheih Lam">Chheih Lam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chholiya" title="Chholiya">Chholiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corridinho" title="Corridinho">Corridinho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalkhai" title="Dalkhai">Dalkhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandiya_Raas" title="Dandiya Raas">Dandiya Raas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhalo" title="Dhalo">Dhalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhunuchi_Nritya" title="Dhunuchi Nritya">Dhunachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dollu_Kunitha" title="Dollu Kunitha">Dollu Kunitha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domkach" title="Domkach">Domkach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domni" title="Domni">Domni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duffmuttu" title="Duffmuttu">Duffmuttu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumhal" title="Dumhal">Dumhal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugdi" title="Fugdi">Fugdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garadi" title="Garadi">Garadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garba_(dance)" title="Garba (dance)">Garba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giddha" title="Giddha">Giddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghoomar" title="Ghoomar">Ghoomar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghumura_dance" title="Ghumura dance">Ghumura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gombhira" title="Gombhira">Gombhira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grida_dance" title="Grida dance">Grida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hojagiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Hojagiri">Hojagiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulivesha" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulivesha">Hulivesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhijhiya" title="Jhijhiya">Jhijhiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhumar" title="Jhumar">Jhumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhumair" title="Jhumair">Jhumair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kachchhi_Ghodi_dance" title="Kachchhi Ghodi dance">Kachhi Ghodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalbelia" title="Kalbelia">Kalbelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakattam" title="Karakattam">Karakattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_Naach" title="Karma Naach">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keisabadi" title="Keisabadi">Keisabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khual_Lam" title="Khual Lam">Khual Lam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kikkli" title="Kikkli">Kikkli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolattam" title="Kolattam">Kolattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kummi" title="Kummi">Kummi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavani" title="Lavani">Lavani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahasua" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahasua">Lahasua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezim" title="Lezim">Lezim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maach" title="Maach">Maach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malwai_Giddha" title="Malwai Giddha">Malwai Giddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardana_Jhumair" class="mw-redirect" title="Mardana Jhumair">Mardana Jhumair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matki_Dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Matki Dance">Matki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayilattam" title="Mayilattam">Mayilattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mussoll" title="Mussoll">Mussoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacn%C4%AB" title="Nacnī">Nacnī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nati_(dance)" title="Nati (dance)">Nati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppana" title="Oppana">Oppana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyilattam" title="Oyilattam">Oyilattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paampu_attam" title="Paampu attam">Paampattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padayani" title="Padayani">Padayani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavri_Nach" title="Pavri Nach">Pavri Nach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phulpati_dance" title="Phulpati dance">Phulpati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poikkaal_Kuthirai_Aattam" title="Poikkaal Kuthirai Aattam">Poikkal Kuthiraiattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puli_Kali" title="Puli Kali">Puli Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puliyattam" title="Puliyattam">Puliyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasiya" title="Rasiya">Rasiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raut_Nacha" title="Raut Nacha">Raut Nacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saang" title="Saang">Saang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singhi_Chham" title="Singhi Chham">Singhi Chham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_dance" title="Sword dance">Sword dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertali" title="Tertali">Tertali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirayattam" title="Thirayattam">Thirayattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thitambu_Nritham" class="mw-redirect" title="Thitambu Nritham">Thitambu Nritham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tippani" title="Tippani">Tippani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veeragase" title="Veeragase">Veeragase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakshagana" title="Yakshagana">Yakshagana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_cinema#Song_and_dance" title="Hindi cinema">Hindi cinema song and dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_dance_music" title="Hindi dance music">Hindi dance songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautch" title="Nautch">Nautch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abhinavabharati" title="Abhinavabharati">Abhinavabharati</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mudras_(dance)" title="List of mudras (dance)">Mudras</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dance_forms_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Dance forms of Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_dances_of_Assam" title="Folk dances of Assam">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_dances_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Traditional dances of Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_dance_forms_of_Odisha" title="Folk dance forms of Odisha">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_dances_of_Punjab" title="Folk dances of Punjab">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_forms_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Dance