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id="toc-Hague_Congress_initiative_to_create_a_College_of_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hague_Congress_initiative_to_create_a_College_of_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Hague Congress initiative to create a College of Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hague_Congress_initiative_to_create_a_College_of_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bruges_speech_by_Margaret_Thatcher" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bruges_speech_by_Margaret_Thatcher"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span><i>Bruges speech</i> by Margaret Thatcher</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bruges_speech_by_Margaret_Thatcher-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Cold_War_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Cold_War_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Post-Cold War history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Cold_War_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campuses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campuses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Campuses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Campuses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Campuses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Campuses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bruges_campus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bruges_campus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Bruges campus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bruges_campus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dijver" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dijver"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Dijver</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dijver-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verversdijk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verversdijk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Verversdijk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verversdijk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Garenmarkt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Garenmarkt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Garenmarkt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Garenmarkt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biskajer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biskajer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Biskajer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biskajer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gouden_Hand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gouden_Hand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.5</span> <span>Gouden Hand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gouden_Hand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natolin_campus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natolin_campus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Natolin campus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natolin_campus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Albania_Campus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Albania_Campus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Albania Campus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Albania_Campus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Student_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Student_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Student life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Student_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Student life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Student_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Admissions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Admissions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Admissions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Admissions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Traditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Promotions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Promotions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Promotions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Promotions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_alumni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_alumni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notable alumni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_alumni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Faculty_and_organisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Faculty_and_organisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Faculty and organisation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Faculty_and_organisation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Faculty and organisation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Faculty_and_organisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Academics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Academics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Organisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rectors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rectors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Rectors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rectors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vice_rectors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vice_rectors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Vice rectors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vice_rectors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidents_of_the_Administrative_Council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidents_of_the_Administrative_Council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.3</span> <span>Presidents of the Administrative Council</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidents_of_the_Administrative_Council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Controversies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Controversies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Controversy_concerning_Saudi_Arabia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy_concerning_Saudi_Arabia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Controversy concerning Saudi Arabia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversy_concerning_Saudi_Arabia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allegations_of_sexual_harassment_and_misogyny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allegations_of_sexual_harassment_and_misogyny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Allegations of sexual harassment and misogyny</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allegations_of_sexual_harassment_and_misogyny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jungle_comments_by_Josep_Borrell" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jungle_comments_by_Josep_Borrell"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span><i>Jungle comments</i> by Josep Borrell</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jungle_comments_by_Josep_Borrell-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexual_Harassment_Scandal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_Harassment_Scandal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Sexual Harassment Scandal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual_Harassment_Scandal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">College of Europe</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="كلية أوروبا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كلية أوروبا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Еўрапейскі калегіум – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Еўрапейскі калегіум" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col%C2%B7legi_d%27Europa" title="Col·legi d'Europa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Col·legi d'Europa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_Europe" title="College of Europe – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="College of Europe" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europakollegiet" title="Europakollegiet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Europakollegiet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_Europe" title="College of Europe – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="College of Europe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euroopa_Kolled%C5%BE" title="Euroopa Kolledž – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Euroopa Kolledž" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colegio_de_Europa" title="Colegio de Europa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Colegio de Europa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolegio_de_E%C5%ADropo" title="Kolegio de Eŭropo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kolegio de Eŭropo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europako_Kolegioa" title="Europako Kolegioa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Europako Kolegioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7" title="کالج اروپا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کالج اروپا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_d%27Europe" title="Collège d'Europe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Collège d'Europe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%BE%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D6%84%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%BB" title="Եվրոպայի քոլեջ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Եվրոպայի քոլեջ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegio_d%27Europa" title="Collegio d'Europa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Collegio d'Europa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%92%27_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%94" title="קולג' אירופה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קולג' אירופה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98" title="ევროპის კოლეჯი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ევროპის კოლეჯი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegium_Europaeum" title="Collegium Europaeum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Collegium Europaeum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiropas_koled%C5%BEa" title="Eiropas koledža – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Eiropas koledža" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="كليه اوروبا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كليه اوروبا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europacollege" title="Europacollege – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Europacollege" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E5%B7%9E%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="欧州大学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="欧州大学" data-language-autonym="日本語" 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">International relations school based in Belgium & Poland</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/European_University_Institute" title="European University Institute">European University Institute</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">College of Europe</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Collège d’Europe</i></span><br /><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Europacollege</i></span><br /><span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Kolegium Europy</i></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:College_of_Europe_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="College of Europe logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2d/College_of_Europe_logo.svg/250px-College_of_Europe_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2d/College_of_Europe_logo.svg/375px-College_of_Europe_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2d/College_of_Europe_logo.svg/500px-College_of_Europe_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="188" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Private_university" title="Private university">Private</a> <a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Postgraduate school">postgraduate institute</a><br /><i><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tablissement_d%27utilit%C3%A9_publique" class="extiw" title="fr:Établissement d'utilité publique">Établissement d'utilité publique</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">1949<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1949</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Chairperson" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairperson">Chairman</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Herman_Van_Rompuy" title="Herman Van Rompuy">Herman Van Rompuy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Rector_(academia)" title="Rector (academia)">Rector</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Federica_Mogherini" title="Federica Mogherini">Federica Mogherini</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">Postgraduates</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Annually ca. 470 students from over 50 countries</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div style="display:inline" class="locality"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a>, Belgium<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, Poland<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania"><img alt="Albania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a>, Albania</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Working_language" title="Working language">Working languages</a></th><td class="infobox-data">English and French</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coleurope.eu">www<wbr />.coleurope<wbr />.eu</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>College of Europe</b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Collège d'Europe</i>; <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Europacollege</i>; <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Kolegium Europy</i>) is a post-graduate institute of <a href="/wiki/European_studies" title="European studies">European studies</a> with its main campus in <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a>, Belgium, and additional newer campuses in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a>. </p><p>The College of Europe in Bruges was founded in 1949 as a result of the 1948 <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Europe" title="Congress of Europe">Congress of Europe</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a> by leading historical European figures and <a href="/wiki/Founding_fathers_of_the_European_Union" title="Founding fathers of the European Union">founding fathers of the European Union</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Salvador_de_Madariaga" title="Salvador de Madariaga">Salvador de Madariaga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul-Henri_Spaak" title="Paul-Henri Spaak">Paul-Henri Spaak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">Alcide De Gasperi</a>, to promote "a spirit of <a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">solidarity</a> and mutual understanding between all the nations of <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> and to provide elite training to individuals who will uphold these values"<sup id="cite_ref-Le_rôle_du_Collège_d'Europe_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Le_rôle_du_Collège_d'Europe-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "to train an elite of young executives for Europe".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of communism">fall of communism</a>, the college opened an additional campus in <a href="/wiki/Natolin,_Warsaw" title="Natolin, Warsaw">Natolin</a>, Poland, that was gifted to the institution by the Polish government in 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-coleurope1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coleurope1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A campus in Tirana opened in 2024. </p><p>The College of Europe is historically linked to the establishment of the European Union and its predecessors, and to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/European_Movement_International" title="European Movement International">European Movement International</a>, of which the college is a supporting member. <a href="/wiki/Federica_Mogherini" title="Federica Mogherini">Federica Mogherini</a>, former <a href="/wiki/High_Representative_of_the_Union_for_Foreign_Affairs_and_Security_Policy" title="High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy">High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy</a>, was appointed as the Rector to start in September 2020;<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> former <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Council" title="President of the European Council">President of the European Council</a> <a href="/wiki/Herman_Van_Rompuy" title="Herman Van Rompuy">Herman, Count Van Rompuy</a> is chairman of the board.<sup id="cite_ref-Rompuy_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rompuy-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The College of Europe was the most represented alma mater (university attended) among senior <a href="/wiki/EU" class="mw-redirect" title="EU">EU</a> civil servants, based on a sample compiled by Politico in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i> writes that "the elite College of Europe in Bruges" is "an institution geared to producing crop after crop of graduates with a lifelong enthusiasm for EU integration".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> called it "the EU's very own <a href="/wiki/Oxbridge" title="Oxbridge">Oxbridge</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each academic year is named after a patron and referred to as a promotion. The academic year is opened by a leading European politician. It has the status of <i><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tablissement_d%27utilit%C3%A9_publique" class="extiw" title="fr:Établissement d'utilité publique">Institution of Public Interest</a></i>, operating according to Belgian law. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=College_of_Europe&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hague_Congress_initiative_to_create_a_College_of_Europe">Hague Congress initiative to create a College of Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=College_of_Europe&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Hague Congress initiative to create a College of Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The College of Europe was the world's first university institute of postgraduate studies and training in European affairs. It was founded in 1949 by leading European figures, such as Salvador de Madariaga, Winston Churchill, Paul-Henri Spaak and Alcide De Gasperi, in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Europe" title="Congress of Europe">Hague Congress</a> of 1948, that led to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/European_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="European Movement">European Movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Le_rôle_du_Collège_d'Europe_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Le_rôle_du_Collège_d'Europe-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the Congress, the Spanish statesman Salvador de Madariaga strongly advocated for the creation of a College of Europe, where graduates from different European states could study together as a way to heal the wounds of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Although the cultural resolution adopted at the end of the Congress did not include explicit references to the establishment of a College of Europe and only advocated for the creation of a "European Cultural Centre and a European Institute for Childhood and Youth Questions", the idea of establishing a European University was put forward by Congress attendees immediately after the Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europa_Congres_Ridderzaal_Den_Haag._Overzicht,_Bestanddeelnr_902-7379.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Europa_Congres_Ridderzaal_Den_Haag._Overzicht%2C_Bestanddeelnr_902-7379.jpg/220px-Europa_Congres_Ridderzaal_Den_Haag._Overzicht%2C_Bestanddeelnr_902-7379.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Europa_Congres_Ridderzaal_Den_Haag._Overzicht%2C_Bestanddeelnr_902-7379.jpg/330px-Europa_Congres_Ridderzaal_Den_Haag._Overzicht%2C_Bestanddeelnr_902-7379.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Europa_Congres_Ridderzaal_Den_Haag._Overzicht%2C_Bestanddeelnr_902-7379.jpg/440px-Europa_Congres_Ridderzaal_Den_Haag._Overzicht%2C_Bestanddeelnr_902-7379.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3397" data-file-height="2854" /></a><figcaption>The Hague Congress (1948)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salvador_de_Madariaga.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Salvador_de_Madariaga.JPG/150px-Salvador_de_Madariaga.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Salvador_de_Madariaga.JPG/225px-Salvador_de_Madariaga.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Salvador_de_Madariaga.JPG/300px-Salvador_de_Madariaga.JPG 2x" data-file-width="584" data-file-height="947" /></a><figcaption>Salvador de Madariaga</figcaption></figure> <p>A group of <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a> citizens led by the Reverend <a href="/wiki/Karel_Verleye" title="Karel Verleye">Karel Verleye</a> succeeded in attracting the college to Bruges. Professor <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Brugmans" title="Hendrik Brugmans">Hendrik Brugmans</a>, one of the intellectual leaders of the <a href="/wiki/European_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="European Movement">European Movement</a> and the President of the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_European_Federalists" title="Union of European Federalists">Union of European Federalists</a>, became its first Rector (1950–1972).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Bowie, Professor of Modern History at <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a>, was appointed Director of the first session held by the college, in 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-The_College_of_Europe_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_College_of_Europe-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henri van Effenterre, who was a Professor of Ancient History at Caen University and Alphonse de Vreese, International Law professor at the University of Ghent, also contributed to that first session.<sup id="cite_ref-The_College_of_Europe_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_College_of_Europe-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The topic of that first session taught to the first promotion of the college (frequently called <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">préparatoire</i></span>, for it is the only promotion not named after any prominent figure) was "Teaching history and the development of a European spirit in universities".<sup id="cite_ref-The_College_of_Europe_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_College_of_Europe-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the decades that followed the establishment of the institution, students were hosted at the Navarra Hotel in the historic centre of Bruges until 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The College consolidated itself as an institution specialized in studies focused on the newly established European Communities (the college was founded in 1949, before the communities were established). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bruges_speech_by_Margaret_Thatcher"><i>Bruges speech</i> by Margaret Thatcher</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=College_of_Europe&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bruges speech by Margaret Thatcher"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Margaret_Thatcher_Portrait_1984.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Margaret_Thatcher_Portrait_1984.jpg/180px-Margaret_Thatcher_Portrait_1984.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Margaret_Thatcher_Portrait_1984.jpg/270px-Margaret_Thatcher_Portrait_1984.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Margaret_Thatcher_Portrait_1984.jpg/360px-Margaret_Thatcher_Portrait_1984.jpg 2x" data-file-width="928" data-file-height="1216" /></a><figcaption>Margaret Thatcher</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1988, British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher delivered a speech that became known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Bruges_speech" title="Bruges speech">Bruges speech</a></i> at the College of Europe<sup id="cite_ref-Margaret_Thatcher_Foundation_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Margaret_Thatcher_Foundation-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as part of the opening ceremony for that academic year. The Bruges speech is considered by observers as the cornerstone of the Eurosceptic movement that eventually led to Brexit.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thatcher laid down her vision for Europe, claiming that the European Community should remain an economic union, refusing the claims for a closer political integration made by Commission President <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Delors" title="Jacques Delors">Jacques Delors</a>. Thatcher outlined her opposition to any attempts to create "a European superstate exercising a new dominance from Brussels."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The speech was perceived as not only an attack on European federalism but an attack on the European project, as such. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Cold_War_history">Post-Cold War history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=College_of_Europe&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Post-Cold War history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the fall of communism and changes in <a href="/wiki/Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Central and Eastern Europe">Central and Eastern Europe</a>, the College of Europe campus at Natolin (Warsaw, Poland), was founded in 1992 with the support of the European Commission and the Polish government.<sup id="cite_ref-Welcome_to_Natolin_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Welcome_to_Natolin-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to former President of the European Commission Jacques Delors, "this College of Europe at Natolin is more than the symbol of Europe found once again, it is the hope represented in this beautiful historic place. The hope that exchanges can multiply for greater mutual understanding and fraternity".<sup id="cite_ref-Welcome_to_Natolin_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Welcome_to_Natolin-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The establishment of a second campus in eastern has been frequently regarded as part of an effort aiming to train young students from eastern countries under the auspices of eastern enlargement.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the establishment of that second campus in Poland, the college operates as "one College – two campuses," and what was once referred to as the "<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">esprit de Bruges</i></span>", is now known as the "<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">esprit du Collège</i></span>". </p><p>In 2012, the College of Europe became a supporting member of the <a href="/wiki/European_Movement_International" title="European Movement International">European Movement International</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The academic year 2018–2019 marked the first time in which a promotion was named after a College alumnus, <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Mar%C3%ADn" title="Manuel Marín">Manuel Marín</a>, Spanish Statesman, EU Commissioner and acting President of the Commission (known as the "father of the Erasmus Programme"), who had passed away early that year. In 2015, three years before the election of Marín as <i>Patron</i>, former Finnish Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stubb" title="Alexander Stubb">Alexander Stubb</a> was the first College alumnus to be invited to be the <i>Orateur</i> at the opening ceremony of that academic year. </p><p>Former Spanish Minister and Cabinet Spokesperson <a href="/wiki/%C3%8D%C3%B1igo_M%C3%A9ndez_de_Vigo" title="Íñigo Méndez de Vigo">Íñigo Méndez de Vigo</a>, 9th Baron of Claret, served as chairman of the board from 2009 to 2019; in 2019 former Prime Minister of Belgium and President of the European Council <a href="/wiki/Herman_Van_Rompuy" title="Herman Van Rompuy">Herman, Count Van Rompuy</a> was appointed the new chairman of the board.<sup id="cite_ref-Rompuy_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rompuy-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2020 Federica Mogherini, former High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy and Vice-President of the European Commission, was appointed rector of the College, the first high ranking political figure from the European Commission to hold the post.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Campuses">Campuses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=College_of_Europe&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Campuses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bruges_campus">Bruges campus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=College_of_Europe&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bruges campus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:College_of_Europe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/College_of_Europe.jpg/220px-College_of_Europe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/College_of_Europe.jpg/330px-College_of_Europe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/College_of_Europe.jpg/440px-College_of_Europe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Paul Henri Spaak Building</figcaption></figure> <p>The Bruges campus is situated in the centre of Bruges since its establishment in 1949. Bruges is located in the <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Region" title="Flemish Region">Flemish Region</a> of Belgium, a <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>-speaking area, although the college does not use Dutch as one of its working languages. </p><p>The college has a system of residences in the centre of Bruges and not far from the Dijver, where the main administrative and academic building and the library are situated. None of the residences lodges more than 60 students so that each residence in fact has its own small multinational and multicultural environment.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It consists of the following campus buildings: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dijver">Dijver</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=College_of_Europe&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Dijver"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Paul_Henri_Spaak" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Henri Spaak">Paul Henri Spaak</a> Building (named after the Belgian socialist politician, and popularly known as Dijver) is the College's main administrative building on the Bruges campus. It hosts the college's main reception, some of its offices, classrooms and the library. It is located on the Dijver Canal. A white classic façade stands at the front of the main building (where the European, Belgian, Flemish and Brugeois flags hang together), while there is a garden in its back side. The garden is used by the students, who frequently spare their break time there due to its proximity to the library (which is connected to the main building by a corridor). Signed portraits of all the orateurs hang in the walls of the main corridor of the building. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prinses_Beatrix_in_Brugge,_eerste_steen_gelegd_voor_de_bibliotheek_Europacollege,_Bestanddeelnr_917-8422.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Prinses_Beatrix_in_Brugge%2C_eerste_steen_gelegd_voor_de_bibliotheek_Europacollege%2C_Bestanddeelnr_917-8422.jpg/220px-Prinses_Beatrix_in_Brugge%2C_eerste_steen_gelegd_voor_de_bibliotheek_Europacollege%2C_Bestanddeelnr_917-8422.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Prinses_Beatrix_in_Brugge%2C_eerste_steen_gelegd_voor_de_bibliotheek_Europacollege%2C_Bestanddeelnr_917-8422.jpg/330px-Prinses_Beatrix_in_Brugge%2C_eerste_steen_gelegd_voor_de_bibliotheek_Europacollege%2C_Bestanddeelnr_917-8422.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Prinses_Beatrix_in_Brugge%2C_eerste_steen_gelegd_voor_de_bibliotheek_Europacollege%2C_Bestanddeelnr_917-8422.jpg/440px-Prinses_Beatrix_in_Brugge%2C_eerste_steen_gelegd_voor_de_bibliotheek_Europacollege%2C_Bestanddeelnr_917-8422.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2406" /></a><figcaption>Princess Beatrix of the Netherlands laying down the first stone of the library in 1965</figcaption></figure> <p>The library building was built in 1965. Princess <a href="/wiki/Beatrix_of_the_Netherlands" title="Beatrix of the Netherlands">Beatrix of the Netherlands</a> (later Queen Beatrix) laid the first stone of the library in a special commemorative event. Almost three decades after its completion, the library was reformed and enlarged (the works were completed in 1992). Most of the library funds are devoted to European Studies, together with law, economics, and political and administrative sciences.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Access to the library is restricted to College students and academic staff. A bust of Salvador de Madariaga presides over the library main reading hall. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Verversdijk">Verversdijk</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=College_of_Europe&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Verversdijk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the increase in the number of students attending the College each year, the College of Europe (with the support of different entities and institutions, including the Flemish Government and the City of Bruges<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) reformed the 17th century protected monument<sup id="cite_ref-Jezuïetencollege_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jezuïetencollege-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of Verversdijk to provide additional lecture theatres (auditoria), teaching rooms and offices for academics, research fellows and staff; and to extend its activities. The reform was led by the office of Xaveer De Geyter Architects (XDGA), and the project was nominated for the Mies van de Rohe award in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Verversdijk premises began to be used by College students in 2007. Besides its academic and administrative use throughout the course, a cocktail is served in its garden to each promotion, following their graduation ceremony at <a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Walburga_Church&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St. Walburga Church (page does not exist)">St. Walburga Church (Bruges)</a>. </p><p>The historical site of Verversdijk owes its name to fact that the owners of the houses standing there at medieval times were dyers who used wool traded with Scotland, as the area was populated by several Englishmen during the Middle Ages.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Spanish rule, it hosted the schooling houses and the monastery established by the <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a> in the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1792, the monastery auditorium was used as a meeting place by the Jacobin Club.<sup id="cite_ref-Jezuïetencollege_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jezuïetencollege-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main monastery wing (dating back to 1701, and whose façade was plastered in 1865<sup id="cite_ref-College_of_Europe_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-College_of_Europe-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) was built along the canal, and was used as an athenaeum since 1851.<sup id="cite_ref-Jezuïetencollege_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jezuïetencollege-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> its long inner corridor is an outstanding example of the <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">rococo</a> style in <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a>, whereas, the ashlar staircase is also an element of artistic relevance. The attic of the building, with a total length of 45 meters and a surprisingly well-preserved oak canopy, is currently used as a study room. During the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_Belgium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Occupation of Belgium (page does not exist)">occupation of Belgium</a>, the attic was used as a sleeping room for soldiers of the German Marine.