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</a> <ul id="toc-Interpretations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-18th_and_19th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_and_19th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 18th and 19th centuries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_and_19th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Degeneracy_thesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Degeneracy_thesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Degeneracy thesis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Degeneracy_thesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics_and_ideology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics_and_ideology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3 Politics and ideology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics_and_ideology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Intellectuals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intellectuals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Intellectuals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intellectuals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communist_critiques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communist_critiques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Communist critiques </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communist_critiques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fascist_critiques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fascist_critiques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3 Fascist critiques </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fascist_critiques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-"Liberators"_poster" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Liberators"_poster"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3.1 "Liberators" poster </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Liberators"_poster-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 21st century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-September_11_attacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#September_11_attacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 September 11 attacks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-September_11_attacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._computer_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._computer_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 U.S. computer technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._computer_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mitigation_of_anti-Americanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mitigation_of_anti-Americanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.3 Mitigation of anti-Americanism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mitigation_of_anti-Americanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_anti-Americanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_anti-Americanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Regional anti-Americanism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regional_anti-Americanism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Regional anti-Americanism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Regional_anti-Americanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eastern_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Eastern Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1.1 Russia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 Western Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2.1 France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2.2 Germany </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2.3 Greece </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2.4 Netherlands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2.5 United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2.6 Ireland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2.7 Spain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-East_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 East Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1.1 China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1.2 Japan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1.3 South Korea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1.4 North Korea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southeast_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeast_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 Southeast Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeast_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2.1 Philippines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.3 South Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Afghanistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afghanistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.3.1 Afghanistan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afghanistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.3.2 Pakistan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.4 Middle East </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.4.1 Iran </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jordan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jordan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.4.2 Jordan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jordan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palestinian_territories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palestinian_territories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.4.3 Palestinian territories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palestinian_territories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saudi_Arabia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saudi_Arabia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.4.4 Saudi Arabia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saudi_Arabia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.4.5 Turkey </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 The Americas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Latin_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 Latin America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1.1 Mexico </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Venezuela" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venezuela"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1.2 Venezuela </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venezuela-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2 Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canadian_political_rhetoric" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canadian_political_rhetoric"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2.1 Canadian political rhetoric </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canadian_political_rhetoric-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Oceania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.1 Australia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-France_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Historiography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Anti-Americanism</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" > 42 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7" title="معاداة أمريكا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معاداة أمريكا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="আমেরিকা বিরোধিতা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আমেরিকা বিরোধিতা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Антыамерыканізм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Антыамерыканізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Антиамериканизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Антиамериканизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiamerikanismus" title="Antiamerikanismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Antiamerikanismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiamerikanismus" title="Antiamerikanismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Antiamerikanismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentimiento_antiestadunidense" title="Sentimiento antiestadunidense – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sentimiento antiestadunidense" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontra%C5%ADusonismo" title="Kontraŭusonismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kontraŭusonismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiamerikanismo" title="Antiamerikanismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Antiamerikanismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="آمریکاستیزی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آمریکاستیزی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiam%C3%A9ricanisme" title="Antiaméricanisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Antiaméricanisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%98%EB%AF%B8%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="반미주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="반미주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Հակաամերիկանիզմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հակաամերիկանիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protuamerikanizam" title="Protuamerikanizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Protuamerikanizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Amerikanisme" title="Anti-Amerikanisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Anti-Amerikanisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiamericanismo" title="Antiamericanismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Antiamericanismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99-%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="אנטי-אמריקניזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנטי-אמריקניזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiamerik%C4%81nisms" title="Antiamerikānisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Antiamerikānisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiamerikanizmas" title="Antiamerikanizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Antiamerikanizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Amerikanisme" title="Anti-Amerikanisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Anti-Amerikanisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiamerikanisme" title="Antiamerikanisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Antiamerikanisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E7%B1%B3" title="反米 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="反米" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiamerikanisme" title="Antiamerikanisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Antiamerikanisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiamerikanizm" title="Antiamerikanizm – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Antiamerikanizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81" title="امریکا مخالف – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="امریکا مخالف" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antyamerykanizm" title="Antyamerykanizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Antyamerykanizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiamericanismo" title="Antiamericanismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Antiamericanismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiamericanism" title="Antiamericanism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Antiamericanism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Антиамериканизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Антиамериканизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Americanism" title="Anti-Americanism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Anti-Americanism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiamerikanizmus" title="Antiamerikanizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Antiamerikanizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DA%98%DB%95_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="دژە ئەمریکیزم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دژە ئەمریکیزم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiamerikanizam" title="Antiamerikanizam – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Antiamerikanizam" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiamerikanizam" title="Antiamerikanizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Antiamerikanizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikkalaisvastaisuus" title="Amerikkalaisvastaisuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Amerikkalaisvastaisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiamerikanism" title="Antiamerikanism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Antiamerikanism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2" title="การต่อต้านอเมริกา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การต่อต้านอเมริกา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikan_kar%C5%9F%C4%B1tl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Amerikan karşıtlığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Amerikan karşıtlığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" 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bài Hoa Kỳ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chủ nghĩa bài Hoa Kỳ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E7%BE%8E" title="反美 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="反美" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q574827#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Dislike of the United States and Americans</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Protests_after_US_decision_to_withdraw_from_JCPOA,_around_former_US_embassy,_Tehran_-_8_May_2018_26.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Protests_after_US_decision_to_withdraw_from_JCPOA%2C_around_former_US_embassy%2C_Tehran_-_8_May_2018_26.jpg/290px-Protests_after_US_decision_to_withdraw_from_JCPOA%2C_around_former_US_embassy%2C_Tehran_-_8_May_2018_26.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Protests_after_US_decision_to_withdraw_from_JCPOA%2C_around_former_US_embassy%2C_Tehran_-_8_May_2018_26.jpg/435px-Protests_after_US_decision_to_withdraw_from_JCPOA%2C_around_former_US_embassy%2C_Tehran_-_8_May_2018_26.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Protests_after_US_decision_to_withdraw_from_JCPOA%2C_around_former_US_embassy%2C_Tehran_-_8_May_2018_26.jpg/580px-Protests_after_US_decision_to_withdraw_from_JCPOA%2C_around_former_US_embassy%2C_Tehran_-_8_May_2018_26.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="638" /></a><figcaption>Two protesters in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> tearing an <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">American flag</a> at an anti-American rally after the <a href="/wiki/United_States_withdrawal_from_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">American withdrawal from the Iran nuclear deal</a></figcaption></figure> Anti-Americanism (also called anti-American sentiment and Americanophobia) is a term that can describe several sentiments and positions including opposition to, fear of, distrust of, prejudice against or hatred toward the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, its <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">government</a>, its <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">foreign policy</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">Americans</a> in general.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Anti-Americanism can be contrasted with <a href="/wiki/Pro-Americanism" title="Pro-Americanism">pro-Americanism</a>, which refers to support, love, or admiration for the United States. Political scientist Brendon O'Connor at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Studies_Centre" title="United States Studies Centre">United States Studies Centre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> suggests that "anti-Americanism" cannot be isolated as a consistent phenomenon, since the term originated as a rough composite of <a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">stereotypes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">prejudices</a>, and criticisms which evolved into more politically-based criticisms. French scholar Marie-France Toinet says that use of the term "anti-Americanism" is "only fully justified if it implies systematic opposition – a sort of allergic reaction – to America as a whole."<a href="#cite_note-OConnor-2">[2]</a> Some, such as <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Snow_(academic)" title="Nancy Snow (academic)">Nancy Snow</a>, have argued that the application of the term "anti-American" to other countries or their populations is 'nonsensical', as it implies that disliking the American government or its policies is socially undesirable or even comparable to a crime.<a href="#cite_note-:02-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> In this regard, the term has been likened to the propagandistic usage of the term "<a href="/wiki/Anti-Soviet_agitation" title="Anti-Soviet agitation">anti-Sovietism</a>" in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:02-3">[3]</a> Discussions on anti-Americanism have in most cases lacked a precise explanation of what the sentiment entails (other than a general disfavor), which has led the term to be used broadly and in an impressionistic manner, resulting in the inexact impressions of the many expressions described as anti-American.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Author and <a href="/wiki/Expatriate" title="Expatriate">expatriate</a> William Russell Melton argues that criticism largely originates from the perception that the U.S. wants to act as a "<a href="/wiki/World_policeman" class="mw-redirect" title="World policeman">world policeman</a>".<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Negative or critical views of the United States or its influence have been widespread in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-B92_2009-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Gallup2012-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>,<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Middle_East" title="Greater Middle East">Greater Middle East</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Pew_Research_Center_Poll-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbcpoll-12">[12]</a> but remain low in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>,<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, and certain countries in <a href="/wiki/Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Central and Eastern Europe">central and eastern Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pew_Research_Center_Poll-11">[11]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>, anti-Americanism is mainly present in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Anti-American sentiment (though action is uncommon) is prevalent in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. Anti-Americanism has also been identified with the term Americanophobia,<a href="#cite_note-Gulddal2007-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-OConnorGriffiths2007-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guerlain2007-18">[18]</a> which <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a> defines as "hatred of the U.S. or <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">American culture</a>".<a href="#cite_note-MW-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-20">[20]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> In the online <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionaries_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Dictionaries (website)">Oxford Dictionaries</a>, the term "anti-Americanism" is defined as "Hostility to the interests of the United States".<a href="#cite_note-Oxforddictionaries.com-21">[21]</a> In the first edition of Webster's <a href="/wiki/Webster%27s_Dictionary" title="Webster's Dictionary">American Dictionary of the English Language</a> (1828) the term "anti-American" was defined as "opposed to America, or to the true interests or government of the United States; opposed to the revolution in America".<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> In France the use of the noun form antiaméricanisme has been cataloged from 1948,<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-23">[23]</a> entering ordinary political language in the 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-introductory_excerpt-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rationale">Rationale</h2></div> Bradley Bowman, a former professor at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a>, argues that United States military facilities overseas and the forces stationed there serve as a "major catalyst for anti-Americanism and radicalization." Other studies have found a link between the presence of the US bases and <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> recruitment. These bases are often cited by opponents of repressive governments to provoke anger, protest, and nationalistic fervor against the ruling class and the United States. This in turn, according to JoAnn Chirico, raises concerns in Washington that a democratic transition could lead to the closure of bases, which often encourages the United States to extend its support for authoritarian leaders. This study suggests that the outcome could be an intensifying cycle of protest and repression supported by the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVine2017-25">[25]</a> In 1958, <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a> discussed with his staff what he described as a "campaign of hatred against us" in the Arab world, "not by the governments but by the people." The <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council" title="United States National Security Council">United States National Security Council</a>, concluded that was due to a perception that the U.S. supports corrupt and brutal governments and opposes political and economic development "to protect its interest in Near East oil". The <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Journal">Wall Street Journal</a> reached a similar conclusion after surveying the views of wealthy and Western Muslims after <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChomsky2001112-113-26">[26]</a> In this vein, the head of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Foreign_Relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Foreign Relations">Council of Foreign Relations</a> terrorism program believes that the American support for repressive regimes such as <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> is undoubtedly a major factor in anti-American sentiment in the Arab world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChomsky2003142–143-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interpretations">Interpretations</h2></div> <table class="wikitable sortable floatright plainrowheaders" style="border:1px black; float:right; margin-left:1em;"> <caption style="background:#f8cccc;">Results of 2021 <a href="/wiki/Morning_Consult" title="Morning Consult">Morning Consult</a> poll<a href="#cite_note-Morning_Consult-28">[28]</a> "Do you have a favorable or unfavorable view of the U.S.?" (default-sorted by decreasing negativity of each country) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Country polled </th> <th scope="col">Positive </th> <th scope="col">Negative </th> <th scope="col">Neutral </th> <th scope="col">Difference </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </th> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238854847">.mw-parser-output .percentage-bar{position:relative;border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#fff;width:100px;max-width:100%;height:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .percentage-bar-fill{position:absolute;background-color:#dbdbdb;height:1.5em;width:50%}.mw-parser-output .percentage-bar-text{position:absolute;width:100%;height:1.5em;text-align:center;color:#000}</style><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 18%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">18%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 77%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">77%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#F5F5DC; width: 5%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">5%</div></div></td> <td>-59 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 41%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">41%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 44%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">44%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#F5F5DC; width: 15%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">15%</div></div></td> <td>-3 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 41%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">41%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 42%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">42%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#F5F5DC; width: 17%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">17%</div></div></td> <td>-1 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 42%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">42%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 39%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">39%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#F5F5DC; width: 19%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">19%</div></div></td> <td>+3 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 46%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">46%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 38%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">38%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#F5F5DC; width: 16%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">16%</div></div></td> <td>+8 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 49%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">49%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 35%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">35%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#F5F5DC; width: 16%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">16%</div></div></td> <td>+14 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 51%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">51%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 34%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">34%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#F5F5DC; width: 15%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">15%</div></div></td> <td>+17 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 50%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">50%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 26%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">26%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#F5F5DC; width: 24%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">24%</div></div></td> <td>+24 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 54%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">54%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 29%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">29%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#F5F5DC; width: 17%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">17%</div></div></td> <td>+25 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 53%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">53%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 23%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">23%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#F5F5DC; width: 24%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">24%</div></div></td> <td>+30 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 60%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">60%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 25%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">25%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#F5F5DC; width: 15%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">15%</div></div></td> <td>+35 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 67%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">67%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 14%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">14%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#F5F5DC; width: 19%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">19%</div></div></td> <td>+53 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 72%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">72%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 12%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">12%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#F5F5DC; width: 16%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">16%</div></div></td> <td>+60 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 78%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">78%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 17%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">17%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#F5F5DC; width: 5%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">5%</div></div></td> <td>+61 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 79%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">79%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 10%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">10%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#F5F5DC; width: 11%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">11%</div></div></td> <td>+69 </td></tr> </tbody></table> In a poll conducted in 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-Americanism&action=edit">[update]</a> by the <a href="/wiki/BBC_World_Service" title="BBC World Service">BBC World Service</a> of 19 countries, four of the countries rated U.S. influence positively, while 14 leaned negatively, and one was divided. Anti-Americanism had risen in the late 2010s in Canada, Latin America, the Middle East, and the European Union, due in part to the strong worldwide unpopularity of the <a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">Donald Trump administration</a>'s policies, though anti-Americanism is noted to be low in numerous countries of central and eastern Europe due to stronger <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communist sentiment</a> amongst numerous former <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> <a href="/wiki/Satellite_state#Soviet_satellite_states" title="Satellite state">satellite states</a> of the Soviet Union and strong support for <a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_NATO" title="Enlargement of NATO">joining</a> and remaining within the <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> alliance.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020 election</a> of <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> as new president, overall global views of the United States have returned to being positive overall once more.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Interpretations of anti-Americanism have often been polarized. Anti-Americanism has been described by Hungarian-born American sociologist <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hollander" title="Paul Hollander">Paul Hollander</a> as "a relentless critical impulse toward American social, economic, and political institutions, traditions, and values".<a href="#cite_note-Hollander2007-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> newspaper publisher and political scientist <a href="/wiki/Josef_Joffe" title="Josef Joffe">Josef Joffe</a> suggests five classic aspects of the phenomenon: reducing Americans to <a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_Americans" title="Stereotypes of Americans">stereotypes</a>, believing the United States to have an irredeemably evil nature, ascribing to the U.S. establishment a vast conspiratorial power aimed at utterly <a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">dominating the globe</a>, holding the U.S. responsible for all the evils in the world, and seeking to limit the influence of the U.S. by destroying it or by cutting oneself and one's society off from its polluting products and practices.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Other advocates of the significance of the term argue that anti-Americanism represents a coherent and dangerous <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideological</a> current, comparable to <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitism">anti-Semitism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Anti-Americanism has also been described as an attempt to frame the consequences of <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">U.S. foreign policy</a> choices as evidence of a specifically American moral failure, as opposed to what may be unavoidable failures of a complicated foreign policy that comes with <a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">superpower</a> status.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Its status as an "<a href="/wiki/-ism" title="-ism">-ism</a>" is a greatly contended suspect, however. Brendon O'Connor notes that studies of the topic have been "patchy and impressionistic," and often one-sided attacks on anti-Americanism as an irrational position.<a href="#cite_note-OConnor-2">[2]</a> American academic <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>, a prolific critic of the U.S. and its policies, asserts that the use of the term within the U.S. has parallels with methods employed by <a href="/wiki/Totalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalitarian">totalitarian</a> states or <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">military dictatorships</a>; he compares the term to "<a href="/wiki/Anti-Soviet_agitation" title="Anti-Soviet agitation">anti-Sovietism</a>", a label used by the <a href="/wiki/Kremlin" title="Kremlin">Kremlin</a> to suppress dissident or critical thought, for instance.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chomsky_1994_interview-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chomsky_2004-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The concept "anti-American" is an interesting one. The counterpart is used only in totalitarian states or military dictatorships... Thus, in the old Soviet Union, dissidents were condemned as "anti-Soviet". That's a natural usage among people with deeply rooted totalitarian instincts, which identify state policy with the society, the people, the culture. In contrast, people with even the slightest concept of democracy treat such notions with ridicule and contempt.<a href="#cite_note-Chomsky_2002-41">[41]</a></blockquote> Some have attempted to recognize both positions. French academic Pierre Guerlain has argued that the term represents two very different tendencies: "One systematic or essentialist, which is a form of prejudice targeting all Americans. The other refers to the way criticisms of the United States are labeled 'anti-American' by supporters of U.S. policies in an ideological bid to discredit their opponents".