forms of Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dances_of_Tripura" title="Dances of Tripura">Tripura</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accessories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghungroo" title="Ghungroo">Ghungroo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silambu" title="Silambu">Silambu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="15px&#124;link=Aum_Hinduism_14px_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindudharma" title="Template:Hindudharma"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindudharma" title="Template talk:Hindudharma"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindudharma" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindudharma"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="15px&#124;link=Aum_Hinduism_14px_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aum" title="Aum"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/15px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/23px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/30px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HinduSwastika.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/14px-HinduSwastika.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/21px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/28px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="145" /></a></span> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li>Index</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Hinduism">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Atman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārthas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Asteya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Āstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Hindu "Om" symbol"><img alt="Hindu "Om" symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/100px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/150px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/200px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="507" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_chant" title="Vedic chant">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitrayaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Upaveda">Upavedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Dhanurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natyaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Sthapatyaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedanga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitisara" title="Nitisara">Nitisara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81radasm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Nāradasmṛti">Nāradasmṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81j%C3%B1avalkya_Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Yājñavalkya Smṛti">Yājñavalkya Smṛti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhashita" title="Subhashita">Subhashita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandham" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugal">Thiruppugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirukkural" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirukkural">Thirukkural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Antati" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Antati">Abhirami Antati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedarthasamgraha" title="Vedarthasamgraha">Vedarthasamgraha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrika">Matrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naivedhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Naivedhya">Naivedhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Hinduism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthatana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sanskara_(rite_of_passage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskara (rite of passage)">Sanskaras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Namakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyarambha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaah" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivaah">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyeshti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Varnashrama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashrama_(stage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashrama (stage)">Ashrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grihastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Grihastha">Grihastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaprastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanaprastha">Vanaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li>New Year <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_Padwa" title="Gudi Padwa">Gudi Padwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahela_Baishakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Baishakh">Pahela Baishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela" title="Haridwar Kumbh Mela">Haridwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashik-Trimbakeshwar_Simhastha" title="Nashik-Trimbakeshwar Simhastha">Nashik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayag_Kumbh_Mela" title="Prayag Kumbh Mela">Prayag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujjain_Simhastha" title="Ujjain Simhastha">Ujjain</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teej" title="Teej">Teej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_festivals" title="Template:Hindu festivals">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaste" title="Namaste">Namaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">Tilaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus#Etymology" title="Hindus">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Hindus" title="Lists of Hindus">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Anti-Hindu sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hinduism" title="Criticism of Hinduism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Hindu gurus and sants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_studies" title="Hindu studies">Hindu studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_other_religions" title="Hinduism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Hinduism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Hinduism">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jainism and Hinduism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Theosophy" title="Hinduism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu temples">Hindu temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples" title="List of Hindu temples">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Architecture</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hinduism" title="Outline of Hinduism">Outline</a><br /> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Hinduism" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Hinduism">WikiProject</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25px&#124;Seal_of_Karnataka_State_of_Karnataka" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Karnataka_topics" title="Template:Karnataka topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Karnataka_topics" title="Template talk:Karnataka topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Karnataka_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Karnataka topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25px&#124;Seal_of_Karnataka_State_of_Karnataka" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Karnataka,_India.