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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Signs and symptoms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Signs_and_symptoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biochemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biochemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Biochemistry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biochemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Efforts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Efforts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Efforts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Efforts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Efforts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Treatment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Prevention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Example_of_Successful_Response_in_Malawi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Example_of_Successful_Response_in_Malawi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Example of Successful Response in Malawi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Example_of_Successful_Response_in_Malawi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hunger_statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hunger_statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Hunger statistics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hunger_statistics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Hunger statistics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hunger_statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hunger_mortality_statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hunger_mortality_statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Hunger mortality statistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hunger_mortality_statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_capital_punishment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_capital_punishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>As capital punishment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_capital_punishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Starvation</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="भुखमरी – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="भुखमरी" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B9_%D8%B4%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="جوع شديد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جوع شديد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inanici%C3%B3" title="Inanició – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Inanició" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unterern%C3%A4hrung" title="Unterernährung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Unterernährung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichin" title="Dichin – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Dichin" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="भोकमरी – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="भोकमरी" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A4lgimine" title="Nälgimine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nälgimine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inanici%C3%B3n" title="Inanición – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Inanición" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahuleria" title="Ahuleria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ahuleria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="گرسنگی شدید – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گرسنگی شدید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sous-alimentation" title="Sous-alimentation – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sous-alimentation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inanici%C3%B3n" title="Inanición – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Inanición" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EC%95%84" title="기아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="기아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Սովամահություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սովամահություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="भुखमरी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भुखमरी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pothranjenost" title="Pothranjenost – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pothranjenost" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebuluran" title="Kebuluran – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kebuluran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inedia" title="Inedia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Inedia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badavimas" title="Badavimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Badavimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebuluran" title="Kebuluran – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kebuluran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A3%A2%E9%A4%93" title="飢餓 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="飢餓" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sult" title="Sult – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sult" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svolt" title="Svolt – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Svolt" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ochlik" title="Ochlik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ochlik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C5%82odzenie" title="Głodzenie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Głodzenie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inani%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Inanição – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Inanição" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Голодная смерть – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Голодная смерть" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uria_(gjendje_sh%C3%ABndet%C3%ABsore)" title="Uria (gjendje shëndetësore) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Uria (gjendje shëndetësore)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starvation" title="Starvation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Starvation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stradanje" title="Stradanje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Stradanje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izgladnjelost" title="Izgladnjelost – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Izgladnjelost" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A4lkiintyminen" title="Nälkiintyminen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nälkiintyminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sv%C3%A4lt" title="Svält – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Svält" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istarbasyon" title="Istarbasyon – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Istarbasyon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF" title="பட்டினி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பட்டினி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81" title="ความอดอยาก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ความอดอยาก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Starvation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medicine" title="Emergency medicine">Emergency medicine</a> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853930?uselang=en#P1995" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Percentage_population_undernourished_world_map.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Percentage_population_undernourished_world_map.PNG/250px-Percentage_population_undernourished_world_map.PNG" decoding="async" width="250" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Percentage_population_undernourished_world_map.PNG/375px-Percentage_population_undernourished_world_map.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Percentage_population_undernourished_world_map.PNG/500px-Percentage_population_undernourished_world_map.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1237" data-file-height="559" /></a><figcaption>World map showing percentage of population suffering from malnutrition, <a href="/wiki/World_Food_Programme" title="World Food Programme">World Food Programme</a>, 2006</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Starved_Vietnamese_man,_1966.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Starved_Vietnamese_man%2C_1966.JPEG/220px-Starved_Vietnamese_man%2C_1966.JPEG" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Starved_Vietnamese_man%2C_1966.JPEG/330px-Starved_Vietnamese_man%2C_1966.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Starved_Vietnamese_man%2C_1966.JPEG/440px-Starved_Vietnamese_man%2C_1966.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="2031" data-file-height="2858" /></a><figcaption>Starved <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnamese</a> man, who was deprived of food in a <a href="/wiki/Viet_Cong" title="Viet Cong">Viet Cong</a> prison camp.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Starvation</b> is a severe reduction in <a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">vitamin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrient</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> intake. It is the most extreme form of <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">malnutrition</a>. In humans, prolonged starvation can cause permanent <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (anatomy)">organ</a> damage<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, and eventually <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a>. The term <i><b>inanition</b></i> refers to the symptoms and effects of starvation. </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunger" title="Hunger">hunger</a> is the gravest single threat to the world's public health.<sup id="cite_ref-economist_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economist-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/WHO" class="mw-redirect" title="WHO">WHO</a> also states that malnutrition is by far the biggest contributor to <a href="/wiki/Child_mortality" title="Child mortality">child mortality</a>, present in half of all cases.<sup id="cite_ref-economist_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economist-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a>, starvation currently affects more than one billion people or 1 in 6 people. <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common_causes">Common causes</h2></div> <p>The basic cause of starvation is an imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure. In other words: the body expends more energy than it takes in as food. This imbalance can arise from one or more medical conditions and/or circumstantial situations, which can include: </p><p><b>Medical causes</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anorexia_nervosa" title="Anorexia nervosa">Anorexia nervosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulimia_nervosa" title="Bulimia nervosa">Bulimia nervosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coma" title="Coma">Coma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus">Diabetes mellitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digestive_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Digestive disease">Digestive disease</a></li></ul> <p><b>Circumstantial causes</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">Famine</a> for any reason, including <a href="/wiki/Overpopulation" title="Overpopulation">overpopulation</a> and <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">war</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">Fasting</a>, when done without proper medical supervision and lasting more than a month.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">Poverty</a></li> <li>Deprivation</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2></div> <p>Individuals experiencing starvation lose substantial <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adipose_tissue" title="Adipose tissue">adipose</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscle</a> mass as the body breaks down these tissues for <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catabolysis" title="Catabolysis">Catabolysis</a></i> is the process of a body breaking down its own muscles and other tissues in order to keep vital systems such as the <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a> and heart muscle (<a href="/wiki/Myocardium" class="mw-redirect" title="Myocardium">myocardium</a>) functioning. <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_deficiency" title="Vitamin deficiency">Vitamin deficiency</a> is a common result of starvation, often leading to <a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">anemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beriberi" class="mw-redirect" title="Beriberi">beriberi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pellagra" title="Pellagra">pellagra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scurvy" title="Scurvy">scurvy</a>. These diseases collectively can also cause <a href="/wiki/Diarrhoea" class="mw-redirect" title="Diarrhoea">diarrhoea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skin_rash" class="mw-redirect" title="Skin rash">skin rashes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edema" title="Edema">edema</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Heart_failure" title="Heart failure">heart failure</a>. Individuals are often <a href="/wiki/Irritable" class="mw-redirect" title="Irritable">irritable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lethargy" title="Lethargy">lethargic</a> as a result. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Atrophy" title="Atrophy">Atrophy</a> (wasting away) of the stomach weakens the perception of hunger, since the perception is controlled by the percentage of the stomach that is empty. Victims of starvation are often too weak to sense thirst, and therefore become <a href="/wiki/Dehydrated" class="mw-redirect" title="Dehydrated">dehydrated</a>. </p><p>All movements become painful due to atrophy of the muscles, and due to dry, cracked skin caused by severe dehydration. With a weakened body, diseases are commonplace. Fungi, for example, often grow under the <a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">esophagus</a>, making swallowing unbearably painful. </p><p>The energy deficiency inherent in starvation causes <a href="/wiki/Fatigue_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatigue (medical)">fatigue</a> and renders the victim more <a href="/wiki/Apathetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Apathetic">apathetic</a> over time. As the starving person becomes too weak to move or even eat, his or her interaction with the surroundings diminishes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</h2></div> <p>When food intake ceases, the body's <a href="/wiki/Glycogen" title="Glycogen">glycogen</a> stores are used up in about 24 hours. The level of <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a> in circulation is low and the level of <a href="/wiki/Glucagon" title="Glucagon">glucagon</a> is very high. The main means of energy production is <a href="/wiki/Lipolysis" title="Lipolysis">lipolysis</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gluconeogenesis" title="Gluconeogenesis">Gluconeogenesis</a> converts <a href="/wiki/Glycerol" title="Glycerol">glycerol</a> into glucose and the <a href="/wiki/Cori_cycle" title="Cori cycle">Cori cycle</a> converts lactate into usable glucose. Two systems of energy enter the gluconeogenesis, <a href="/wiki/Proteolysis" title="Proteolysis">proteolysis</a> provides <a href="/wiki/Alanine" title="Alanine">alanine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid" title="Lactic acid">lactate</a> produced from <a href="/wiki/Pyruvate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyruvate">pyruvate</a>. Acetyl CoA produces dissolved nutrients (<a href="/wiki/Ketone_bodies" title="Ketone bodies">Ketone bodies</a>), which can be detected in <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a> and are used by the brain as a source of energy. </p><p>In terms of insulin resistance, starvation conditions makes more glucose available to the brain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Efforts">Efforts</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treatment">Treatment</h3></div> <p>Starving patients can be treated, but this must be done cautiously to avoid <a href="/wiki/Refeeding_syndrome" title="Refeeding syndrome">refeeding syndrome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18583681_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18583681-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prevention">Prevention</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">food security</a></div> <p>For the individual, prevention obviously consists of ensuring they eat plenty of food, varied enough to provide a nutritionally complete diet. Short of sitting in front of a potentially starving person and offering him or her food, to address societal mechanisms by which people are denied access to food is a slightly more complicated matter. </p><p>Supporting <a href="/wiki/Farmer" title="Farmer">farmers</a> in areas of food insecurity through such measures as free or subsidized <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a> increases food harvest and reduces food prices.<sup id="cite_ref-newyorktimes_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newyorktimes-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Example_of_Successful_Response_in_Malawi">Example of Successful Response in Malawi</h3></div> <p>For example, in <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a>, almost 5 million of its 13 million people needed emergency food aid. Then, however, deep fertilizer subsidies and lesser ones for seed, abetted by good rains, helped farmers produce record-breaking corn harvests in 2006 and 2007, according to government crop estimates. The government reported that corn production rose from 1.2 million metric tons (mmt) in 2005, to 2.7 mmt in 2006 and 3.4 mmt in 2007. The harvest also helped the poor by lowering food prices and increasing wages for farm workers. Malawi became a major food exporter, selling more corn to the <a href="/wiki/World_Food_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="World Food Program">World Food Program</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> than any other country in Southern Africa. </p><p>Over the 20 years prior to this change in policy (enacted by the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>), some rich nations that Malawi depended on for aid had periodically pressed it to cut back or eliminate fertilizer subsidies, in the name of free market policies. This is despite the fact that the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> extensively subsidized their own farmers. However, many, if not most, of its farmers are too poor to afford fertilizer at market prices. Proponents for helping the farmers includes the economist <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Sachs" title="Jeffrey Sachs">Jeffrey Sachs</a>, who has championed the idea that wealthy countries should invest in fertilizer and seed for Africa’s farmers. He also conceived the Millennium Villages Project (MVP), which provides seeds and fertilizers, as well as training, to qualifying farmers. In one Kenyan village, application of this policy resulted in a tripling of its <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">corn</a> harvest, even though the village had previously experienced a cycle of hunger. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organizations">Organizations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Famine_relief" title="Famine relief">Famine relief</a></div> <p>Many organizations have been highly effective at reducing starvation in different regions. Aid agencies give direct assistance to individuals, while political organizations pressure political leaders to enact more macro-scale policies that will reduce famine and provide aid. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hunger_statistics">Hunger statistics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">Malnutrition</a></div> <p>In 2007, 923 million people were reported as being undernourished, an increase of 80 million since 1990-92.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. It has also been recorded that the world already produces enough food to support the world's population - 6 billion people - and could support double - 12 billion people.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>1970</th> <th>1980</th> <th>1990</th> <th>2005</th> <th>2007 </th></tr> <tr> <th>Share of hungry people in the developing world<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>37 %</td> <td>28 %</td> <td>20 %</td> <td>16 %</td> <td>17 % </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hunger_mortality_statistics">Hunger mortality statistics</h3></div> <ul><li>On the average, 1 person dies every second as a result, either directly or <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition#Illness" title="Malnutrition">indirectly</a>, of hunger - 4000 every hour - 100 000 each day - 36 million each year - 58 % of all deaths (2001-2004 estimates).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On the average, 1 child dies every 5 seconds as a result, either directly or <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition#Illness" title="Malnutrition">indirectly</a>, of hunger - 700 every hour - 16 000 each day - 6 million each year - 60% of all child deaths (2002-2008 estimates).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_capital_punishment">As capital punishment</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Starvation" title="Special:EditPage/Starvation">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Starvation%22">"Starvation"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Starvation%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Starvation%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Starvation%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Starvation%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Starvation%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2008</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Women_of_the_Caesars/Tiberius_and_Agrippina" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Women of the Caesars/Tiberius and Agrippina">The Women of the Caesars</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_starving_Livilla_refusing_food.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/The_starving_Livilla_refusing_food.jpg/250px-The_starving_Livilla_refusing_food.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="371" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/The_starving_Livilla_refusing_food.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="373" data-file-height="554" /></a><figcaption>The starving <a href="/wiki/Livilla" title="Livilla">Livilla</a> refusing food.<br /><i>From a drawing by André Castagne</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Historically, starvation has been used as a <a href="/wiki/Death_sentence" class="mw-redirect" title="Death sentence">death sentence</a>. From the beginning of civilization to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, people were <a href="/wiki/Immurement" title="Immurement">immured</a>, or walled in, and would die for want of food. </p><p>In ancient Greco-Roman societies, starvation was sometimes used to dispose of guilty upper class citizens, especially erring female members of patrician families. For instance, in the year 31, <a href="/wiki/Livilla" title="Livilla">Livilla</a>, the niece and daughter-in-law of <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a>, was discreetly starved to death by her mother for her adulterous relationship with <a href="/wiki/Sejanus" title="Sejanus">Sejanus</a> and for her complicity in the murder of her own husband, <a href="/wiki/Drusus_the_Younger" class="mw-redirect" title="Drusus the Younger">Drusus the Younger</a>. </p><p>Another daughter-in-law of Tiberius, named <a href="/wiki/Agrippina_the_Elder" title="Agrippina the Elder">Agrippina the Elder</a> (a granddaughter of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> and the mother of <a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a>), also died of starvation, in 33 AD. (However, it is not clear whether her starvation was self inflicted.) </p><p>A son and daughter of Agrippina were also executed by starvation for political reasons; <a href="/wiki/Drusus_Caesar" title="Drusus Caesar">Drusus Caesar</a>, her second son, was put in prison in 33 AD, and starved to death by orders of Tiberius (he managed to stay alive for nine days by chewing the stuffing of his bed); Agrippina's youngest daughter, <a href="/wiki/Julia_Livilla" title="Julia Livilla">Julia Livilla</a>, was exiled on an island in 41 by her uncle, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a>, and not much later, her death by starvation was arranged by the empress <a href="/wiki/Messalina" title="Messalina">Messalina</a>. </p><p>It is also possible that <a href="/wiki/Vestal_Virgin" title="Vestal Virgin">Vestal Virgins</a> were starved when found guilty of breaking their vows of celibacy. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Kolbe" title="Maximilian Kolbe">Maximilian Kolbe</a>, a Polish friar, offered his life to save another inmate sentenced to death in the <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz concentration camp</a>. He was starved, along with another nine inmates. After two weeks of starvation, only Kolbe and three other inmates were still alive, and were executed with <a href="/wiki/Phenol" title="Phenol">phenol</a> injection. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ugolino_della_Gherardesca" title="Ugolino della Gherardesca">Ugolino della Gherardesca</a>, his sons and other members of his family were immured in the <a href="/wiki/Muda_(tower)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muda (tower)">Muda</a>, a tower of <a href="/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa">Pisa</a>, and starved to death in the thirteenth century. <a href="/wiki/Dante" class="mw-redirect" title="Dante">Dante</a>, his contemporary, wrote about Gherardesca in his masterpiece <i><a href="/wiki/The_Divine_Comedy" class="mw-redirect" title="The Divine Comedy">The Divine Comedy</a></i>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> in 1317, King <a href="/wiki/Birger_of_Sweden" class="mw-disambig" title="Birger of Sweden">Birger of Sweden</a> imprisoned his two brothers for a coup they had staged several years earlier (<a href="/wiki/Nyk%C3%B6ping_Banquet" title="Nyköping Banquet">Nyköping Banquet</a>). A few weeks later, they died of starvation. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> in 1671, <a href="/wiki/John_Trehenban" title="John Trehenban">John Trehenban</a> from <a href="/wiki/St_Columb_Major" title="St Columb Major">St Columb Major</a> was condemned to be starved to death in a cage at <a href="/wiki/Castle_An_Dinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Castle An Dinas">Castle An Dinas</a> for the murder of two girls. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Multicol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Multicol (page does not exist)">Template:Multicol</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2007-2008_world_food_price_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2007-2008 world food price crisis">2007-2008 world food price crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anorexia_mirabilis" title="Anorexia mirabilis">Anorexia mirabilis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anorexia_nervosa" title="Anorexia nervosa">Anorexia nervosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Borlaug" title="Norman Borlaug">Norman Borlaug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cachexia" title="Cachexia">Cachexia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydration" title="Dehydration">Dehydration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Hunger_Index" title="Global Hunger Index">Global Hunger Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">Famine</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Multicol-break&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Multicol-break (page does not exist)">Template:Multicol-break</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Famine_response" class="mw-disambig" title="Famine response">Famine response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famine_scales" title="Famine scales">Famine scales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">Food security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger" title="Hunger">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_strike" title="Hunger strike">Hunger strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwashiorkor" title="Kwashiorkor">Kwashiorkor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_famines" title="List of famines">List of famines</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Multicol-break&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Multicol-break (page does not exist)">Template:Multicol-break</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_died_of_starvation" title="List of people who died of starvation">List of people who died of starvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">Malnutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marasmus" title="Marasmus">Marasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muselmann" title="Muselmann">Muselmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overpopulation" title="Overpopulation">Overpopulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refeeding_syndrome" title="Refeeding syndrome">Refeeding syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santhara" class="mw-redirect" title="Santhara">Santhara</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Multicol-end&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Multicol-end (page does not exist)">Template:Multicol-end</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-economist-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-economist_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-economist_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/world/international/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10566634">Malnutrition</a> The Starvelings</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.documentariesworldwide.com/?p=259">FAO stating starvation figures are 1 billion people</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18583681-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18583681_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMehanna_HM,_Moledina_J,_Travis_J2008" class="citation journal cs1">Mehanna HM, Moledina J, Travis J (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=18583681">"Refeeding syndrome: what it is, and how to prevent and treat it"</a>. <i>BMJ</i>. <b>336</b> (7659): 1495–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.a301">10.1136/bmj.a301</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2440847">2440847</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18583681">18583681</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.atitle=Refeeding+syndrome%3A+what+it+is%2C+and+how+to+prevent+and+treat+it&rft.volume=336&rft.issue=7659&rft.pages=1495-8&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2440847%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18583681&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.a301&rft.au=Mehanna+HM%2C+Moledina+J%2C+Travis+J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbmj.com%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D18583681&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStarvation" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-newyorktimes-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-newyorktimes_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/02/world/africa/02malawi.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1">Ending Famine, Simply by Ignoring the Experts</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/2008/0618/p07s01-woaf.html">How a Kenyan village tripled its corn harvest</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> Economic and Social Development Department. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/011/i0291e/i0291e00.htm">“The State of Food Insecurity in the World, 2008 : High food prices and food security - threats and opportunities”</a>. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, 2008, p. 2. “FAO’s most recent estimates put the number of hungry people at 923 million in 2007, an increase of more than 80 million since the 1990–92 base period.”.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Ziegler" title="Jean Ziegler">Jean Ziegler</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/7session/A-HRC-7-5.doc">“Promotion And Protection Of All Human Rights, Civil, Political, Economic, Social And Cultural Rights, Including The Right To Development: Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right to food, Jean Ziegler”</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council" title="United Nations Human Rights Council">Human Rights Council</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, January10, 2008.“According to the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (FAO), the world already produces enough food to feed every child, woman and man and could feed 12 billion people, or double the current world population.”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> Agricultural and Development Economics Division. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/a0750e/a0750e00.htm">“The State of Food Insecurity in the World, 2006 : Eradicating world hunger – taking stock ten years after the World Food Summit”</a>. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, 2006, p. 8. “Because of population growth, the very small decrease in the number of hungry people has nevertheless resulted in a reduction in the proportion of undernourished people in the developing countries by 3 percentage points – from 20 percent in 1990–92 to 17 percent in 2001–03. (…) the prevalence of undernourishment declined by 9 percent (from 37 percent to 28 percent) between 1969–71 and 1979–81 and by a further 8 percentage points (to 20 percent) between 1979–81 and 1990–92.”.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> Economic and Social Development Department. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/011/i0291e/i0291e00.htm">“The State of Food Insecurity in the World, 2008 : High food prices and food security - threats and opportunities”</a>. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, 2008, p. 6. “Good progress in reducing the share of hungry people in the developing world had been achieved – down from almost 20 percent in 1990–92 to less than 18 percent in 1995–97 and just above 16 percent in 2003–05. The estimates show that rising food prices have thrown that progress into reverse, with the proportion of undernourished people worldwide moving back towards 17 percent.”.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Ziegler" title="Jean Ziegler">Jean Ziegler</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hei.unige.ch/~clapham/hrdoc/docs/foodrep2001.pdf">“The Right to Food: Report by the Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food, Mr. Jean Ziegler, Submitted in Accordance with Commission on Human Rights Resolution 2000/10”</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, February 7, 2001, p. 5. “On average, 62 million people die each year, of whom probably 36 million (58 per cent) directly or indirectly as a result of nutritional deficiencies, infections, epidemics or diseases which attack the body when its resistance and immunity have been weakened by undernourishment and hunger.”.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council" title="United Nations Human Rights Council">Commission on Human Rights</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ap.ohchr.org/documents/E/CHR/resolutions/E-CN_4-RES-2002-25.doc">“The right to food : Commission on Human Rights resolution 2002/25”</a>. <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights">Office Of The High Commissioner For Human Rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, April 22, 2002, p. 2. “every year 36 million people die, directly or indirectly, as a result of hunger and nutritional deficiencies, most of them women and children, particularly in developing countries, in a world that already produces enough food to feed the whole global population”.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> Information Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/righttofood/kc/downloads/vl/docs/Rtf%20hearing%2031%2003%202004.doc">“Independent Expert On Effects Of Structural Adjustment, Special Rapporteur On Right To Food Present Reports: Commission Continues General Debate On Economic, Social And Cultural Rights”</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, March 29, 2004, p. 6. “Around 36 million people died from hunger directly or indirectly every year.”.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> Staff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/y7352e/y7352e00.htm">“The State of Food Insecurity in the World, 2002: Food Insecurity : when People Live with Hunger and Fear Starvation”</a>. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, 2002, p. 6. “6 million children under the age of five, die each year as a result of hunger.”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> Economic and Social Dept. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5650e/y5650e00.htm">“The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2004: Monitoring Progress Towards the World Food Summit and Millennium Development Goals”</a>. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, 2004, p. 8. “Undernourishment and deficiencies in essential vitamins and minerals cost more than 5 million children their lives every year”.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Diouf" title="Jacques Diouf">Jacques Diouf</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5650e/y5650e00.htm">“The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2004: Monitoring Progress Towards the World Food Summit and Millennium Development Goals”</a>. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, 2004, p. 4. “one child dies every ﬁve seconds as a result of hunger and malnutrition”.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a>, Economic and Social Dept. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/a0200e/a0200e00.htm">“The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2005: Eradicating World Hunger - Key to Achieving the Millennium Development Goals”</a>. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, 2005, p. 18. “Hunger and malnutrition are the underlying cause of more than half of all child deaths, killing nearly 6 million children each year – a figure that is roughly equivalent to the entire preschool population of Japan. Relatively few of these children die of starvation. The vast majority are killed by neonatal disorders and a handful of treatable infectious diseases, including diarrhoea, pneumonia, malaria and measles. Most would not die if their bodies and immune systems had not been weakened by hunger and malnutrition moderately to severely underweight, the risk of death is five to eight times higher.”.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council" title="United Nations Human Rights Council">Human Rights Council</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ap.ohchr.org/documents/E/HRC/resolutions/A_HRC_RES_7_14.pdf">“Resolution 7/14. The right to food”</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, March 27, 2008, p. 3. “6 million children still die every year from hunger-related illness before their fifth birthday”.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Starvation" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Starvation">Starvation</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/newsroom/en/focus/2004/51786/index.html">FAO - Understanding food insecurity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/english/newsroom/news/2002/9703-en.html">FAO - What the new figures on hunger mean</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehungersite.com">Click to Give @ The Hunger Site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/europe/11/17/italy.food.summit/index.html">U.N. 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Consequences of <a href="/wiki/External_cause" title="External cause">external causes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Temperature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elevated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burn" title="Burn">Burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperthermia" title="Hyperthermia">Hyperthermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_syncope" title="Heat syncope">Heat syncope</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reduced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">Hypothermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_foot_syndromes" title="Immersion foot syndromes">Immersion foot syndromes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trench_foot" title="Trench foot">Trench foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_immersion_foot" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical immersion foot">Tropical immersion foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warm_water_immersion_foot" class="mw-redirect" title="Warm water immersion foot">Warm water immersion foot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-freezing_cold_injury" title="Non-freezing cold injury">Non-freezing cold injury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilblains" title="Chilblains">Chilblains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frostbite" title="Frostbite">Frostbite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerosol_burn" title="Aerosol burn">Aerosol burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_intolerance" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold intolerance">Cold intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrocyanosis" title="Acrocyanosis">Acrocyanosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythrocyanosis_crurum" title="Erythrocyanosis crurum">Erythrocyanosis crurum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Radiation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_radiation_keratosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic radiation keratosis">Chronic radiation keratosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eosinophilic,_polymorphic,_and_pruritic_eruption_associated_with_radiotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Eosinophilic, polymorphic, and pruritic eruption associated with radiotherapy">Eosinophilic, polymorphic, and pruritic eruption associated with radiotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_acne" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation acne">Radiation acne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_burn" title="Radiation burn">Radiation burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation-induced_cancer" title="Radiation-induced cancer">Radiation-induced cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation-induced_erythema_multiforme" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation-induced erythema multiforme">Radiation-induced erythema multiforme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation-induced_hypertrophic_scar" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation-induced hypertrophic scar">Radiation-induced hypertrophic scar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation-induced_keloid" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation-induced keloid">Radiation-induced keloid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation-induced_morphea" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation-induced morphea">Radiation-induced morphea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation poisoning">Radiation poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_recall_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation recall reaction">Radiation recall reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunburn" title="Sunburn">Sunburn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oxygen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">Hypoxia</a>/<a href="/wiki/Asphyxia" title="Asphyxia">Asphyxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_toxicity" title="Oxygen toxicity">Oxygen toxicity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pressure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barotrauma" title="Barotrauma">Barotrauma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arterial_gas_embolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Arterial gas embolism">Arterial gas embolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerosinusitis" title="Aerosinusitis">Aerosinusitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_ear_barotrauma" title="Middle