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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox scotus" style="line-height: 1.4em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #99c0ff; padding: 0.2em; line-height: 1.4em; font-size:125%; font-style: italic">Riggins v. Nevada</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Seal of the United States Supreme Court"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding-top: 0.5em; font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Argued January 15, 1992<br />Decided May 18, 1992</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Full case name</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Riggins v. Nevada</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citations</th><td class="infobox-data">504 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/us/504/127/case.html">127</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_504" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 504">more</a></i>)<div>112 S. Ct. 1810; 118 <a href="/wiki/L._Ed._2d" class="mw-redirect" title="L. Ed. 2d">L. Ed. 2d</a> 479</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Case history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Prior</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Riggins v. State</i>, 107 Nev. 178, 808 <a href="/wiki/P.2d" class="mw-redirect" title="P.2d">P.2d</a> 535 (1991)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Holding</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">The forcible medication of the petitioner on trial violated his rights guaranteed by the <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Sixth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendments</a>.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Court membership</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><dl style="margin:0; padding:0.1em 0.5em; text-align:center; line-height:1.3em;"> <dt style="margin:0;">Chief Justice</dt> <dd style="margin:0 0 0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">William Rehnquist</a> </dd> <dt style="margin:0;">Associate Justices</dt> <dd style="margin:0;"><a href="/wiki/Byron_White" title="Byron White">Byron White</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Harry_Blackmun" title="Harry Blackmun">Harry Blackmun</a><br /><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">John P. Stevens</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">Sandra Day O'Connor</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Antonin Scalia</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Anthony Kennedy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/David_Souter" title="David Souter">David Souter</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a> </dd></dl></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Case opinions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Majority</th><td class="infobox-data">O'Connor, joined by Rehnquist, White, Blackmun, Stevens, Souter</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Concurrence</th><td class="infobox-data">Kennedy (in judgment)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dissent</th><td class="infobox-data">Thomas, joined by Scalia (except as to Part II–A)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Laws applied</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution">U.S. Const. amends. VI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">XIV</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Riggins v. Nevada</b></i>, 504 U.S. 127 (1992), is a <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a> case in which the court decided whether a <a href="/wiki/Mental_illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental illness">mentally ill</a> person can be <a href="/wiki/Involuntary_treatment" title="Involuntary treatment">forced to take</a> <a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic_medication" class="mw-redirect" title="Antipsychotic medication">antipsychotic medication</a> while they are on <a href="/wiki/Trial" title="Trial">trial</a> to allow the state to make sure they remain <a href="/wiki/Competency_evaluation_(law)" title="Competency evaluation (law)">competent during the trial</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-opinion_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opinion-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riggins_v._Nevada&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the early hours of November 20, 1987, David Riggins went to the <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a> apartment of Paul Wade, who was later found stabbed to death. Approximately two days later, Riggins was arrested for the <a href="/wiki/Capital_murder" title="Capital murder">capital murder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robbery" title="Robbery">robbery</a> of Wade. After his arrest he complained of <a href="/wiki/Hallucination" title="Hallucination">hearing voices</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sleeplessness" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleeplessness">sleeplessness</a>, telling the jail psychiatrist that he had taken <a href="/wiki/Mellaril" class="mw-redirect" title="Mellaril">Mellaril</a> in the past. The psychiatrist prescribed him increasing doses of Mellaril at Riggins' request, until Riggins was taking 800 <a href="/wiki/Milligram" class="mw-redirect" title="Milligram">milligrams</a> a day, considered a very high dose of that medication.<sup id="cite_ref-meyer_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meyer-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-opinion_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opinion-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Riggins was evaluated and found <a href="/wiki/Competency_evaluation_(law)" title="Competency evaluation (law)">competent to stand trial</a>, with one of the three evaluating psychiatrists dissenting. Riggins stated he planned to present an <a href="/wiki/Insanity_defense" title="Insanity defense">insanity defense</a> and requested that the Mellaril be discontinued until after the trial so that the <a href="/wiki/Jury" title="Jury">jury</a> would see his mental state first hand rather than be given a false impression induced by the medication, which would deny him <a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">due process</a>. The court heard <a href="/wiki/Testimony" title="Testimony">testimony</a> from three psychiatrists with differing opinions and then gave a one-page decision denying Riggins' request but giving no rationale for the denial. </p><p>At trial, Riggins presented an insanity defense and testified on his own behalf. He indicated that, on the night of Wade's death, he used cocaine before going to Wade's apartment. Riggins admitted fighting with Wade, but claimed that Wade was trying to kill him and that voices in his head said that killing Wade would be justifiable homicide. A jury found Riggins guilty of murder with use of a deadly weapon and robbery with use of a deadly weapon. After a penalty hearing, the same jury sentenced him to <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">death</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-opinion_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opinion-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appeals">Appeals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riggins_v._Nevada&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Appeals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Riggins appealed to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Nevada" title="Supreme Court of Nevada">Nevada Supreme Court</a> on the grounds that forced administration of Mellaril denied him the ability to assist in his own defense and gave a false impression of his attitude, appearance, and demeanor at trial.