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of Karnataka"><img alt="Seal of Karnataka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Flag_of_Karnataka%2C_India.png/25px-Flag_of_Karnataka%2C_India.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Flag_of_Karnataka%2C_India.png/38px-Flag_of_Karnataka%2C_India.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Flag_of_Karnataka%2C_India.png/50px-Flag_of_Karnataka%2C_India.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="454" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Bengaluru" title="Bengaluru">Bengaluru</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Karnataka_state_symbols" title="List of Karnataka state symbols">State symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_emblems" title="List of Indian state emblems">Emblem</a>: <a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Karnataka" title="Emblem of Karnataka">Emblem of Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_songs" title="List of Indian state songs">Song</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jaya_Bharata_Jananiya_Tanujate" title="Jaya Bharata Jananiya Tanujate">Jaya Bharata Jananiya Tanujate</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_animals" title="List of Indian state animals">Animal</a>: <a href="/wiki/Asian_elephant" title="Asian elephant">Asian elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_birds" title="List of Indian state birds">Bird</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indian_roller" title="Indian roller">Indian roller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_flowers" title="List of Indian state flowers">Flower</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nelumbo_nucifera" title="Nelumbo nucifera">Lotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_trees" title="List of Indian state trees">Tree</a>: <a href="/wiki/Santalum_album" title="Santalum album">Sandalwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_symbols" title="List of Indian state symbols">Fruit</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mangifera_indica" title="Mangifera indica">Mango</a></li> <li>Fish: <a href="/wiki/Hypselobarbus_carnaticus" title="Hypselobarbus carnaticus">Carnatic carp</a></li> <li>Insect: <a href="/wiki/Troides_minos" title="Troides minos">Southern birdwing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Karnataka" title="Category:Karnataka">Overviews</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Karnataka" title="Architecture of Karnataka">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_cinema" title="Kannada cinema">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka#Climate" title="Karnataka">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_cuisine" title="Karnataka cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Karnataka" title="Demographics of Karnataka">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Karnataka" title="Economy of Karnataka">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Karnataka" title="Education in Karnataka">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_arts_of_Karnataka" title="Folk arts of Karnataka">Folk arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Karnataka" title="Geography of Karnataka">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Karnataka" title="History of Karnataka">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Karnataka" title="Media in Karnataka">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Karnataka" title="Sports in Karnataka">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Karnataka" title="Transport in Karnataka">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Karnataka" title="Wildlife of Karnataka">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Karnataka" title="Category:History of Karnataka">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aihole" title="Aihole">Aihole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alupa_dynasty" title="Alupa dynasty">Alupa dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoghavarsha" title="Amoghavarsha">Amoghavarsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badami" title="Badami">Badami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banavasi" title="Banavasi">Banavasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balligavi" title="Balligavi">Balligavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belur,_Karnataka" title="Belur, Karnataka">Belur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayakas_of_Chitradurga" title="Nayakas of Chitradurga">Chitradurga Nayakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_Raya_II" title="Deva Raya II">Deva Raya II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durvinita" title="Durvinita">Durvinita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halebidu" title="Halebidu">Halebidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Coorg" title="Kingdom of Coorg">Kingdom of Coorg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halmidi" title="Halmidi">Halmidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampi" title="Hampi">Hampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysala Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_dynasty" title="Kadamba dynasty">Kadamba dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Kalyani Chalukyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayakas_of_Keladi" title="Nayakas of Keladi">Keladi Nayakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivappa_Nayaka" title="Shivappa Nayaka">Shivappa Nayaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kittur_Chennamma" title="Kittur Chennamma">Kittur Chennamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Kingdom of Mysore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayurasharma" title="Mayurasharma">Mayurasharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattadakal" title="Pattadakal">Pattadakal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulakeshin_II" title="Pulakeshin II">Pulakeshin II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sringeri" title="Sringeri">Sringeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srirangapatna" title="Srirangapatna">Srirangapatna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan">Tipu Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Karnataka" title="Unification of Karnataka">Unification of Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara" title="Vijayanagara">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnuvardhana" title="Vishnuvardhana">Vishnuvardhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veera_Ballala_II" title="Veera Ballala II">Veera Ballala II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikramaditya_II" title="Vikramaditya II">Vikramaditya II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikramaditya_VI" title="Vikramaditya VI">Vikramaditya VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_dynasty" title="Western Ganga dynasty">Western Ganga dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Karnataka" title="List of districts of Karnataka">Districts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Karnataka" title="Administrative divisions of Karnataka">divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Bangalore_division" title="Bangalore division">Bangalore division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangalore_Urban_district" title="Bangalore Urban district">Bangalore Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangalore_Rural_district" title="Bangalore Rural district">Bangalore Rural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitradurga_district" title="Chitradurga district">Chitradurga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davanagere_district" title="Davanagere district">Davanagere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolar_district" title="Kolar district">Kolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimoga_district" title="Shimoga district">Shimoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumakuru_district" title="Tumakuru district">Tumakuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanagara_district" title="Ramanagara district">Ramanagara </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chikkaballapura_district" title="Chikkaballapura district">Chikkaballapura</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Belagavi_division" title="Belagavi division">Belagavi division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagalkot_district" title="Bagalkot district">Bagalkot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belagavi_district" title="Belagavi district">Belagavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijapur_district,_Karnataka" title="Bijapur district, Karnataka">Bijapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharwad_district" title="Dharwad district">Dharwad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haveri_district" title="Haveri district">Haveri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadag_district" title="Gadag district">Gadag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttara_Kannada" title="Uttara Kannada">Uttara Kannada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Kalaburagi_division" title="Kalaburagi division">Kalaburagi division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballari_district" title="Ballari district">Ballari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidar_district" title="Bidar district">Bidar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaburagi_district" title="Kalaburagi district">Kalaburagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koppal_district" title="Koppal district">Koppal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raichur_district" title="Raichur district">Raichur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_district" title="Vijayanagara district">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yadgir_district" title="Yadgir district">Yadgir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Mysore_division" title="Mysore division">Mysore division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamarajanagar_district" title="Chamarajanagar district">Chamarajanagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chikmagalur_district" title="Chikmagalur district">Chikmagalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakshina_Kannada" title="Dakshina Kannada">Dakshina Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_district" title="Hassan district">Hassan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodagu_district" title="Kodagu district">Kodagu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandya_district" title="Mandya district">Mandya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysore_district" title="Mysore district">Mysore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udupi_district" title="Udupi district">Udupi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Karnataka" title="Geography of Karnataka">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_and_towns_in_Karnataka" title="Category:Cities and towns in Karnataka">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Karnataka" title="List of districts of Karnataka">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Karnataka" title="Category:Rivers of Karnataka">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dams_and_reservoirs_in_Karnataka" title="List of dams and reservoirs in Karnataka">Dams and reservoirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_taluks_of_Karnataka" title="List of taluks of Karnataka">Taluks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Villages_in_Karnataka" title="Category:Villages in Karnataka">Villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullayyana_Giri" title="Mullayyana Giri">Highest point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayalu_Seeme" title="Bayalu Seeme">Bayalu Seeme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malenadu" title="Malenadu">Malenadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanara" title="Kanara">Kanara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Karnataka" title="Category:Culture of Karnataka">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bharatanatyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buta_Kola" title="Buta Kola">Buta Kola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidriware" title="Bidriware">Bidriware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channapatna_toys" title="Channapatna toys">Channapatna toys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_Chitrakala_Parishath" title="Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath">Chitrakala Parishat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaarudi_Gombe" title="Gaarudi Gombe">Gaarudi Gombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkal_sari" title="Ilkal sari">Ilkal sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamsale" title="Kamsale">Kamsale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Karnatik music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasuti" title="Kasuti">Kasuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khedda" title="Khedda">Khedda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysore_Dasara" title="Mysore Dasara">Mysore Dasara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togalu_gombeyaata" title="Togalu gombeyaata">Togalu gombeyaata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udupi_cuisine" title="Udupi