<sup id="cite_ref-College_of_Europe_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-College_of_Europe-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The monastery wing was also home to the Museum of Modern Painting from 1898 to 1931<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (when they were transferred to the newly established <a href="/wiki/Groeninge_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Groeninge Museum">Groeninge Museum</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Since 2008, following and agreement between the College and the <a href="/wiki/Groeninge_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Groeninge Museum">Groeninge Museum</a>, the college hosts the 'Extraordinary Groeninghe Art Collection',<sup id="cite_ref-History_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an installation of contemporary works of art featuring international artists at Verversdijk's hallways. Members of the Groeninghe Art Collection meet every two months at the College to discuss art, attend lectures by art experts and consider possible purchases.<sup id="cite_ref-History_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2014, the so-called China Library was established at the Verversdijk compound.<sup id="cite_ref-China_Culture_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China_Culture-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A project sponsored by the Information Office of the State Council of the Chinese Government,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the library (decorated in Chinese style) is home to ten thousand books and documents in more than six languages,<sup id="cite_ref-China_Culture_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China_Culture-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as frequently hosts events related with Sino-European relations or the Chinese culture. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 358px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 356px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Verversdijk_Campus_-_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View of Verversdijk Campus"><img alt="View of Verversdijk Campus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Verversdijk_Campus_-_2016.jpg/534px-Verversdijk_Campus_-_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="356" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Verversdijk_Campus_-_2016.jpg/800px-Verversdijk_Campus_-_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Verversdijk_Campus_-_2016.jpg/1067px-Verversdijk_Campus_-_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2160" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">View of Verversdijk Campus</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 133.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PM_062043_B_Brugge.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Old entrance to the Verversdijk buildings"><img alt="Old entrance to the Verversdijk buildings" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/PM_062043_B_Brugge.jpg/200px-PM_062043_B_Brugge.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/PM_062043_B_Brugge.jpg/300px-PM_062043_B_Brugge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/PM_062043_B_Brugge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Old entrance to the Verversdijk buildings</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 302px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Europacollege_Verversdijk.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="New entrance to the Verversdijk buildings"><img alt="New entrance to the Verversdijk buildings" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Europacollege_Verversdijk.jpg/450px-Europacollege_Verversdijk.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Europacollege_Verversdijk.jpg/675px-Europacollege_Verversdijk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Europacollege_Verversdijk.jpg/900px-Europacollege_Verversdijk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="907" data-file-height="605" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">New entrance to the Verversdijk buildings</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Garenmarkt">Garenmarkt</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=College_of_Europe&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Garenmarkt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Hotel Portinari in Garenmarkt 15 with its classical façade was formerly home to <a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Portinari" title="Tommaso Portinari">Tommaso Portinari</a>, the administrator of the Florentine "Loggia de Medici" in the 15th century in Bruges. It contains eleven apartments for professors and forty student rooms, two "salons" in 19th-century style, the "salon du Recteur" with 18th-century wall paintings and a modern "Mensa" for students. A room dedicated to Winston Churchill (who was among the voices calling for the establishment of the College during The Hague Congress in 1948 and was one of its founders the year after) was inaugurated by his grandson, Sir Nicholas Soames, and the British ambassador in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Garenmarkt also hosts the canteen for all College students. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Biskajer">Biskajer</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=College_of_Europe&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Biskajer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The residence is located in a home built in classicist style during the 19th century. The building is located in Biskajersplein, a small square named after the Spanish region of Biscay (the square is located on the side the dock where ships coming in from that region unloaded their merchandise in the 15th and 16th centuries). The actual residence is located on the lot occupied by the Mareminne house,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which hosted the consulate of Biscay in the past, although the original building was demolished. Traces of the old consulate building can be found in the inner garden of the residence, which kept the shape of the consulate's horse stable. The residence hosts 53 students every year.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gouden_Hand">Gouden Hand</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=College_of_Europe&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Gouden Hand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Gouden Hand residence is housed in a Bruges-style building dating back to the 17th century. It is a listed monument. It was renovated during the 2005–2006 academic year. The name of the residence, directly translates from Dutch to "Golden Hand", after a Medieval legend about the canal bordering the residence.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gouden Hand is also the name of two streets along the same canal. The 15th century painter <a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Eyck" title="Jan van Eyck">Jan Van Eyck</a> lived and owned a studio in the <a href="/wiki/Gouden_Hand" title="Gouden Hand">Gouden-Handstraat</a> nr. 6, behind the current residence.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Gouden Hand student bar is situated in the cellar. The building has been a backdrop for many films and documentaries.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natolin_campus">Natolin campus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=College_of_Europe&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Natolin campus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palac_Potockich_w_Natolinie_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Palac_Potockich_w_Natolinie_01.jpg/220px-Palac_Potockich_w_Natolinie_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Palac_Potockich_w_Natolinie_01.jpg/330px-Palac_Potockich_w_Natolinie_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Palac_Potockich_w_Natolinie_01.jpg/440px-Palac_Potockich_w_Natolinie_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2655" data-file-height="2125" /></a><figcaption>Potocki Palace in <a href="/wiki/Natolin_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Natolin Park">Natolin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Natolin Warsaw campus of the college was established in 1992 responding to the revolutions of 1989 and ahead of Poland's <a href="/wiki/Poland_in_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Poland in the European Union">accession negotiations with the EU</a>. </p><p>The Natolin Campus is located in a historic palace, part of a 120-hectare park and nature reserve—formerly the Royal hunting palace of Natolin—situated in the southern part of Warsaw about 20 minutes by metro from the city centre. The Natolin European Centre Foundation takes care of the complex and has conducted restoration of the former Potocki palace, making it available for the college. </p><p>The old historical buildings, including the manor house, the stables and the coach house, were converted to the needs of modern times and new buildings were constructed in a style preserving the harmony of the palace and its outlying park. </p><p>In 2022, the Natolin campus of the College of Europe hosted one of the four European citizens’ panels, organised as part of the <a href="/wiki/EU" class="mw-redirect" title="EU">EU</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Conference_on_the_Future_of_Europe" title="Conference on the Future of Europe">Conference on the Future of Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Albania_Campus">Albania Campus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=College_of_Europe&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Albania Campus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2023, the College announced the opening of a new campus in <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Student_life">Student life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=College_of_Europe&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Student life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The College of Europe is bilingual. Students are expected to be proficient in English and French. Students receive an advanced master's degree following a one-year programme. Students specialise in either European <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">Political</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">Administrative Studies</a>, EU <a href="/wiki/International_Relations" class="mw-redirect" title="International Relations">International Relations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">Diplomacy</a> Studies, <a href="/wiki/European_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="European Law">European Law</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_economics" title="International economics">European Economic Studies</a>, or European <a href="/wiki/Interdisciplinary_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Interdisciplinary Studies">Interdisciplinary Studies</a> (at the Natolin campus). For much of its history, the college only admitted a few students, the number has increased since the 1990s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Admissions">Admissions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=College_of_Europe&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Admissions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Application may be made to national selection committees or by direct application to the College of Europe for individuals from a country where no selection committee exists.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2014, there are 28 national selection committees.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regarding scholarships, the national selection committees can grant a scholarship; approximately 70% of students receive a scholarship from either national governments or other public and private institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Students have the choice between four masters at Bruges campus: </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coleurope.eu/admission/academic-requirements/european-economic-studies">European Economic Studies</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coleurope.eu/admission/academic-requirements/eu-international-relations-and-diplomacy-studies">EU International Relations and Diplomacy Studies</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coleurope.eu/admission/academic-requirements/admission-european-legal-studies-programme">European Legal Studies</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coleurope.eu/admission/academic-requirements/admission-european-political-and-governance-studies-programme">European Political and Governance Studies</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coleurope.eu/study/master-arts-transatlantic-affairs-mata/become-student/frequently-asked-questions#8">Master in Transatlantic Affairs</a>, which is a 2 year program unlike the other degrees.</li></ul> <p>In Natolin Campus, there is only one degree which is the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coleurope.eu/admission/academic-requirements/admission-european-interdisciplinary-studies-programme">European Interdisciplinary Studies</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditions">Traditions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=College_of_Europe&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The College of Europe has developed several traditions. Some are shared with the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_d%27administration" title="École nationale d'administration">École nationale d'administration (ENA)</a> in France. Both the College and ENA name their promotions after a historical figure, being in the College of Europe an outstanding European figure, which is called "patron".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides the choice of a prominent historical figure to name each promotion, each academical year is traditionally inaugurated by a prominent European figure. Furthermore, each year, College of Europe students are named honorary citizens of Bruges prior to their departure.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another tradition dating back to the first years of existence of the college is the visit to <a href="/wiki/Flanders_Fields" title="Flanders Fields">Flanders fields</a> during the first weeks of the academic year. During that visit, students lay a floral tribute at the <a href="/wiki/Menin_Gate" title="Menin Gate">Menin Gate</a> war memorial in <a href="/wiki/Ypres" title="Ypres">Ypres</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Promotions">Promotions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=College_of_Europe&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Promotions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Academic years at the College are known as <i>promotions</i>. Each <a href="/wiki/College_of_Europe_promotion" title="College of Europe promotion">promotion</a> is named after an outstanding European, referred to as the promotion's patron. </p><p>The opening ceremony each year is presided over by a prominent politician, referred to as the <i>Orateur</i>; they have included <a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Miliband" title="David Miliband">David Miliband</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Juncker" title="Jean-Claude Juncker">Jean-Claude Juncker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Javier_Solana" title="Javier Solana">Javier Solana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Barroso" title="José Manuel Barroso">José Manuel Barroso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Valéry Giscard d'Estaing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_I_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Carlos I of Spain">Juan Carlos I of Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a>. Being invited as the college's <i>Orateur</i> is considered a high honour.