ear barotrauma">Middle ear barotrauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumothorax" title="Pneumothorax">Pneumothorax</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_sickness" title="Decompression sickness">Decompression sickness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_ear_decompression_sickness" title="Inner ear decompression sickness">Inner ear decompression sickness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_high_altitude_on_humans" title="Effects of high altitude on humans">High altitude</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altitude_sickness" title="Altitude sickness">Altitude sickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_mountain_sickness" title="Chronic mountain sickness">Chronic mountain sickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_zone" title="Death zone">Death zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-altitude_pulmonary_edema" title="High-altitude pulmonary edema">High-altitude pulmonary edema</a> (HAPE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-altitude_cerebral_edema" title="High-altitude cerebral edema">High-altitude cerebral edema</a> (HACE)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Food</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Starvation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maltreatment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physical_abuse" title="Physical abuse">Physical abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">Sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_abuse" title="Psychological abuse">Psychological abuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Travel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motion_sickness" title="Motion sickness">Motion sickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasickness" class="mw-redirect" title="Seasickness">Seasickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airsickness" title="Airsickness">Airsickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_adaptation_syndrome" title="Space adaptation syndrome">Space adaptation syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adverse effect</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypersensitivity" title="Hypersensitivity">Hypersensitivity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaphylaxis" title="Anaphylaxis">Anaphylaxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angioedema" title="Angioedema">Angioedema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">Allergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthus_reaction" title="Arthus reaction">Arthus reaction</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adverse_drug_reaction" title="Adverse drug reaction">Adverse drug reaction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_injury" title="Electrical injury">Electrical injury</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lightning_injuries" class="mw-redirect" title="Lightning injuries">Lightning injuries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drowning" title="Drowning">Drowning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ungrouped <br /> skin conditions <br /> resulting from <br /> physical factors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dermatosis_neglecta" title="Dermatosis neglecta">Dermatosis neglecta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinch_mark" title="Pinch mark">Pinch mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoverrucous_papules_and_nodules" title="Pseudoverrucous papules and nodules">Pseudoverrucous papules and nodules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sclerosing_lymphangitis" title="Sclerosing lymphangitis">Sclerosing lymphangitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_anhidrotic_asthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical anhidrotic asthenia">Tropical anhidrotic asthenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UV-sensitive_syndrome" title="UV-sensitive syndrome">UV-sensitive syndrome</a></li> <li><i>environmental skin conditions</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_burn" title="Electrical burn">Electrical burn</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>frictional/traumatic/sports</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_heel_and_palm" title="Black heel and palm">Black heel and palm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_perniosis" title="Equestrian perniosis">Equestrian perniosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fissure_of_the_nipple" title="Fissure of the nipple">Fissure of the nipple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulling_boat_hands" title="Pulling boat hands">Pulling boat hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runner%27s_rump" title="Runner's rump">Runner's rump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surfer%27s_knots" title="Surfer's knots">Surfer's knots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_toe" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennis toe">Tennis toe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibration_white_finger" class="mw-redirect" title="Vibration white finger">Vibration white finger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weathering_nodule_of_ear" title="Weathering nodule of ear">Weathering nodule of ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestler%27s_ear" class="mw-redirect" title="Wrestler's ear">Wrestler's ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_cut" title="Coral cut">Coral cut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painful_fat_herniation" class="mw-redirect" title="Painful fat herniation">Painful fat herniation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_dermatosis" title="Uranium dermatosis">Uranium dermatosis</a></li> <li><i>iv use</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skin_pop_scar" title="Skin pop scar">Skin pop scar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin_track" title="Skin track">Skin track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slap_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Slap mark">Slap mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoacanthosis_nigricans" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudoacanthosis nigricans">Pseudoacanthosis nigricans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcotic_dermopathy" title="Narcotic dermopathy">Narcotic dermopathy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" 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