cuisine">Udupi cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veeragase" title="Veeragase">Veeragase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakshagana" title="Yakshagana">Yakshagana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicians_of_the_Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Musicians of the Kingdom of Mysore">Mysore musicians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Literature_of_Karnataka" title="Category:Literature of Karnataka">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_literature" title="Kannada literature">Kannada</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_milestones_in_Kannada_literature" title="List of milestones in Kannada literature">Milestones</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_epics_in_the_Kannada_language" title="List of epics in the Kannada language">Epics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Kannada_literature" title="Medieval Kannada literature">Medieval</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_literature" title="Rashtrakuta literature">Rashtrakuta</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_literature" title="Western Ganga literature">Western Ganga</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_literature_in_Kannada" title="Western Chalukya literature in Kannada">Western Chalukya</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_literature" title="Hoysala literature">Hoysala</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_literature_in_Kannada" title="Vijayanagara literature in Kannada">Vijayanagara</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Vachana_sahitya" title="Vachana sahitya">Vachana</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Haridasa" title="Haridasa">Haridasa</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mysore_literature_in_Kannada" title="Mysore literature in Kannada">Mysore</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Yakshagana_plays_in_the_Kannada_language" title="List of Yakshagana plays in the Kannada language">Play</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Kannada_literature" title="Modern Kannada literature">Modern</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_Sahitya_Parishat" title="Kannada Sahitya Parishat">Kannada Sahitya Parishat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_Sahitya_Sammelana" title="Kannada Sahitya Sammelana">Kannada Sahitya Sammelana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Karnataka_literature" title="List of Karnataka literature">Karnataka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Kannada_poets" title="Category:Kannada poets">Noted poets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asaga" title="Asaga">Asaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunavarma_I" title="Gunavarma I">Gunavarma I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adikavi_Pampa" title="Adikavi Pampa">Adikavi Pampa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponna_(poet)" title="Ponna (poet)">Sri Ponna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranna_(Kannada_poet)" title="Ranna (Kannada poet)">Ranna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devar_Dasimayya" title="Devar Dasimayya">Devar Dasimayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basava" title="Basava">Basava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akka_Mahadevi" title="Akka Mahadevi">Akka Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allama_Prabhu" title="Allama Prabhu">Allama Prabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddheshwar" title="Siddheshwar">Siddharama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harihara_(poet)" title="Harihara (poet)">Harihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghavanka" title="Raghavanka">Raghavanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudrabhatta" title="Rudrabhatta">Rudrabhatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janna" title="Janna">Janna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumara_Vyasa" title="Kumara Vyasa">Kumara Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamarasa" title="Chamarasa">Chamarasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nijaguna_Shivayogi" title="Nijaguna Shivayogi">Nijaguna Shivayogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratnakaravarni" title="Ratnakaravarni">Ratnakaravarni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaka_Dasa" title="Kanaka Dasa">Kanaka Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijaya_Dasa" title="Vijaya Dasa">Vijaya Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopala_Dasa" title="Gopala Dasa">Gopala Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannatha_Dasa_(Kannada_poet)" title="Jagannatha Dasa (Kannada poet)">Jagannatha Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmisa" title="Lakshmisa">Lakshmisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvajna" title="Sarvajna">Sarvajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shishunala_Sharif" title="Shishunala Sharif">Shishunala Sharif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaraja_Wadiyar_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Krishnaraja Wadiyar III">Krishnaraja Wadiyar III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._R._Bendre" title="D. R. Bendre">D. R. Bendre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopalakrishna_Adiga" title="Gopalakrishna Adiga">Gopalakrishna Adiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._Seetharamaiah" title="V. Seetharamaiah">V. Seetharamaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._S._Narasimhaswamy" title="K. S. Narasimhaswamy">K. S. Narasimhaswamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Govinda_Pai" title="M. Govinda Pai">M. Govinda Pai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuvempu" title="Kuvempu">Kuvempu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._V._Gundappa" title="D. V. Gundappa">D. V. Gundappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._S._Shivarudrappa" title="G. S. Shivarudrappa">G. S. Shivarudrappa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Karnataka" title="Category:People from Karnataka">People</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Karnataka_society" title="Category:Karnataka society">society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Karnataka ethnic groups">Karnataka ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Karnataka" title="List of people from Karnataka">List of people from Karnataka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Karnataka" title="Tourism in Karnataka">Tourism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Karnataka" title="List of beaches in Karnataka">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dams_in_Karnataka" title="Category:Dams in Karnataka">Dams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forts_in_Karnataka" title="Category:Forts in Karnataka">Forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_parks_in_Karnataka" title="Category:National parks in