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>List of promotions </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Name of promotion (Patron)</th> <th>Students</th> <th>Speaker at opening ceremony (Orateur) </th></tr> <tr> <td>2024-2025 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Delors" title="Jacques Delors">Jacques Delors</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ursula_von_der_Leyen" title="Ursula von der Leyen">Ursula von der Leyen</a> (Bruges, Tirana) and <a href="/wiki/Luc_Frieden" title="Luc Frieden">Luc Frieden</a> (Natolin) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2023-2024 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Madeleine Albright</a> </td> <td>462</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Petr_Pavel" title="Petr Pavel">Petr Pavel</a> (Bruges) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022-2023 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/David_Sassoli" title="David Sassoli">David Sassoli</a> </td> <td>ca. 470</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Roberta_Metsola" title="Roberta Metsola">Roberta Metsola</a> (Bruges) and <a href="/wiki/Stevo_Pendarovski" title="Stevo Pendarovski">Stevo Pendarovski</a> (Natolin) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021-2022 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%89liane_Vogel-Polsky" title="Éliane Vogel-Polsky">Éliane Vogel-Polsky</a> </td> <td>472</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexander_De_Croo" title="Alexander De Croo">Alexander De Croo</a> (Bruges) and <a href="/wiki/Olha_Stefanishyna" title="Olha Stefanishyna">Olha Stefanishyna</a> (Natolin) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020-2021 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1rio_Soares" title="Mário Soares">Mário Soares</a> </td> <td>477</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Rebelo_de_Sousa" title="Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa">Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa</a> (Bruges) and <a href="/wiki/Sviatlana_Tsikhanouskaya" title="Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya">Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya</a> (Natolin) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019-2020 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Hannah Arendt</a> </td> <td>471</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Donald_Tusk" title="Donald Tusk">Donald Tusk</a><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Bruges) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018–2019</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Mar%C3%ADn" title="Manuel Marín">Manuel Marín</a></td> <td>461</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Tajani" title="Antonio Tajani">Antonio Tajani</a> (Bruges) & <a href="/wiki/Tibor_Navracsics" title="Tibor Navracsics">Tibor Navracsics</a> (Natolin) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017-2018</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Simone_Veil" title="Simone Veil">Simone Veil</a></td> <td>462</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Costa" title="António Costa">António Costa</a> (Bruges)<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> & <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Duda" title="Andrzej Duda">Andrzej Duda</a> (Natolin)<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016–2017</td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a></td> <td>467</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Juncker" title="Jean-Claude Juncker">Jean-Claude Juncker</a> (Bruges) & <a href="/wiki/Ivanna_Klympush-Tsintsadze" title="Ivanna Klympush-Tsintsadze">Ivanna Klympush-Tsintsadze</a> (Natolin) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015–2016</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Frédéric Chopin</a></td> <td>479</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stubb" title="Alexander Stubb">Alexander Stubb</a> (Bruges) & <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Hahn" title="Johannes Hahn">Johannes Hahn</a> (Natolin) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014–2015</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Falcone" title="Giovanni Falcone">Falcone</a> & <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Borsellino" title="Paolo Borsellino">Borsellino</a></td> <td>437</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Rajoy" title="Mariano Rajoy">Mariano Rajoy</a> (Bruges) & <a href="/wiki/Petro_Poroshenko" title="Petro Poroshenko">Petro Poroshenko</a> (Natolin, cancelled) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013–2014</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></td> <td>445</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%8D%C3%B1igo_M%C3%A9ndez_de_Vigo" title="Íñigo Méndez de Vigo">Íñigo Méndez de Vigo</a> (Bruges) & <a href="/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Komorowski" title="Bronisław Komorowski">Bronisław Komorowski</a> (Natolin) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012–2013</td> <td><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel" title="Václav Havel">Václav Havel</a></td> <td>444</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Helle_Thorning-Schmidt" title="Helle Thorning-Schmidt">Helle Thorning-Schmidt</a> (Bruges) & <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Filat" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladimir Filat">Vladimir Filat</a> (Natolin) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011–2012</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Sklodowska-Curie</a></td> <td>448</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Napolitano" title="Giorgio Napolitano">Giorgio Napolitano</a> (Bruges) & <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Barroso" title="José Manuel Barroso">José Manuel Barroso</a> (Natolin) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010–2011</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a></td> <td>435</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> (Bruges) & <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0tefan_F%C3%BCle" title="Štefan Füle">Štefan Füle</a> (Natolin) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2009–2010</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a></td> <td>402</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Buzek" title="Jerzy Buzek">Jerzy Buzek</a> (Bruges) & <a href="/wiki/Toomas_Hendrik_Ilves" title="Toomas Hendrik Ilves">Toomas Hendrik Ilves</a> (Natolin) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008–2009</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></td> <td>381</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yves_Leterme" title="Yves Leterme">Yves Leterme</a> (Bruges) & <a href="/wiki/Hans-Gert_P%C3%B6ttering" title="Hans-Gert Pöttering">Hans-Gert Pöttering</a> (Natolin) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007–2008</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anna_Politkovskaya" title="Anna Politkovskaya">Anna Politkovskaya</a> & <a href="/wiki/Hrant_Dink" title="Hrant Dink">Hrant Dink</a></td> <td>415</td> <td><a href="/wiki/David_Miliband" title="David Miliband">David Miliband</a> (Bruges) & <a href="/wiki/Carl_Bildt" title="Carl Bildt">Carl Bildt</a> (Natolin) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2006–2007</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Nicolaus Copernicus</a></td> <td>413</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Juncker" title="Jean-Claude Juncker">Jean-Claude Juncker</a> (Bruges) & <a href="/wiki/Alaksandar_Milinkievi%C4%8D" title="Alaksandar Milinkievič">Alaksandar Milinkievič</a> (Natolin) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005–2006</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a></td> <td>384</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Javier_Solana" title="Javier Solana">Javier Solana</a> (Bruges) & <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Yushchenko" title="Viktor Yushchenko">Viktor Yushchenko</a> (Natolin) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004–2005</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></td> <td>404</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Barroso" title="José Manuel Barroso">José Manuel Barroso</a> (Bruges) & <a href="/wiki/Josep_Borrell_Fontelles" class="mw-redirect" title="Josep Borrell Fontelles">Josep Borrell Fontelles</a> (Natolin) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2003–2004</td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a></td> <td>391</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joschka_Fischer" title="Joschka Fischer">Joschka Fischer</a> (Bruges) & <a href="/wiki/Danuta_H%C3%BCbner" title="Danuta Hübner">Danuta Hübner</a> (Natolin) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2002–2003</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bertha_von_Suttner" title="Bertha von Suttner">Bertha von Suttner</a></td> <td>370</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Valéry Giscard d'Estaing</a> (Bruges) & <a href="/wiki/Erhard_Busek" title="Erhard Busek">Erhard Busek</a> (Natolin) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2001–2002</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Simon_Stevin" title="Simon Stevin">Simon Stevin</a></td> <td>365</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Kwasniewski" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksander Kwasniewski">Aleksander Kwasniewski</a> (Bruges) & <a href="/wiki/Guy_Verhofstadt" title="Guy Verhofstadt">Guy Verhofstadt</a> (Natolin) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000–2001</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></td> <td>375</td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_Papandreou_(junior)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Papandreou (junior)">George Papandreou</a> (Bruges) & <a href="/wiki/Jan_Kulakowski" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan Kulakowski">Jan Kulakowski</a> (Natolin) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1999–2000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Wilhelm</a> & <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a></td> <td>374</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Delors" title="Jacques Delors">Jacques Delors</a> (Bruges) & <a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Dehaene" title="Jean-Luc Dehaene">Jean-Luc Dehaene</a> (Natolin) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1998–1999</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a></td> <td>337</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Dehaene" title="Jean-Luc Dehaene">Jean-Luc Dehaene</a> (Bruges) & <a href="/wiki/Prince_Philippe,_Duke_of_Brabant" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Philippe, Duke of Brabant">Prince Philippe, Duke of Brabant</a> (Natolin) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1997–1998</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Brugmans" title="Hendrik Brugmans">Hendrik Brugmans</a></td> <td>326</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres" title="António Guterres">António Guterres</a> (Bruges) & <a href="/wiki/Ursula_Stenzel" title="Ursula Stenzel">Ursula Stenzel</a> (Natolin) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1996–1997</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Alexis de Tocqueville</a></td> <td>319</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wim_Kok" title="Wim Kok">Wim Kok</a> (Bruges) & <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Kwasniewski" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksander Kwasniewski">Aleksander Kwasniewski</a> (Natolin) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1995–1996</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Walter_Hallstein" title="Walter Hallstein">Walter Hallstein</a></td> <td>306</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Klaus_H%C3%A4nsch" title="Klaus Hänsch">Klaus Hänsch</a> (Bruges) & <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Santer" title="Jacques Santer">Jacques Santer</a> (Natolin) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1994–1995</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Ramon Llull</a></td> <td>296</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_I_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Carlos I of Spain">Juan Carlos I of Spain</a> (Bruges) & <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Olechowski" title="Andrzej Olechowski">Andrzej Olechowski</a> (Natolin) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1993–1994</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Zweig" title="Stefan Zweig">Stefan Zweig</a></td> <td>263</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Klestil" title="Thomas Klestil">Thomas Klestil</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1992–1993</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles IV</a></td> <td>264</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Santer" title="Jacques Santer">Jacques Santer</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1991–1992</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</a></td> <td>212</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flavio_Cotti" title="Flavio Cotti">Flavio Cotti</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990–1991</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hans_Scholl" title="Hans Scholl">Hans</a> & <a href="/wiki/Sophie_Scholl" title="Sophie Scholl">Sophie Scholl</a></td> <td>245</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Richard_von_Weizs%C3%A4cker" title="Richard von Weizsäcker">Richard von Weizsäcker</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1989–1990</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Denis_de_Rougemont" title="Denis de Rougemont">Denis de Rougemont</a></td> <td>200</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Delors" title="Jacques Delors">Jacques Delors</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1988–1989</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Dawson" title="Christopher Dawson">Christopher Dawson</a></td> <td>204</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1987–1988</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Altiero_Spinelli" title="Altiero Spinelli">Altiero Spinelli</a></td> <td>178</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1986–1987</td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Penn" title="William Penn">William Penn</a></td> <td>177</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ruud_Lubbers" title="Ruud Lubbers">Ruud Lubbers</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1985–1986</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a></td> <td>158</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonzalez" class="mw-redirect" title="Felipe Gonzalez">Felipe Gonzalez</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1984–1985</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Madame_de_Sta%C3%ABl" class="mw-redirect" title="Madame de Staël">Madame de Staël</a></td> <td>123</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Altiero_Spinelli" title="Altiero Spinelli">Altiero Spinelli</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1983–1984</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jean_Rey_(politician)" title="Jean Rey (politician)">Jean Rey</a></td> <td>133</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Garret_FitzGerald" title="Garret FitzGerald">Garret FitzGerald</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1982–1983</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bech" title="Joseph Bech">Joseph Bech</a></td> <td>122</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Thorn" title="Gaston Thorn">Gaston Thorn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1981–1982</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Johan_Willem_Beyen" class="mw-redirect" title="Johan Willem Beyen">Johan Willem Beyen</a></td> <td>123</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Kreisky" title="Bruno Kreisky">Bruno Kreisky</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1980–1981</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jean_Monnet" title="Jean Monnet">Jean Monnet</a></td> <td>131</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Simone_Veil" title="Simone Veil">Simone Veil</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1979–1980</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Salvador_de_Madariaga" title="Salvador de Madariaga">Salvador de Madariaga</a></td> <td>140</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dries_van_Agt" title="Dries van Agt">Dries van Agt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1978–1979</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paul-Henri_Spaak" title="Paul-Henri Spaak">Paul-Henri Spaak</a></td> <td>130</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guy_Spitaels" title="Guy Spitaels">Guy Spitaels</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1977–1978</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karl_Renner" title="Karl Renner">Karl Renner</a></td> <td>128</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mario_Soares" class="mw-redirect" title="Mario Soares">Mario Soares</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1976–1977</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a></td> <td>120</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tindemans" title="Leo Tindemans">Leo Tindemans</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1975–1976</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adam_Jerzy_Czartoryski" title="Adam Jerzy Czartoryski">Adam Jerzy Czartoryski</a></td> <td>101</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Faure" title="Edgar Faure">Edgar Faure</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1974–1975</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Aristide Briand</a></td> <td>111</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Herman_De_Croo" title="Herman De Croo">Herman De Croo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1973–1974</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Giuseppe Mazzini</a></td> <td>92</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karl_Otto_P%C3%B6hl" title="Karl Otto Pöhl">Karl Otto Pöhl</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1972–1973</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Richard_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi">Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi</a></td> <td>59</td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_Brown,_Baron_George-Brown" title="George Brown, Baron George-Brown">George Brown, Baron George-Brown</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1971–1972</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a></td> <td>58</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Altiero_Spinelli" title="Altiero Spinelli">Altiero Spinelli</a> & <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Brugmans" title="Hendrik Brugmans">Hendrik Brugmans</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1970–1971</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></td> <td>57</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jean_Rey_(politician)" title="Jean Rey (politician)">Jean Rey</a> & <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Brugmans" title="Hendrik Brugmans">Hendrik Brugmans</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1969–1970</td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_the_Silent" title="William the Silent">William the Silent</a></td> <td>49</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Albert_II_of_Belgium" title="Albert II of Belgium">Prince Albert of Belgium</a> & <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Brugmans" title="Hendrik Brugmans">Hendrik Brugmans</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1968–1969</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a></td> <td>47</td> <td>Robert van Schendel & <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Brugmans" title="Hendrik Brugmans">Hendrik Brugmans</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1967–1968</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Comenius" class="mw-redirect" title="Comenius">Comenius</a></td> <td>54</td> <td>Alfons de Vreese </td></tr> <tr> <td>1966–1967</td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George C. Marshall</a></td> <td>56</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jean_Rey_(politician)" title="Jean Rey (politician)">Jean Rey</a> & <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Brugmans" title="Hendrik Brugmans">Hendrik Brugmans</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1965–1966</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></td> <td>52</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Brugmans" title="Hendrik