<sup id="cite_ref-opinion_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opinion-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Riggins claimed that the forced medication was not justified, as the State had not demonstrated a need to administer Mellaril nor did it explore less restrictive alternatives to giving him 800 milligrams of the drug each day. However, the Nevada Supreme Court affirmed Riggins' convictions and death sentence. Riggins then petitioned the U.S. Supreme Court.<sup id="cite_ref-opinion_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opinion-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opinion_of_the_Court">Opinion of the Court</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riggins_v._Nevada&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Opinion of the Court"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Supreme Court reversed and remanded, holding that forced administration of antipsychotic medication during Riggins' trial violated his rights guaranteed under the <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Sixth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendments</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-opinion_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opinion-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A seven-member majority held that the state did not show that antipsychotic medication was medically appropriate and did not demonstrate that it considered less intrusive means in obtaining its goal of trying Riggins.<sup id="cite_ref-opinion_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opinion-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Court stated that Riggins' <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Eighth Amendment</a> argument that the forcible administration of antipsychotic medication denied him the chance to show the jury his true mental state at the sentencing hearing was not raised in the petition for certiorari and therefore was not addressed by the court.<sup id="cite_ref-opinion_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opinion-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Court held that a person awaiting trial has a valid reason, protected under the <a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">due process</a> clause, to refuse antipsychotic drugs, referencing <i><a href="/wiki/Washington_v._Harper" title="Washington v. Harper">Washington v. Harper</a></i> (1990) and <i><a href="/wiki/Bell_v._Wolfish" title="Bell v. Wolfish">Bell v. Wolfish</a></i> (1979). Therefore, once Riggins' requested termination of the medication, the State was obligated to establish both the need for the antipsychotic drug and its medical appropriateness for Riggins' safety and that of others as the less restrictive alternative available. If the state had done this, due process would have been satisfied. The State might have been able to justify the treatment, if medically appropriate, if it set forth that the adjudication of guilt or innocence could not be established by using less intrusive means. Since the trial court did not do this and allowed the drug's administration to continue without making any of the determinations stated above, it is very likely that this error violated Riggins' trial rights established by the Constitution. However, this is only speculative as there is no way to know what the outcome would have been if the proper course had been followed.<sup id="cite_ref-opinion_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opinion-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significance">Significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riggins_v._Nevada&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This decision highlighted two factors not previously emphasized in cases involving involuntary medication. First, the involuntary treatment must be the least intrusive treatment for restoration of competence. Second, the proposed treatment must be medically appropriate for the individual's safety as well as that of others.<sup id="cite_ref-20050901AmericanAcademyPsychiatryJournalLeong_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20050901AmericanAcademyPsychiatryJournalLeong-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Washington_v._Harper" title="Washington v. Harper">Washington v. Harper</a></i>, the individual protesting the involuntary medication was already incarcerated. The Court suggested in this case that a competent person has the right to refuse if the medication is administered for other than treatment reasons to a person not dangerous or extremely ill, but it accepted the institution's procedures for making such treatment decisions. However, Riggins was not convicted at the time he was involuntarily medicated. In <i>Riggins v. Nevada</i>, the Court said that not only had the medication to be a medically appropriate means of attaining an important state objective such as competency, but the medication must be the least intrusive means of attaining the objective. However, although the treatment must be the least intrusive (for example, to allow the individual to retain a clear head to consult with his attorney as well as to avoid medication <a href="/wiki/Adverse_drug_reaction" title="Adverse drug reaction">side effects</a>), the court did not say that involuntary medication is never appropriate to achieve the state's goal.