Karnataka">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_temples_in_Karnataka" title="Category:Hindu temples in Karnataka">Hindu temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jain_temples_in_Karnataka" title="Category:Jain temples in Karnataka">Jain temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Waterfalls_of_Karnataka" title="Category:Waterfalls of Karnataka">Waterfalls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Civil_awards_and_decorations_of_Karnataka" title="Category:Civil awards and decorations of Karnataka">Awards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_Ratna" title="Karnataka Ratna">Karnataka Ratna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampa_Award" title="Pampa Award">Pampa Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nrupatunga_Award" title="Nrupatunga Award">Nrupatunga Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basava_Puraskara" title="Basava Puraskara">Basava Puraskara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajyotsava_Prashasti" title="Rajyotsava Prashasti">Rajyotsava Prashasti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakanachari_Award" title="Jakanachari Award">Jakanachari Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varnashilpi_Venkatappa_Award" title="Varnashilpi Venkatappa Award">Varnashilpi Venkatappa Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kempegowda_Award" title="Kempegowda Award">Kempegowda Award</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Karnataka" title="Media in 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[\"CITEREFCoormaraswamy_and_Duggirala1917\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDanielou1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavesh_Soneji2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDikshitar1939\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllen_Koskoff2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmmie_Te_Nijenhuis1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEster_Gallo2016\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFEugenio_BarbaNicola_Savarese2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFergusson1880\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrancoNordera2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGanesh2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldberg2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGurcharan_Singh_RandhawaAmitabha_Mukhopadhyay1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuy_L._Beck2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_G._Lochtefeld2002\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJanet_Descutner2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJanet_O\u0026#039;Shea2007\"] = 5,\n [\"CITEREFKannan2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKapila_Vatsyayan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKapila_Vatsyayan1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKapila_Vatsyayan1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKapila_Vatsyayan1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKapila_Vatsyayan2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKapila_Vatsyayan2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKatrak2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhokar1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKilger1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeslie_C._Orr2000\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMahotsav\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaratt_Mythili_AnoopVarun_Gulati2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMargaret_E._Walker2016\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMary_Ellen_Snodgrass2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeduri1988\"] = 5,\n [\"CITEREFMeduri2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichell2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNalini_Ghuman2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNatalia_Lidova1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNatalia_Lidova2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Shea2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFP._K._Ravindranath1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPallabi_ChakravortyNilanjana_Gupta2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParidaRoshni2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParomitra_Kar2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter_FletcherLaurence_Picken2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter_J._ClausSarah_DiamondMargaret_Ann_Mills2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlanetBenanavBindlossBrown2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRagini_Devi1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRea2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_Schechner2010\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRichmondSwannZarrilli1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoebert\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenblatt_LouisSanford_B._Steever2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShah2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinha2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiyuan_Liu2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwami_Paramatmananda_PuriAmritanandamayi_Devi2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwarajya_Prakash_GuptaKrishna_LalMahua_Bhattacharyya2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTM_Krishna2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTanvi_BajajSwasti_Shrimali_Vohra2015\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTarla_Mehta1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThobani2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVidya_Dehejia2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWallace_Dace1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2004\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 71,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 18,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 9,\n [\"Cleanup lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Bharata Natyam\"] = 1,\n [\"Dance in India\"] = 1,\n [\"Hindudharma\"] = 1,\n [\"Hinduism\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 5,\n [\"Infobox dance\"] = 1,\n [\"Italic title\"] = 1,\n [\"Karnataka topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Lit\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 2,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 20,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Indian English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7fc47fc68d-6bfhj","timestamp":"20241128193318","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Bharatanatyam","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bharatanatyam","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q334156","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q334156","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia 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