Brugmans">Hendrik Brugmans</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1964–1965</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Robert Schuman</a></td> <td>45</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Salvador_de_Madariaga" title="Salvador de Madariaga">Salvador de Madariaga</a> & <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Brugmans" title="Hendrik Brugmans">Hendrik Brugmans</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1963–1964</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a></td> <td>48</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Brugmans" title="Hendrik Brugmans">Hendrik Brugmans</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1962–1963</td> <td><a href="/wiki/August_Vermeylen" title="August Vermeylen">August Vermeylen</a></td> <td>46</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Harmel" title="Pierre Harmel">Pierre Harmel</a> & <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Brugmans" title="Hendrik Brugmans">Hendrik Brugmans</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1961–1962</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz</a></td> <td>37</td> <td>Hugo Geiger & <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Brugmans" title="Hendrik Brugmans">Hendrik Brugmans</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1960–1961</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Claude_Henri_de_Rouvroy,_comte_de_Saint-Simon" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a></td> <td>38</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Brugmans" title="Hendrik Brugmans">Hendrik Brugmans</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1959–1960</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maximilien_de_B%C3%A9thune,_duc_de_Sully" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximilien de Béthune, duc de Sully">Sully</a></td> <td>43</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Brugmans" title="Hendrik Brugmans">Hendrik Brugmans</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1958–1959</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Fridtjof Nansen</a></td> <td>40</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Brugmans" title="Hendrik Brugmans">Hendrik Brugmans</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1957–1958</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Navigator" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry the Navigator">Henry the Navigator</a></td> <td>40</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Brugmans" title="Hendrik Brugmans">Hendrik Brugmans</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1956–1957</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Raoul_Dautry" title="Raoul Dautry">Raoul Dautry</a></td> <td>36</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Brugmans" title="Hendrik Brugmans">Hendrik Brugmans</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1955–1956</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a></td> <td>33</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Brugmans" title="Hendrik Brugmans">Hendrik Brugmans</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1954–1955</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">Alcide De Gasperi</a></td> <td>36</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Brugmans" title="Hendrik Brugmans">Hendrik Brugmans</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1953–1954</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></td> <td>39</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Brugmans" title="Hendrik Brugmans">Hendrik Brugmans</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1952–1953</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Garrigue_Masaryk" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk">Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk</a></td> <td>40</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Brugmans" title="Hendrik Brugmans">Hendrik Brugmans</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1951–1952</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Juan_Vives" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Vives">Juan Vives</a></td> <td>30</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Brugmans" title="Hendrik Brugmans">Hendrik Brugmans</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1950–1951</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_Saint-Exup%C3%A9ry" title="Antoine de Saint-Exupéry">Antoine de Saint-Exupéry</a></td> <td>35</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Brugmans" title="Hendrik Brugmans">Hendrik Brugmans</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1949</td> <td>Préparatoire (no name)</td> <td>22</td> <td>Victor Van Hoestenberghe & <a href="/wiki/Salvador_de_Madariaga" title="Salvador de Madariaga">Salvador de Madariaga</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_alumni">Notable alumni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=College_of_Europe&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notable alumni"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many former students of the college, referred to as <i>anciens</i> (French for alumni), have gone on to serve as government ministers, members of various parliaments, diplomats and high-ranking civil servants and executives. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Helle_Thorning-Schmidt,_Danmarks_statsminister._Nordiska_Radets_session_2011_i_Kopenhamn.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Helle Thorning-Schmidt, Danish politician, former Prime Minister of Denmark"><img alt="Helle Thorning-Schmidt, Danish politician, former Prime Minister of Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Helle_Thorning-Schmidt%2C_Danmarks_statsminister._Nordiska_Radets_session_2011_i_Kopenhamn.jpg/80px-Helle_Thorning-Schmidt%2C_Danmarks_statsminister._Nordiska_Radets_session_2011_i_Kopenhamn.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Helle_Thorning-Schmidt%2C_Danmarks_statsminister._Nordiska_Radets_session_2011_i_Kopenhamn.jpg/120px-Helle_Thorning-Schmidt%2C_Danmarks_statsminister._Nordiska_Radets_session_2011_i_Kopenhamn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Helle_Thorning-Schmidt%2C_Danmarks_statsminister._Nordiska_Radets_session_2011_i_Kopenhamn.jpg/160px-Helle_Thorning-Schmidt%2C_Danmarks_statsminister._Nordiska_Radets_session_2011_i_Kopenhamn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="4896" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Helle_Thorning-Schmidt" title="Helle Thorning-Schmidt">Helle Thorning-Schmidt</a>, Danish politician, former Prime Minister of Denmark</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nick_Clegg_official_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nick Clegg, British business executive and politician"><img alt="Nick Clegg, British business executive and politician" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Nick_Clegg_official_portrait.jpg/90px-Nick_Clegg_official_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Nick_Clegg_official_portrait.jpg/135px-Nick_Clegg_official_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Nick_Clegg_official_portrait.jpg/180px-Nick_Clegg_official_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="819" data-file-height="1091" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Nick_Clegg" title="Nick Clegg">Nick Clegg</a>, British business executive and politician</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cl%C3%A9ment_Beaune.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Clément Beaune, French politician"><img alt="Clément Beaune, French politician" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Cl%C3%A9ment_Beaune.jpg/80px-Cl%C3%A9ment_Beaune.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Cl%C3%A9ment_Beaune.jpg/120px-Cl%C3%A9ment_Beaune.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Cl%C3%A9ment_Beaune.jpg/160px-Cl%C3%A9ment_Beaune.jpg 2x" data-file-width="573" data-file-height="861" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A9ment_Beaune" title="Clément Beaune">Clément Beaune</a>, French politician</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brigid_Laffan,_Director_of_the_RSCAS_at_the_EUI_(22294519322).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brigid Laffan, Irish political scientist"><img alt="Brigid Laffan, Irish political scientist" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Brigid_Laffan%2C_Director_of_the_RSCAS_at_the_EUI_%2822294519322%29.jpg/80px-Brigid_Laffan%2C_Director_of_the_RSCAS_at_the_EUI_%2822294519322%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Brigid_Laffan%2C_Director_of_the_RSCAS_at_the_EUI_%2822294519322%29.jpg/120px-Brigid_Laffan%2C_Director_of_the_RSCAS_at_the_EUI_%2822294519322%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Brigid_Laffan%2C_Director_of_the_RSCAS_at_the_EUI_%2822294519322%29.jpg/160px-Brigid_Laffan%2C_Director_of_the_RSCAS_at_the_EUI_%2822294519322%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Brigid_Laffan" title="Brigid Laffan">Brigid Laffan</a>, Irish political scientist</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Valerie_plame_wilson_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Valerie Plame, American writer, spy novelist and former CIA officer"><img alt="Valerie Plame, American writer, spy novelist and former CIA officer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Valerie_plame_wilson_2014.jpg/80px-Valerie_plame_wilson_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Valerie_plame_wilson_2014.jpg/120px-Valerie_plame_wilson_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Valerie_plame_wilson_2014.jpg/160px-Valerie_plame_wilson_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="843" data-file-height="1265" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Valerie_Plame" title="Valerie Plame">Valerie Plame</a>, American writer, spy novelist and former CIA officer</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2020-10-20_Marija_Pej%C4%8Dinovi%C4%87_Buri%C4%87.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Marija Pejčinović Burić, Croatian politician, Secretary General of the Council of Europe"><img alt="Marija Pejčinović Burić, Croatian politician, Secretary General of the Council of Europe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/2020-10-20_Marija_Pej%C4%8Dinovi%C4%87_Buri%C4%87.jpg/120px-2020-10-20_Marija_Pej%C4%8Dinovi%C4%87_Buri%C4%87.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/2020-10-20_Marija_Pej%C4%8Dinovi%C4%87_Buri%C4%87.jpg/180px-2020-10-20_Marija_Pej%C4%8Dinovi%C4%87_Buri%C4%87.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/2020-10-20_Marija_Pej%C4%8Dinovi%C4%87_Buri%C4%87.jpg/240px-2020-10-20_Marija_Pej%C4%8Dinovi%C4%87_Buri%C4%87.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4248" data-file-height="2966" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Marija_Pej%C4%8Dinovi%C4%87_Buri%C4%87" title="Marija Pejčinović Burić">Marija Pejčinović Burić</a>, Croatian politician, Secretary General of the Council of Europe</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stubb_4682.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alexander Stubb, Finnish politician, President of Finland"><img alt="Alexander Stubb, Finnish politician, President of Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Stubb_4682.jpg/90px-Stubb_4682.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Stubb_4682.jpg/136px-Stubb_4682.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Stubb_4682.jpg/181px-Stubb_4682.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1764" data-file-height="2336" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stubb" title="Alexander Stubb">Alexander Stubb</a>, Finnish politician, President of Finland</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P%C3%A5l_Jonson_in_2022_(4_av_5)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pål Jonson, Swedish politician and Minister for Defense"><img alt="Pål Jonson, Swedish politician and Minister for Defense" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/P%C3%A5l_Jonson_in_2022_%284_av_5%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/77px-P%C3%A5l_Jonson_in_2022_%284_av_5%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="77" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/P%C3%A5l_Jonson_in_2022_%284_av_5%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/116px-P%C3%A5l_Jonson_in_2022_%284_av_5%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/P%C3%A5l_Jonson_in_2022_%284_av_5%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/155px-P%C3%A5l_Jonson_in_2022_%284_av_5%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1509" data-file-height="2333" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A5l_Jonson" title="Pål Jonson">Pål Jonson</a>, Swedish politician and <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(Sweden)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Defence (Sweden)">Minister for Defense</a></div> </li> </ul> <p>A list of all alumni from 1949 to 1999 is included in the book <i>The College of Europe. Fifty Years of Service to Europe</i> (1999), edited by <a href="/wiki/Dieter_Mahncke" title="Dieter Mahncke">Dieter Mahncke</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9once_Bekemans" title="Léonce Bekemans">Léonce Bekemans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Picht" title="Robert Picht">Robert Picht</a>. </p><p>Alumni of note of the College of Europe (from 1949) include </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Adinolfi" title="Gaetano Adinolfi">Gaetano Adinolfi</a>, former Deputy <a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Secretary General of the Council of Europe">Secretary General of the Council of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Alemanno" title="Alberto Alemanno">Alberto Alemanno</a>, Professor of Law at <a href="/wiki/New_York_University_School_of_Law" title="New York University School of Law">New York University School of Law</a> and <a href="/wiki/HEC_Paris" title="HEC Paris">HEC Paris</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CEO of eLabEurope<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frans_Alphons_Maria_Alting_von_Geusau" title="Frans Alphons Maria Alting von Geusau">Frans Alphons Maria Alting von Geusau</a>, Dutch legal scholar and diplomat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernadette_Andreosso-O%27Callaghan" title="Bernadette Andreosso-O'Callaghan">Bernadette Andreosso-O'Callaghan</a>, French-Irish economist, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Monnet" title="Jean Monnet">Jean Monnet</a> Professor of Economics at the University of Limerick</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Arbo_(academic)" title="Peter Arbo (academic)">Peter Arbo</a>, Norwegian academic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81rni_P%C3%A1ll_%C3%81rnason" title="Árni Páll Árnason">Árni Páll Árnason</a>, Icelandic Minister of Economic Affairs. Promotion Mozart.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioanna_Babassika" title="Ioanna Babassika">Ioanna Babassika</a>, Greek human rights lawyer, member of the <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Prevention_of_Torture" title="Committee for the Prevention of Torture">Committee for the Prevention of Torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuriko_Backes" title="Yuriko Backes">Yuriko Backes</a>, Luxembourgish diplomat and politician, <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Finances_(Luxembourg)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister for Finances (Luxembourg)">Minister for Finances</a><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Angeles_Ben%C3%ADtez_Salas" title="María Angeles Benítez Salas">María Angeles Benítez Salas</a>, Spanish European civil servant, director-general of the <a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_Agriculture_and_Rural_Development" title="Directorate-General for Agriculture and Rural Development">Directorate-General for Agriculture and Rural Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ledi_Bianku" title="Ledi Bianku">Ledi Bianku</a>, judge at the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margunn_Bj%C3%B8rnholt" title="Margunn Bjørnholt">Margunn Bjørnholt</a>, Norwegian sociologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwo_Byczewski" title="Iwo Byczewski">Iwo Byczewski</a>, former Polish Deputy Foreign Minister (1991–1995), Ambassador to Belgium and <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Representative" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent Representative">Permanent Representative</a> to the European Union</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geert_Van_Calster" title="Geert Van Calster">Geert Van Calster</a>, Belgian lawyer and legal scholar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofie_Carsten_Nielsen" title="Sofie Carsten Nielsen">Sofie Carsten Nielsen</a>, Danish Minister for Higher Education and Science. Promotion Aristotle</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Ceska" title="Franz Ceska">Franz Ceska</a>, Austrian Ambassador to Belgium and France, <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Representative" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent Representative">Permanent Representative</a> to the United Nations in Geneva</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poul_Skytte_Christoffersen" title="Poul Skytte Christoffersen">Poul Skytte Christoffersen</a>, Danish <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Representative" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent Representative">Permanent Representative</a> to the European Institutions, Special Advisor to <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Ashton" title="Catherine Ashton">The Right Honourable Catherine Ashton, Baroness Ashton of Upholland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/High_Representative_of_the_Union_for_Foreign_Affairs_and_Security_Policy" title="High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy">High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Clegg" title="Nick Clegg">Nick Clegg</a>, British politician, former <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a> and member of the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luc_Coene" title="Luc Coene">Luc Coene</a>, Belgian economist and Governor of the <a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Belgium" title="National Bank of Belgium">National Bank of Belgium</a> (NBB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Cox" title="Karl