<sup id="cite_ref-meyer_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meyer-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riggins_v._Nevada&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_504" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 504">List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 504</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases">List of United States Supreme Court cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_volume" title="Lists of United States Supreme Court cases by volume">Lists of United States Supreme Court cases by volume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Rehnquist_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Rehnquist Court">List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Rehnquist Court</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sell_v._United_States" title="Sell v. United States">Sell v. United States</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perry_v._Louisiana" title="Perry v. Louisiana">Perry v. Louisiana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ford_v._Wainwright" title="Ford v. Wainwright">Ford v. Wainwright</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riggins_v._Nevada&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-opinion-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-opinion_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-opinion_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-opinion_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-opinion_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-opinion_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-opinion_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-opinion_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-opinion_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-opinion_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Riggins v. Nevada</i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_504" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 504">504</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/504/127/">127</a> (1992).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-meyer-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-meyer_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-meyer_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRobert_G._Meyer2006" class="citation book cs1">Robert G. Meyer (January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_zU4PCsY774C&q=riggins+v+nevada&pg=PA198"><i>Law and Mental Health: A Case-Based Approach</i></a>. Guiford Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781593852214" title="Special:BookSources/9781593852214"><bdi>9781593852214</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 21,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Law+and+Mental+Health%3A+A+Case-Based+Approach&rft.pub=Guiford+Press&rft.date=2006-01&rft.isbn=9781593852214&rft.au=Robert+G.+Meyer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_zU4PCsY774C%26q%3Driggins%2Bv%2Bnevada%26pg%3DPA198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiggins+v.+Nevada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20050901AmericanAcademyPsychiatryJournalLeong-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20050901AmericanAcademyPsychiatryJournalLeong_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory_B._Leong2005" class="citation journal cs1">Gregory B. Leong (September 1, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210227000919/http://jaapl.org/content/33/3/292.full">"<i>Sell v. U.S.</i>: Involuntary Treatment Case or Catalyst for Change?"</a>. <i>Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online</i>. <b>33</b> (3): 292–294. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jaapl.org/content/33/3/292.full">the original</a> on February 27, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Academy+of+Psychiatry+and+the+Law+Online&rft.atitle=Sell+v.+U.S.%3A+Involuntary+Treatment+Case+or+Catalyst+for+Change%3F&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=292-294&rft.date=2005-09-01&rft.au=Gregory+B.+Leong&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjaapl.org%2Fcontent%2F33%2F3%2F292.full&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiggins+v.+Nevada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riggins_v._Nevada&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Text of <i>Riggins v. Nevada</i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_504" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 504">504</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> 127 (1992) is available from: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/90-8466.ZS.html">Cornell</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/504/127.html">Findlaw</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/504/127/">Justia</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdn.loc.gov/service/ll/usrep/usrep504/usrep504127/usrep504127.pdf">Library of Congress</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oyez.org/cases/1991/90-8466">Oyez (oral argument audio)</a> </li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070208185250/http://www.trowbridgefoundation.org/docs/medicating.htm">Medicating Incompetent Defendants against Their Will to Restore Competency: Sell v. United States Changes Current Practice</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abanet.org/irr/hr/spring03/forcedmedication.html">American Bar Association - Forced Medication of Legally Incompetent Prisoners: A Primer</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080907200912/http://www.abanet.org/irr/hr/spring03/forcedmedication.html">Archived</a> 2008-09-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nysda.org/CDSweb/show_document.asp?doc_handle=11284989&req=jurors">Summary New York State Defenders Association</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; 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Oregon">Leland v. Oregon</a></i> (1952)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holland_v._United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holland v. United States (page does not exist)">Holland v. United States</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leary_v._United_States" title="Leary v. United States">Leary v. United States</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_re_Winship" title="In re Winship">In re Winship</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cool_v._United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cool v. United States (page does not exist)">Cool v. United States</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mullaney_v._Wilbur" title="Mullaney v. Wilbur">Mullaney v. Wilbur</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Patterson_v._New_York" title="Patterson v. New York">Patterson v. New York</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taylor_v._Kentucky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taylor v. Kentucky (page does not exist)">Taylor v. Kentucky</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=County_Court_of_Ulster_Cty._v._Allen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="County Court of Ulster Cty. v. Allen (page does not exist)">County Court of Ulster Cty. v. Allen</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sandstrom_v._Montana" title="Sandstrom