<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Guerlain argues that these two "ideal types" of anti-Americanism can sometimes merge, thus making discussion of the phenomenon particularly difficult. Other scholars have suggested that a plural of anti-Americanisms, specific to country and time period, more accurately describe the phenomenon than any broad generalization.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> The widely used "anti-American sentiment", meanwhile, less explicitly implies an ideology or belief system. Globally, increases in perceived anti-American attitudes appear to correlate with particular policies or actions,<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> wars. For this reason, critics sometimes argue the label is a propaganda term that is used to dismiss any censure of the United States as irrational.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> American historian Max Paul Friedman has written that throughout American history the term has been misused to stifle domestic dissent and delegitimize any foreign criticism.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> According to an analysis by German historian Darius Harwardt, the term is nowadays mostly used to stifle debate by attempting to discredit viewpoints that oppose American policies.<a href="#cite_note-:3-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_and_19th_centuries">18th and 19th centuries</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Degeneracy_thesis">Degeneracy thesis</h4></div> In the mid- to late-eighteenth century, a theory emerged among some European intellectuals which stated that the landmasses of the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> were inherently inferior to that of Europe. Proponents of the so-called "degeneracy thesis" held the view that climatic extremes, humidity and other atmospheric conditions in America physically weakened both men and animals.<a href="#cite_note-hatingamerica-49">[49]</a>: 3–19  American author James W. Ceaser and French author Philippe Roger have interpreted this theory as "a kind of prehistory of anti-Americanism"<a href="#cite_note-Ceaser-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Granthem-51">[51]</a> and have (in the words of Philippe Roger) been a historical "constant" since the 18th century, or again an endlessly repetitive "semantic block". Others, like <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Revel" title="Jean-François Revel">Jean-François Revel</a>, have examined what lay hidden behind this 'fashionable' ideology.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Purported evidence for the idea included the smallness of <a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_the_United_States" title="Fauna of the United States">American fauna</a>, dogs that ceased to bark, and venomous plants;<a href="#cite_note-Meunier-53">[53]</a> one theory put forth was that the New World had emerged from the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_flood" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical flood">Biblical flood</a> later than the <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Popkin-54">[54]</a> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native Americans</a> were also held to be feeble, small, and without ardor.<a href="#cite_note-Goldstein-55">[55]</a> The theory was originally proposed by <a href="/wiki/Comte_de_Buffon" class="mw-redirect" title="Comte de Buffon">Comte de Buffon</a>, a leading French naturalist, in his <a href="/wiki/Histoire_Naturelle" title="Histoire Naturelle">Histoire Naturelle</a> (1766).<a href="#cite_note-Goldstein-55">[55]</a> The French writer <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> joined Buffon and others in making the argument.<a href="#cite_note-Meunier-53">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutchman</a> <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_de_Pauw" title="Cornelius de Pauw">Cornelius de Pauw</a>, court philosopher to <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick II of Prussia">Frederick II of Prussia</a> became its leading proponent.<a href="#cite_note-Ceaser-50">[50]</a> While Buffon focused on the American biological environment, de Pauw attacked the people who were native to the continent.<a href="#cite_note-Popkin-54">[54]</a> James Ceaser has noted that the denunciation of America as inferior to Europe was partially motivated by the German government's fear of mass <a href="/wiki/Emigration" title="Emigration">emigration</a>; de Pauw was called upon to convince the Germans that the new world was inferior. De Pauw is also known to have influenced the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> in a similar direction.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> De Pauw said that the New World was unfit for human habitation because it was, "so ill-favored by nature that all it contains is either degenerate or monstrous". He asserted that, "the earth, full of putrefaction, was flooded with lizards, snakes, serpents, reptiles and insects". Taking a long-term perspective, he announced that he was, "certain that the conquest of the New World...has been the greatest of all misfortunes to befall mankind."<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> The theory made it easier for its proponents to argue that the natural environment of the United States would prevent it from ever producing a true culture. Echoing de Pauw, the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9die" title="Encyclopédie">French Encyclopedist</a> <a href="/wiki/Abb%C3%A9_Raynal" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbé Raynal">Abbé Raynal</a> wrote in 1770, "America has not yet produced a good poet, an able mathematician, one man of genius in a single art or a single science".<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> The theory was debated and rejected by early American thinkers such as <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>; Jefferson, in his <a href="/wiki/Notes_on_the_State_of_Virginia" title="Notes on the State of Virginia">Notes on the State of Virginia</a> (1781), provided a detailed rebuttal of de Buffon from a scientific point of view.<a href="#cite_note-Ceaser-50">[50]</a> Hamilton also vigorously rebuked the idea in <a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._11" title="Federalist No. 11">Federalist No. 11</a> (1787).<a href="#cite_note-Goldstein-55">[55]</a> One critic, citing Raynal's ideas, suggests that it was specifically extended to the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a> that would become the United States.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] Roger suggests that the idea of degeneracy posited a symbolic, as well as a scientific, America that would evolve beyond the original thesis. He argues that Buffon's ideas formed the root of a "stratification of negative discourses" that has recurred throughout the history of the two countries' relationship (and been matched by persistent <a href="/wiki/Francophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Francophobia">Francophobia</a> in the United States).<a href="#cite_note-Granthem-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Culture">Culture</h4></div> <div style="font-size:90%; float:right;"> <table class="wikitable sortable floatright" style="border:1px black; float:right; margin-left:1em;"> <caption style="background:#f8cccc;">Results of the 2018 <a href="/wiki/Eurobarometer" title="Eurobarometer">Eurobarometer</a> poll of positive views of the United States' influence in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a><a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer-60">[60]</a> Default-sorted by most negative view. </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country polled</th> <th>Positive</th> <th>Negative</th> <th>Neutral</th> <th>Difference </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 21%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">21%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 75%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">75%</div></div></td> <td>4</td> <td>-54 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /> <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 28%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">28%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 65%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">65%</div></div></td> <td>7</td> <td>-37 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 32%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">32%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 67%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">67%</div></div></td> <td>1</td> <td>-35 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 29%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">29%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 63%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">63%</div></div></td> <td>8</td> <td>-34 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 33%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">33%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 65%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">65%</div></div></td> <td>2</td> <td>-32 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 37%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">37%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 61%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">61%</div></div></td> <td>2</td> <td>-24 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 37%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">37%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 60%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">60%</div></div></td> <td>3</td> <td>-23 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 39%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">39%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 57%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">57%</div></div></td> <td>4</td> <td>-18 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 40%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">40%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 56%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">56%</div></div></td> <td>4</td> <td>-16 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 42%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">42%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 54%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">54%</div></div></td> <td>4</td> <td>-12 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 32%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">32%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 43%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">43%</div></div></td> <td>25</td> <td>-11 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 40%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">40%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 51%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">51%</div></div></td> <td>9</td> <td>-11 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /> <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU-28</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 45%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">45%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 49%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">49%</div></div></td> <td>6</td> <td>-4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 44%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">44%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 48%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">48%</div></div></td> <td>8</td> <td>-4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 50%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">50%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 48%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">48%</div></div></td> <td>2</td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 50%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">50%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 46%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">46%</div></div></td> <td>4</td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 48%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">48%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 42%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">42%</div></div></td> <td>10</td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 51%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">51%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 43%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">43%</div></div></td> <td>6</td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 50%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">50%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 41%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">41%</div></div></td> <td>9</td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 55%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">55%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 41%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">41%</div></div></td> <td>4</td> <td>14 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /> <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 53%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">53%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 38%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">38%</div></div></td> <td>9</td> <td>15 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 53%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">53%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 33%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">33%</div></div></td> <td>14</td> <td>20 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 59%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">59%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 35%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">35%</div></div></td> <td>6</td> <td>24 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 60%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">60%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 32%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">32%</div></div></td> <td>8</td> <td>28 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 67%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">67%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 31%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">31%</div></div></td> <td>2</td> <td>36 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 68%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">68%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 26%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">26%</div></div></td> <td>6</td> <td>42 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 74%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">74%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 21%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">21%</div></div></td> <td>5</td> <td>53 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 78%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">78%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 15%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">15%</div></div></td> <td>7</td> <td>63 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 79%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">79%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 14%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">14%</div></div></td> <td>7</td> <td>65 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> According to Brendan O'Connor, some Europeans criticized Americans for lacking "taste, grace and civility," and having a brazen and arrogant character.<a href="#cite_note-OConnor-2">[2]</a> British author <a href="/wiki/Frances_Trollope" class="mw-redirect" title="Frances Trollope">Frances Trollope</a> observed in her 1832 book <a href="/wiki/Domestic_Manners_of_the_Americans" title="Domestic Manners of the Americans">Domestic Manners of the Americans</a>, that the greatest difference between the <a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">Americans</a> was "want of refinement", explaining: "that polish[,] which removes the coarser and rougher parts of our nature[,] is unknown and undreamed of" in America.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rubin-62">[62]</a> According to one source, her account "succeeded in angering Americans more than any book written by a foreign observer before or since".<a href="#cite_note-Michael_Shea_1986-63">[63]</a> English writer <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Marryat" title="Frederick Marryat">Captain Marryat</a>'s critical account in his Diary in America, with Remarks on Its Institutions (1839) also proved controversial, especially in <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a> where an effigy of the author, along with his books, was burned.<a href="#cite_note-Michael_Shea_1986-63">[63]</a> Other writers critical of American culture and manners included the bishop <a href="/wiki/Talleyrand" class="mw-redirect" title="Talleyrand">Talleyrand</a> in France and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a> in England.<a href="#cite_note-OConnor-2">[2]</a> Dickens' novel <a href="/wiki/Martin_Chuzzlewit" title="Martin Chuzzlewit">Martin Chuzzlewit</a> (1844) is a ferocious satire on American life.<a href="#cite_note-hatingamerica-49">[49]</a>: 42  Sources of American resentment are evident following the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a> and the ensuing European class struggles. In 1869, after a visit to his country of birth, the Swedish immigrant, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Mattson" title="Hans Mattson">Hans Mattson</a> observed that, <blockquote>"...the ignorance, prejudice and hatred toward America and everything pertaining to it among the aristocracy, and especially the office holders, was as unpardonable as it was ridiculous. It was claimed by them that all was humbug in America, that it was the paradise of scoundrels, cheats, and rascals, and that nothing good could possibly come out of it."<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> </blockquote>After seven years in the US, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Skarstedt" title="Ernst Skarstedt">Ernst Skarstedt</a>, a graduate of Lund University and native Swede, returned to Sweden in 1885. He complained that, in upper-class circles, if he "told something about America, it could happen that in reply (he) was informed that this could not possibly be so or that the matter was better understood in Sweden."<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> The dedication of the Statue of Liberty in 1886 solidified The "<a href="/wiki/The_New_Colossus" title="The New Colossus">New Colossus</a>" as a beacon to the "huddled masses" and their rejection of the "storied pomp" of the old world.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/Simon_Schama" title="Simon Schama">Simon Schama</a> observed in 2003: "By the end of the nineteenth century, the stereotype of the <a href="/wiki/Ugly_American_(pejorative)" title="Ugly American (pejorative)">ugly American</a> – voracious, preachy, mercenary, and bombastically chauvinist – was firmly in place in Europe".<a href="#cite_note-Schama-68">[68]</a> O'Connor suggests that such prejudices were rooted in an idealized image of European refinement and that the notion of high European culture pitted against American vulgarity has not disappeared.<a href="#cite_note-OConnor-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Politics_and_ideology">Politics and ideology</h4></div> The young United States also faced criticism on political and ideological grounds. Ceaser argues that the <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic</a> strain of European thought and literature, hostile to the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> view of <a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">reason</a> and obsessed with history and national character, disdained the <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalistic</a> American project. The German poet <a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Lenau" title="Nikolaus Lenau">Nikolaus Lenau</a> commented: "With the expression Bodenlosigkeit (absence of ground), I think I am able to indicate the general character of all American institutions; what we call Fatherland is here only a property insurance scheme". Ceaser argues in his essay that such comments often repurposed the language of degeneracy, and the prejudice came to focus solely on the United States and not Canada nor Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-Ceaser-50">[50]</a> Lenau had <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">immigrated</a> to the United States in 1833 and found that the country did not live up to his ideals, leading him to return to Germany the following year. His experiences in the U.S. were the subject of a novel titled The America-exhaustion (Der Amerika-Müde) (1855) by fellow German <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_K%C3%BCrnberger" title="Ferdinand Kürnberger">Ferdinand Kürnberger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> The nature of American <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> was also questioned. The sentiment was that the country lacked "[a] monarch, aristocracy, strong traditions, official religion, or rigid class system," according to Judy Rubin, and its democracy was attacked by some Europeans in the early nineteenth century as degraded, a travesty, and a failure.<a href="#cite_note-Rubin-62">[62]</a> The <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, which was loathed by many European conservatives, also implicated the United States and the idea of creating a constitution on abstract and universal principles.<a href="#cite_note-Ceaser-50">[50]</a> That the country was intended to be a bastion of liberty was also seen as fraudulent given that it had been established with <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Schama-68">[68]</a> "How is it that we hear the loudest yelps for liberty among the drivers of Negroes?" asked <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Samuel Johnson</a> in 1775.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> He famously stated, that "I am willing to love all mankind, except an American".<a href="#cite_note-Rubin-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Intellectuals">Intellectuals</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vreeswijk_Akerstrom_Cervin_1965.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Vreeswijk_Akerstrom_Cervin_1965.jpg/220px-Vreeswijk_Akerstrom_Cervin_1965.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Vreeswijk_Akerstrom_Cervin_1965.jpg/330px-Vreeswijk_Akerstrom_Cervin_1965.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Vreeswijk_Akerstrom_Cervin_1965.jpg/440px-Vreeswijk_Akerstrom_Cervin_1965.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1393" data-file-height="870" /></a><figcaption>Protest march against the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> in Stockholm, Sweden, 1965</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a> was vehemently anti-American. Historian <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gay" title="Peter Gay">Peter Gay</a> says that in "slashing away at Americans wholesale; quite indiscriminately, with imaginative ferocity, Freud was ventilating some inner need". Gay suggests that Freud's anti-Americanism was not really about the United States at all.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Numerous authors went on the attack. French writer <a href="/wiki/Louis-Ferdinand_Celine" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis-Ferdinand Celine">Louis-Ferdinand Celine</a> denounced the United States. German poet <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Marie_Rilke" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainer Marie Rilke">Rainer Marie Rilke</a> wrote, "I no longer love Paris, partly because it is disfiguring and <a href="/wiki/Americanization" title="Americanization">Americanizing</a> itself".<a href="#cite_note-C._Vann_Woodward_1992_34-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Communist_critiques">Communist critiques</h4></div> Until its demise in 1991, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">communist nations</a> emphasized <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> as the great enemy of <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>, and identified the United States as the leader of capitalism. They sponsored anti-Americanism among followers and sympathizers. Russell A. Berman notes that in the mid-19th century, "<a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a> himself largely admired the dynamism of American capitalism and democracy and did not participate in the anti-Americanism that came to be the hallmark of Communist ideology in the twentieth century".<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> O'Connor argues that, "communism represented the starkest version of anti-Americanism – a coherent world view that challenged the <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a>, private property, <a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">limited government</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualism</a>".<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> The USA was and is heavily criticised by contemporary socialist nations and movements for <a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism"> imperialism</a>, especially as a reaction to <a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change" title="United States involvement in regime change">United States involvement in regime change</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/DPRK" class="mw-redirect" title="DPRK">DPRK</a> for example, Anti-Americanism comes not only from ideological opposition to the USA and its actions, but also as a result of <a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_biological_warfare_in_the_Korean_War" title="Allegations of biological warfare in the Korean War">allegations of biological warfare in the Korean War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_North_Korea" title="Bombing of North Korea">bombing of North Korea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Authors in the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">West</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a> criticized the U.S. and reached a large audience, especially on the left.<a href="#cite_note-C._Vann_Woodward_1992_34-72">[72]</a> In his Anti-Americanism (2003), French writer <a href="/wiki/Jean_Fran%C3%A7ois_Revel" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean François Revel">Jean François Revel</a> argues that anti-Americanism emerges primarily from <a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">anti-capitalism</a>, and this critique also comes from non-communist, totalitarian regimes. America was criticised and denounced by Communists such as <a href="/wiki/Mirsaid_Sultan-Galiev" title="Mirsaid Sultan-Galiev">Mirsaid Sultan-Galiev</a> during the Russian Civil War. Galiev particularly emphasised native genocide of America and the institution of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> American treatment of minority groups such as natives and African-Americans would go on to be a continued point of opposition and criticism to the USA <a href="/wiki/And_you_are_lynching_Negroes" title="And you are lynching Negroes">throughout the 20th century</a>. The <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East German</a> regime imposed an official anti-American ideology that was reflected in all its media and all the schools. Anyone who expressed support for the West would be investigated by the <a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The official line followed <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin's</a> theory of <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a> as the highest and last stage of capitalism, and in <a href="/wiki/Georgi_Dimitrov" title="Georgi Dimitrov">Dimitrov's</a> theory of <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a> as the dictatorship of the most <a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">reactionary</a> elements of <a href="/wiki/Finance_capitalism" title="Finance capitalism">financial capitalism</a>. The official party line stated that the United States had caused the breakup of the coalition against <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a>. It was now the bulwark of reaction worldwide, with a heavy reliance on warmongering for the benefit of the "terrorist international of murderers on <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a>".<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> East Germans were told they had a heroic role to play as a front-line against the Americans.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] However, Western media outlets such as the American <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Free Europe">Radio Free Europe</a> broadcasts, and <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West German</a> media may have limited Anti-Americanism. The official communist media ridiculed the modernism and cosmopolitanism of American culture, and denigrated the features of the American way of life, especially jazz music and <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fascist_critiques">Fascist critiques</h4></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Melting_pot" title="Melting pot">Melting pot</a></div> Drawing on the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Arthur_de_Gobineau" title="Arthur de Gobineau">Arthur de Gobineau</a> (1816–1882), <a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Europe" title="Fascism in Europe">European fascists</a> decried the supposed degenerating effect of <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">immigration</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">racial mix</a> of the American population. The <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazi</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Alfred Rosenberg</a> argued that race mixture in the United States made it inferior to racially pure nations.<a href="#cite_note-hatingamerica-49">[49]</a>: 91–2  <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitism">Anti-Semitism</a> was another factor in these critiques. The view that the U.S. was controlled by a <a href="/wiki/Zionist_Occupied_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionist Occupied Government">Jewish conspiracy</a> through a <a href="/wiki/Jewish_lobby" title="Jewish lobby">Jewish lobby</a> was common in countries ruled by fascists before and during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hatingamerica-49">[49]</a>: 91–7  Jews, the assumed puppet masters behind supposed American plans for world domination, were also seen as using jazz in a crafty plan to eliminate racial distinctions;<a href="#cite_note-hatingamerica-49">[49]</a>: 91–7  <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> dismissed the threat of the United States as a credible enemy of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a> because of its incoherent racial mix; he saw Americans as a "mongrel race", "half-Judaized" and "half-Negrified".<a href="#cite_note-hatingamerica-49">[49]</a>: 94–7  In an address to the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(Weimar_Republic)" title="Reichstag (Weimar Republic)">Reichstag</a> on 11 December 1941, Hitler declared war on the United States and lambasted U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">He [Roosevelt] was strengthened in this [political diversion] by the circle of Jews surrounding him, who, with Old Testament-like fanaticism, believe that the United States can be the instrument for preparing another <a href="/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Purim</a> for the European nations that are becoming increasingly <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitic">anti-Semitic</a>. It was the Jew, in his full Satanic vileness, who rallied around this man [Roosevelt], but to whom this man also reached out.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></blockquote>In 1944, as war was basically lost, the SS published a virulent article in their weekly Das Schwarze Korps titled "Danger of Americanism" which criticized and characterized the American <a href="/wiki/Entertainment_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Entertainment industry">entertainment industry</a>, as it was thought to be owned by the Jews: "Americanism is a splendid method of depoliticization. The Jews have used <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">movies</a>, magazines and smut, <a href="/wiki/Gangsterism" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangsterism">gangsterism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">free love</a>, and every perverse desire, to keep the American people so distracted that they pay no attention to their own fate".<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id=""Liberators"_poster">"Liberators" poster</h5></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liberators-Kultur-Terror-Anti-Americanism-1944-Nazi-Propaganda-Poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f8/Liberators-Kultur-Terror-Anti-Americanism-1944-Nazi-Propaganda-Poster.jpg/190px-Liberators-Kultur-Terror-Anti-Americanism-1944-Nazi-Propaganda-Poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f8/Liberators-Kultur-Terror-Anti-Americanism-1944-Nazi-Propaganda-Poster.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="273" data-file-height="366" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands_(1939%E2%80%931945)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Netherlands (1939–1945)">1944</a> <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Propaganda in Nazi Germany">German propaganda</a> poster aimed at the Dutch, from a Norwegian World War II poster by <a href="/wiki/Harald_Damsleth" title="Harald Damsleth">Harald Damsleth</a></figcaption></figure> The "Liberators" poster that was distributed by the Nazis to a Dutch audience in 1944 displays multiple elements of anti-American attitudes promoted by the Nazis. The title Liberators refers to a common Allied justification for attacking Germany (and possibly the American <a href="/wiki/B-24_Liberator" class="mw-redirect" title="B-24 Liberator">B-24 Liberator</a> bombers as well), and the poster depicts this "liberation" as the destruction of European cities. The artist was <a href="/wiki/Harald_Damsleth" title="Harald Damsleth">Harald Damsleth</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Norwegians" title="Norwegians">Norwegian</a> who worked for the <a href="/wiki/Nasjonal_Samling" title="Nasjonal Samling">NS</a> in <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Norway" title="German occupation of Norway">occupied Norway</a>. Motifs contained in this poster include: <ul><li>The decadence of <a href="/wiki/Beauty_pageant" title="Beauty pageant">beauty pageants</a> (scantily-clad "<a href="/wiki/Miss_America" title="Miss America">Miss America</a>" and "Miss Victory", "The World's Most Beautiful Leg") – or more generally, the putative sexual laxness of American women. The "<a href="/wiki/Miss_America" title="Miss America">Miss America</a>" beauty pageant in <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey" title="Atlantic City, New Jersey">Atlantic City</a> had expanded during the war and was used to sell <a href="/wiki/War_bond" title="War bond">war bonds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></li> <li>Gangsterism and <a href="/wiki/Gun_violence_in_the_United_States" title="Gun violence in the United States">gun violence</a> (the arm of an escaped convict holding a <a href="/wiki/Thompson_submachine_gun" title="Thompson submachine gun">submachine gun</a>). Gangsterism had become a theme of anti-Americanism in the 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></li> <li>Anti-black violence (a <a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">lynching</a> noose, a <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a> hood). The lynching of blacks had attracted European denunciations by the 1890s.