Cox">Karl Cox</a>, Vice President of the <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Donnelly_(UK_civil_servant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Donnelly (UK civil servant)">Martin Donnelly</a>, British civil servant</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Egelund" title="Niels Egelund">Niels Egelund</a>, Danish diplomat, former <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Representative" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent Representative">Permanent Representative</a> to NATO and Ambassador to France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Faull" title="Jonathan Faull">Jonathan Faull</a>, Director General for the <a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_Internal_Market_and_Services_(European_Commission)" class="mw-redirect" title="Directorate-General for Internal Market and Services (European Commission)">Internal Market and Services</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monique_Pariat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monique Pariat (page does not exist)">Monique Pariat</a>, Director-General for the <a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_Migration_and_Home_Affairs" title="Directorate-General for Migration and Home Affairs">Directorate-General for Migration and Home Affairs</a> and previously Director-General for the <a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_European_Civil_Protection_and_Humanitarian_Aid_Operations" title="Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations">Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Finlay_Geoghegan" title="Mary Finlay Geoghegan">Mary Finlay Geoghegan</a>, Justice of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Ireland" title="Supreme Court of Ireland">Supreme Court of Ireland</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Forman" title="Nigel Forman">Nigel Forman</a>, British MP and Minister of Higher Education (1992), a member of the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Fragni%C3%A8re" title="Gabriel Fragnière">Gabriel Fragnière</a>, Swiss academic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Fr%C3%A9chette" title="Louise Fréchette">Louise Fréchette</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations">Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Paolo_Fulci" title="Francesco Paolo Fulci">Francesco Paolo Fulci</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Representative" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent Representative">Permanent Representative</a> of <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> to the United Nations (1993–1999), currently serving as President of <a href="/wiki/Ferrero_SpA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferrero SpA">Ferrero SpA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_der_Gablentz" title="Otto von der Gablentz">Otto von der Gablentz</a>, German diplomat and academic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Garicano" title="Luis Garicano">Luis Garicano</a>, Professor of Economics and Strategy at the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriam_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Dur%C3%A1ntez" title="Miriam González Durántez">Miriam González Durántez</a>, Spanish lawyer and wife of <a href="/wiki/Nick_Clegg" title="Nick Clegg">Nick Clegg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiona_Hayes-Renshaw" title="Fiona Hayes-Renshaw">Fiona Hayes-Renshaw</a>, Irish academic, visiting professor at the college since 2001</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Hoornaert" title="Chris Hoornaert">Chris Hoornaert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ambassador" title="Ambassador">Ambassador</a> of Belgium to the Netherlands</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Hughes" title="Simon Hughes">Simon Hughes</a>, British politician and <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrat</a> Member of Parliament</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Jaeger" title="Marc Jaeger">Marc Jaeger</a>, judge at the General Court of the EU</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Joffe" title="Josef Joffe">Josef Joffe</a>, German editor and publisher of <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Zeit" title="Die Zeit">Die Zeit</a></i> and adjunct professor of political science at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Kahr" title="Claudia Kahr">Claudia Kahr</a>, judge at the Austrian Constitutional Court</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alison_Kelly_(diplomat)" title="Alison Kelly (diplomat)">Alison Kelly</a>, Irish ambassador to Israel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Kinnock" title="Stephen Kinnock">Stephen Kinnock</a>, Director at the <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berno_Kjeldsen" title="Berno Kjeldsen">Berno Kjeldsen</a>, Danish ambassador</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lars-Jacob_Krogh" title="Lars-Jacob Krogh">Lars-Jacob Krogh</a>, journalist</li> <li>Sabino Fornies Martinez, European Commission Civil Servant, Head of task force at DG FISMA and EU Diplomat in Beijing</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigid_Laffan" title="Brigid Laffan">Brigid Laffan</a>, Director of the Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies at the <a href="/wiki/European_University_Institute" title="European University Institute">European University Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Leinen" title="Jo Leinen">Jo Leinen</a>, German member of the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>, former president of the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_European_Federalists" title="Union of European Federalists">Union of European Federalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Lequesne" title="Christian Lequesne">Christian Lequesne</a>, Professor of European Politics at <a href="/wiki/Sciences_Po" title="Sciences Po">Sciences Po</a>, the College of Europe and the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leif_Terje_L%C3%B8ddes%C3%B8l" title="Leif Terje Løddesøl">Leif Terje Løddesøl</a>, former Chair of <a href="/wiki/Statoil" class="mw-redirect" title="Statoil">Statoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvie_Lucas" title="Sylvie Lucas">Sylvie Lucas</a>, Luxembourg's ambassador to the United Nations and president of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Council" title="United Nations Economic and Social Council">United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)</a> (2009–2010)</li> <li>Aude Maio-Coliche, Ambassador, Head of the EU Delegation to Venezuela</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Malikova" title="Helena Malikova">Helena Malikova</a>, EU civil servant and academic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Mar%C3%ADn" title="Manuel Marín">Manuel Marín</a>, former <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission" title="President of the European Commission">President of the European Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mayr-Harting" title="Thomas Mayr-Harting">Thomas Mayr-Harting</a>, Ambassador, Head of the Delegation of the European Union to the United Nations</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_McIntyre" title="Ian McIntyre">Ian McIntyre</a>, British journalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_McWilliams_(economics_pundit)" class="mw-redirect" title="David McWilliams (economics pundit)">David McWilliams</a>, Irish economist, journalist and documentary-maker</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holger_Michael" title="Holger Michael">Holger Michael</a>, German ambassador</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzo_Moavero_Milanesi" title="Enzo Moavero Milanesi">Enzo Moavero Milanesi</a>, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Italy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goenawan_Mohamad" title="Goenawan Mohamad">Goenawan Mohamad</a>, Indonesian poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Moscoso_del_Prado" title="Juan Moscoso del Prado">Juan Moscoso del Prado</a>, Spanish socialist Member of Parliament, spokesman in the European Union Committee</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Ola_Norbom" title="Jon Ola Norbom">Jon Ola Norbom</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Finance">Minister of Finance</a> of <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Oberstar" title="Jim Oberstar">Jim Oberstar</a>, member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_O%27Rourke_(barrister)" title="Mary O'Rourke (barrister)">Mary O'Rourke</a>, barrister</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_O%27Sullivan_(civil_servant)" title="David O'Sullivan (civil servant)">David O'Sullivan (civil servant)</a>, Chief Operating Officer of the European Union's diplomatic corps, former <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_European_Commission" title="Secretary-General of the European Commission">Secretary-General of the European Commission</a> and <a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_Trade_(European_Commission)" class="mw-redirect" title="Directorate-General for Trade (European Commission)">Director General for Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerie_Plame" title="Valerie Plame">Valerie Plame</a>, former United States <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a> Operations Officer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursula_Plassnik" title="Ursula Plassnik">Ursula Plassnik</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Minister_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Minister of Austria">Foreign Minister of Austria</a>, a member of <a href="/wiki/Austrian_People%27s_Party" title="Austrian People's Party">Austrian People's Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Poposki" title="Nikola Poposki">Nikola Poposki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Macedonia">Macedonian</a> Minister for Foreign Affairs and former Ambassador of the Permanent Mission of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Macedonia">Republic of Macedonia</a> to the European Union</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavier_Prats_Monn%C3%A9" title="Xavier Prats Monné">Xavier Prats Monné</a>, EU official</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torolf_Raa" title="Torolf Raa">Torolf Raa</a>, former Norwegian ambassador</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carine_Van_Regenmortel" title="Carine Van Regenmortel">Carine Van Regenmortel</a>, Belgian corporate lawyer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_R%C3%A9gnier" title="Philippe Régnier">Philippe Régnier</a>, Professor at the <a href="/wiki/Graduate_Institute_of_International_and_Development_Studies" title="Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies">Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ottawa" title="University of Ottawa">University of Ottawa</a></li> <li>Prince <a href="/wiki/Albert_Rohan" title="Albert Rohan">Albert Rohan</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent Secretary">Permanent Secretary</a> of the Austrian Foreign Ministry, UN envoy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaritis_Schinas" title="Margaritis Schinas">Margaritis Schinas</a>, Vice-President of the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Sch%C3%B6pflin" title="György Schöpflin">György Schöpflin</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hungary" title="Politics of Hungary">Hungarian</a> academic and politician, <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Member of the European Parliament">Member of the European Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/Fidesz" title="Fidesz">Fidesz</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Spitaels" title="Guy Spitaels">Guy Spitaels</a>, Belgian politician and Minister-President of <a href="/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia">Wallonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stubb" title="Alexander Stubb">Alexander Stubb</a>, Finnish <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Finland)" title="Minister for Foreign Affairs (Finland)">Minister for Foreign Affairs</a>, a member of politician of the <a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_Party" title="National Coalition Party">National Coalition Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helle_Thorning-Schmidt" title="Helle Thorning-Schmidt">Helle Thorning-Schmidt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Denmark" title="Prime Minister of Denmark">Prime Minister of Denmark</a> and leader of the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democrats_(Denmark)" title="Social Democrats (Denmark)">Social Democrats (Denmark)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didrik_T%C3%B8nseth_(diplomat)" title="Didrik Tønseth (diplomat)">Didrik Tønseth</a>, former Norwegian ambassador</li> <li>Count <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Trauttmansdorff" title="Ferdinand Trauttmansdorff">Ferdinand Trauttmansdorff</a>, Austria's ambassador to Prague</li> <li>Loukas Tsoukalis, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Monnet" title="Jean Monnet">Jean Monnet</a> Professor of European Integration at the University of Athens and President of the <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Foundation_for_European_and_Foreign_Policy" title="Hellenic Foundation for European and Foreign Policy">Hellenic Foundation for European and Foreign Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Tyrie" title="Andrew Tyrie">Andrew Tyrie</a>, Member of Parliament (MP) for <a href="/wiki/Chichester_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Chichester (UK Parliament constituency)">Chichester</a> and Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Treasury_Select_Committee" title="Treasury Select Committee">Treasury Select Committee</a>, a member of <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_T%C3%BCrk" title="Helmut Türk">Helmut Türk</a>, judge at the <a href="/wiki/International_Tribunal_for_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea">International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea</a>, former Ambassador of Austria to the United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Ungerer" title="Werner Ungerer">Werner Ungerer</a>, German diplomat, <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Representative" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent Representative">Permanent Representative</a> to the European Communities from 1985 to 1990 and rector of the college from 1990 to 1993</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Verrue" title="Robert Verrue">Robert Verrue</a>, Director-General for Employment of the European Commission</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Walker_(critic)" title="Alexander Walker (critic)">Alexander Walker</a>, British film critic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Wallace" title="Helen Wallace">Helen Wallace, Lady Wallace of Saltaire</a>, British expert in European studies and Emeritus Professor at the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics_and_Political_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="London School of Economics and Political Science">London School of Economics and Political Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_de_Witte" title="Bruno de Witte">Bruno de Witte</a>, Professor of EU Law at the <a href="/wiki/European_University_Institute" title="European University Institute">European University Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_van_der_Woude" title="Marc van der Woude">Marc van der Woude</a>, judge at the European Court of Justice</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_Zeller" title="Adrien Zeller">Adrien Zeller</a>, former French minister in the second <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a> government (1986–1988), former President of <a href="/wiki/Alsace_Regional_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Alsace Regional Council">Alsace Regional Council</a>, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Union_for_a_Popular_Movement" title="Union for a Popular Movement">Union for a Popular Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaap_de_Zwaan" title="Jaap de Zwaan">Jaap de Zwaan</a>, Dutch diplomat and negotiator of several European treaties, Professor of EU Law at the <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_University_Rotterdam" title="Erasmus University Rotterdam">Erasmus University Rotterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stubb" title="Alexander Stubb">Alexander Stubb</a>, prime minister of Finland</li></ul> </div><p>Alumni of note of the College of Europe in Natolin, Poland (from 1993) include: </p><ul><li>Gert Antsu, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Estonia to Ukraine</li> <li>Jarosław Domański, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Poland to the Islamic Republic of Iran</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marija_Pej%C4%8Dinovi%C4%87_Buri%C4%87" title="Marija Pejčinović Burić">Marija Pejčinović Burić</a>, Deputy Prime Minister of Croatia, Minister of Foreign and European Affairs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alyn_Smith" title="Alyn Smith">Alyn Smith</a>, Scottish member of the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olesea_Stamate" title="Olesea Stamate">Olesea Stamate</a>, Minister of Justice of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Moldova">Republic of Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafa%C5%82_Trzaskowski" title="Rafał Trzaskowski">Rafał Trzaskowski</a>, Mayor of Warsaw, former member of the Polish <a href="/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm">Sejm</a>, former Polish member of the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>, former Polish Minister of Administration and Digitization, former Secretary of State in the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maciej_Szpunar" title="Maciej Szpunar">Maciej Szpunar</a>, First Advocate General at the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Union" title="Court of Justice of the European Union">Court of Justice of the European Union</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Faculty_and_organisation">Faculty and organisation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=College_of_Europe&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Faculty and organisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The