v. Montana">Sandstrom v. Montana</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jackson_v._Virginia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jackson v. Virginia (page does not exist)">Jackson v. Virginia</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murray_v._Carrier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Murray v. Carrier (page does not exist)">Murray v. Carrier</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cage_v._Louisiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cage v. Louisiana (page does not exist)">Cage v. Louisiana</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sullivan_v._Louisiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sullivan v. Louisiana (page does not exist)">Sullivan v. Louisiana</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_v._Nebraska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victor v. Nebraska (page does not exist)">Victor v. Nebraska</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schlup_v._Delo" title="Schlup v. Delo">Schlup v. Delo</a></i> (1995)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Brady_disclosure" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Brady_disclosure" title="Brady disclosure"><i>Brady</i> disclosure</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brady_v._Maryland" title="Brady v. Maryland">Brady v. Maryland</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Giglio_v._United_States" title="Giglio v. United States">Giglio v. United States</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i>Moore v. Illinois</i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Agurs" title="United States v. Agurs">United States v. Agurs</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=California_v._Trombetta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="California v. Trombetta (page does not exist)">California v. Trombetta</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Bagley" title="United States v. Bagley">United States v. Bagley</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arizona_v._Youngblood" title="Arizona v. Youngblood">Arizona v. Youngblood</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kyles_v._Whitley" title="Kyles v. Whitley">Kyles v. Whitley</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wood_v._Bartholomew&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wood v. Bartholomew (page does not exist)">Wood v. Bartholomew</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strickler_v._Greene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strickler v. Greene (page does not exist)">Strickler v. Greene</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Ruiz" title="United States v. Ruiz">United States v. Ruiz</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Illinois_v._Fisher" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois v. Fisher">Illinois v. Fisher</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banks_v._Dretke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banks v. Dretke (page does not exist)">Banks v. Dretke</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Youngblood_v._West_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Youngblood v. West Virginia">Youngblood v. West Virginia</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cone_v._Bell" title="Cone v. Bell">Cone v. Bell</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Smith_v._Cain" title="Smith v. Cain">Smith v. Cain</a></i> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mental_competence" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Adjudicative_competence" title="Adjudicative competence">Mental competence</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishop_v._United_States_(1956)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bishop v. United States (1956) (page does not exist)">Bishop v. United States</a></i> (1956)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dusky_v._United_States" title="Dusky v. United States">Dusky v. United States</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pate_v._Robinson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pate v. Robinson (page does not exist)">Pate v. Robinson</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Drope_v._Missouri" title="Drope v. Missouri">Drope v. Missouri</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Riggins v. Nevada</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medina_v._California&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medina v. California (page does not exist)">Medina v. California</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Godinez_v._Moran" title="Godinez v. Moran">Godinez v. Moran</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cooper_v._Oklahoma" title="Cooper v. Oklahoma">Cooper v. Oklahoma</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sell_v._United_States" title="Sell v. United States">Sell v. United States</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indiana_v._Edwards" title="Indiana v. Edwards">Indiana v. Edwards</a></i> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Prosecutorial_misconduct" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prosecutorial_misconduct" title="Prosecutorial misconduct">Prosecutorial misconduct</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mooney_v._Holohan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mooney v. Holohan (page does not exist)">Mooney v. Holohan</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hysler_v._Florida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hysler v. Florida (page does not exist)">Hysler v. Florida</a></i> (1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyle_v._Kansas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyle v. Kansas (page does not exist)">Pyle v. Kansas</a></i> (1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_ex_rel._Whitman_v._Wilson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New York ex rel. Whitman v. Wilson (page does not exist)">New York ex rel. Whitman v. Wilson</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_v._Ragen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="White v. Ragen (page does not exist)">White v. Ragen</a></i> (1945)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesarosh_v._United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mesarosh v. United States (page does not exist)">Mesarosh v. United States</a></i> (1956)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alcorta_v._Texas" title="Alcorta v. Texas">Alcorta v. Texas</a></i> (1957)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Napue_v._Illinois" title="Napue v. Illinois">Napue v. Illinois</a></i> (1959)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McDonough_v._Smith" title="McDonough v. Smith">McDonough v. 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