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></li> <li>General violence of American society, in addition to the above (boxing-glove which grasps the money-bag). The theme of a violent American frontier was well known in the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a></li> <li>Americans as Indian savages and as a mockery of American genocide over Natives as well as land-theft, since it is a chieftain symbol here used as a fashion trinket. ("Miss America" wears plains-Indian head-dress).</li> <li>The capitalism, pure <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">materialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commercialism" title="Commercialism">commercialism</a> of America, to the detriment of any spirit or soul (money bag with "$" symbol). The materialism of America contrasted with the spiritual depth of European high culture is a common trope, especially in <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></li> <li>Anti-semitism appears in most Nazi-generated images of America. A Jewish banker is seen behind the money.</li> <li>The presence of <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">blacks in America</a> equals its "mongrelization", adding undesirably "primitive" elements to American popular culture, and constituting a potential danger to the white race (a stereotypically-caricatured black couple dancing the "<a href="/wiki/Jitterbug" title="Jitterbug">Jitterbug</a> – Triumph of Civilization" in birdcage, which is portrayed as a degraded animalistic ritual). The degradation of culture, especially through <a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">miscegenation</a>, resonated with European anxieties, especially in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a></li> <li>Decadence of American popular culture, and its pernicious influence on the rest of the world (dancing of jitterbug, hand holds phonograph record, figure of a European gullible "all-ears" dupe in lower foreground). The growing popularity of American music and dancing among young people had ignited a "<a href="/wiki/Moral_panic" title="Moral panic">moral panic</a>" among conservative Europeans.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></li> <li>Indiscriminate <a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes" title="United States war crimes">U.S. military violence</a> (bloodied bomb for foot, metal legs, military aircraft wings), threatening the European cultural landmarks at lower right. <ul><li>Hence the suggested falsity of American claims to be "Liberators" (the <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_B-24_Liberator" title="Consolidated B-24 Liberator">Liberator</a> was also the name of a U.S. bomber plane).</li></ul></li> <li>Nazis denounced American <a href="/wiki/Jingoism" title="Jingoism">jingoism</a> and war fervor (a business-suited arm literally "beating the drum" of militarism, "Miss Victory" and her drum-majorette cap and boots).<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></li> <li>The malevolent influence of American <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasons</a> (Masonic apron descending from drum) was a theme among conservative <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholics</a>, as in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></li> <li>Demonization of national symbols of the United States ("Miss Victory" waves the reverse side of 48-star U.S. flag, and the <a href="/wiki/File:USAAC_Roundel.svg" title="File:USAAC Roundel.svg">WW2-era Army Air Corps roundel</a> – of small red disk within white star on large blue disk – is shown on one of the wings).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="September_11_attacks">September 11 attacks</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Park_Service_9-11_Statue_of_Liberty_and_WTC_fire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/National_Park_Service_9-11_Statue_of_Liberty_and_WTC_fire.jpg/220px-National_Park_Service_9-11_Statue_of_Liberty_and_WTC_fire.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/National_Park_Service_9-11_Statue_of_Liberty_and_WTC_fire.jpg/330px-National_Park_Service_9-11_Statue_of_Liberty_and_WTC_fire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/National_Park_Service_9-11_Statue_of_Liberty_and_WTC_fire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="265" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/9/11" class="mw-redirect" title="9/11">9/11</a>: <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(1973-2001)" class="mw-redirect" title="World Trade Center (1973-2001)">World Trade Center</a> twin towers on fire</figcaption></figure> In a book called The Rise of Anti-Americanism, published in 2006, Brendon O'Connor and Martin Griffiths said that the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> were "quintessential anti-American acts, which satisfy all of the competing definitions of Anti-Americanism".<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> They ask, "If 9/11 can be construed as the exemplar of anti-Americanism at work, does it make much sense to imply that all anti-Americans are complicit with terrorism?"<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Most leaders in Islamic countries, including Afghanistan, condemned the attacks. <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Ba'athist Iraq</a> was a notable exception, with an immediate official statement that "the American cowboys are reaping the fruit of their <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a>".<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Europe was highly sympathetic to the United States after the 9/11 attack. <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> unanimously supported the United States, treating an attack on the U.S. as an attack on all of them after <a href="/wiki/NATO_Article_5" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO Article 5">Article 5</a> of the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty" title="North Atlantic Treaty">NATO treaty</a> was invoked for the very first time. NATO and American troops <a href="/wiki/American_occupation_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="American occupation of Afghanistan">entered Afghanistan</a>. When the United States decided to <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">invade and overthrow the Iraqi regime in 2003</a>, it won some support in Europe, especially from the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">British government</a>, but also intense opposition, led by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Germany">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Government_of_France" title="Government of France">French governments</a>. <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Jarausch" title="Konrad Jarausch">Konrad Jarausch</a> argues that there was still fundamental agreement on such basic issues of support for democracy and <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>. However, there emerged a growing gap between an American "<a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">libertarian</a>, individualistic, market outlook, and the more <a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">statist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collectivism_and_individualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivism and individualism">collectivist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare">welfare</a> mentality in Europe."<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="U.S._computer_technology">U.S. computer technology</h4></div> A growing dimension of anti-Americanism is fear of the pervasiveness of U.S. Internet technology.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] This can be traced from the very first computers which were either British (<a href="/wiki/Colossus_computer" title="Colossus computer">Colossus</a>) or German (<a href="/wiki/Z1_(computer)" title="Z1 (computer)">Z1</a>) through to the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> itself (invented by Englishman <a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a>). In all these cases the U.S. has commercialized all these innovations. Americanization has advanced through widespread <a href="/wiki/High_speed_Internet" class="mw-redirect" title="High speed Internet">high speed Internet</a> and smart phone technology since 2008 and a large fraction of the new apps and hardware were designed in the United States. In Europe, there is growing concern about excessive Americanization through Google, Facebook, Twitter, Apple and Uber, among many other U.S. Internet-based corporations. European governments have increasingly expressed concern regarding privacy issues, as well as antitrust and taxation issues regarding the new American giants. There is fear that they are significantly <a href="/wiki/Tax_evasion" title="Tax evasion">evading taxes</a>, and posting information that may violate European privacy laws.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a> in 2015 reported "deep concerns in Europe's highest policy circles about the power of U.S. technology companies."<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mitigation_of_anti-Americanism">Mitigation of anti-Americanism</h4></div> Sometimes developments help neutralize anti-Americanism. In 2015, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">United States Department of Justice</a> went on the attack against corruption at <a href="/wiki/FIFA" title="FIFA">FIFA</a>, arresting many top world <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">soccer</a> leaders long suspected of bribery and corruption. In this case the U.S. government's self-defined role as "policeman of the world" won widespread international support.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regional_anti-Americanism">Regional anti-Americanism</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Public_opinion_on_the_US.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Public_opinion_on_the_US.svg/220px-Public_opinion_on_the_US.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Public_opinion_on_the_US.svg/330px-Public_opinion_on_the_US.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Public_opinion_on_the_US.svg/440px-Public_opinion_on_the_US.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>Public opinion on the US (2022) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  < -40</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  -20 to -5</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  -4 to +4</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  +5 to +20</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  +20 to +34</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  +35 to +49</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  +50 to +64</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  > +65</div></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3></div> Recent polls has shown anti-Americanism in Europe to be increasing following the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> and due to U.S policies in the recent years. Eurobarometer survey conducted among European Union countries revealed that Europeans view America as a higher risk to Global Peace than Iran and North Korea.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eastern_Europe">Eastern Europe</h4></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Russia">Russia</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Anti-American_sentiment_in_Russia" title="Anti-American sentiment in Russia">Anti-American sentiment in Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Russia–United States relations">Russia–United States relations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2014-05-09._%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_237.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/2014-05-09._%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_237.jpg/220px-2014-05-09._%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_237.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/2014-05-09._%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_237.jpg/330px-2014-05-09._%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_237.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/2014-05-09._%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_237.jpg/440px-2014-05-09._%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_237.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Anti-American slogans, <a href="/wiki/Victory_Day_(9_May)" title="Victory Day (9 May)">Victory Day</a> in largely Russian-speaking <a href="/wiki/Russian-occupied_territories_of_Ukraine" title="Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine">occupied</a> <a href="/wiki/Donetsk" title="Donetsk">Donetsk</a>, Ukraine, 9 May 2014</figcaption></figure> Russia has a long history of anti-Americanism, dating back to the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">Bolshevik Revolution</a> of 1917. As early as in 1919, leader of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Soviet Russia</a> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> was recorded addressing <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> soldiers where he claimed that "capitalists of England, France and America are waging war against Russia". The image of <a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a> was also used by the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> to portray <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White Russian</a> forces as foreign-sponsored.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> In 2013, 30% of Russians had a "very unfavorable" or "somewhat unfavorable" view of Americans and 40% viewed the U.S. in a "very unfavorable" or "somewhat unfavorable" light, up from 34% in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-pew-101">[101]</a> Recent [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] polls from the <a href="/wiki/Levada_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Levada center">Levada center survey</a> show that 71% of Russians have at least a somewhat negative attitude toward the U.S., up from 38% in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> It is the largest figure since the <a href="/wiki/Collapse_of_the_USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Collapse of the USSR">collapse of the USSR</a>. In 2015, a new poll by the Levada center showed that 81% of Russians now hold unfavorable views of the United States, presumably as a result of U.S. and <a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War">international sanctions</a> imposed against Russia because of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a>. Anti-Americanism in Russia is reportedly at its highest since the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> A December 2017 survey conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Council_on_Global_Affairs" title="Chicago Council on Global Affairs">Chicago Council</a> and its Russian partner, the Levada Center, showed that 78% of "Russians polled said the United States meddles "a great deal" or "a fair amount" in Russian politics", only 24% of Russians say they hold a positive view of the United States, and 81% of "Russians said they felt the United States was working to undermine Russia on the world stage."<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Survey results published by the <a href="/wiki/Levada-Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Levada-Center">Levada-Center</a> indicate that, as of August 2018, Russians increasingly viewed the United States positively following the <a href="/wiki/2018_Russia%E2%80%93United_States_summit" title="2018 Russia–United States summit">Russia–U.S. summit in Helsinki</a> in July 2018. The Moscow Times reported that "For the first time since 2014, the number of Russians who said they had "positive" feelings towards the United States (42 percent) outweighed those who reported "negative" feelings (40 percent)."<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> In February 2020, 46% of Russians polled said they had a negative view of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>, "57% of Russians ages 18 to 29 see the U.S. favorably, compared with only 15% of Russians ages 50 and older."<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> In 2019, only 20% of Russians viewed U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> positively.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Only 14% of Russians expressed net approval of <a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Donald_Trump" title="Political positions of Donald Trump">Donald Trump's policies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Western_Europe">Western Europe</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yankee_go_home.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Yankee_go_home.jpg/220px-Yankee_go_home.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Yankee_go_home.jpg/330px-Yankee_go_home.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Yankee_go_home.jpg/440px-Yankee_go_home.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Banner expressing anti-American sentiments in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, Sweden in 2006</figcaption></figure> In a 2003 article, historian David Ellwood identified what he called three great roots of anti-Americanism: <ul><li>Representations, images and stereotypes (from the birth of the Republic onwards)</li> <li>The challenge of economic power and the American model of modernization (principally from the 1910s and 1920s on)</li> <li>The organized projection of U.S. political, strategic and ideological power (from World War II on)</li></ul> He went on to say that expressions of the phenomenon in the last 60 years have contained ever-changing combinations of these elements, the configurations depending on internal crises within the groups or societies articulating them as much as anything done by American society in all its forms.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> In 2004, Sergio Fabbrini wrote that the perceived post-<a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">9/11</a> unilateralism of the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 U.S.-led invasion of Iraq</a> fed deep-rooted anti-American feeling in Europe, bringing it to the surface. In his article, he highlighted European fears surrounding the Americanization of the economy, culture and political process of Europe.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Fabbrini in 2011 identified a cycle in anti-Americanism: modest in the 1990s, it grew explosively between 2003 and 2008, then declined after 2008. He sees the current version as related to images of American foreign policy-making as unrestrained by international institutions or world opinion. Thus it is the unilateral policy process and the arrogance of policy makers, not the specific policy decisions, that are decisive.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> administration, public opinion of America declined in most European countries. A <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> Global Attitudes Project poll showed "favorable opinions" of America between 2000 and 2006 dropping from 83% to 56% in the United Kingdom, from 62% to 39% in France, from 78% to 37% in Germany and from 50% to 23% in Spain. In Spain, unfavorable views of Americans rose from 30% in 2005 to 51% in 2006 and positive views of Americans dropped from 56% in 2005 to 37% in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UK_Anti_Bush_visit_protest_(retouched).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/UK_Anti_Bush_visit_protest_%28retouched%29.jpg/170px-UK_Anti_Bush_visit_protest_%28retouched%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/UK_Anti_Bush_visit_protest_%28retouched%29.jpg/255px-UK_Anti_Bush_visit_protest_%28retouched%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/UK_Anti_Bush_visit_protest_%28retouched%29.jpg/340px-UK_Anti_Bush_visit_protest_%28retouched%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2588" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>Anti-war demonstration against a visit by <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> to London in 2008</figcaption></figure> In Europe in 2002, vandalism of American companies was reported in Athens, Zürich, <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>, Moscow and elsewhere. In Venice, 8 to 10 masked individuals claiming to be anti-globalists attacked a McDonald's restaurant.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> In Athens, at the demonstrations commemorating the <a href="/wiki/Athens_Polytechnic_uprising" title="Athens Polytechnic uprising">17 November Uprising</a> there was a march toward the U.S. embassy to emphasize the U.S. backing of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_military_junta_of_1967%E2%80%931974" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek military junta of 1967–1974">Greek military junta of 1967–1974</a> attended by many people each year. Ruth Hatlapa, a PhD candidate at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Augsburg" title="University of Augsburg">University of Augsburg</a>, and Andrei S. Markovits, a professor of Political Science at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>, describe President Obama's image as that of an angel – or more precisely, a rock star – in Europe in contrast to Bush's devilish image there; they argue, however, that "Obamamania" masks a deep-seated distrust and disdain of America.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="France">France</h5></div> In France, the term <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon world">"Anglo-Saxon"</a> is often used in expressions of anti-Americanism or <a href="/wiki/Anglophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglophobia">Anglophobia</a>. French writers have also used it in more nuanced ways in discussions about French decline, especially as an alternative model to which France should aspire, how France should adjust to its two most prominent global competitors, and how it should deal with social and economic modernization.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> The <a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indochina" class="mw-redirect" title="Indochina">Indochina</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a> of 1956 caused dismay among the French right, which was already angered by the lack of American support during <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dien_Bien_Phu" title="Battle of Dien Bien Phu">Dien Bien Phu in 1954</a>. For the Socialists and Communists of the <a href="/wiki/French_left" class="mw-redirect" title="French left">French left</a>, it was the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> and U.S. imperialism that were the sources of resentment.<a href="#cite_note-test-119">[119]</a> Much later, the alleged <a href="/wiki/Iraq_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Iraq and weapons of mass destruction">weapons of mass destruction in Iraq</a> affair further dirtied the previously favorable image. In 2008, 85% of the French people considered the American government and banks to be most liable for the <a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis" title="2007–2008 financial crisis">2007–2008 financial crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> In her contribution to the book Anti-Americanisms in World Politics edited by Peter Katzenstein and Robert Keohane in 2006, <a href="/wiki/Sophie_Meunier" title="Sophie Meunier">Sophie Meunier</a> wrote about French anti-Americanism. She contends that although it has a long history (older than the U.S. itself) and is the most easily recognizable anti-Americanism in Europe, it may not have had real policy consequences on the United States and thus may have been less damaging than more pernicious and invisible anti-Americanism in other countries.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> In 2013, 36% viewed the U.S. in a "very unfavorable" or "somewhat unfavorable" light.<a href="#cite_note-pew-101">[101]</a> Richard Kuisel, an American scholar, has explored how France partly embraced American consumerism while rejecting much of American power and values. He wrote in 2013 that: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">America functioned as the "other" in configuring French identity. To be French was not to be American. Americans were conformists, materialists, racists, violent, and vulgar. The French were individualists, idealists, tolerant, and civilized. Americans adored wealth; the French worshiped [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] la douceur de vivre. This caricature of America, which was already broadly endorsed at the beginning of the century, served to reinforce French national identity. At the end of the twentieth century, the French strategy [was to use] America as a foil, as a way of defining themselves as well as everything from their social policies to their notion of what constituted culture.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a></blockquote> In October 2016, French President <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande" title="François Hollande">François Hollande</a> said: "When the (European) Commission goes after Google or digital giants which do not pay the taxes they should in Europe, America takes offence. And yet, they quite shamelessly demand 8 billion from BNP or 5 billion from Deutsche Bank." French bank <a href="/wiki/BNP_Paribas" title="BNP Paribas">BNP Paribas</a> was fined in 2014 for violating <a href="/wiki/United_States_sanctions_against_Iran" title="United States sanctions against Iran">U.S. sanctions against Iran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Germany">Germany</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anti-American_sentiment_in_Germany" title="Anti-American sentiment in Germany">Anti-American sentiment in Germany</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Massale_vredesdemonstratie_in_Bonn_tegen_de_modernisering_van_kernwapens_in_West,_Bestanddeelnr_253-8610.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Massale_vredesdemonstratie_in_Bonn_tegen_de_modernisering_van_kernwapens_in_West%2C_Bestanddeelnr_253-8610.jpg/220px-Massale_vredesdemonstratie_in_Bonn_tegen_de_modernisering_van_kernwapens_in_West%2C_Bestanddeelnr_253-8610.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Massale_vredesdemonstratie_in_Bonn_tegen_de_modernisering_van_kernwapens_in_West%2C_Bestanddeelnr_253-8610.jpg/330px-Massale_vredesdemonstratie_in_Bonn_tegen_de_modernisering_van_kernwapens_in_West%2C_Bestanddeelnr_253-8610.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Massale_vredesdemonstratie_in_Bonn_tegen_de_modernisering_van_kernwapens_in_West%2C_Bestanddeelnr_253-8610.jpg/440px-Massale_vredesdemonstratie_in_Bonn_tegen_de_modernisering_van_kernwapens_in_West%2C_Bestanddeelnr_253-8610.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3560" data-file-height="2454" /></a><figcaption>Protest against the deployment of <a href="/wiki/Pershing_II" title="Pershing II">Pershing II</a> missiles in Europe, <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>, 1981</figcaption></figure> German naval planners in the 1890–1910 era denounced the <a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a> as a self-aggrandizing legal pretension to dominate the Western hemisphere. They were even more concerned with the <a href="/wiki/Hay%E2%80%93Bunau-Varilla_Treaty" title="Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty">possible American canal in Panama</a>, because it would lead to full American hegemony in the Caribbean. The stakes were laid out in the German war aims proposed by the Navy in 1903: a "firm position in the West Indies," a "free hand in South America," and an official "revocation of the <a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a>" would provide a solid foundation for "our trade to the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central</a> and South America."<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> During the Cold War, anti-Americanism was the official government policy in <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>, and dissenters were punished. In West Germany, anti-Americanism was the common position on the left, but the majority praised America as a protector against communism and a critical ally in rebuilding the nation.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Germany's refusal to support the American-led <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a> was often seen as a manifestation of anti-Americanism.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Anti-Americanism had been muted on the right since 1945, but re-emerged in the 21st century especially in the <a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">Alternative for Germany</a> (AfD) party that began in opposition to European Union, and now has become both anti-American and anti-immigrant. Annoyance or distrust of the Americans was heightened in 2013 by revelations of <a href="/wiki/Global_surveillance_disclosures_(2013%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)">American spying on top German officials</a>, including Chancellor Merkel.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> In the affair surrounding <a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a> journalist <a href="/wiki/Claas_Relotius" title="Claas Relotius">Claas Relotius</a>, U.S. Ambassador to Germany <a href="/wiki/Richard_Grenell" title="Richard Grenell">Richard Grenell</a> wrote to the magazine complaining about an anti-American institutional bias ("Anti-Amerikanismus") and asked for an independent investigation.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Grenell wrote that "These fake news stories largely focus on U.S. policies and certain segments of the American people."<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> German historian Darius Harwardt has noted that from 1980 onwards, the term has seen an increase in usage in <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Germany" title="Politics of Germany">German politics</a>, for example to discredit those that wish to close <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Army_installations_in_Germany" title="List of United States Army installations in Germany">American military bases in Germany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Greece">Greece</h5></div> Although the Greeks have generally held a favorable attitude towards America and still do today, with 56.5% holding a favorable view in 2013<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> and 63% in 2021,<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Donald Trump was highly unpopular in Greece, with 73% having no confidence in him to do the right thing in world affairs.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> however is popular among the Greek public, with 67% having confidence in the American president.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h5></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anti_kernwapendemonstratie_in_Den_Haag_(_550_duizend_deelnemers_)_overzichten,_Bestanddeelnr_253-8821.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Anti_kernwapendemonstratie_in_Den_Haag_%28_550_duizend_deelnemers_%29_overzichten%2C_Bestanddeelnr_253-8821.jpg/220px-Anti_kernwapendemonstratie_in_Den_Haag_%28_550_duizend_deelnemers_%29_overzichten%2C_Bestanddeelnr_253-8821.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Anti_kernwapendemonstratie_in_Den_Haag_%28_550_duizend_deelnemers_%29_overzichten%2C_Bestanddeelnr_253-8821.jpg/330px-Anti_kernwapendemonstratie_in_Den_Haag_%28_550_duizend_deelnemers_%29_overzichten%2C_Bestanddeelnr_253-8821.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Anti_kernwapendemonstratie_in_Den_Haag_%28_550_duizend_deelnemers_%29_overzichten%2C_Bestanddeelnr_253-8821.jpg/440px-Anti_kernwapendemonstratie_in_Den_Haag_%28_550_duizend_deelnemers_%29_overzichten%2C_Bestanddeelnr_253-8821.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3677" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Protest against the deployment of Pershing II missiles, <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>, 1983</figcaption></figure> Although the Dutch have generally held a favorable attitude toward America, there were negative currents in the aftermath of World War II as the Dutch blamed American policy as the reason why their <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">colonies in Southeast Asia</a> were able to gain <a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">independence</a>. They credit their rescue from the Nazis in 1944–45 to the <a href="/wiki/First_Canadian_Army" title="First Canadian Army">Canadian Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Postwar attitudes continued the perennial ambiguity of anti-Americanism: the love-hate relationship, or willingness to adopt American cultural patterns while at the same time voicing criticism of them.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> In the 1960s, anti-Americanism revived largely in reaction against the Vietnam War. Its major early advocates were non-party-affiliated, left-wing students, journalists, and intellectuals. Dutch public opinion polls (1975–83) indicate a stable attitude toward the United States; only 10% of the people were deeply anti-American.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> The most strident rhetoric came from the left wing of Dutch politics and can largely be attributed to the consequences of Dutch participation in NATO.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Special_Relationship#Public_opinion" title="Special Relationship">Special Relationship § Public opinion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yankee_go_home_Liverpool.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Yankee_go_home_Liverpool.jpg/220px-Yankee_go_home_Liverpool.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Yankee_go_home_Liverpool.jpg/330px-Yankee_go_home_Liverpool.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Yankee_go_home_Liverpool.jpg/440px-Yankee_go_home_Liverpool.