College of Europe originally had no permanent teaching staff; the courses were taught by prominent academics and sometimes government officials from around Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Especially in the last couple of decades, the college has increasingly employed professors and other teaching staff on a permanent basis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academics">Academics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=College_of_Europe&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Academics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Mo%C3%AFsi" title="Dominique Moïsi">Dominique Moïsi</a>, co-founder and is a senior advisor of the Paris-based <a href="/wiki/Institut_Fran%C3%A7ais_des_Relations_Internationales" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut Français des Relations Internationales">Institut Français des Relations Internationales</a> (IFRI), <i>Pierre Keller Visiting Professor</i> at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, and the Chairholder for <a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">Geopolitics</a> at the College of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Geremek" title="Bronisław Geremek">Bronisław Geremek</a>, Chairholder of the Chair of European Civilisation until his death<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Balcerowicz" title="Leszek Balcerowicz">Leszek Balcerowicz</a>, economist, the former chairman of the <a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Poland" title="National Bank of Poland">National Bank of Poland</a> and Deputy Prime Minister in <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Mazowiecki" title="Tadeusz Mazowiecki">Tadeusz Mazowiecki's</a> government. He implemented the Polish economic transformation program in the 1990s, a <a href="/wiki/Shock_therapy_(economics)" title="Shock therapy (economics)">shock therapy</a> commonly referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Balcerowicz_Plan" title="Balcerowicz Plan">Balcerowicz Plan</a><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrea_Biondi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrea Biondi (page does not exist)">Andrea Biondi</a>, co-Director of the Centre for European Law at <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College London</a><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ale%C5%A1_Debeljak" title="Aleš Debeljak">Aleš Debeljak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cultural_critic" title="Cultural critic">cultural critic</a>, poet, and essayist<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alyson_Bailes" title="Alyson Bailes">Alyson Bailes</a>, a former English diplomat and British Ambassador to <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> who lives in <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Valentine Korah, Emeritus Professor of Competition Law at <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Rupnik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacques Rupnik (page does not exist)">Jacques Rupnik</a>, professor at <a href="/wiki/Institut_d%27%C3%89tudes_Politiques_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut d'Études Politiques de Paris">Institut d'Études Politiques de Paris</a> i.e. <a href="/wiki/Sciences_Po" title="Sciences Po">Sciences Po</a><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Collignon" class="extiw" title="de:Stefan Collignon">Stefan Collignon</a>, professor of political economy, International Chief Economist of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centroeuroparicerche.it/">Centro Europa Ricerche</a>, founder of Euro Asia Forum at <a href="/wiki/Sant%27Anna_School_of_Advanced_Studies" title="Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies">Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies</a>, Pisa, Italy, he served as Deputy Director General for Europe in the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_Finance_(Germany)" title="Federal Ministry of Finance (Germany)">Federal Ministry of Finance (Germany)</a> 1999–2000.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Usher_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Usher (academic)">John Usher</a>, legal scholar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Haarscher" title="Guy Haarscher">Guy Haarscher</a>, legal and political philosopher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_R._Denton" title="Geoffrey R. Denton">Geoffrey R. Denton</a>, head of economics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_de_Meyer" title="Jan de Meyer">Jan de Meyer</a> (1958–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Mahncke" title="Dieter Mahncke">Dieter Mahncke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9once_Bekemans" title="Léonce Bekemans">Léonce Bekemans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiona_Hayes-Renshaw" title="Fiona Hayes-Renshaw">Fiona Hayes-Renshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Stahl" title="Gerhard Stahl">Gerhard Stahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shada_Islam" title="Shada Islam">Shada Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Lequesne" title="Christian Lequesne">Christian Lequesne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzo_Moavero_Milanesi" title="Enzo Moavero Milanesi">Enzo Moavero Milanesi</a>, Italian Minister for Europe and Professor in the Legal Studies Department</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stubb" title="Alexander Stubb">Alexander Stubb</a>, Finnish Minister for Europe, former Foreign Minister, and Professor at the college since 2000</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a>, Historian; Honorary fellow, <a href="/wiki/St_Antony%27s_College,_Oxford" title="St Antony's College, Oxford">St Antony's College, Oxford</a>, Oxford University; Professor, Jagiellonian University<sup id="cite_ref-coleurope.eu_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coleurope.eu-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Ruyt" title="Jean de Ruyt">Jean de Ruyt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ambassador" title="Ambassador">Ambassador</a>; Senior European Policy Advisor, <a href="/wiki/Covington_%26_Burling" title="Covington & Burling">Covington & Burling</a> ; Professor, <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_catholique_de_Louvain" class="mw-redirect" title="Université catholique de Louvain">Université catholique de Louvain</a> (UCL); ex-Belgian Permanent representative to the European Union<sup id="cite_ref-coleurope.eu_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coleurope.eu-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organisation">Organisation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=College_of_Europe&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Organisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rectors">Rectors</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=College_of_Europe&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Rectors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The rector directs and coordinates the college's activities. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Brugmans" title="Hendrik Brugmans">Hendrik Brugmans</a> (1906–1997) (1949–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerzy_%C5%81ukaszewski" title="Jerzy Łukaszewski">Jerzy Łukaszewski</a> (°1924) (1972–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Ungerer" title="Werner Ungerer">Werner Ungerer</a> (°1927) (1990–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Fragni%C3%A8re" title="Gabriel Fragnière">Gabriel Fragnière</a> (1934-2015) (1993–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_der_Gablentz" title="Otto von der Gablentz">Otto von der Gablentz</a> (1930–2007) (1996–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piet_Akkermans" title="Piet Akkermans">Piet Akkermans</a> (1942–2002) (2001–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Picht" title="Robert Picht">Robert Picht</a> (1937–2008) (a.i. 2002–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Demaret" title="Paul Demaret">Paul Demaret</a> (2003–2013)</li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Monar" class="extiw" title="de:Jörg Monar">Jörg Monar</a> (2013–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federica_Mogherini" title="Federica Mogherini">Federica Mogherini</a> (2020–present)<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vice_rectors">Vice rectors</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=College_of_Europe&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Vice rectors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The vice rector is responsible for the day-to-day administration of the Natolin (Warsaw) campus. </p> <ul><li>Ettore Deodato (1993)</li> <li>David W. P. Lewis (1994–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacek_Saryusz-Wolski" title="Jacek Saryusz-Wolski">Jacek Saryusz-Wolski</a> (1996–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piotr_Nowina-Konopka" title="Piotr Nowina-Konopka">Piotr Nowina-Konopka</a> (1999–2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Picht" title="Robert Picht">Robert Picht</a> (a.i. 2004–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Picht" title="Robert Picht">Robert Picht</a> (2005–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewa_O%C5%9Bniecka-Tamecka" title="Ewa Ośniecka-Tamecka">Ewa Ośniecka-Tamecka</a> (2007– present)<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Presidents_of_the_Administrative_Council">Presidents of the Administrative Council</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=College_of_Europe&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Presidents of the Administrative Council"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_de_Madariaga" title="Salvador de Madariaga">Salvador de Madariaga</a> (1950–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Rey_(politician)" title="Jean Rey (politician)">Jean Rey</a> (1964–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Xavier_Ortoli" title="François-Xavier Ortoli">François-Xavier Ortoli</a> (1974–1975)</li> <li>Daniel Coens (1985–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Mar%C3%ADn" title="Manuel Marín">Manuel Marín</a> (1990–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Delors" title="Jacques Delors">Jacques Delors</a> (1995–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Dehaene" title="Jean-Luc Dehaene">Jean-Luc Dehaene</a> (2000–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8D%C3%B1igo_M%C3%A9ndez_de_Vigo" title="Íñigo Méndez de Vigo">Íñigo Méndez de Vigo</a> (2009 – 2019)<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Van_Rompuy" title="Herman Van Rompuy">Herman Van Rompuy</a> (2019–present)<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=College_of_Europe&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controversy_concerning_Saudi_Arabia">Controversy concerning Saudi Arabia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=College_of_Europe&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Controversy concerning Saudi Arabia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In February 2019, a series of press pieces published by <a href="/wiki/EUobserver" title="EUobserver">EUobserver</a><sup id="cite_ref-euobserver.com_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-euobserver.com-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> revealed that the Bruges-based institute was paid by the Saudi government to set up private meetings between Saudi ambassadors, EU officials, and MEPs.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although EU lobby transparency rules say that academic institutions should register if they "deal with EU activities and policies and are in touch with the EU institutions", the College of Europe is not listed in the EU joint-transparency register.<sup id="cite_ref-euobserver.com_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-euobserver.com-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 13 February, MEP Alyn Smith of <a href="/wiki/Greens/EFA" class="mw-redirect" title="Greens/EFA">Greens/EFA</a> wrote to ask Jörg Monar, Rector of the College of Europe, to provide assurances that the institute has not received "financial contributions from the Saudi authorities in any form" in its efforts to set up meetings with the EU institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 20 February, Marietje Schaake of the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_group" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe group">ALDE</a> group presented a written question to the European Commission on this issue.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This written question was the subject of a response from the European Commission published on 17 May in which it explained not having any direct evidence as to the facts reported, nor being able to comment on the sources of revenue of the College of Europe beyond European subsidies.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A group of College alumni collected signatures to demand the institution to stop organising private meetings between MEPs and the Saudi government.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a letter to the President of the European Parliament's Budget Control Committee <a href="/wiki/Ingeborg_Gr%C3%A4%C3%9Fle" title="Ingeborg Gräßle">Ingeborg Gräßle</a>, Jörg Monar, Rector of the College of Europe, confirmed the organization of trainings for Saudi officials and criticized the media for reporting them as lobbying. The rector indicated that these meetings had no lobbying dimension but sought to show to the Saudis the reasons why the Union defended certain values, privileging communication over isolation to defend European values.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Inside Arabia Online</i>, an online publication, characterised the lobbying by Saudi Arabia as part of a concerted effort to reverse the Kingdom's inclusion on the EU's "blacklist", which intends to penalize countries failing to combat terrorism financing and money laundering.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allegations_of_sexual_harassment_and_misogyny">Allegations of sexual harassment and misogyny</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=College_of_Europe&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Allegations of sexual harassment and misogyny"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The French language weekly news magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Vif/L%27Express" title="Le Vif/L'Express">Le Vif/L'Express</a></i> published an article on 21 February 2019 based on the testimony of former students from recent years. The article reported a culture of sexual harassment and misogyny at the College of Europe. Cases of sexual harassment and inappropriate behaviour were described in the magazine, including <a href="/wiki/Frotteurism" title="Frotteurism">frotteurism</a>, forced kisses and groping. Various students reported to Le Vif/L’Express that the administration observes a code of silence on this issue. Cases of inappropriate behaviours by the academic staff were also reported. Contacted by Le Vif/L’Express magazine, the administration replied that: "In some occasions in the past, some students have crossed the personal barriers of other students".<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 5 March 2019, a former student of the College of Europe, published an opinion in Le Vif/L’Express magazine, stating that a culture of sexual harassment and misogyny existed at the College of Europe when she was studying there.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jungle_comments_by_Josep_Borrell"><i>Jungle comments</i> by Josep Borrell</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=College_of_Europe&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Jungle comments by Josep Borrell"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In October 2022, <a href="/wiki/EU" class="mw-redirect" title="EU">EU</a>'s <a href="/wiki/High_Representative_of_the_Union_for_Foreign_Affairs_and_Security_Policy" title="High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy">High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy</a> <a href="/wiki/Josep_Borrell" title="Josep Borrell">Josep Borrell</a> made controversial comments in a speech to the College of Europe's new <a href="/wiki/European_Diplomatic_Academy" title="European Diplomatic Academy">European Diplomatic Academy</a> in Bruges. In his speech Borrell designated Europe as “a garden” and he called most of the world a “jungle” that “could invade the garden”.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Federica_Mogherini" title="Federica Mogherini">Federica Mogherini</a>, the rector of the College of Europe was hosting Josep Borrell, who succeeded her in the function of High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy of the EU<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> did not express any disagreement.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexual_Harassment_Scandal">Sexual Harassment Scandal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=College_of_Europe&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Sexual Harassment Scandal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2024, <a href="/wiki/Politico_Europe" title="Politico Europe">Politico Europe</a> published an article detailing longstanding accusations of sexual harassment by an unnamed professor at the university. The article details that accusations against the professor had been logged as long ago as 2012, but that he continued to be employed by the university.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The publication of that article led to the dismissal of the professor <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivier_Costa" class="extiw" title="fr:Olivier Costa">Olivier Costa</a>, whose identity was revealed further by Politico after the end of the disciplinary procedure.