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Anti-American banners in <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, UK</figcaption></figure> According to a Pew Global Attitudes Project poll, during the <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> administration "favorable opinions" of America between 2000 and 2006 fell from 83% to 56% in the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> News articles and blogs have discussed the negative experiences of Americans living in the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Anti-American sentiment became more widespread in the United Kingdom following the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–present)">War in Afghanistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Ireland">Ireland</h5></div> Negative sentiment towards American tourists is implied to have risen around 2012 and 2014.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Spain">Spain</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anti-American_sentiment_in_Spain" title="Anti-American sentiment in Spain">Anti-American sentiment in Spain</a></div> Anti-American sentiment is perceived to be deeply entrenched within elements of Spanish society, with several surveys conducted concerning the topic tending to back up that assertion. <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> ranks among the highest countries in terms of the level of anti-Americanism in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. According to a <a href="/wiki/German_Marshall_Fund" title="German Marshall Fund">German Marshall Fund</a> study, feelings towards the United States in Spain were among the least favourable in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, second only to <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. The sentiment has not only been historically a left-wing phenomenon, but the United States is viewed very negatively by right-wing factions in Spain as well. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3></div> Anti-Americanism in the Middle East and parts of Asia has substantially increased due to U.S sanctions and military involvement in countries like Afghanistan and Iraq worsening relations and public opinion. However East and South Asian countries like the Philippines, South Korea and India remains the most Pro-American countries.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="East_Asia">East Asia</h4></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="China">China</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anti-American_sentiment_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-American sentiment in China">Anti-American sentiment in China</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/May_24_incident" title="May 24 incident">May 24 incident</a></div> China has a history of anti-Americanism beginning with the general disdain for foreigners in the early 19th century that culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> of 1900, which the U.S. helped in militarily suppressing. During the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> and World War II, the U.S. provided economic and military assistance to the <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> government against the Japanese invasion. In particular, the "<a href="/wiki/China_Hands" title="China Hands">China Hands</a>" (American diplomats known for their knowledge of China) also attempted to establish diplomatic contacts with <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>'s communist regime <a href="/wiki/Dixie_Mission" title="Dixie Mission">in their stronghold in Yan'an</a>, with a goal of fostering unity between the Nationalists and Communists.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> However, relations soured after communist victory in the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> and the relocation of the Chiang government to <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, together with the start of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> and rise of <a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a> in U.S. politics. The newly communist China and the U.S. fought a major undeclared <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">war in Korea, 1950–53</a> and, as a result, President <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> began advocating a policy of containment and sent the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Seventh_Fleet" title="United States Seventh Fleet">United States Seventh Fleet</a> to deter a possible communist invasion of Taiwan.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> The U.S. signed the <a href="/wiki/Sino-American_Mutual_Defense_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty">Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty</a> with Taiwan which lasted until 1979 and, during this period, the communist government in Beijing was not diplomatically recognized by the U.S. By 1950, virtually all American diplomatic staff had left mainland China, and one of Mao's political goals was to identify and destroy factions inside China that might be favorable to capitalism.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> Mao initially ridiculed the U.S. as "<a href="/wiki/Paper_tiger" title="Paper tiger">paper tiger</a>" occupiers of Taiwan, "the enemy of the people of the world and has increasingly isolated itself" and "monopoly capitalist groups",<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> and it was argued that Mao never intended friendly relations with the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> However, due to the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a> and increasing tension between China and the Soviet Union, US President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> signaled a diplomatic rapprochement with communist China, and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon%27s_1972_visit_to_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Nixon's 1972 visit to China">embarked on an official visit in 1972</a>.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> Diplomatic relations between the two countries were eventually restored in 1979. After Mao's death, <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> embarked on economic reforms, and hostility diminished sharply, while large-scale trade and investments, as well as cultural exchanges became major factors. Following the <a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Square_protests_of_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiananmen Square protests of 1989">Tiananmen Square protests of 1989</a>, the U.S. placed economic and military sanctions upon China, although official diplomatic relations continued.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anti-American_Protests_in_Nanjing,_1999_(flickr_2543499638).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Anti-American_Protests_in_Nanjing%2C_1999_%28flickr_2543499638%29.jpg/220px-Anti-American_Protests_in_Nanjing%2C_1999_%28flickr_2543499638%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Anti-American_Protests_in_Nanjing%2C_1999_%28flickr_2543499638%29.jpg/330px-Anti-American_Protests_in_Nanjing%2C_1999_%28flickr_2543499638%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Anti-American_Protests_in_Nanjing%2C_1999_%28flickr_2543499638%29.jpg/440px-Anti-American_Protests_in_Nanjing%2C_1999_%28flickr_2543499638%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3087" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Anti-American protests in Nanjing following the <a href="/wiki/U.S._bombing_of_the_Chinese_embassy_in_Belgrade" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade">U.S. bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade</a>, 1999</figcaption></figure> In 2013, 53% of Chinese respondents in a <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew</a> survey had a "very unfavorable" or "somewhat unfavorable" view of the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-pew-101">[101]</a> Relations improved slightly near the end of Obama's term in 2016, with 44% of Chinese respondents expressing an unfavorable view of the U.S compared to 50% of respondents expressing a favorable view.<a href="#cite_note-:1-155">[155]</a> There has been a significant increase in anti-Americanism since U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> launched a <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war" title="China–United States trade war">trade war</a> against China, with Chinese media airing <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> films.<a href="#cite_note-:0-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> In May 2019, <a href="/wiki/Global_Times" title="Global Times">Global Times</a> said that "the trade war with the U.S. at the moment reminds Chinese of military struggles between China and the U.S. during the Korean War."<a href="#cite_note-:0-156">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Japan">Japan</h5></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_protesting_crowd_in_Ginowan_on_2009-11-08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/The_protesting_crowd_in_Ginowan_on_2009-11-08.jpg/220px-The_protesting_crowd_in_Ginowan_on_2009-11-08.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/The_protesting_crowd_in_Ginowan_on_2009-11-08.jpg/330px-The_protesting_crowd_in_Ginowan_on_2009-11-08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/The_protesting_crowd_in_Ginowan_on_2009-11-08.jpg/440px-The_protesting_crowd_in_Ginowan_on_2009-11-08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>Okinawans protesting against the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Air_Station_Futenma" title="Marine Corps Air Station Futenma">Marine Corps Air Station Futenma</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ginowan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ginowan">Ginowan</a>, 8 November 2009</figcaption></figure> In Japan, objections to the behavior and presence of American military personnel are sometimes reported as anti-Americanism, such as the <a href="/wiki/1995_Okinawa_rape_incident" title="1995 Okinawa rape incident">1995 Okinawa rape incident</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CNNOkinawa-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> As of 2008<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-Americanism&action=edit">[update]</a>, the ongoing U.S. military presence on <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture" title="Okinawa Prefecture">Okinawa</a> remained a contentious issue in Japan.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> While protests have arisen because of specific incidents, they are often reflective of deeper historical resentments. Robert Hathaway, director of the Wilson Center's Asia program, suggests: "The growth of anti-American sentiment in both Japan and South Korea must be seen not simply as a response to American policies and actions, but as reflective of deeper domestic trends and developments within these Asian countries".<a href="#cite_note-WilsonProgram-161">[161]</a> In Japan, a variety of threads have contributed to anti-Americanism in the post-war era, including <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">pacifism</a> on the left, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_nationalism" title="Japanese nationalism">nationalism</a> on the right, and opportunistic worries over American influence in Japanese economic life.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> From the <a href="/wiki/Postwar_Japan" title="Postwar Japan">postwar</a> until today, most conservatives, including the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Japan)" title="Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)">Liberal Democratic Party</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Hitoshi_Tanaka-163">[163]</a> have a pro-American view; there are "<a href="/wiki/Anti-American_conservative" title="Anti-American conservative">anti-American conservative</a>" who are critical of this and seek to preserve Japan's independent foreign policy or cultural values. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="South_Korea">South Korea</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anti-American_sentiment_in_Korea" title="Anti-American sentiment in Korea">Anti-American sentiment in Korea</a></div> Speaking to the Wilson Center, <a href="/wiki/Katharine_Moon" title="Katharine Moon">Katharine Moon</a> notes that while the majority of South Koreans support the American alliance "anti-Americanism also represents the collective venting of accumulated grievances that in many instances have lain hidden for decades".<a href="#cite_note-WilsonProgram-161">[161]</a> In the 1990s, scholars, policy makers, and the media noted that anti-Americanism was motivated by the rejection of authoritarianism and a resurgent nationalism, this nationalist anti-Americanism continued into the 2000s fueled by a number of incidents such as the <a href="/wiki/South_Korea_and_the_International_Monetary_Fund" title="South Korea and the International Monetary Fund">IMF crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> During the early 1990s, <a href="/wiki/Western_princess" class="mw-redirect" title="Western princess">Western princess</a>, prostitutes for American soldiers became a symbol of anti-American nationalism.<a href="#cite_note-Cho91-165">[165]</a> "Dear American" is an anti-American song sung by <a href="/wiki/Psy" title="Psy">Psy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> "<a href="/wiki/Fucking_USA" title="Fucking USA">Fucking USA</a>" is an anti-American <a href="/wiki/Protest_song" title="Protest song">protest song</a> written by South Korean singer and activist Yoon Min-suk. Strongly anti-U.S. foreign policy and anti-Bush, the song was written in 2002 at a time when, following the <a href="/wiki/Apolo_Ohno" title="Apolo Ohno">Apolo Ohno</a> Olympic controversy and <a href="/wiki/Yangju_highway_incident" title="Yangju highway incident">an incident in Yangju</a> in which two Korean middle school students died after being struck by a U.S. Army vehicle, anti-American sentiment in South Korea reached high levels.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> However, by 2009, a majority of South Koreans were reported as having a favorable view of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> In 2014, 58% of South Koreans had a favorable view of the U.S., making South Korea one of the world's most pro-American countries.<a href="#cite_note-bbcpoll-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="North_Korea">North Korea</h5></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NKmuseum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/NKmuseum.jpg/220px-NKmuseum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/NKmuseum.jpg/330px-NKmuseum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/NKmuseum.jpg/440px-NKmuseum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="361" /></a><figcaption>North Koreans touring the <a href="/wiki/Sinchon_Museum_of_American_War_Atrocities" title="Sinchon Museum of American War Atrocities">Museum of American War Atrocities</a> in 2009</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="North Korea–United States relations">Relations between North Korea and the United States</a> have been hostile ever since the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, and the former's more recent development of <a href="/wiki/North_Korea_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="North Korea and weapons of mass destruction">nuclear weapons and long range missiles</a> has further increased tension between the two nations.<a href="#cite_note-NWTNKorea-169">[169]</a> The United States currently maintains a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Forces_Korea" title="United States Forces Korea">military presence in South Korea</a>, and President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> had previously described North Korea as part of the "<a href="/wiki/Axis_of_Evil" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis of Evil">Axis of Evil</a>". In North Korea, July is the "Month of Joint Anti-American Struggle," with festivities to denounce the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-NKH-170">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southeast_Asia">Southeast Asia</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anti-Islam_Film_protests_(8009245996).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Anti-Islam_Film_protests_%288009245996%29.jpg/220px-Anti-Islam_Film_protests_%288009245996%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Anti-Islam_Film_protests_%288009245996%29.jpg/330px-Anti-Islam_Film_protests_%288009245996%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Anti-Islam_Film_protests_%288009245996%29.jpg/440px-Anti-Islam_Film_protests_%288009245996%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3209" data-file-height="2046" /></a><figcaption>Protesters in <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a> take to the streets to demonstrate against the <a href="/wiki/Innocence_of_Muslims" title="Innocence of Muslims">Innocence of Muslims</a> film.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Philippines">Philippines</h5></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Protest_Mobilization_Against_State_Visit_of_Xi_Jinping_US-China_Flag_Burning_by_Students_from_University_of_the_Philippines_Diliman_and_Ateneo_de_Manila.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Protest_Mobilization_Against_State_Visit_of_Xi_Jinping_US-China_Flag_Burning_by_Students_from_University_of_the_Philippines_Diliman_and_Ateneo_de_Manila.jpg/220px-Protest_Mobilization_Against_State_Visit_of_Xi_Jinping_US-China_Flag_Burning_by_Students_from_University_of_the_Philippines_Diliman_and_Ateneo_de_Manila.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Protest_Mobilization_Against_State_Visit_of_Xi_Jinping_US-China_Flag_Burning_by_Students_from_University_of_the_Philippines_Diliman_and_Ateneo_de_Manila.jpg/330px-Protest_Mobilization_Against_State_Visit_of_Xi_Jinping_US-China_Flag_Burning_by_Students_from_University_of_the_Philippines_Diliman_and_Ateneo_de_Manila.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Protest_Mobilization_Against_State_Visit_of_Xi_Jinping_US-China_Flag_Burning_by_Students_from_University_of_the_Philippines_Diliman_and_Ateneo_de_Manila.jpg/440px-Protest_Mobilization_Against_State_Visit_of_Xi_Jinping_US-China_Flag_Burning_by_Students_from_University_of_the_Philippines_Diliman_and_Ateneo_de_Manila.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Student-activists from University of the Philippines and Ateneo de Manila University burn the flags of China and US to protest against their encroachment of Philippine sovereignty.</figcaption></figure> Anti-American sentiment has existed in the Philippines, owing primarily to the <a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a> of more than 100 years ago, and the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Philippines (1898–1946)">1898–1946 period of US colonial rule</a>. One of the country's most recognizable patriotic hymns, <a href="/wiki/Bayan_Ko" title="Bayan Ko">Nuestra patria</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Our Fatherland'; <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>: Bayan Ko, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'My Country'), written during the Philippine–American War, makes reference to "the <a href="/wiki/White_Anglo-Saxon_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="White Anglo-Saxon Protestant">Anglo-Saxon</a> … who with vile treason subjugates [the Fatherland]".<a href="#cite_note-pedrosa2014-171">[171]</a> The song then exhorts the invaded and later occupied nation to "free [it]self from the traitor."<a href="#cite_note-pedrosa2014-171">[171]</a> Mojarro (2020) wrote that, during the US occupation, "Filipino intellectuals and patriots fully rejected US tutelage of Philippine politics and the economy,"<a href="#cite_note-mojarro2020-172">[172]</a> adding that "The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Philippines" title="Spanish language in the Philippines">Spanish language</a> was understood then as a tool of cultural and political resistance."<a href="#cite_note-mojarro2020-172">[172]</a> <a href="/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon" title="Manuel L. Quezon">Manuel L. Quezon</a> himself refused to learn <a href="/wiki/English_language_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="English language in the Philippines">English</a>, having "felt betrayed by the Americans whom [the <a href="/wiki/Katipunan" title="Katipunan">Katipunan</a>] considered allies against Spain".<a href="#cite_note-custodio2016-173">[173]</a> Statesman and internationally renowned <a href="/wiki/Hispanophone" title="Hispanophone">Hispanophone</a> writer <a href="/wiki/Claro_Mayo_Recto" class="mw-redirect" title="Claro Mayo Recto">Claro Mayo Recto</a> had once dared to oppose the <a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">national security</a> interests of the US in the Philippines, such as when he campaigned against the US military bases in his country. During the 1957 presidential campaign, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA) conducted black propaganda operations to ensure his defeat, including the distribution of condoms with holes in them and marked with "Courtesy of Claro M. Recto" on the labels.<a href="#cite_note-WorstBook-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-Simbulan-175">[175]</a> The CIA is also suspected of involvement in his death by <a href="/wiki/Heart_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart attack">heart attack</a> less than three years later. Recto, who had no known heart disease, met with two mysterious "Caucasians" wearing business suits before he died. US government documents later showed that a plan to murder Recto with a vial of poison was discussed by CIA Chief of Station Ralph Lovett and US Ambassador Admiral <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Spruance" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond Spruance">Raymond Spruance</a> years earlier.<a href="#cite_note-WorstBook-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-Simbulan-175">[175]</a> In October 2012, American ships were found dumping toxic wastes into Subic Bay, spurring anti-Americanism and setting the stage for multiple rallies.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> When U.S. president Barack Obama toured Asia, in mid to late April 2014 to visit Malaysia, South Korea, Japan, and the Philippines, hundreds of Filipino protests demonstrated in <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> shouting anti-Obama slogans, with some even burning mock U.S. flags.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> The controversial <a href="/wiki/Visiting_Forces_Agreement_(Philippines_%E2%80%93_United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Visiting Forces Agreement (Philippines – United States)">Visiting Forces Agreement</a> adds further fuel to anti-American sentiment, especially among <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Muslims">Philippine Muslims</a>. US military personnel have also been tried and convicted for rapes and murders committed on Philippine soil against civilians.<a href="#cite_note-bauzón&al2014-178">[178]</a> These service personnel would later either be freed by the justice system or receive a presidential pardon.<a href="#cite_note-MTed2020-179">[179]</a> However, despite these incidents, a poll conducted in 2011 by the BBC found that 90% of Filipinos have a favorable view of the U.S., higher than the view of the U.S. in any other country.<a href="#cite_note-worldpublicopinion.org-180">[180]</a> According to a Pew Research Center Poll released in 2014, 92% of Filipinos viewed the U.S. favorably, making the Philippines the most pro-American nation in the world. The election of <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Rodrigo Duterte</a> in 2016, along with persistently high approval ratings thereafter,<a href="#cite_note-cruz2022-181">[181]</a> nevertheless herald a new era marked by <a href="/wiki/Neonationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neonationalism">neonationalism</a> and a resurgent anti-Americanism founded on what had by then been long-unattended historical grievances.<a href="#cite_note-parameswaran2016-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-vinay2017-183">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Asia">South Asia</h4></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anti-American_sentiment_in_Afghanistan" title="Anti-American sentiment in Afghanistan">Anti-American sentiment in Afghanistan</a></div> <a href="/wiki/List_of_drone_strikes_in_Afghanistan" title="List of drone strikes in Afghanistan">Drone strikes</a> have led to growing anti-Americanism.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anti-American_sentiment_in_Pakistan" title="Anti-American sentiment in Pakistan">Anti-American sentiment in Pakistan</a></div> Negative attitudes toward the U.S.'s influence on the world has risen in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> as a result of <a href="/wiki/Drone_strikes_in_Pakistan" title="Drone strikes in Pakistan">U.S. drone attacks on the country</a> introduced by <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> and continued by <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> In a poll surveying opinions toward the United States, Pakistan scored as the most negatively aligned nation, jointly alongside <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-B92_2009-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Middle_East">Middle East</h4></div> After <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, admiration was expressed for <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">American President</a> <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>'s promulgation of democracy, freedom and self-determination in the <a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points" title="Fourteen Points">Fourteen Points</a> and, during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the high ideals of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Charter" title="Atlantic Charter">Atlantic Charter</a> received favorable notice.<a href="#cite_note-Tamim_Ansary_2009-187">[187]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Tamim_Ansary" title="Tamim Ansary">Tamim Ansary</a>, in Destiny Disrupted: A History of the World Through Islamic Eyes (2009), early views of America were mostly positive in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim World">Muslim World</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tamim_Ansary_2009-187">[187]</a> Just as they do elsewhere in the world, spikes in anti-Americanism in the region correlate with the adoption or the reiteration of certain policies by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">U.S. government</a>, in special its support for <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian territories">occupation of Palestine</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> In regards to <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">9/11</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Gallup_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup (company)">Gallup</a> poll noted that while most <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> (93%) polled opposed the attacks, 'radicals' (7%) supported it, citing in their favor, not religious view points, but disgust at <a href="/wiki/United_States_foreign_policy_in_the_Middle_East" title="United States foreign policy in the Middle East">U.S. policies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gallup937-189">[189]</a> In effect, when targeting U.S. or other Western assets in the region, radical armed groups in the Middle East, <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a> included, have made reference to U.S. policies and alleged <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a> to justify their attacks. For example, to explain the <a href="/wiki/Khobar_Towers_bombing" title="Khobar Towers bombing">Khobar Towers bombing</a> (in which 19 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">American airmen</a> were killed), Bin Laden, although proven to have not committed the attack, named U.S. support for Israel in instances of attacks against Muslims, such as the <a href="/wiki/Sabra_and_Shatila_massacre" title="Sabra and Shatila massacre">Sabra and Shatila massacre</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Qana_massacre" title="Qana massacre">Qana massacre</a>, as the reasons behind the attack.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> Al-Qaeda also cited the <a href="/wiki/United_States_sanctions" title="United States sanctions">U.S. sanctions</a> on and <a href="/wiki/1998_bombing_of_Iraq" title="1998 bombing of Iraq">bombing of Iraq</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_no-fly_zones" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi no-fly zones">Iraqi no-fly zones</a> (1991–2003), which exacted a large toll in the Arab country's civilian population, as a justification to kill Americans.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> Although right-wing scholars (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hollander" title="Paul Hollander">Paul Hollander</a>) have given prominence to the role that religiosity, culture and backwardness play in inflaming anti-Americanism in the region, the poll noted that radicalism among Arabs or Muslims isn't correlated with poverty, backwardness or religiosity. Radicals were in fact shown to be better educated and wealthier than 'moderates'.<a href="#cite_note-gallup937-189">[189]</a> There is also, however, a cultural dimension to anti-Americanism among religious and conservative groups in the Middle East. It may have its origins with <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a>. Qutb, an <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian people">Egyptian</a> who was the leading intellectual of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a>, studied in <a href="/wiki/Greeley,_Colorado" title="Greeley, Colorado">Greeley, Colorado</a> from 1948 to 1950, and wrote a book, The America I Have Seen (1951) based on his impressions. In it he decried everything in America from individual freedom and taste in music to Church socials and haircuts.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> Wrote Qutb, "They danced to the tunes of the <a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">gramophone</a>, and the dance floor was replete with tapping feet, enticing legs, arms wrapped around waists, lips pressed to lips, and chests pressed to chests. The atmosphere was full of desire..."<a href="#cite_note-Siegel2003-05-06-193">[193]</a> He offered a distorted chronology of American history and was disturbed by its sexually liberated women: "The American girl is well acquainted with her body's seductive capacity. She knows it lies in the face, and in expressive eyes, and thirsty lips. She knows seductiveness lies in the round breasts, the full buttocks, and in the shapely thighs, sleek legs – and she shows all this and does not hide it".<a href="#cite_note-Siegel2003-05-06-193">[193]</a> He was particularly disturbed by <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, which he called the American's preferred music, and which "was created by <a href="/wiki/Negro" title="Negro">Negroes</a> to satisfy their love of noise and to whet their sexual desires ..."<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> Qutb's writings influenced generations of militants and radicals in the Middle East who viewed America as a cultural temptress bent on overturning traditional customs and morals, especially with respect to the relations between the sexes. Qutb's ideas influenced <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a>, an anti-American extremist from <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, who was the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Jihadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jihadi">Jihadist</a> organization <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> In conjunction with several other Islamic militant leaders, bin Laden issued two <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatawa</a> – <a href="/wiki/Fat%C4%81w%C4%81_of_Osama_bin_Laden" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatāwā of Osama bin Laden">in 1996 and then again in 1998</a> – that Muslims should kill military personnel and civilians of the United States until the United States government withdraw military forces from <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Islamic countries</a> and withdraw support for Israel.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> After the 1996 fatwa, entitled "Declaration of War against the Americans Occupying the Land of the Two Holy Places", bin Laden was put on a criminal file by the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> (FBI) under an <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> statute which forbids instigating violence and attempting to overthrow the U.S. government.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> He has also been indicted in <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States federal court">United States federal court</a> for his alleged involvement in the <a href="/wiki/1998_U.S._embassy_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="1998 U.S. embassy bombings">1998 U.S. embassy bombings</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dar_es_Salaam" title="Dar es Salaam">Dar es Salaam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, and was on the FBI's <a href="/wiki/FBI_Ten_Most_Wanted_Fugitives" title="FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives">Ten Most Wanted Fugitives</a> list.<a href="#cite_note-cbc-2004-201">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> On 14 January 2009, bin Laden vowed to continue the fight and open up new fronts against the U.S. on behalf of the Islamic world.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> In 2002 and in mid-2004, <a href="/wiki/Zogby_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Zogby International">Zogby International</a> polled the favorable/unfavorable ratings of the U.S. in Saudi Arabia, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> (UAE). In Zogby's 2002 survey, 76% of Egyptians had a negative attitude toward the United States, compared with 98% in 2004. In Morocco, 61% viewed the country unfavorably in 2002, but in two years, that number had jumped to 88 percent. In Saudi Arabia, such responses rose from 87% in 2002 to 94% in 2004. Attitudes were virtually unchanged in Lebanon but improved slightly in the UAE, from 87% who said in 2002 that they disliked the United States to 73% in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-Zogby-204">[204]</a> However, most of these countries mainly objected to foreign policies that they considered unfair.<a href="#cite_note-Zogby-204">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Iran">Iran</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anti-American_sentiment_in_Iran" title="Anti-American sentiment in Iran">Anti-American sentiment in Iran</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:13_Aban_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/13_Aban_%283%29.jpg/220px-13_Aban_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/13_Aban_%283%29.jpg/330px-13_Aban_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/13_Aban_%283%29.jpg/440px-13_Aban_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="897" data-file-height="584" /></a><figcaption>A protest in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a> on 4 November 2015, against the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></figcaption></figure> The chant "<a href="/wiki/Death_to_America" title="Death to America">Death to America</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: مرگ بر آمریکا) has been in use in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> since at least the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a> in 1979,<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> along with other phrases often represented as anti-American. A 1953 <a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">coup</a> which involved the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a> was cited as a grievance.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> State-sponsored murals characterized as anti-American dot the streets of <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> It has been suggested that under <a href="/wiki/Ayatollah_Khomeini" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayatollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Khomeini</a> anti-Americanism was little more than a way to distinguish between domestic supporters and detractors, and even the phrase "<a href="/wiki/Great_Satan" title="Great Satan">Great Satan</a>"<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> which has previously been associated with anti-Americanism, appears to now signify both the American and <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">British</a> governments.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis</a> that lasted from 1979 to 1981, in which fifty-two <a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">Americans</a> were held hostage in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a> for 444 days, was also a demonstration of anti-Americanism, one which considerably worsened <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Iran–United States relations">mutual perceptions</a> between the U.S. and Iran.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Jordan">Jordan</h5></div> Anti-Americanism is felt very strongly in <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> and has been on the rise since at least 2003. Despite the fact that Jordan is one of America's closest allies in the Middle East and the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Jordan">Government of Jordan</a> is pro-American and pro-Western, the anti-Americanism of <a href="/wiki/Jordanians" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordanians">Jordanians</a> is among the highest in the world. Anti-Americanism rose dramatically after the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a>, when a United States-led coalition invaded <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Iraq</a> to remove <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> from power. According to several Pew Research Attitudes polls conducted since 2003, 99% of Jordanians viewed the U.S. unfavorably and 82% of Jordanians viewed American people unfavorably. Although 2017 data indicates negative attitudes towards the U.S. and American people have gone down to 82% and 61% respectively, rates of anti-Americanism in Jordan are still among the highest in the world.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Palestinian_territories">Palestinian territories</h5></div> In July 2013, <a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinian</a> Cleric Ismat Al-Hammouri, a leader of the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir">Hizb ut-Tahrir</a>, called for the destruction of America, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> to conquer and destroy the enemies of the "Nation of Islam". He warned: "We warn you, oh America: Take your hands off the Muslims. You have wreaked havoc in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, and before that, in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, and now in Egypt. Who do you think we are, America? We are the nation of Islam — a giant and mighty nation, which extends from east to west. Soon, we will teach you a political and military lesson, <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> willing. Allah Akbar. All glory to Allah".<a href="#cite_note-warningstowest-216">[216]</a> Al-Hammouri also warned U.S. president Barack Obama that there is an impending rise of a united Muslim empire that will instill religious law on all of its subjects.<a href="#cite_note-warningstowest-216">[216]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Saudi_Arabia">Saudi Arabia</h5></div> In Saudi Arabia, anti-American sentiment was described as "intense"<a href="#cite_note-bradley-expo-169-217">[217]</a> and "at an all-time high".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>]<a href="#cite_note-bradley-expo-211-218">[218]</a> According to the survey taken by the <a href="/wiki/General_Intelligence_Presidency" title="General Intelligence Presidency">Saudi intelligence service</a> of "educated <a href="/wiki/Saudis" title="Saudis">Saudis</a> between the ages of 25 and 41" taken shortly after the 9/11 attacks "concluded that 95 percent" of those surveyed supported Bin Laden's cause.<a href="#cite_note-SCIOLINO-219">[219]</a> (Support for Bin Laden reportedly waned by 2006 and by then, the <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Demographics of Saudi Arabia">Saudi population</a> become considerably more pro-American, after Al-Qaeda linked groups staged <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Saudi_Arabia#2003" title="Terrorism in Saudi Arabia">attacks</a> inside Saudi Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-TRT-220">[220]</a>) The proposal at the Defense Policy Board to 'take <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Politics of Saudi Arabia">Saudi</a> out of <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabia</a>' was spread as the secret US plan for the kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-bradley-expo-85-221">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Turkey">Turkey</h5></div> In 2009, during U.S. president <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>'s visit to Turkey, anti-American protestors held signs saying "Obama, new president of the <a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American imperialism</a> that is the enemy of the world's people, your hands are also bloody. Get out of our country."<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> Protestors also shouted phrases such as <a href="/wiki/Yankee_%E2%80%94_go_home!" class="mw-redirect" title="Yankee — go home!">"Yankee go home"</a> and "Obama go home".<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> A 2017 Pew Research poll indicated that 67% of Turkish respondents held unfavourable views of Americans and 82% disapproved of the spread of American ideas and customs in their country; both percentages were the highest out of all the nations surveyed.<a href="#cite_note-:2-225">[225]</a> Anti-American sentiment in Turkey had existed since the mid-1940s.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> However, Anti-Americanism began to spread primarily in the 1950s due to views that America had begun to dominate Turkey and spread its cultural influence into the middle class.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> Leftist figures such as Mehmet Ali Aybar, who would later become the Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Worker%27s_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Worker's Party">Turkish Worker's Party</a>, opposed collaboration with the USA and Turkey, on the grounds that US economic aid would turn Turkey into an "Anglo-Saxon satellite state" as early as 1947.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> The Turkish revolutionary and Maoist <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0brahim_Kaypakkaya" title="İbrahim Kaypakkaya">İbrahim Kaypakkaya</a> considered Turkey to be an American semi-colony.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> However, there were also growing Anti-American sentiments on the Turkish Right. Conservative newspapers such as Büyük Doğu and Kuvvet also held views that America would in the future meddle in Turkish domestic affairs. Anti-American sentiment spread among more of the public when a law was passed in Turkey that authorized only US officials, to exercise criminal jurisdiction over American personnel in cases where a criminal act had been committed.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> While this on its own did not lead to Anti-American sentiment spreading, it did mean that any incidents resulting from the actions of American personnel would have a considerable impact on popular views towards America. Such incidents often led to anger and resentment to American personnel and America by extension. Anti-Americanism in Turkey saw a significant rise as a result of the Johnson Letter in the 1960s, which stated that the US was against an invasion of Cyprus, and stated that the USA would not come to the aid of Turkey if an invasion of Cyprus led to war with the Soviet Union. Many Turks saw the letter as tantamount to outright veto power over Turkish affairs by the USA.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Americas">The Americas</h3></div> All the countries of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States of America</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin American</a> countries) are often referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">The Americas</a>" in the <a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a>. In the U.S. and most countries outside Latin America, the terms "America" and "American" typically refer only to the United States of America and its citizens respectively. In the 1890s Cuban writer <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD" title="José Martí">José Martí</a> in an essay, "Our America," alludes to his objection to this usage.<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Latin_America">Latin America</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manifest_Destiny" class="mw-redirect" title="Manifest Destiny">Manifest Destiny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Corollary" title="Roosevelt Corollary">Roosevelt Corollary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banana_Wars" title="Banana Wars">Banana Wars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation Condor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Latin_America%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Latin America–United States relations">Latin America–United States relations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_fallera_de_l%27oncle_Sam.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/La_fallera_de_l%27oncle_Sam.JPG/330px-La_fallera_de_l%27oncle_Sam.JPG" decoding="async" width="330" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/La_fallera_de_l%27oncle_Sam.JPG/495px-La_fallera_de_l%27oncle_Sam.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/La_fallera_de_l%27oncle_Sam.JPG/660px-La_fallera_de_l%27oncle_Sam.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1324" data-file-height="1134" /></a><figcaption>A Spanish satirical drawing published in <a href="/wiki/La_Campana_de_Gr%C3%A0cia" title="La Campana de Gràcia">La Campana de Gràcia</a> (1896) criticizing U.S. behavior regarding <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a> by <a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Molin%C3%A9_i_Muns" class="extiw" title="ca:Manuel Moliné i Muns">Manuel Moliné</a>, just prior to the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>. Upper text reads (in old <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>): "Uncle Sam's craving", and below: "To keep the island so it won't get lost."</figcaption></figure> Anti-Americanism in Latin America has deep roots and is a key element of the concept of Latin American identity, "specifically anti-U.S. expansionism and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">anti-Protestantism</a>."<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> An 1828 exchange between <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a>, the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Minister_plenipotentiary" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister plenipotentiary">minister plenipotentiary</a> rebuked President <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Simón Bolívar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gran_Colombia" title="Gran Colombia">Gran Colombia</a>, saying "... the strongest of all governments is that which is most free", calling on Bolívar to encourage the development of a <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>. In response, Bolívar wrote, "The United States ... seem destined by Providence to plague America with torments in the name of freedom", a phrase that achieved fame in Latin America.<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tr-bigstick-cartoon.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Tr-bigstick-cartoon.JPG/220px-Tr-bigstick-cartoon.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Tr-bigstick-cartoon.JPG/330px-Tr-bigstick-cartoon.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Tr-bigstick-cartoon.JPG/440px-Tr-bigstick-cartoon.JPG 2x" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="662" /></a><figcaption>Cartoon depicting <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Big_Stick_ideology" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Stick ideology">Big Stick</a> interventionism</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a> of 1898, which escalated <a href="/wiki/Cuban_War_of_Independence" title="Cuban War of Independence">Cuba's war of independence</a> from <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, turned the U.S. into a world power and made <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> a <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a> of the United States via the <a href="/wiki/Platt_Amendment" title="Platt Amendment">Platt Amendment</a> to the Cuban constitution and the <a href="/wiki/Cuban%E2%80%93American_Treaty_of_Relations_(1903)" title="Cuban–American Treaty of Relations (1903)">1903 Cuban–American Treaty of Relations</a>. The U.S. action was consistent with the <a href="/wiki/Big_Stick_ideology" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Stick ideology">Big Stick ideology</a> espoused by <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Corollary" title="Roosevelt Corollary">corollary to the Monroe Doctrine</a> that led to <a href="/wiki/Banana_Wars" title="Banana Wars">numerous interventions</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>, also prompted hatred of the U.S. in other regions of the Americas.<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> A very influential formulation of Latin-American anti-Americanism, engendered by the 1898 war, was the Uruguayan journalist <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Enrique_Rod%C3%B3" title="José Enrique Rodó">José Enrique Rodó</a>'s essay Ariel (1900) in which the spiritual values of the South American <a href="/wiki/Ariel_(Shakespeare)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ariel (Shakespeare)">Ariel</a> are contrasted to the brutish mass-culture of the American <a href="/wiki/Caliban" title="Caliban">Caliban</a>. This essay had enormous influence throughout <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_America" title="Hispanic America">Spanish America</a> in the 1910s and 1920s, and prompted resistance to what was seen as American <a href="/wiki/Cultural_imperialism" title="Cultural imperialism">cultural imperialism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> Perceived racist attitudes of the White Anglo-Saxon Protestants of the North toward the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Americans" title="Latin Americans">populations of Latin America</a> also caused resentment.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anti_usa_demo_brazil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Anti_usa_demo_brazil.jpg/220px-Anti_usa_demo_brazil.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Anti_usa_demo_brazil.jpg/330px-Anti_usa_demo_brazil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Anti_usa_demo_brazil.jpg/440px-Anti_usa_demo_brazil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Anti-U.S. banner in a demonstration in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, 27 January 2005</figcaption></figure> The Student Reform that began in the Argentine <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="National University of Córdoba">University of Cordoba</a> in 1918, boosted the idea of anti-imperialism throughout Latin America, and played a fundamental role for launching the concept that was to be developed over several generations. Already in 1920, the <a href="/wiki/Federaci%C3%B3n_Universitaria_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Federación Universitaria Argentina">Federación Universitaria Argentina</a> issued a manifesto entitled Denunciation of Imperialism.<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> Since the 1940s, <a href="/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Argentina–United States relations">U.S. relations with Argentina</a> have been tense, when the U.S. feared the regime of <a href="/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón">General Peron</a> was too close to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>. In 1954, American support for the <a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">1954 Guatemalan coup d'état</a> against the democratically elected President <a href="/wiki/Jacobo_Arbenz_Guzm%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán">Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán</a> fueled anti-Americanism in the region.<a href="#cite_note-Peter_Winn_2006-239">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-George_Pendle_1976-240">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-Why_the_world_loves_to_Hate_America-241">[241]</a> This <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a>-sponsored coup prompted a former president of that country, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Ar%C3%A9valo" title="Juan José Arévalo">Juan José Arévalo</a> to write a fable entitled The Shark and the Sardines (1961) in which a predatory shark (representing the United States) overawes the sardines of Latin America.<a href="#cite_note-hatingamerica-49">[49]</a>: 114  Vice-President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>'s tour of South America in 1958 prompted a spectacular eruption of anti-Americanism. The tour became the focus of violent protests which climaxed in <a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> where Nixon <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Richard_Nixon%27s_motorcade" title="Attack on Richard Nixon's motorcade">was almost killed by a raging mob as his motorcade drove from the airport to the city</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pol-242">[242]</a> In response, President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> assembled troops at <a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_Naval_Base" title="Guantanamo Bay Naval Base">Guantanamo Bay</a> and a fleet of battleships in the Caribbean to intervene to rescue Nixon if necessary.<a href="#cite_note-glory-243">[243]</a>: 826–34  <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a>, the late revolutionary leader of Cuba, tried throughout his career to co-ordinate long-standing Latin American resentments against the USA through military and propagandist means.<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> He was aided in this goal by the failed <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a> of Cuba in 1961, planned and implemented by the American government against his regime. This disaster damaged American credibility in the Americas and gave a boost to its critics worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-glory-243">[243]</a>: 893–907  According to Rubin and Rubin, Castro's Second Declaration of <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>, in February 1962, "constituted a declaration of war on the United States and the enshrinement of a new theory of anti-Americanism".<a href="#cite_note-hatingamerica-49">[49]</a>: 115  Castro called America "a vulture...feeding on humanity".<a href="#cite_note-glory-243">[243]</a>: 862  The <a href="/wiki/United_States_embargo_against_Cuba" title="United States embargo against Cuba">United States embargo against Cuba</a> maintained resentment and Castro's colleague, the famed revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a>, expressed his hopes during the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> of "creating a Second or a Third Vietnam" in the Latin American region against the designs of what he believed to be <a href="/wiki/U.S._imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. imperialism">U.S. imperialism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Che_Guevara_-_Guerrillero_Heroico_by_Alberto_Korda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Che_Guevara_-_Guerrillero_Heroico_by_Alberto_Korda.jpg/170px-Che_Guevara_-_Guerrillero_Heroico_by_Alberto_Korda.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Che_Guevara_-_Guerrillero_Heroico_by_Alberto_Korda.jpg/255px-Che_Guevara_-_Guerrillero_Heroico_by_Alberto_Korda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Che_Guevara_-_Guerrillero_Heroico_by_Alberto_Korda.jpg/340px-Che_Guevara_-_Guerrillero_Heroico_by_Alberto_Korda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2827" data-file-height="3274" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Guerrillero_Heroico" title="Guerrillero Heroico">Guerrillero Heroico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a>, one of the iconic images from the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> and more generally <a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">anti-imperialism</a>. Photo by <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Korda" title="Alberto Korda">Alberto Korda</a>, 1961.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The United States hastens the delivery of arms to the puppet governments they see as being increasingly threatened; it makes them sign pacts of dependence to legally facilitate the shipment of instruments of repression and death and of troops to use them.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a>, 9 April 1961<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Many subsequent U.S. interventions against countries in the region, including democracies, and support for military dictatorships solidified Latin American anti-Americanism. These include the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Brother_Sam" title="Operation Brother Sam">1964 Brazilian coup d'état</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Civil_War#U.S._intervention" title="Dominican Civil War">1965–1966 occupation of the Dominican Republic</a>, the <a href="/wiki/1971_Bolivian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Bolivian coup d'état">1971 Bolivian</a> and <a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">1973 Chilean</a> coup d'états, <a href="/wiki/Dirty_War#United_States_involvement_with_the_junta" title="Dirty War">U.S. involvement in Argentina's Dirty War</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._involvement_in_Operation_Condor" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. involvement in Operation Condor">U.S. involvement in Operation Condor</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_the_Salvadoran_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="United States involvement in the Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a>, the support of the <a href="/wiki/Contras#U.S._military_and_financial_assistance" title="Contras">Contras</a>, the training of future military men, subsequently seen as war criminals, in the <a href="/wiki/School_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="School of the Americas">School of the Americas</a>, the refusal to extradite convicted terrorist <a href="/wiki/Luis_Posada_Carriles" title="Luis Posada Carriles">Luis Posada Carriles</a>, and U.S. support for dictators such as Paraguayan <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Stroessner" title="Alfredo Stroessner">Alfredo Stroessner</a>, Haitian <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Duvalier" title="François Duvalier">François Duvalier</a>, and pre-1989 Panamanian <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Noriega" title="Manuel Noriega">Manuel Noriega</a>.<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-Peter_Winn_2006-239">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-George_Pendle_1976-240">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-Why_the_world_loves_to_Hate_America-241">[241]</a> Many Latin Americans perceived that <a href="/wiki/Neo-liberalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-liberalism">neo-liberalism</a> reforms were failures in the 1980s and 1990s and intensified their opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Washington_consensus" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington consensus">Washington consensus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> This led to a resurgence in support for <a href="/wiki/Pan-Americanism" title="Pan-Americanism">Pan-Americanism</a>, support for <a href="/wiki/Popular_front" title="Popular front">popular movements</a> in the region, the <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalization</a> of key industries and <a href="/wiki/Centralized_government" title="Centralized government">centralization</a> of government.<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> America's tightening of the economic embargo on Cuba in 1996 and 2004 also caused resentment amongst Latin American leaders and prompted them to use the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Group" title="Rio Group">Rio Group</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Ibero-American_Summit" title="Ibero-American Summit">Ibero-American Summits</a> as meeting places rather than the United States-dominated <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">OAS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> This trend has been reinforced through the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_integration" title="Latin American integration">series of regional political bodies</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Unasur" class="mw-redirect" title="Unasur">Unasur</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Community_of_Latin_American_and_Caribbean_States" title="Community of Latin American and Caribbean States">Community of Latin American and Caribbean States</a>, and a strong opposition to the materialization of the Washington-sponsored <a href="/wiki/Free_Trade_Area_of_the_Americas" title="Free Trade Area of the Americas">Free Trade Area of the Americas</a> at the 2005 <a href="/wiki/4th_Summit_of_the_Americas" title="4th Summit of the Americas">4th Summit of the Americas</a>. Polls compiled by the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Council_on_Global_Affairs" title="Chicago Council on Global Affairs">Chicago Council on Global Affairs</a> showed in 2006 Argentine public opinion was quite negative regarding America's role in the world.<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> In 2007, 26% of Argentines had a favorable view of the American people, with 57% having an unfavorable view. Argentine public opinion of the United States and U.S. policies improved during the <a href="/wiki/Obama_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Obama administration">Obama administration</a>, and as of 2010<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-Americanism&action=edit">[update]</a> was divided about evenly (42% to 41%) between those who viewed these favorably or unfavorably. The ratio remained stable by 2013, with 38% of Argentines having a favorable view and 40% having an unfavorable view.<a href="#cite_note-pew_2012-253">[253]</a> Furthermore, the renewal of the concession for the U.S. military base in <a href="/wiki/Manta,_Ecuador" title="Manta, Ecuador">Manta, Ecuador</a> was met by considerable criticism, derision, and even doubt by the supporters of such an expansion.<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> The near-war sparked by the <a href="/wiki/2008_Andean_diplomatic_crisis" title="2008 Andean diplomatic crisis">2008 Andean diplomatic crisis</a> was expressed by a high-level Ecuadorean military officer as being carried under American auspices. The officer said "a large proportion of senior officers," share "the conviction that the United States was an accomplice in the attack" (launched by the Colombian military on a <a href="/wiki/FARC" class="mw-redirect" title="FARC">FARC</a> camp in Ecuador, near the Colombian border).<a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> The Ecuadorean military retaliated by stating the 10-year lease on the base, which expired in November 2009, would not be renewed and that the U.S. military presence was expected to be scaled down starting three months before the expiration date.<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Mexico">Mexico</h5></div> In the 1836 <a href="/wiki/Texas_Revolution" title="Texas Revolution">Texas Revolution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Texas" title="Mexican Texas">Mexican province of Texas</a> seceded from <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> and nine years later, encouraged by the <a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">manifest destiny</a>, the United States annexed the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas" title="Republic of Texas">Republic of Texas</a> - at its request, but against vehement opposition by Mexico, which refused to recognize the independence of Texas - and began their expansion into <a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western North America</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bazant-258">[258]</a> : 53–4, 57–8  Mexican anti-American sentiment was further inflamed by the resulting 1846–1848 <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a>, in which Mexico lost more than half of its territory to the United States.<a href="#cite_note-bazant-258">[258]</a>: 57–8 <a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> The Chilean writer <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Bilbao" title="Francisco Bilbao">Francisco Bilbao</a> predicted in America in Danger (1856) that the loss of Texas and northern Mexico to "the talons of the eagle" was just a foretaste of an American bid for world domination.<a href="#cite_note-hatingamerica-49">[49]</a>: 104  An early exponent of the concept of Latin America, Bilbao excluded <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a> from it, as well as Mexico, because "Mexico lacked a real republican consciousness, precisely because of its complicated relationship with the United States."<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> Interventions by the U.S. prompted a later ruler of Mexico, <a href="/wiki/Porfirio_Diaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Porfirio Diaz">Porfirio Diaz</a>, to lament: "Poor Mexico, so far from God, and so close to the United States".<a href="#cite_note-hatingamerica-49">[49]</a>: 104  Mexico's <a href="/wiki/Museo_Nacional_de_las_Intervenciones" title="Museo Nacional de las Intervenciones">National Museum of Interventions</a>, opened in 1981, is a testament to Mexico's sense of grievance with the United States.<a href="#cite_note-hatingamerica-49">[49]</a>: 121  In Mexico during the regime of liberal <a href="/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz" title="Porfirio Díaz">Porfirio Díaz</a> (1876-1911), policies favored foreign investment, especially American, who sought profits in agriculture, ranching, mining, industry, and infrastructure such as railroads. Their dominance in agriculture and their acquisition of vast tracts of land at the expense of Mexican small holders and indigenous communities was a cause for peasant mobilization in the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a> (1910–20). The program of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Party of Mexico">Liberal Party of Mexico</a> (1906), explicitly called for policies against foreign ownership in Mexico, with the slogan "Mexico for the Mexicans." <a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_Mexico" title="Land reform in Mexico">Land reform in Mexico</a> in the postrevolutionary period had a major impact on these U.S. holdings, where many were expropriated.<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Venezuela">Venezuela</h5></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antiimperialismo_caracas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Antiimperialismo_caracas.jpg/330px-Antiimperialismo_caracas.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Antiimperialismo_caracas.jpg/495px-Antiimperialismo_caracas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Antiimperialismo_caracas.jpg/660px-Antiimperialismo_caracas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption>Hugo Chávez strongholds in <a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a> slums, Venezuela, often feature political murals with anti-U.S. messages.</figcaption></figure> Since the start of the <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a> administration, <a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Venezuela_relations" title="United States–Venezuela relations">relations between Venezuela and the United States</a> deteriorated markedly, as Chávez became highly critical of the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">U.S. foreign policy</a>. Chávez was known for his anti-American rhetoric. In a speech at the UN General Assembly, Chávez said that Bush promoted "a false democracy of the elite" and a "democracy of bombs".<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a> Chávez opposed the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">U.S.-led invasion of Iraq</a> in 2003<a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a> and also condemned the <a href="/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="2011 military intervention in Libya">NATO–led military intervention in Libya</a>, calling it an attempt by the West and the U.S. to control the oil in <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a> In 2015, the Obama administration signed an executive order which imposed targeted sanctions on seven Venezuelan officials whom the White House argued were instrumental in human rights violations, persecution of political opponents and significant public corruption and said that the country posed an "unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security and foreign policy of the United States."<a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Nicolás Maduro</a> responded to the sanctions in a couple of ways. He wrote an open letter in a full page ad in The New York Times in March 2015, stating that Venezuelans were "friends of the American people" and called President Obama's action of making targeted sanctions on the alleged human rights abusers a "unilateral and aggressive measure".