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=College_of_Europe&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span 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University">Europa-Institut of Saarland University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts" title="European Academy of Sciences and Arts">European Academy of Sciences and Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_University_Institute" title="European University Institute">European University Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_College_of_Europe_presidents" class="mw-redirect" title="List of College of Europe presidents">List of College of Europe presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_College_of_Europe_rectors_and_vice-rectors" title="List of College of Europe rectors and vice-rectors">List of College of Europe rectors and vice-rectors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jesuit_sites" title="List of Jesuit sites">List of Jesuit sites</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=College_of_Europe&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Le_rôle_du_Collège_d'Europe-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Le_rôle_du_Collège_d'Europe_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Le_rôle_du_Collège_d'Europe_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ena.lu/role_college_europe_journal_bruges_province_october_1950-020205225.html">Le rôle du Collège d'Europe</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607093610/http://www.ena.lu/role_college_europe_journal_bruges_province_october_1950-020205225.html">Archived</a> 7 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" [The role of the College of Europe], <i>Journal de Bruges et de la Province</i>, 7 October 1950, Vol. 114, No. 78, p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henri Brugmans, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ena.lu/henri_brugmans_training_executives_europe-020008223.html">Former des cadres pour l'Europe</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607094230/http://www.ena.lu/henri_brugmans_training_executives_europe-020008223.html">Archived</a> 7 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" [Training executives for Europe], <i>Fédération</i>, January 1950, No. 60, pp. 42–44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-coleurope1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-coleurope1_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=coleurope.eu&rft.atitle=Verversdijk.+The+present+and+the+future&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.coleurope.eu%2Fsystem%2Ftdf%2Fuploads%2Fpage%2Fverversdijk_2007.pdf%3F%26file%3D1%26type%3Dnode%26id%3D9576%26force%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wga.hu/database/museums/groening.html">"Groeninge Museum, Bruges"</a>. <i>Web Gallery of Art</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210123044159/https://www.wga.hu/database/museums/groening.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Hunter Publishing. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781843060321" title="Special:BookSources/9781843060321"><bdi>9781843060321</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Landmark+Visitors+Guide+Bruges%3A+Belgium&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Hunter+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781843060321&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0G_MBiL5chUC%26q%3Dgroeninge%2Bmuseum%2Bcollege%2Bof%2Beurope%26pg%3DPT37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-History-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-History_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-History_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groeningheartcollection.com/about-mission">"History"</a>. <i>Groeninghe Art Collection</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230412030940/https://groeningheartcollection.com/about-mission">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Groeninghe+Art+Collection&rft.atitle=History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgroeningheartcollection.com%2Fabout-mission&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-China_Culture-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-China_Culture_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-China_Culture_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.chinaculture.org/info/2014-04/01/content_518045.htm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"China Library" inaugurated at College of Europe"</a>. <i>chinaculture.org</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=chinaculture.org&rft.atitle=%22China+Library%22+inaugurated+at+College+of+Europe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.chinaculture.org%2Finfo%2F2014-04%2F01%2Fcontent_518045.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coleurope.eu/events/official-inauguration-china-library">"Official Inauguration of the China Library"</a>. <i>coleurope.eu</i>. College of Europe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200805015243/https://www.coleurope.eu/events/official-inauguration-china-library">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=coleurope.eu&rft.atitle=Official+Inauguration+of+the+China+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.coleurope.eu%2Fevents%2Fofficial-inauguration-china-library&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coleurope.eu/events/official-inauguration-sir-winston-churchill-room">"Official inauguration of the Sir Winston Churchill Room | Coleurope"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816102212/https://www.coleurope.eu/events/official-inauguration-sir-winston-churchill-room">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+inauguration+of+the+Sir+Winston+Churchill+Room+%26%23124%3B+Coleurope&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.coleurope.eu%2Fevents%2Fofficial-inauguration-sir-winston-churchill-room&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aunamendi.eusko-ikaskuntza.eus/eu/brujas/ar-33830/">"BRUJAS - Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816101422/https://aunamendi.eusko-ikaskuntza.eus/eu/brujas/ar-33830/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BRUJAS+-+Au%C3%B1amendi+Eusko+Entziklopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faunamendi.eusko-ikaskuntza.eus%2Feu%2Fbrujas%2Far-33830%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coleurope.eu/about-college/bruges/residences">"Residences | Coleurope"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200514013534/https://www.coleurope.eu/about-college/bruges/residences">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Residences+%26%23124%3B+Coleurope&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.coleurope.eu%2Fabout-college%2Fbruges%2Fresidences&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.owhc-youngtravelling.com/legend-of-bruges/">"Legend of Bruges – Young Travelling Scholarship"</a>. 25 September 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211026145034/https://www.owhc-youngtravelling.com/legend-of-bruges/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Legend+of+Bruges+%E2%80%93+Young+Travelling+Scholarship&rft.date=2019-09-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.owhc-youngtravelling.com%2Flegend-of-bruges%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visitbruges.be/nl/torenbrug-augustijnenbrug-gouden-handreibrug">"Gouden-Handreibrug, Torenbrug & Augustijnenbrug"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211026145313/https://www.visitbruges.be/nl/torenbrug-augustijnenbrug-gouden-handreibrug">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gouden-Handreibrug%2C+Torenbrug+%26+Augustijnenbrug&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitbruges.be%2Fnl%2Ftorenbrug-augustijnenbrug-gouden-handreibrug&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.erfgoedforumbrugge.be/Gouden-Handstraat%20nr%206%20site%20voormalig%20huis%20Jan%20Van%20Eyck.htmllanguage=NL">"Gouden-Handstraat nr 6 site van het voormalig huis van Jan van Eyck"</a>. <i>www.erfgoedforumbrugge.be</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.erfgoedforumbrugge.be&rft.atitle=Gouden-Handstraat+nr+6+site+van+het+voormalig+huis+van+Jan+van+Eyck&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.erfgoedforumbrugge.be%2FGouden-Handstraat%2520nr%25206%2520site%2520voormalig%2520huis%2520Jan%2520Van%2520Eyck.htmllanguage%3DNL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_La_Baume2022" class="citation news cs1">de La Baume, Maïa (8 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.eu/article/inside-the-eus-costly-all-inclusive-winter-breaks-to-discuss-the-future-of-europe/">"The EU spent months and millions asking for people's thoughts. Will it listen to them?"</a>. <i>Politico</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221105004338/https://www.politico.eu/article/inside-the-eus-costly-all-inclusive-winter-breaks-to-discuss-the-future-of-europe/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=The+EU+spent+months+and+millions+asking+for+people%27s+thoughts.+Will+it+listen+to+them%3F&rft.date=2022-05-08&rft.aulast=de+La+Baume&rft.aufirst=Ma%C3%AFa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.eu%2Farticle%2Finside-the-eus-costly-all-inclusive-winter-breaks-to-discuss-the-future-of-europe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.eu/article/college-of-europe-new-campus-albania/">"College of Europe to open new campus in Albania"</a>. <i>POLITICO</i>. 16 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=College+of+Europe+%E2%80%93+Admission+%E2%80%93+Academic+requirements&rft.pub=Coleurop.be&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coleurop.be%2Ftemplate.asp%3Fpagename%3Dadmisintro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coleurope.eu/admission/selection-committees">"College of Europe – Admission – Selection Committees"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=College+of+Europe+%E2%80%93+Admission+%E2%80%93+Selection+Committees&rft.pub=Coleurop.be&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.coleurope.eu%2Fadmission%2Fselection-committees&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coleurope.eu/admission/scholarships">"Scholarships | Coleurope"</a>. <i>www.coleurope.eu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>. <q>It is no accident that institutes such as the celebrated Ecole Nationale d'Administration in France or the College of Europe in Belgium produce so many political leaders.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Australian&rft.atitle=Government+by+nerds+one+step+from+tyranny&rft.date=2011-11-19&rft.au=Tim+Soutphommasane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Fnews%2Fopinion%2Fgovernment-by-nerds-one-step-from-tyranny%2Fstory-fn4riyly-1226199393019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coleurope.eu/events/honorary-citizens-city-bruges">"Honorary citizens of the city of Bruges"</a>. <i>coleurope.eu</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Eye&rft.atitle=Josep+Borrell%27s+European+%27garden%27+is+built+on+the+plunder+of+the+%27jungle%27&rft.date=2022-10-19&rft.aulast=Massad&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.middleeasteye.net%2Fopinion%2Feu-josep-borrell-europe-garden-built-on-plunder-jungle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://euscream.com/the-decolonisers/">"The Delonisers"</a>. <i>EU Scream</i>. 26 October 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221105231114/https://euscream.com/the-decolonisers/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=POLITICO&rft.atitle=Sexual+harassment+probe+rocks+College+of+Europe&rft.date=2024-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.eu%2Farticle%2Fsexual-harassment-probe-rock-college-of-europe-student-professor-misconduct-bruges%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.eu/article/college-europe-terminated-professor-after-sexual-harassment-allegations/#:~:text=The%20College%20of%20Europe%20ends%20powerful%20Professor%20Olivier%20Costa%27s%20contract.&text=The%20College%20of%20Europe%20in,current%20student%20of%20sexual%20harassment.">"Top EU college terminates professor's contract over sexual harassment claims"</a>. 20 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Top+EU+college+terminates+professor%27s+contract+over+sexual+harassment+claims&rft.date=2024-03-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.eu%2Farticle%2Fcollege-europe-terminated-professor-after-sexual-harassment-allegations%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520College%2520of%2520Europe%2520ends%2520powerful%2520Professor%2520Olivier%2520Costa%2527s%2520contract.%26text%3DThe%2520College%2520of%2520Europe%2520in%2Ccurrent%2520student%2520of%2520sexual%2520harassment.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=College_of_Europe&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karel_Verleye" title="Karel Verleye">Karel Verleye</a>, <i>De stichting van het Europacollege te Brugge</i>, Stichting Ryckevelde, 1989.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Mahncke" title="Dieter Mahncke">Dieter Mahncke</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9once_Bekemans" title="Léonce Bekemans">Léonce Bekemans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Picht" title="Robert Picht">Robert Picht</a>, <i>The College of Europe. Fifty Years of Service to Europe</i>, College of Europe, Bruges, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9080498319" title="Special:BookSources/9080498319">9080498319</a>. Includes a list of all graduates 1949–1999.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Demaret" title="Paul Demaret">Paul Demaret</a>, Inge Govaere, Dominik Hanf (eds), <i>Dynamiques juridiques européennes. Edition revue et mise à jour de 30 ans d'études juridiques européennes au Collège d'Europe</i>, Cahiers du Collège d'Europe, P. I. E. Peter Lang, Brussels, 2007.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=College_of_Europe&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:College_of_Europe" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:College of Europe">College of Europe</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coleurope.eu/">Official website</a></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.eu/institution/college-of-europe/">Politico – College of Europe section</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040209193741/http://coleurop-alumni.org/">Alumni Association – College of Europe</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.madariaga.org/index.php">The Madariaga – College of Europe Foundation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140621173048/http://www.madariaga.org/index.php">Archived</a> 21 June 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100326061612/http://www.europeandme.eu/7legs/365-behind-the-walls">Behind the Walls, article by a College alumnus – Europe&Me Magazine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Universities_in_Belgium" title="Template:Universities in Belgium"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Universities_in_Belgium" title="Template talk:Universities in Belgium"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Universities_in_Belgium" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Universities in Belgium"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Universities_in_Belgium114" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Belgium" title="List of universities in Belgium">Universities in Belgium</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dutch-speaking</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghent_University" title="Ghent University">Ghent University</a> (UGent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KU_Leuven" title="KU Leuven">Catholic University of Leuven</a> (KU Leuven)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Antwerp" title="University of Antwerp">University of Antwerp</a> (UA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Hasselt" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hasselt">University of Hasselt</a> (UHasselt)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrije_Universiteit_Brussel" title="Vrije Universiteit Brussel">Free University of Brussels</a> (VUB)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">French-speaking</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Louis_University,_Brussels" title="Saint-Louis University, Brussels">Saint-Louis University, Brussels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_libre_de_Bruxelles" title="Université libre de Bruxelles">Université libre de Bruxelles</a> (ULB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="University of Liège">University of Liège</a> (ULiège)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_catholique_de_Louvain" class="mw-redirect" title="Université catholique de Louvain">Catholic University of Louvain</a> (UCLouvain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Mons" class="mw-redirect" title="Université de Mons">University of Mons</a> (UMons)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Namur" title="Université de Namur">University of Namur</a> (UNamur)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Faculty_for_Protestant_Theology" title="Brussels Faculty for Protestant Theology">Faculty for Protestant Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_University_Limburg" title="Transnational University Limburg">Transnational University Limburg</a> (tUL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Theological_Faculty" title="Evangelical Theological Faculty">Evangelical Theological Faculty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Postgraduate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Tropical_Medicine_Antwerp" title="Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp">Institute of Tropical Medicine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">College of Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_Academy_(Belgium)" title="Royal Military Academy (Belgium)">Royal Military Academy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1109135#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2333" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1109135#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2333" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1109135#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000123754524">ISNI</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000109425695">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/312574698">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1002336-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80063138">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12148570x">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90125058">Norway</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/9024392">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=104493">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007259835905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0379718X?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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