<a href="#cite_note-FOXson-267">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a> Examples of accusations of human rights abuses from the United States to Maduro's government included the murder of <a href="/wiki/Luis_Manuel_D%C3%ADaz" title="Luis Manuel Díaz">Luis Manuel Díaz</a>, a political activist, prior to legislative elections in Venezuela.<a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a> Maduro threatened to sue the United States over an executive order issued by the Obama Administration that declared Venezuela to be a threat to American security.<a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a> He also planned to deliver 10 million signatures, denouncing the United States' decree declaring the situation in Venezuela an "extraordinary threat to US national security".<a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-GPsanctions-272">[272]</a> and ordered all schools in the country to hold an "anti-imperialist day" against the United States with the day's activities including the "collection of the signatures of the students, and teaching, administrative, maintenance and cooking personnel".<a href="#cite_note-GPsanctions-272">[272]</a> Maduro further ordered state workers to apply their signatures in protest, with some workers reporting that firings of state workers occurred due to their rejection of signing the executive order protesting the "Obama decree".<a href="#cite_note-GPsanctions-272">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a> There were also reports that members of <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_armed_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan armed forces">Venezuelan armed forces</a> and their families were ordered to sign against the United States decree.<a href="#cite_note-GPsanctions-272">[272]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_relations#Anti-Americanism" title="Canada–United States relations">Canada–United States relations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UncleSam.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/UncleSam.gif/220px-UncleSam.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/UncleSam.gif/330px-UncleSam.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/UncleSam.gif/440px-UncleSam.gif 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="528" /></a><figcaption>A Canadian political cartoon from 1870 of "<a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a> and his boys," with Canada depicted in the background. Anti-American rhetoric in Canada during the period typically depicted the US as disorderly in contrast to Canada.</figcaption></figure> Canadian Anti-Americanism manifests itself in a variety of ways, ranging from political to cultural.<a href="#cite_note-Anon._x583-278">[278]</a> Anti-Americanism in Canada has unique historic roots.<a href="#cite_note-Doran_Sewell_1988_pp._105–119-279">[279]</a> When the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a> was called in 1774, an invitation was sent to <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>. However Canadians expressed little interest in joining the Congress, and the following year the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Quebec_(1775)" title="Invasion of Quebec (1775)">invaded Canada</a>, but was defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quebec_(1775)" title="Battle of Quebec (1775)">Battle of Quebec</a>. Although the American <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> later pre-approved Canada as a U.S. state, public opinion had turned against them. Soon 40,000 <a href="/wiki/United_Empire_Loyalists" class="mw-redirect" title="United Empire Loyalists">loyalist refugees</a> arrived from the United States, including 2,000 <a href="/wiki/Black_Loyalist" title="Black Loyalist">Black Loyalists</a>, many of whom had fought for <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a> against the American revolutionaries. To them, the republic they left behind was violent and anarchic;<a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a> with Canadian imperialists repeatedly warning against <a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">American-style republicanism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">democracy</a> as little more than mob rule.<a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a> Several transgressions that took place in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a> by the US Army during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> resulted in a "deep prejudice against the United States," to emerge in the colony after the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-282">[282]</a> In the early 20th century, Canadian textbooks portrayed the United States in a negative fashion. The theme was the United States had abandoned the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, and as a result, America was disorderly, greedy, and selfishly individualistic. By the 1930s, there was less concern with the United States, and more attention given to Canada's peaceful society, and its efforts on behalf of civilization in World War I. Close cooperation in the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a> led to a much more favorable image. In the 1945-1965 era, the friendly and peaceful border was stressed. Textbooks emphasized the role of the United States as an international power and champion of freedom with Canada as its influential partner.<a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a> In 1945-65, there was wide consensus in Canada on foreign and defense policies. Bothwell, Drummond and English state: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">That support was remarkably uniform geographically and racially, both coast to coast and among French and English. From the CCF on the left to the Social Credit on the right, the political parties agreed that NATO was a good thing, and communism a bad thing, that a close association with Europe was desirable, and that the Commonwealth embodied a glorious past.<a href="#cite_note-284">[284]</a></blockquote> However the consensus did not last. By 1957 the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a> had alienated Canada from both Britain and France; politicians distrusted American leadership, businessmen questioned American financial investments; and intellectuals ridiculed the values of American television and Hollywood offerings that all Canadians watched. "Public support for Canada's foreign policy big came unstuck. Foreign-policy, from being a winning issue for the Liberals, was fast becoming a losing one."<a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a> Apart from the far left, which admired the USSR, anti-Americanism was first adopted by a few leading historians. As the Cold War grew hotter after 1947, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Innis" title="Harold Innis">Harold Innis</a> grew increasingly hostile to the United States. He warned repeatedly that Canada was becoming a subservient colony to its much more powerful southern neighbor. "We are indeed fighting for our lives," he warned, pointing especially to the "pernicious influence of American advertising....We can only survive by taking persistent action at strategic points against American imperialism in all its attractive guises."<a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a> His anti-Americanism influenced some younger scholars, including <a href="/wiki/Donald_Creighton" title="Donald Creighton">Donald Creighton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-287">[287]</a> Anti-American sentiment in Canadian television programming was highlighted in a <a href="/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak" title="United States diplomatic cables leak">leaked American diplomatic cable</a> from 2008. While the cable noted that anti-American sentiment in Canadian programming was not a "public diplomatic crisis," it was "noteworthy as an indication of the kind of insidious negative popular stereotyping we are increasingly up against in Canada".<a href="#cite_note-288">[288]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MG_7786_(31939663183).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/MG_7786_%2831939663183%29.jpg/170px-MG_7786_%2831939663183%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/MG_7786_%2831939663183%29.jpg/255px-MG_7786_%2831939663183%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/MG_7786_%2831939663183%29.jpg/340px-MG_7786_%2831939663183%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4272" /></a><figcaption>A demonstrator in Toronto holds up an anti-Trump sign in February 2016</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">presidency of Donald Trump</a> correlated with a resurgence in anti-American attitudes among the Canadian population. In 2017, <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Pew Research">Pew Research</a> found that 30% of Canadians viewed <a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">Americans</a> negatively, and that 58% of Canadians opposed the spread of American ideas and customs.<a href="#cite_note-:2-225">[225]</a> In 2018, a <a href="/wiki/Trump_tariffs" title="Trump tariffs">trade war</a> and inflammatory comments by Trump provoked substantial backlash within Canada. An annual Pew Research survey found historic Canadian dissatisfaction with the United States, with 56% of Canadians surveyed having negative views of the United States, and 39% having positive views.<a href="#cite_note-289">[289]</a> There was widespread media coverage of organized <a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">boycotts</a> against American goods and tourism.<a href="#cite_note-290">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-291">[291]</a> A September 2018 <a href="/wiki/Abacus_Data" title="Abacus Data">Abacus Data</a> survey found that Donald Trump was more disliked by Canadians than any major Canadian political leader, with only 9% approval and 80% disapproval nationally.<a href="#cite_note-292">[292]</a> The shooting down of <a href="/wiki/Ukraine_International_Airlines_Flight_752" title="Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752">Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752</a> by <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> in January 2020, which killed 57 Canadians, was widely viewed in Canada as unnecessary collateral damage amidst deteriorating <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Iran–United States relations">Iran-US relations</a>, a view echoed by prime minister <a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Justin Trudeau</a>.<a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-294">[294]</a> An <a href="/wiki/Ekos_Research_Associates" title="Ekos Research Associates">EKOS Research</a> poll found that 29% of Canadians viewed the United States as wholly responsible for the attack by means of instigation, with 48% saying that they shared the blame with Iran and only 19% blaming Iran alone.<a href="#cite_note-295">[295]</a> As a result of the 2020 <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 Pandemic</a>, Canada closed its border with the United States on March 21 of that year, and crossing the border was restricted to essential travel. However, US travelers may cross the border if they claim to be driving to the American state of <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>. By June, there were multiple reports of Americans using this as a false pretext to enter Canada and stay for vacation.<a href="#cite_note-296">[296]</a> This led to instances of verbal and physical attacks on drivers with U.S. license plates. Physical attacks typically consisted of damage to cars with these plates, sometimes with a threatening note left behind. Some of these attacks occurred in resort towns such as <a href="/wiki/Muskoka_Lakes" title="Muskoka Lakes">Muskoka Lakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>; its Mayor, Phil Harding, suggested these incidents stem from 'Canadians' fear of contracting COVID-19 from Americans as a result of the situation in the United States'.<a href="#cite_note-297">[297]</a> In August 2020, a poll found that 80% of Canadians wanted the border to remain closed for the rest of the year.<a href="#cite_note-298">[298]</a> A separate poll conducted by Leger and the <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Canadian_Studies" title="Association for Canadian Studies">Association for Canadian Studies</a> found that only 34% of respondents expressed trust in Americans, compared to 72.5% for the inverse. Additionally, 66% of Canadians said they worried about cases spreading from the United States as opposed to 19% of Americans worrying about Canadian cases spreading south.<a href="#cite_note-299">[299]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Canadian_political_rhetoric">Canadian political rhetoric</h5></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anti-reciprocity_signs_1911_Toronto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Anti-reciprocity_signs_1911_Toronto.jpg/220px-Anti-reciprocity_signs_1911_Toronto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Anti-reciprocity_signs_1911_Toronto.jpg/330px-Anti-reciprocity_signs_1911_Toronto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Anti-reciprocity_signs_1911_Toronto.jpg/440px-Anti-reciprocity_signs_1911_Toronto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1006" data-file-height="822" /></a><figcaption>Signage advocating against free trade with the United States on a building in Toronto in 1911</figcaption></figure> Anti-Americanism, as a political tactic, was sometimes used by the Conservatives to attack the supposed Liberal Party affinity for Americans, as in <a href="/wiki/1911_Canadian_federal_election" title="1911 Canadian federal election">the 1911 elections</a>.<a href="#cite_note-300">[300]</a> Canada's first prime minister, <a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">John A. Macdonald</a>, viewed American politicians as greedy and exploitative. He staunchly opposed free trade with the United States, calling it "veiled treason" in his manifesto for the <a href="/wiki/1891_Canadian_federal_election" title="1891 Canadian federal election">1891 election</a>, which occurred during trade disagreements with the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-301">[301]</a> Anti-Americanism thus remained a fixture in Canadian partisan politics, as employed by such leaders as prime minister <a href="/wiki/John_G._Diefenbaker" class="mw-redirect" title="John G. Diefenbaker">John G. Diefenbaker</a> in the 1950s. He was aided in his attacks by the prominent historian <a href="/wiki/Donald_Creighton" title="Donald Creighton">Donald Creighton</a>, who also wrote The Take-Over (1978), a novel about an American takeover.<a href="#cite_note-302">[302]</a> Canadian intellectuals who wrote about the U.S. in the first half of the 20th century identified the United States as the world center of modernity, and deplored it. Imperialists explained that Canadians had narrowly escaped American conquest, with its rejection of tradition, its worship of "progress" and technology, and its mass culture; they explained that Canada was much better because of its commitment to orderly government and social harmony. There were a few ardent defenders of the nation to the south, notably liberal and socialist intellectuals such as <a href="/wiki/F._R._Scott" title="F. R. Scott">F. R. Scott</a> and Jean-Charles Harvey (1891–1967).<a href="#cite_note-303">[303]</a> Brendon O'Connor and Martin Griffiths state in their book Anti-Americanism that they would at first glance think that Canadians seem as likely as others to embrace characteristics that are characterized as anti-American. O'Conner and Griffiths include such actions as criticizing Americans as a people, or the U.S. as a country as being anti-American often demonizing, denigrating and resorting to stereotypes. They have also written that the anti-Americanism found in Canada had unique qualities: nowhere else has it been so entrenched for so long, nor so central to the political culture as in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-Brendon_O'Connor_2007_https://books.google.com/books?id=Jq4FMb47AnEC&pg=PA71_71-304">[304]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Kim_Richard_Nossal" title="Kim Richard Nossal">Kim Richard Nossal</a> thinks that a low level attenuated form of anti-Americanism permeates Canadian political culture, though "designed primarily as a means to differentiate Canadians from Americans".<a href="#cite_note-Brendon_O'Connor_2007_https://books.google.com/books?id=Jq4FMb47AnEC&pg=PA71_71-304">[304]</a> Although <a href="/wiki/Jack_Granatstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack Granatstein">Jack Granatstein</a> has suggested that anti-Americanism was dead in Canada, John Herd Thompson and Stephen J. Randall in their book Canada and the United States (2002) states that there is anecdotal evidence that it still flourishes, and that it continues to nourish the Canadian sense of identity.<a href="#cite_note-305">[305]</a> <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Atwood" title="Margaret Atwood">Margaret Atwood</a> is a leading Canadian author. In her <a href="/wiki/Dystopia" title="Dystopia">dystopian</a> novel <a href="/wiki/The_Handmaid%27s_Tale" title="The Handmaid's Tale">The Handmaid's Tale (1986)</a> all the horrible developments take place in the United States near Boston, while Canada is portrayed as the only hope for an escape. This reflects her status of being "in the vanguard of Canadian anti-Americanism of the 1960s and 1970s."<a href="#cite_note-306">[306]</a> Critics have seen Gilead (the U.S.) as a repressive regime and the mistreated Handmaid as Canada.<a href="#cite_note-307">[307]</a> During the debate in 1987 over a free trade agreement between Canada and the United States, Atwood spoke out against the deal, and wrote an essay opposing the agreement.<a href="#cite_note-308">[308]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mar15-peace-protests-mtl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Mar15-peace-protests-mtl.jpg/220px-Mar15-peace-protests-mtl.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Mar15-peace-protests-mtl.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="249" /></a><figcaption>Protestors against the Iraq War in Montreal in March 2003</figcaption></figure> Liberal Canadian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a> was opposed to the Iraq War and refused to allow Canada to participate in it. A 2003 poll found that 71% of Canadians approved of this decision, while 27% disapproved. Conservative Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Stephen Harper</a> initially supported the Iraq War when elected in 2006 but by 2008, he had changed his mind and stated that the war was "a mistake".<a href="#cite_note-309">[309]</a><a href="#cite_note-310">[310]</a> United States President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> was "deeply disliked" by a majority of Canadians according to the Arizona Daily Sun. A 2004 poll found that more than two-thirds of Canadians favored Democrat <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> over Bush in the <a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">2004 presidential election</a>, with Bush's lowest approval ratings in Canada being in the province of <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, where just 11% of the population supported him.<a href="#cite_note-311">[311]</a> Canadian public opinion of <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> was more positive. A 2012 poll found that 65% of Canadians would vote for Obama in the <a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012 presidential election</a> "if they could", while only 9% of Canadians would vote for his Republican opponent <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a>. The same study found that 61% of Canadians felt that the Obama administration had been "good" for America, while only 12% felt that it had been "bad". The study also found that a majority of members of all three major Canadian political parties supported Obama, and that Obama had slightly higher approval ratings in Canada in 2012 than he did in 2008. John Ibbitson of <a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a> stated in 2012 that Canadians generally supported Democratic presidents over Republican candidates, citing how President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> was "never liked" in Canada and that Canadians generally did not approve of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Brian Mulroney</a>'s friendship with President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-312">[312]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> in 2020, United States president <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> briefly prevented the export of <a href="/wiki/N95_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="N95 mask">N-95 masks</a> to Canada.<a href="#cite_note-313">[313]</a> This prompted many retaliatory statements from provincial politicians. <a href="/wiki/Doug_Ford" title="Doug Ford">Doug Ford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Ontario" title="Premier of Ontario">premier of Ontario</a>, likened it to letting one family member starve while another feasts.<a href="#cite_note-314">[314]</a> <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Alberta" title="Premier of Alberta">Alberta premier</a> <a href="/wiki/Jason_Kenney" title="Jason Kenney">Jason Kenney</a> compared the mask export ban to the reluctance of the United States to join the fight against fascism in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-315">[315]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceania">Oceania</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australia">Australia</h4></div> The Australian Anti-Bases Campaign Coalition (AABCC) was formed on the basis of lobbying and protests that developed over the years from the 1960s when the majority of U.S. bases in Australia were established.<a href="#cite_note-Ending_War_Building_Peace-316">[316]</a> It was founded by the New South Wales branch of the PND (People For Nuclear Disarmament).<a href="#cite_note-317">[317]</a> In 1974, several hundred people traveled to <a href="/wiki/North_West_Cape" title="North West Cape">North West Cape</a> from around Australia to protest and occupy the base.<a href="#cite_note-Ending_War_Building_Peace-316">[316]</a> Anti-Americanism supposedly exists among school teachers in Australia, which has been condemned by conservative politicians such as Treasurer <a href="/wiki/Peter_Costello" title="Peter Costello">Peter Costello</a>, who criticized the teaching history in Australian schools.<a href="#cite_note-australianpolitics-318">[318]</a><a href="#cite_note-319">[319]</a> According to an article published by <a href="/wiki/The_Monthly" title="The Monthly">The Monthly</a> magazine, Australians muttered stories about George W. Bush over glasses of beer and despaired of <a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">neoconservatism</a> in coffee shops, lamenting the so-called <a href="/wiki/Ugly_American_(pejorative)" title="Ugly American (pejorative)">Ugly American</a> activities.<a href="#cite_note-THE_MONTHLY-320">[320]</a> According to the same article, <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch" title="Rupert Murdoch">Rupert Murdoch</a>, an American who had <a href="/wiki/Renunciation_of_citizenship" title="Renunciation of citizenship">renounced</a> his Australian citizenship over two decades prior,<a href="#cite_note-321">[321]</a><a href="#cite_note-322">[322]</a> said during a November 2006 visit to Australia that "he was worried about a 'regrettable' anti-American sentiment in Australia."<a href="#cite_note-THE_MONTHLY-320">[320]</a> In a poll taken by U.S. magazine <a href="/wiki/Reader%27s_Digest" title="Reader's Digest">Reader's Digest</a> with 1000 Australians, 15 percent of Australians described themselves as "anti-American". Another 67 percent held neutral views of America, and 17 percent said they were "pro-American". In the survey, 71 percent of Australians said they would not like to live in the US.<a href="#cite_note-323">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-324">[324]</a> Another poll in 2012 by <a href="/wiki/LivingSocial" title="LivingSocial">LivingSocial</a> had 30 percent of Australian respondents holding negative views of American tourists.<a href="#cite_note-325">[325]</a> A 2016 Pew Research poll also had 69% of Australian respondents associating Americans with arrogance and 68% associating them with violence, percentages which were slightly higher than most countries surveyed.<a href="#cite_note-:1-155">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 24em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">American exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Western_sentiment" title="Anti-Western sentiment">Anti-Western sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_arrogance" title="Global arrogance">Global arrogance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americanism_(ideology)" title="Americanism (ideology)">Americanism (ideology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covert_U.S._regime_change_actions" class="mw-redirect" title="Covert U.S. regime change actions">Covert U.S. regime change actions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_United_States_government" title="Criticism of the United States government">Criticism of the United States government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedollarisation" title="Dedollarisation">Dedollarisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euston_Manifesto" title="Euston Manifesto">Euston Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/How_the_World_Sees_America" title="How the World Sees America">How the World Sees America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military history of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_hegemony" title="Monetary hegemony">Monetary hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_U.S._involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War">Opposition to U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_Iraq_War" title="Opposition to the Iraq War">Opposition to the Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-Americanism" title="Pro-Americanism">Pro-Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">Racism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_state_terrorism" title="United States and state terrorism">United States and state terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Obkom" title="Washington Obkom">Washington Obkom</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved 28 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=anti-americanism%3A+definition+of+anti-Americanism+in+English+by+Oxford+dictionaries&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014-08-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fanti-americanism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120305190842/http://machaut.uchicago.edu/?resource=Webster%27s&word=antiamerican&use1913=on&use1828=on">"The ARTFL Project – Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913+1828)"</a>. Machaut.uchicago.edu. 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Retrieved 13 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=Good+News%3A+International+Confidence+in+American+Leadership+Has+Plummeted&rft.date=2018-10-09&rft.aulast=Bort&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fpolitics%2Fpolitics-news%2Finternational-view-of-trump-735190%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwood2020" class="citation web cs1">Greenwood, Shannon (10 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/02/09/nato-seen-favorably-across-member-states/">"NATO Seen Favorably Across Member States"</a>. Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20060501fareviewessay85311a/walter-russell-mead/through-our-friends-eyes-defending-and-advising-the-hyperpower.html">the original</a> on 6 July 2008. Retrieved 12 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Through+Our+Friends%27+Eyes+%E2%80%93+Defending+and+Advising+the+Hyperpower&rft.date=2006-05%2F2006-06&rft.aulast=Mead&rft.aufirst=Walter+Russell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.org%2F20060501fareviewessay85311a%2Fwalter-russell-mead%2Fthrough-our-friends-eyes-defending-and-advising-the-hyperpower.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> Review of Josef Joffe's Überpower: The Imperial Temptation of America. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkovits2005" class="citation web cs1">Markovits, Andrei S. 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Retrieved 5 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+Violence+and+Youth+%E2%80%93+Noam+Chomsky+interviewed+by+Pepi+Leistyna+and+Stephen+Sherblom&rft.pub=chomsky.info%2C+quoting+Harvard+Educational+Review%2C+Vol.+65%2C+No.+2%2C+Summer+1995+%5BFall+1994%5D&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Leistyna&rft.aufirst=Pepi&rft.au=Sherblom%2C+Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chomsky.info%2Finterviews%2F1994----02.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chomsky_2004-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Chomsky_2004_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.democracynow.org/2004/10/21/noam_chomsky_on_the_state_of">"Noam Chomsky on the State of the Nation, Iraq and the Election"</a>. Democracy Now!. 21 October 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080109092943/http://www.democracynow.org/2004/10/21/noam_chomsky_on_the_state_of">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2008. Retrieved 5 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Democracy+Now%21&rft.atitle=Noam+Chomsky+on+the+State+of+the+Nation%2C+Iraq+and+the+Election&rft.date=2004-10-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.democracynow.org%2F2004%2F10%2F21%2Fnoam_chomsky_on_the_state_of&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ewP5tNLBb2E">Chomsky on Religion (Interview)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130819064733/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ewP5tNLBb2E">Archived</a> 19 August 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, YouTube. </li> <li id="cite_note-Chomsky_2002-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Chomsky_2002_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2002" class="citation web cs1">Martin, Jacklyn (9 December 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chomsky.info/interviews/20021209.htm">"Is Chomsky 'anti-American'? Noam Chomsky"</a>. chomsky.info, re-quoting The Herald. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071220091256/http://www.chomsky.info/interviews/20021209.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2007. Retrieved 5 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Is+Chomsky+%27anti-American%27%3F+Noam+Chomsky&rft.pub=chomsky.info%2C+re-quoting+The+Herald&rft.date=2002-12-09&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Jacklyn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chomsky.info%2Finterviews%2F20021209.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuerlain2007" class="citation journal cs1">Guerlain, Pierre (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ejas.revues.org/document1523.html">"Pierre Guerlain, A Tale of Two Anti-Americanisms"</a>. European Journal of American Studies. 2 (2). European Journal of American Studies, ejas.revues.org. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fejas.1523">10.4000/ejas.1523</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100226180357/http://ejas.revues.org/document1523.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2010. Retrieved 11 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+American+Studies&rft.atitle=Pierre+Guerlain%2C+A+Tale+of+Two+Anti-Americanisms&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fejas.1523&rft.aulast=Guerlain&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fejas.revues.org%2Fdocument1523.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatzensteinKeohane2011" class="citation book cs1">Katzenstein, Peter; Keohane, Robert (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jy9bDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA273">"Conclusion: Anti-Americanisms and the Polyvalence of America"</a>. Anti-Americanisms in World Politics. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801461651" title="Special:BookSources/9780801461651"><bdi>9780801461651</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211202141814/https://books.google.com/books?id=Jy9bDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA273">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2021. Retrieved 8 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Conclusion%3A+Anti-Americanisms+and+the+Polyvalence+of+America&rft.btitle=Anti-Americanisms+in+World+Politics&rft.place=Ithaca&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780801461651&rft.aulast=Katzenstein&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Keohane%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJy9bDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA273&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Rodman, Peter W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2751/is_2000_Summer/ai_63649343#continue">The world's resentment</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050908130300/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2751/is_2000_Summer/ai_63649343">Archived</a> 8 September 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The National Interest, Washington, D.C., vol. 601, Summer 2001 </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wws.princeton.edu/ppns/papers/speulda.pdf">Documenting the Phenomenon of Anti-Americanism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060526213422/http://www.wws.princeton.edu/ppns/papers/speulda.pdf">Archived</a> 26 May 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> By Nicole Speulda, The Princeton Project on National Security, Princeton University, 2005 </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> O'Connor, Brendan, op. cit., p 78: "... Cold War (1945–1989) ... In this period the false and disingenuous labeling of objections to American policies as 'anti-Americanism' became more prominent." </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman2012" class="citation book cs1">Friedman, Max Paul (2012). Rethinking Anti-Americanism: The History of an Exceptional Concept in American Foreign Relations. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521683425" title="Special:BookSources/9780521683425"><bdi>9780521683425</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Anti-Americanism%3A+The+History+of+an+Exceptional+Concept+in+American+Foreign+Relations&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780521683425&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Max+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_48-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarwardt2019" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Harwardt, Darius (2019). Verehrter Feind: Amerikabilder deutscher Rechtsintellektueller in der Bundesrepublik (in German). Frankfurt, Germany: Campus Verlag. pp. 57ff., 241ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-593-51111-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-593-51111-5"><bdi>978-3-593-51111-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1124800558">1124800558</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Verehrter+Feind%3A+Amerikabilder+deutscher+Rechtsintellektueller+in+der+Bundesrepublik&rft.place=Frankfurt%2C+Germany&rft.pages=57ff.%2C+241ff&rft.pub=Campus+Verlag&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1124800558&rft.isbn=978-3-593-51111-5&rft.aulast=Harwardt&rft.aufirst=Darius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hatingamerica-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hatingamerica_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hatingamerica_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hatingamerica_49-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hatingamerica_49-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hatingamerica_49-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hatingamerica_49-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hatingamerica_49-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hatingamerica_49-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hatingamerica_49-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hatingamerica_49-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hatingamerica_49-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubinRubin,_Judith_Colp2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barry_Rubin" title="Barry Rubin">Rubin, Barry</a>; Rubin, Judith Colp (2004). Hating America: A History. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-530649-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-530649-X"><bdi>0-19-530649-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hating+America%3A+A+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-19-530649-X&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft.au=Rubin%2C+Judith+Colp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ceaser-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ceaser_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ceaser_50-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ceaser_50-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ceaser_50-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ceaser_50-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCeaser,_James_W.2003" class="citation journal cs1">Ceaser, James W. (Summer 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thepublicinterest.com/archives/2003summer/article1.html">"A genealogy of anti-Americanism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Public_Interest" title="The Public Interest">The Public Interest</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170222050520/http://www.thepublicinterest.com/archives/2003summer/article1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2017. Retrieved 3 May 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Public+Interest&rft.atitle=A+genealogy+of+anti-Americanism&rft.ssn=summer&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Ceaser%2C+James+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thepublicinterest.com%2Farchives%2F2003summer%2Farticle1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Granthem-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Granthem_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Granthem_51-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrantham2003" class="citation journal cs1">Grantham, Bill (Summer 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080430075751/http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/articles/wpj03-2/grantham.html">"Brilliant Mischief: The French on Anti-Americanism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Policy_Journal" title="World Policy Journal">World Policy Journal</a>. 20 (2): 95–101. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F07402775-2003-3011">10.1215/07402775-2003-3011</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/articles/wpj03-2/grantham.html">the original</a> on 30 April 2008. Retrieved 16 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Policy+Journal&rft.atitle=Brilliant+Mischief%3A+The+French+on+Anti-Americanism&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=95-101&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F07402775-2003-3011&rft.aulast=Grantham&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldpolicy.org%2Fjournal%2Farticles%2Fwpj03-2%2Fgrantham.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Denis Lacorne, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ceri-sciencespo.com/archive/mars05/artdl.pdf">ANTI-AMERICANISM AND AMERICANOPHOBIA : A FRENCH PERSPECTIVE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110524043828/http://www.ceri-sciencespo.com/archive/mars05/artdl.pdf">Archived</a> 24 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, March 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-Meunier-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meunier_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meunier_53-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeunier2005" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sophie_Meunier" title="Sophie Meunier">Meunier, Sophie</a> (March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080527224611/http://www.jhfc.duke.edu/ducis/GlobalEquity/pdfs/Meunier.pdf">"Anti-Americanism in France"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_School_of_Public_and_International_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs">Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>. 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(January 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/journal_of_the_history_of_philosophy/v016/16.1popkin.pdf">"The Dispute of the New World: The History of a Polemic, 1750–1900 (review)"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_History_of_Philosophy" title="Journal of the History of Philosophy">Journal of the History of Philosophy</a>. 16 (1): 115–118. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhph.2008.0035">10.1353/hph.2008.0035</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147006780">147006780</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080528141305/http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=%2Fjournals%2Fjournal_of_the_history_of_philosophy%2Fv016%2F16.1popkin.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 28 May 2008. Retrieved 27 May 2008. <q>Jefferson, who was U.S. ambassador to Paris after the Revolution, was pushed by the rampant anti-Americanism of some of the French intellectuals to publish the only book of his that appeared in his lifetime, the <a href="/wiki/Notes_on_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Notes on Virginia">Notes on Virginia</a> (1782–1784)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=The+Dispute+of+the+New+World%3A+The+History+of+a+Polemic%2C+1750%E2%80%931900+%28review%29&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=115-118&rft.date=1978-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fhph.2008.0035&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147006780%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Popkin&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Flogin%3Furi%3D%2Fjournals%2Fjournal_of_the_history_of_philosophy%2Fv016%2F16.1popkin.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldstein-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goldstein_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldstein_55-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldstein_55-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein" class="citation web cs1">Goldstein, James A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lsr.nellco.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1019&context=rwu/rwufp">"Aliens in the Garden"</a>. Roger Williams University School of Law Faculty Papers. nellco.org (Posted with permission of the author). Retrieved 22 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Roger+Williams+University+School+of+Law+Faculty+Papers&rft.atitle=Aliens+in+the+Garden&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flsr.nellco.org%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1019%26context%3Drwu%2Frwufp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorGriffiths2007" class="citation book cs1">O'Connor, Brendan; Griffiths, Martin (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KF0pySH-ozsC&pg=PA8">Anti-Americanism – Historical Perspectives</a>. Greenwood Publishing. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781846450259" title="Special:BookSources/9781846450259"><bdi>9781846450259</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126131052/https://books.google.com/books?id=KF0pySH-ozsC&pg=PA8">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 8 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anti-Americanism+%E2%80%93+Historical+Perspectives&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781846450259&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rft.au=Griffiths%2C+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKF0pySH-ozsC%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> C. Vann Woodward, The Old World's New World (1991) p 6 </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_W._Ceaser1997" class="citation book cs1">James W. Ceaser (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t5kvAruS5H0C&pg=PA26">Reconstructing America: The Symbol of America in Modern Thought</a>. Yale U.P. p. 26. Note: Ceaser writes in his endnote to this sentence (p. 254), that "...in later editions of his work, Raynal exempted North America, but not South America, from this criticism". <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300084536" title="Special:BookSources/0300084536"><bdi>0300084536</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160105152107/https://books.google.com/books?id=t5kvAruS5H0C&pg=PA26">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reconstructing+America%3A+The+Symbol+of+America+in+Modern+Thought&rft.pages=26.+Note%3A+Ceaser+writes+in+his+endnote+to+this+sentence+%28p.+254%29%2C+that+%22...in+later+editions+of+his+work%2C+Raynal+exempted+North+America%2C+but+not+South+America%2C+from+this+criticism%22&rft.pub=Yale+U.P.&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0300084536&rft.au=James+W.+Ceaser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt5kvAruS5H0C%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanzer1974" class="citation journal cs1">Danzer, Gerald A. (February 1974). "Has the Discovery of America Been Useful or Hurtful to Mankind? Yesterday's Questions and Today's Students". The History Teacher. 7 (2): 192–206. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F491792">10.2307/491792</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/491792">491792</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+History+Teacher&rft.atitle=Has+the+Discovery+of+America+Been+Useful+or+Hurtful+to+Mankind%3F+Yesterday%27s+Questions+and+Today%27s+Students&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=192-206&rft.date=1974-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F491792&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F491792%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Danzer&rft.aufirst=Gerald+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eurobarometer-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190203030408/http://data.europa.eu/euodp/en/data/dataset/S2217_90_2_479_ENG/resource/4cf980aa-212e-42f4-8330-8e09d1eb5f98">"Special Eurobarometer 479: Future of Europe"</a>. 10 December 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.europa.eu/euodp/en/data/dataset/S2217_90_2_479_ENG/resource/4cf980aa-212e-42f4-8330-8e09d1eb5f98">the original</a> on 3 February 2019. Retrieved 2 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Special+Eurobarometer+479%3A+Future+of+Europe&rft.date=2018-12-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.europa.eu%2Feuodp%2Fen%2Fdata%2Fdataset%2FS2217_90_2_479_ENG%2Fresource%2F4cf980aa-212e-42f4-8330-8e09d1eb5f98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrollope2003" class="citation book cs1">Trollope, Fanny (30 November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/10345/pg10345-images.html">Domestic Manners of the Americans</a>. <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225210915/http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/10345/pg10345-images.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 28 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Domestic+Manners+of+the+Americans&rft.pub=Project+Gutenberg&rft.date=2003-11-30&rft.aulast=Trollope&rft.aufirst=Fanny&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Fcache%2Fepub%2F10345%2Fpg10345-images.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> Also reprinted in 2004 as: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrollope2004" class="citation book cs1">Trollope, Fanny (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=85JeT6DTvvsC">Domestic Manners of the Americans</a>. Kessinger Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=85JeT6DTvvsC&pg=PA21">21</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4191-1638-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4191-1638-4"><bdi>978-1-4191-1638-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Domestic+Manners+of+the+Americans&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4191-1638-4&rft.aulast=Trollope&rft.aufirst=Fanny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D85JeT6DTvvsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4191-1638-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-4191-1638-X">1-4191-1638-X</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4191-1638-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4191-1638-4">978-1-4191-1638-4</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrollopeTrollope2004" class="citation book cs1">Trollope, Fanny; Trollope, Frances Milton (1 June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160105152107/https://books.google.com/books?id=85JeT6DTvvsC&pg=PA21">Domestic Manners Of The Americans</a>. Kessinger Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781419116384" title="Special:BookSources/9781419116384"><bdi>9781419116384</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=85JeT6DTvvsC&pg=PA21">the original</a> on 5 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Domestic+Manners+Of+The+Americans&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=2004-06-01&rft.isbn=9781419116384&rft.aulast=Trollope&rft.aufirst=Fanny&rft.au=Trollope%2C+Frances+Milton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D85JeT6DTvvsC%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rubin-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rubin_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rubin_62-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rubin_62-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubin2004" class="citation web cs1">Rubin, Judy (4 September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080513201350/http://www.fpri.org/enotes/20040904.americawar.colprubin.5stagesantiamericanism.html">"The Five Stages of Anti-Americanism"</a>. Foreign Policy Research Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fpri.org/enotes/20040904.americawar.colprubin.5stagesantiamericanism.html">the original</a> on 13 May 2008. Retrieved 15 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Five+Stages+of+Anti-Americanism&rft.pub=Foreign+Policy+Research+Institute&rft.date=2004-09-04&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Judy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fpri.org%2Fenotes%2F20040904.americawar.colprubin.5stagesantiamericanism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Michael_Shea_1986-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Michael_Shea_1986_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Michael_Shea_1986_63-1">b</a> David Frost and Michael Shea (1986) The Rich Tide: Men, Women, Ideas and Their Transatlantic Impact. London, Collins: 239 </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyerBarton1996" class="citation journal cs1">Meyer, Cynthia Nelson; Barton, H. Arnold (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.lib.uiowa.edu/annals-of-iowa/article/id/7161/">"A Folk Divided: Homeland Swedes and Swedish Americans, 1840-1940"</a>. International Migration Review. 30 (3): 823. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2547650">10.2307/2547650</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0197-9183">0197-9183</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2547650">2547650</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161744379">161744379</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Migration+Review&rft.atitle=A+Folk+Divided%3A+Homeland+Swedes+and+Swedish+Americans%2C+1840-1940.&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=823&rft.date=1996&rft.issn=0197-9183&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161744379%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2547650%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2547650&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Cynthia+Nelson&rft.au=Barton%2C+H.+Arnold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.lib.uiowa.edu%2Fannals-of-iowa%2Farticle%2Fid%2F7161%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngberg1903" class="citation book cs1">Engberg, Martin J. (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.34599">Svensk-amerikanska hönsboken : handledning i skötseln af höns, ankor, gäss, kalkoner, pärlhöns och påfåglar: utarbetad efter senaste och tillförlitligaste amerikanska metoder</a>. Chicago: Engberg-Holmberg Pub. Co. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5962%2Fbhl.title.34599">10.5962/bhl.title.34599</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Svensk-amerikanska+h%C3%B6nsboken+%3A+handledning+i+sk%C3%B6tseln+af+h%C3%B6ns%2C+ankor%2C+g%C3%A4ss%2C+kalkoner%2C+p%C3%A4rlh%C3%B6ns+och+p%C3%A5f%C3%A5glar%3A+utarbetad+efter+senaste+och+tillf%C3%B6rlitligaste+amerikanska+metoder&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Engberg-Holmberg+Pub.+Co&rft.date=1903&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5962%2Fbhl.title.34599&rft.aulast=Engberg&rft.aufirst=Martin+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.5962%2Fbhl.title.34599&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunningham2003" class="citation book cs1">Cunningham, John T. (2003). Ellis Island: immigration's shining center. Charleston, SC: Arcadia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-2428-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-2428-3"><bdi>978-0-7385-2428-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/53967006">53967006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ellis+Island%3A+immigration%27s+shining+center&rft.place=Charleston%2C+SC&rft.pub=Arcadia&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F53967006&rft.isbn=978-0-7385-2428-3&rft.aulast=Cunningham&rft.aufirst=John+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAuster2005" class="citation book cs1">Auster, Paul (2005). Collected prose: autobiographical writings, true stories, critical essays, prefaces, and collaborations with artists. New York: Picador. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-42468-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-42468-8"><bdi>978-0-312-42468-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/57694273">57694273</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collected+prose%3A+autobiographical+writings%2C+true+stories%2C+critical+essays%2C+prefaces%2C+and+collaborations+with+artists&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Picador&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F57694273&rft.isbn=978-0-312-42468-8&rft.aulast=Auster&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schama-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schama_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schama_68-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchama2003" class="citation magazine cs1">Schama, Simon (10 March 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/archive/2003/03/10/030310fa_fact">"The Unloved American"</a>. The New Yorker. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080619033559/http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2003/03/10/030310fa_fact">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2008. Retrieved 23 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+Unloved+American&rft.date=2003-03-10&rft.aulast=Schama&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Farchive%2F2003%2F03%2F10%2F030310fa_fact&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> The Reader's Encyclopedia (1974) edited by William Rose Bennet: 556 </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaples2006" class="citation news cs1">Staples, Brent (4 June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/04/books/review/04staples.html">"Give Us Liberty"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306221901/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C05EFDA113EF937A35755C0A9609C8B63&sec=&spon=">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Give+Us+Liberty&rft.date=2006-06-04&rft.aulast=Staples&rft.aufirst=Brent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F06%2F04%2Fbooks%2Freview%2F04staples.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC._Vann_Woodward1992" class="citation book cs1">C. Vann Woodward (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gW64cHXNrRsC&pg=PA33">The Old World's New World</a>. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199879144" title="Special:BookSources/9780199879144"><bdi>9780199879144</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160105152107/https://books.google.com/books?id=gW64cHXNrRsC&pg=PA33">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Old+World%27s+New+World&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780199879144&rft.au=C.+Vann+Woodward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgW64cHXNrRsC%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-C._Vann_Woodward_1992_34-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-C._Vann_Woodward_1992_34_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-C._Vann_Woodward_1992_34_72-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC._Vann_Woodward1992" class="citation book cs1">C. Vann Woodward (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gW64cHXNrRsC&pg=PA33">The Old World's New World</a>. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199879144" title="Special:BookSources/9780199879144"><bdi>9780199879144</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160105152107/https://books.google.com/books?id=gW64cHXNrRsC&pg=PA33">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Old+World%27s+New+World&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780199879144&rft.au=C.+Vann+Woodward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgW64cHXNrRsC%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell_A._Berman2004" class="citation book cs1">Russell A. Berman (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8687I9FjRm8C&pg=PT58">Anti-Americanism in Europe: A Cultural Problem</a>. Hoover Press. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780817945121" title="Special:BookSources/9780817945121"><bdi>9780817945121</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160105152107/https://books.google.com/books?id=8687I9FjRm8C&pg=PT58">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anti-Americanism+in+Europe%3A+A+Cultural+Problem&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Hoover+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780817945121&rft.au=Russell+A.+Berman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8687I9FjRm8C%26pg%3DPT58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrendan_O'Conner2005" class="citation book cs1">Brendan O'Conner (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=au8edbGaTGQC&pg=PA183">The Rise of Anti-Americanism</a>. Psychology Press. p. 183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203028780" title="Special:BookSources/9780203028780"><bdi>9780203028780</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160105152107/https://books.google.com/books?id=au8edbGaTGQC&pg=PA183">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Anti-Americanism&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780203028780&rft.au=Brendan+O%27Conner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dau8edbGaTGQC%26pg%3DPA183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/05/17/why-does-north-korea-hate-the-united-states-lets-go-back-to-the-korean-war/">"Why does North Korea hate the United States? Let's go back to the Korean War"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Retrieved 7 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Why+does+North+Korea+hate+the+United+States%3F+Let%27s+go+back+to+the+Korean+War.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fworldviews%2Fwp%2F2017%2F05%2F17%2Fwhy-does-north-korea-hate-the-united-states-lets-go-back-to-the-korean-war%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200629112952/https://anti-imperialism.org/2016/08/08/two-articles-by-mirsaid-sultan-galiev-1919/">"Archived copy"</a>. anti-imperialism.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anti-imperialism.org/2016/08/08/two-articles-by-mirsaid-sultan-galiev-1919/">the original</a> on 29 June 2020. Retrieved 15 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=anti-imperialism.org&rft.atitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanti-imperialism.org%2F2016%2F08%2F08%2Ftwo-articles-by-mirsaid-sultan-galiev-1919%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Rainer Schnoor, "The Good and the Bad America: Perceptions of the United States in the GDR," in Detlef Junker, et al. eds. The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War, 1945–1968: A Handbook, Vol. 2: 1968–1990 (2004) pp 618–626, quotation on page 619. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Saul Friedlander (2008) The Years of Extermination: Nazi Germany and the Jews 1939–1945. London, Phoenix: 279 </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.calvin.edu/german-propaganda-archive/sk03.htm">"The Danger of Americanism"</a>. research.calvin.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019232829/https://research.calvin.edu/german-propaganda-archive/sk03.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2021. Retrieved 31 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=research.calvin.edu&rft.atitle=The+Danger+of+Americanism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch.calvin.edu%2Fgerman-propaganda-archive%2Fsk03.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanda2018" class="citation book cs1">Landa, Ishay (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4FFHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT307">Fascism and the Masses: The Revolt Against the Last Humans, 1848-1945</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-17997-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-17997-3"><bdi>978-1-351-17997-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211031050706/https://books.google.com/books?id=4FFHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT307">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2021. Retrieved 31 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fascism+and+the+Masses%3A+The+Revolt+Against+the+Last+Humans%2C+1848-1945&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-351-17997-3&rft.aulast=Landa&rft.aufirst=Ishay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4FFHDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSusan_Dworkin1999" class="citation book cs1">Susan Dworkin (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ifd8I17iWbgC&pg=PA97">Miss America, 1945: Bess Myerson and the Year That Changed Our Lives</a>. Newmarket Press. pp. 97–98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781557043818" title="Special:BookSources/9781557043818"><bdi>9781557043818</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160105152107/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ifd8I17iWbgC&pg=PA97">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Miss+America%2C+1945%3A+Bess+Myerson+and+the+Year+That+Changed+Our+Lives&rft.pages=97-98&rft.pub=Newmarket+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9781557043818&rft.au=Susan+Dworkin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIfd8I17iWbgC%26pg%3DPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilippe_Roger2005" class="citation book cs1">Philippe Roger (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanenemysto0000roge">The American Enemy: The History of French Anti-Americanism</a>. U. of Chicago Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanenemysto0000roge/page/346">346</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226723686" title="Special:BookSources/9780226723686"><bdi>9780226723686</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Enemy%3A+The+History+of+French+Anti-Americanism&rft.pages=346&rft.pub=U.+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780226723686&rft.au=Philippe+Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanenemysto0000roge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoralee_FrankelNancy_Schrom_Dye1991" class="citation book cs1">Noralee Frankel; Nancy Schrom Dye (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=btZ7N4qAJhYC&pg=PA156">Gender, Class, Race, and Reform in the Progressive Era</a>. University Press of Kentucky. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0813127823" title="Special:BookSources/0813127823"><bdi>0813127823</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160105152107/https://books.google.com/books?id=btZ7N4qAJhYC&pg=PA156">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender%2C+Class%2C+Race%2C+and+Reform+in+the+Progressive+Era&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0813127823&rft.au=Noralee+Frankel&rft.au=Nancy+Schrom+Dye&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbtZ7N4qAJhYC%26pg%3DPA156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander_Stephan2006" class="citation book cs1">Alexander Stephan (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sgCqwXmGxNYC&pg=PA104">The Americanization of Europe: Culture, Diplomacy, and Anti-Americanization After 1945</a>. Berghahn Books. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845450854" title="Special:BookSources/9781845450854"><bdi>9781845450854</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160105152107/https://books.google.com/books?id=sgCqwXmGxNYC&pg=PA104">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Americanization+of+Europe%3A+Culture%2C+Diplomacy%2C+and+Anti-Americanization+After+1945&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781845450854&rft.au=Alexander+Stephan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsgCqwXmGxNYC%26pg%3DPA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJason_Pierce2008" class="citation book cs1">Jason Pierce (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PG4siz5bDCIC&pg=PA91">Making the White Man's West: Whiteness and the Creation of the American West</a>. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780549963516" title="Special:BookSources/9780549963516"><bdi>9780549963516</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160105152107/https://books.google.com/books?id=PG4siz5bDCIC&pg=PA91">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+the+White+Man%27s+West%3A+Whiteness+and+the+Creation+of+the+American+West&rft.pages=91&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780549963516&rft.au=Jason+Pierce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPG4siz5bDCIC%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_Ekman_Jørgensen2008" class="citation book cs1">Thomas Ekman Jørgensen (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9dS3lKQJkxYC&pg=PA66">Transformations and Crises: The Left and the Nation in Denmark and Sweden, 1956–1980</a>. Berghahn Books. pp. 66–67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845453664" title="Special:BookSources/9781845453664"><bdi>9781845453664</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160105152107/https://books.google.com/books?id=9dS3lKQJkxYC&pg=PA66">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transformations+and+Crises%3A+The+Left+and+the+Nation+in+Denmark+and+Sweden%2C+1956%E2%80%931980&rft.pages=66-67&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781845453664&rft.au=Thomas+Ekman+J%C3%B8rgensen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9dS3lKQJkxYC%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank_TrommlerElliott_Shore2001" class="citation book cs1">Frank Trommler; Elliott Shore (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h0703VRj7tUC&pg=PA275">The German-American Encounter: Conflict and Cooperation Between Two Cultures, 1800–2000</a>. Berghahn Books. p. 275. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781571812902" title="Special:BookSources/9781571812902"><bdi>9781571812902</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160105152107/https://books.google.com/books?id=h0703VRj7tUC&pg=PA275">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German-American+Encounter%3A+Conflict+and+Cooperation+Between+Two+Cultures%2C+1800%E2%80%932000&rft.pages=275&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781571812902&rft.au=Frank+Trommler&rft.au=Elliott+Shore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh0703VRj7tUC%26pg%3DPA275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JZfvCVndvXoC&pg=PA406">Dutch Culture in a European Perspective: 1950, prosperity and welfare. 4</a>. Uitgeverij Van Gorcum. 2004. p. 406. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789023239666" title="Special:BookSources/9789023239666"><bdi>9789023239666</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160105152107/https://books.google.com/books?id=JZfvCVndvXoC&pg=PA406">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dutch+Culture+in+a+European+Perspective%3A+1950%2C+prosperity+and+welfare.+4&rft.pages=406&rft.pub=Uitgeverij+Van+Gorcum&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9789023239666&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJZfvCVndvXoC%26pg%3DPA406&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuel_D._G._Heath2009" class="citation book cs1">Samuel D. G. Heath (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=teQluAzCbUcC&pg=PA132">The American Poet: Weedpatch Gazette for 2003</a>. iUniverse. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781440139581" title="Special:BookSources/9781440139581"><bdi>9781440139581</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160105152107/https://books.google.com/books?id=teQluAzCbUcC&pg=PA132">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Poet%3A+Weedpatch+Gazette+for+2003&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781440139581&rft.au=Samuel+D.+G.+Heath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DteQluAzCbUcC%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Preston1994" class="citation book cs1">Paul Preston (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/francobiography00pres">Franco: a biography</a>. BasicBooks. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/francobiography00pres/page/324">324</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780465025152" title="Special:BookSources/9780465025152"><bdi>9780465025152</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franco%3A+a+biography&rft.pages=324&rft.pub=BasicBooks&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780465025152&rft.au=Paul+Preston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffrancobiography00pres&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'ConnorGriffiths2006">O'Connor & Griffiths 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lJLIIZN8szYC&pg=PA21">21</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'ConnorGriffiths2006">O'Connor & Griffiths 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lJLIIZN8szYC&pg=PA3">3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070813060324/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/09/12/mideast.reaction/index.html">"Attacks draw mixed response in Mideast"</a>. CNN. 12 September 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/09/12/mideast.reaction/index.html">the original</a> on 13 August 2007. Retrieved 30 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Attacks+draw+mixed+response+in+Mideast&rft.date=2001-09-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.cnn.com%2F2001%2FWORLD%2Feurope%2F09%2F12%2Fmideast.reaction%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJarausch2015" class="citation book cs1">Jarausch, Konrad (2015). Out of Ashes: A new history of Europe in the 20th century. pp. 759–60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Out+of+Ashes%3A+A+new+history+of+Europe+in+the+20th+century&rft.pages=759-60&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Jarausch&rft.aufirst=Konrad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> See "Google under fire in Europe over user privacy concerns" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/business/2015/04/08/google-under-fire-in-europe-over-user-privacy-concerns.html">Toronto Star 8 April 2015</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171222053056/https://www.thestar.com/business/2015/04/08/google-under-fire-in-europe-over-user-privacy-concerns.html">Archived</a> 22 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Tom Fairless, "Europe's Digital Czar Slams Google, Facebook," <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/europes-digital-czar-slams-google-facebook-over-selling-personal-data-1424789664">Wall Street Journal 24 Feb. 2015</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170708170812/https://www.wsj.com/articles/europes-digital-czar-slams-google-facebook-over-selling-personal-data-1424789664">Archived</a> 8 July 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Noah Barkin, "World's policeman wins rare applause for FIFA crackdown," <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-soccer-fifa-usa-power-idUSKBN0OD1Z720150528">Reuters 28 May 2015</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151017222304/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/05/28/us-soccer-fifa-usa-power-idUSKBN0OD1Z720150528">Archived</a> 17 October 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2003/12/10/anti-americanism-causes-and-characteristics/">"Anti-Americanism: Causes and Characteristic"</a>. April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anti-Americanism%3A+Causes+and+Characteristic&rft.date=2010-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Fglobal%2F2003%2F12%2F10%2Fanti-americanism-causes-and-characteristics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teatr.audio/lenin-obraschenie-k-krasnoy-armii">"Ленин – Обращение к Красной Армии"</a> [Lenin – Address to the Red Army]. Retrieved 27 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD+%E2%80%93+%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BA+%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fteatr.audio%2Flenin-obraschenie-k-krasnoy-armii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://redavantgarde.com/collection/show-collection/131-antanta-.html">"Антанта"</a> [Entente]. Retrieved 27 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fredavantgarde.com%2Fcollection%2Fshow-collection%2F131-antanta-.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pew-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pew_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pew_101-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pew_101-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewglobal.org/database/custom-analysis/">"Opinion of the United States"</a>. Pew Research Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210622020858/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/database/custom-analysis/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Opinion+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewglobal.org%2Fdatabase%2Fcustom-analysis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.wsj.com/emergingeurope/2014/06/05/anti-american-sentiment-on-the-rise-in-russia/">Anti-American Sentiment on the Rise in Russia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726064859/https://blogs.wsj.com/emergingeurope/2014/06/05/anti-american-sentiment-on-the-rise-in-russia/">Archived</a> 26 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". The Wall Street Journal. 5 June 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Sarah E. Mendelson, "Generation Putin: What to Expect from Russia's Future Leaders." Foreign Affairs 94 (2015) p 150. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Eric Shiraev and Vladislav Zubok, Anti-Americanism in Russia: From Stalin to Putin (Palgrave Macmillan, 2000) </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2018/02/07/more-russians-are-sure-of-the-u-s-meddling-in-their-politics-than-the-other-way-around-poll-finds/">More Russians are sure of the U.S. meddling in their politics than the other way around, poll finds</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210209194358/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2018/02/07/more-russians-are-sure-of-the-u-s-meddling-in-their-politics-than-the-other-way-around-poll-finds/">Archived</a> 9 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". The Washington Post. 7 February 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://themoscowtimes.com/news/anti-americanism-wanes-russia-after-putin-trump-summit-survey-says-62425">"Anti-Americanism Wanes in Russia After Putin-Trump Summit, Survey Says"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Moscow_Times" title="The Moscow Times">The Moscow Times</a>. 2 August 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190110013950/https://themoscowtimes.com/news/anti-americanism-wanes-russia-after-putin-trump-summit-survey-says-62425">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Moscow+Times&rft.atitle=Anti-Americanism+Wanes+in+Russia+After+Putin-Trump+Summit%2C+Survey+Says&rft.date=2018-08-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthemoscowtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fanti-americanism-wanes-russia-after-putin-trump-summit-survey-says-62425&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/favorable-attitudes-toward-u-s-eu-on-the-rise-in-russia-levada-poll-finds/29407171.html">"Favorable Attitudes Toward U.S., EU Rising In Russia, Poll Finds"</a>. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 2 August 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210826172823/https://www.rferl.org/a/favorable-attitudes-toward-u-s-eu-on-the-rise-in-russia-levada-poll-finds/29407171.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.atitle=Favorable+Attitudes+Toward+U.S.%2C+EU+Rising+In+Russia%2C+Poll+Finds&rft.date=2018-08-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Ffavorable-attitudes-toward-u-s-eu-on-the-rise-in-russia-levada-poll-finds%2F29407171.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2020/02/18/4-in-5-russians-view-west-as-a-friend-poll-a69322">"4 in 5 Russians View West as a Friend – Poll"</a>. The Moscow Times. 18 February 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210614142015/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2020/02/18/4-in-5-russians-view-west-as-a-friend-poll-a69322">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Moscow+Times&rft.atitle=4+in+5+Russians+View+West+as+a+Friend+%E2%80%93+Poll&rft.date=2020-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.themoscowtimes.com%2F2020%2F02%2F18%2F4-in-5-russians-view-west-as-a-friend-poll-a69322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/01/08/how-people-around-the-world-see-the-u-s-and-donald-trump-in-10-charts/">"How people around the world see the U.S. and Donald Trump in 10 charts"</a>. Pew Research Center. 8 January 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210819022140/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/01/08/how-people-around-the-world-see-the-u-s-and-donald-trump-in-10-charts/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=How+people+around+the+world+see+the+U.S.+and+Donald+Trump+in+10+charts&rft.date=2020-01-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Ffact-tank%2F2020%2F01%2F08%2Fhow-people-around-the-world-see-the-u-s-and-donald-trump-in-10-charts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/01/08/little-trust-in-trumps-handling-of-international-affairs/">"1. Little trust in Trump's handling of international affairs"</a>. Pew Research Center. 8 January 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816095706/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/01/08/little-trust-in-trumps-handling-of-international-affairs/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=1.+Little+trust+in+Trump%27s+handling+of+international+affairs&rft.date=2020-01-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Fglobal%2F2020%2F01%2F08%2Flittle-trust-in-trumps-handling-of-international-affairs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/02/03/few-in-other-countries-approve-of-trumps-major-foreign-policies-but-israelis-are-an-exception/">"Few in other countries approve of Trump's major foreign policies, but Israelis are an exception"</a>. Pew Research Center. 3 February 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905063037/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/02/03/few-in-other-countries-approve-of-trumps-major-foreign-policies-but-israelis-are-an-exception/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=Few+in+other+countries+approve+of+Trump%27s+major+foreign+policies%2C+but+Israelis+are+an+exception&rft.date=2020-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Ffact-tank%2F2020%2F02%2F03%2Ffew-in-other-countries-approve-of-trumps-major-foreign-policies-but-israelis-are-an-exception%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Ellwood2003" class="citation web cs1">David Ellwood (5 May 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hnn.us/articles/1426.html">"Anti-Americanism: Why Do Europeans Resent Us?"</a>. George Mason university : History News Network. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907110547/http://hnn.us/articles/1426.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2021. Retrieved 1 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anti-Americanism%3A+Why+Do+Europeans+Resent+Us%3F&rft.pub=George+Mason+university+%3A+History+News+Network&rft.date=2003-05-05&rft.au=David+Ellwood&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhnn.us%2Farticles%2F1426.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFabbrini2004" class="citation journal cs1">Fabbrini, Sergio (September 2004). "Layers of Anti-Americanism: Americanization, American Unilateralism and Anti-Americanism in a European Perspective". European Journal of American Culture. 23 (2): 79–94. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1386%2Fejac.23.2.79%2F0">10.1386/ejac.23.2.79/0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+American+Culture&rft.atitle=Layers+of+Anti-Americanism%3A+Americanization%2C+American+Unilateralism+and+Anti-Americanism+in+a+European+Perspective&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=79-94&rft.date=2004-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1386%2Fejac.23.2.79%2F0&rft.aulast=Fabbrini&rft.aufirst=Sergio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Sergio Fabbrini, "Anti-Americanism and US foreign policy: Which correlation?," International Politics (Nov 2010) 47#6 pp. 557–573. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071027160436/http://pewglobal.org/reports/display.php?ReportID=252">"America's Image Slips, But Allies Share U.S. Concerns Over Iran, Hamas"</a>. 13 June 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pewglobal.org/reports/display.php?ReportID=252">the original</a> on 27 October 2007. Retrieved 5 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=America%27s+Image+Slips%2C+But+Allies+Share+U.S.+Concerns+Over+Iran%2C+Hamas&rft.date=2006-06-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpewglobal.org%2Freports%2Fdisplay.php%3FReportID%3D252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Corsun2003" class="citation report cs1">Andrew Corsun, ed. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071201032805/http://www.pa-aware.org/resources/pdfs/Political%20Violence%20Against%20Americans%202002.pdf">Political Violence Against Americans 2002</a> (PDF) (Report). <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Diplomatic_Security" title="Bureau of Diplomatic Security">Bureau of Diplomatic Security</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">Department of State</a>. p. 12. 11054. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pa-aware.org/resources/pdfs/Political%20Violence%20Against%20Americans%202002.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 1 December 2007. Retrieved 5 December 2007 – via Pennsylvania Terrorism - Awareness and Prevention.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Political+Violence+Against+Americans+2002&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Diplomatic+Security%2C+Department+of+State&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pa-aware.org%2Fresources%2Fpdfs%2FPolitical%2520Violence%2520Against%2520Americans%25202002.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatlapaMarkovits2010" class="citation journal cs1">Hatlapa, Ruth; Markovits, Andrei (2010). "Obamamania and Anti-Americanism as Complementary Concepts in Contemporary German Discourse". German Politics and Society. 28 (1): 69–94. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3167%2Fgps.2010.280105">10.3167/gps.2010.280105</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=German+Politics+and+Society&rft.atitle=Obamamania+and+Anti-Americanism+as+Complementary+Concepts+in+Contemporary+German+Discourse&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=69-94&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3167%2Fgps.2010.280105&rft.aulast=Hatlapa&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft.au=Markovits%2C+Andrei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChabal2013" class="citation journal cs1">Chabal, Emile (Spring 2013). "The Rise of the Anglo-Saxon: French Perceptions of the Anglo-American World in the Long Twentieth Century". French Politics, Culture & Society. 31 (1): 24–46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3167%2Ffpcs.2013.310102">10.3167/fpcs.2013.310102</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=French+Politics%2C+Culture+%26+Society&rft.atitle=The+Rise+of+the+Anglo-Saxon%3A+French+Perceptions+of+the+Anglo-American+World+in+the+Long+Twentieth+Century&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=24-46&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3167%2Ffpcs.2013.310102&rft.aulast=Chabal&rft.aufirst=Emile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-test-119"><a href="#cite_ref-test_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrendon_O'Connor2007" class="citation book cs1">Brendon O'Connor (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YJkMN0hjOw8C">Anti-Americanism: In the 21st century</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YJkMN0hjOw8C&pg=PA53">53</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84645-027-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84645-027-3"><bdi>978-1-84645-027-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160105152107/https://books.google.com/books?id=YJkMN0hjOw8C">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anti-Americanism%3A+In+the+21st+century&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84645-027-3&rft.au=Brendon+O%27Connor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYJkMN0hjOw8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csa-fr.com/dataset/data2008/opi20081002-l-opinion-des-francais-sur-la-crise-financiere-internationale.htm">In France, 85 % French consider the US banks and government as responsible for the current crisis, published poll, 10/05/2008</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091010002832/http://www.csa-fr.com/dataset/data2008/opi20081002-l-opinion-des-francais-sur-la-crise-financiere-internationale.htm">Archived</a> 10 October 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/cup_detail.taf?ti_id=4604">Book Review: Anti-Americanisms in world politics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170726062910/http://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/cup_detail.taf?ti_id=4604">Archived</a> 26 July 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Cornell University Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Richard Kuisel, "The French Way: How France Embraced and Rejected American Values and Power," H-France Forum (Spring 2013) 8#4 pp 41–45 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-france.net/forum/forumvol8/Kuisel5.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160825182224/http://h-france.net/forum/forumvol8/Kuisel5.pdf">Archived</a> 25 August 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, referencing his major book, The French Way: How France Embraced and Rejected American Values and Power (2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt7sm7n">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180805144243/https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt7sm7n">Archived</a> 5 August 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/france-politics-usa-idUSL8N1CI3B9">"France's Hollande criticises huge U.S. fines against corporate Europe"</a>. Reuters. 12 October 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308201655/https://www.reuters.com/article/france-politics-usa-idUSL8N1CI3B9">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 9 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=France%27s+Hollande+criticises+huge+U.S.+fines+against+corporate+Europe&rft.date=2016-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Ffrance-politics-usa-idUSL8N1CI3B9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDirk_Bönker2012" class="citation book cs1">Dirk Bönker (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w3Nhk1cMHoYC&pg=PA61">Militarism in a Global Age: Naval Ambitions in Germany and the United States before World War I</a>. Cornell U.P. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801464355" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801464355"><bdi>978-0801464355</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161223035931/https://books.google.com/books?id=w3Nhk1cMHoYC&pg=PA61">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2016. Retrieved 2 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Militarism+in+a+Global+Age%3A+Naval+Ambitions+in+Germany+and+the+United+States+before+World+War+I&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Cornell+U.P.&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0801464355&rft.au=Dirk+B%C3%B6nker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw3Nhk1cMHoYC%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Dan Diner, America in the eyes of the Germans: an essay on anti-Americanism (Markus Wiener Publishers, 1996). </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Tuomas Forsberg, "German foreign policy and the war on Iraq: anti-Americanism, pacifism or emancipation?." Security Dialogue (2005) 36#2 pp: 213–231. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dk-media.s3.amazonaws.com/AA/AT/gambillingonjustice-com/downloads/275731/German_foreign_policy_and_the_war_on_Iraq-_anti-Americanism__pacifism_or_emancipation.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907112623/https://dk-media.s3.amazonaws.com/AA/AT/gambillingonjustice-com/downloads/275731/German_foreign_policy_and_the_war_on_Iraq-_anti-Americanism__pacifism_or_emancipation.pdf">Archived</a> 7 September 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> "Ami go Home," <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/europe/21642211-anti-americanism-always-strong-german-left-growing-right-ami-go-home">Economist 7 February 2015, p 51</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907115334/https://www.economist.com/europe/2015/02/05/ami-go-home">Archived</a> 7 September 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnollyLe_Blond2018" class="citation news cs1">Connolly, Kate; Le Blond, Josie (23 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/dec/23/anti-america-bias-der-spiegel-scandal-relotius">"Der Spiegel takes the blame for scandal of reporter who faked stories"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210828162415/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/dec/23/anti-america-bias-der-spiegel-scandal-relotius">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 9 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Der+Spiegel+takes+the+blame+for+scandal+of+reporter+who+faked+stories&rft.date=2018-12-23&rft.aulast=Connolly&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft.au=Le+Blond%2C+Josie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2018%2Fdec%2F23%2Fanti-america-bias-der-spiegel-scandal-relotius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.welt.de/politik/deutschland/article185986368/Fall-Relotius-US-Botschaft-wirft-Spiegel-eklatanten-Anti-Amerikanismus-vor.html">"US-Botschaft wirft "Spiegel" "eklatanten Anti-Amerikanismus" vor"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Die_Welt" title="Die Welt">Die Welt</a> (in German). 22 December 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907112627/https://www.welt.de/politik/deutschland/article185986368/Fall-Relotius-US-Botschaft-wirft-Spiegel-eklatanten-Anti-Amerikanismus-vor.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2021. 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Retrieved 16 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=America%27s+Image+in+the+World%3A+Findings+from+the+Pew+Global+Attitudes+Project&rft.pub=Pew+Research&rft.date=2007-03-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewglobal.org%2F2007%2F03%2F14%2Famericas-image-in-the-world-findings-from-the-pew-global-attitudes-project%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gallup937-189">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gallup937_189-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gallup937_189-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130603084234/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5iZlsZRgzHmgwj6sKpA7PR5F5Ecsw">"Major survey challenges Western perceptions of Islam"</a>. Agence Free Presse. 26 February 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5iZlsZRgzHmgwj6sKpA7PR5F5Ecsw">the original</a> on 3 June 2013. Retrieved 16 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Major+survey+challenges+Western+perceptions+of+Islam&rft.date=2008-02-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fafp.google.com%2Farticle%2FALeqM5iZlsZRgzHmgwj6sKpA7PR5F5Ecsw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenney2012" class="citation book cs1">Penney, James (28 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RfM5eJkh3ygC&q=sabra%20shatila%20%20facts&pg=PA235">The Structures of Love: Art and Politics Beyond the Transference</a>. State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438439747" title="Special:BookSources/9781438439747"><bdi>9781438439747</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210817143929/https://books.google.com/books?id=RfM5eJkh3ygC&q=sabra%20shatila%20%20facts&pg=PA235">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2021. Retrieved 26 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Structures+of+Love%3A+Art+and+Politics+Beyond+the+Transference&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2012-04-28&rft.isbn=9781438439747&rft.aulast=Penney&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRfM5eJkh3ygC%26q%3Dsabra%2520shatila%2520%2520facts%26pg%3DPA235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/irp/world/para/docs/980223-fatwa.htm">"World Islamic Front Statement Urging Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders"</a>. Fas.org. 23 February 1998. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100421110549/http://www.fas.org/irp/world/para/docs/980223-fatwa.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2010. Retrieved 18 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Islamic+Front+Statement+Urging+Jihad+Against+Jews+and+Crusaders&rft.pub=Fas.org&rft.date=1998-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Firp%2Fworld%2Fpara%2Fdocs%2F980223-fatwa.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> David Von Drehle, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070822102733/http://www.smithsonianmagazine.com/issues/2006/february/presence.php">A Lesson In Hate</a> Smithsonian Magazine </li> <li id="cite_note-Siegel2003-05-06-193">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Siegel2003-05-06_193-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Siegel2003-05-06_193-1">b</a> Siegel, Robert <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1253796">Sayyid Qutb's America</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210509085250/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1253796">Archived</a> 9 May 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, NPR, All Things Considered, 6 May 2003. Retrieved 29 April 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> Amrika allati Ra'aytu (The America that I Have Seen) quoted on Calvert (2000) </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheuer2002" class="citation book cs1">Scheuer, Michael (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EMu742Y4tuMC&pg=PA110">Through Our Enemies' Eyes: Osama Bin Laden, Radical Islam, and the Future of America</a>. Potomac Books, Inc. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781574885521" title="Special:BookSources/9781574885521"><bdi>9781574885521</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210918100300/https://books.google.com/books?id=EMu742Y4tuMC&pg=PA110">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2021. Retrieved 8 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Through+Our+Enemies%27+Eyes%3A+Osama+Bin+Laden%2C+Radical+Islam%2C+and+the+Future+of+America&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Potomac+Books%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781574885521&rft.aulast=Scheuer&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEMu742Y4tuMC%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> Abdel Bari Atman (2007) The Secret History of Al-Qa'ida. London: Abacus: 34-5, 65–7 </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/terrorism/international/fatwa_1996.html">"Bin Laden'S Fatwa"</a>. Pbs.org. 20 August 1998. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070108175653/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/terrorism/international/fatwa_1996.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2007. Retrieved 11 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bin+Laden%27S+Fatwa&rft.pub=Pbs.org&rft.date=1998-08-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Fterrorism%2Finternational%2Ffatwa_1996.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/terrorism/international/fatwa_1998.html">"Online NewsHour: Al Qaeda's 1998 Fatwa"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">PBS</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060901093550/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/terrorism/international/fatwa_1998.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2006. Retrieved 21 August 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Online+NewsHour%3A+Al+Qaeda%27s+1998+Fatwa&rft.pub=PBS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Fterrorism%2Finternational%2Ffatwa_1998.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> Lawrence Wright (2007) The Looming Tower: Al Qaeda's Road to 9/11. London, Penguin: 4–5 </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/terrorism/international/fatwa_1996.html">Text of the 1996 fatwa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070108175653/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/terrorism/international/fatwa_1996.html">Archived</a> 8 January 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, translation by <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">PBS</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-cbc-2004-201"><a href="#cite_ref-cbc-2004_201-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/bin-laden-claims-responsibility-for-9-11-1.513654">"Bin Laden claims responsibility for 9/11"</a>. CBC News. 29 October 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061025044652/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/bin-laden-claims-responsibility-for-9-11-1.513654">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2006. Retrieved 2 November 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bin+Laden+claims+responsibility+for+9%2F11&rft.date=2004-10-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fbin-laden-claims-responsibility-for-9-11-1.513654&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071225185732/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1550477.cms">"Osama claims responsibility for 9/11"</a>. The Times of India. 24 May 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1550477.cms">the original</a> on 25 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Osama+claims+responsibility+for+9%2F11&rft.date=2006-05-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Farticleshow%2F1550477.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jY32dmO87b2tbtDi0F-xCtrJTWNgD95N2DEG0">"Bin Laden Jihad call"</a>. Retrieved 10 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bin+Laden+Jihad+call&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fhostednews%2Fap%2Farticle%2FALeqM5jY32dmO87b2tbtDi0F-xCtrJTWNgD95N2DEG0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-Zogby-204">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zogby_204-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zogby_204-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinzer2004" class="citation news cs1">Linzer, Dafna (23 July 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A7080-2004Jul22.html">"Poll Shows Growing Arab Rancor at U.S"</a>. The Washington Post. p. A26. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200420213830/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A7080-2004Jul22.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2020. Retrieved 24 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Poll+Shows+Growing+Arab+Rancor+at+U.S&rft.pages=A26&rft.date=2004-07-23&rft.aulast=Linzer&rft.aufirst=Dafna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Farticles%2FA7080-2004Jul22.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> Robert Tait, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/feb/02/usa.iran">'America wants Iran to be dependent on it and Iranians don't want that'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210609064248/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/feb/02/usa.iran">Archived</a> 9 June 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 2 February 2006, The Guardian. </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip_Herbst2003" class="citation book cs1">Philip Herbst (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WL-IYCCe58EC">Talking terrorism: a dictionary of the loaded language of political violence</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WL&pg=PA6">6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32486-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32486-4"><bdi>978-0-313-32486-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160105152107/https://books.google.com/books?id=WL-IYCCe58EC">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Talking+terrorism%3A+a+dictionary+of+the+loaded+language+of+political+violence&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32486-4&rft.au=Philip+Herbst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWL-IYCCe58EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsadzade" class="citation journal cs1">Asadzade, Peyman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/jogss/article-abstract/4/4/545/5366463">"Faith or Ideology? Religiosity, Political Islam, and Anti-Americanism in Iran"</a>. Journal of Global Security Studies. 4 (4). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726085931/https://academic.oup.com/jogss/article-abstract/4/4/545/5366463">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 21 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Global+Security+Studies&rft.atitle=Faith+or+Ideology%3F+Religiosity%2C+Political+Islam%2C+and+Anti-Americanism+in+Iran&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=4&rft.aulast=Asadzade&rft.aufirst=Peyman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fjogss%2Farticle-abstract%2F4%2F4%2F545%2F5366463&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> Tamim Ansary (2009) Destiny Disrupted: A History of the World Through Islamic Eyes: 334 </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_DumperBruce_E._Stanley2007" class="citation book cs1">Michael Dumper; Bruce E. Stanley (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC">Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: a historical encyclopedia</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC&pg=PA351">351</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-919-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-919-5"><bdi>978-1-57607-919-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122203322/https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cities+of+the+Middle+East+and+North+Africa%3A+a+historical+encyclopedia&rft.pages=351&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-919-5&rft.au=Michael+Dumper&rft.au=Bruce+E.+Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3SapTk5iGDkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNathan_Gonzalez2007" class="citation book cs1">Nathan Gonzalez (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IKRq123CSlIC">Engaging Iran: the rise of a Middle East powerhouse and America's strategic choice</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IKRq123CSlIC&pg=PR9">ix</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99742-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99742-7"><bdi>978-0-275-99742-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160105152107/https://books.google.com/books?id=IKRq123CSlIC">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Engaging+Iran%3A+the+rise+of+a+Middle+East+powerhouse+and+America%27s+strategic+choice&rft.pages=ix&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-275-99742-7&rft.au=Nathan+Gonzalez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIKRq123CSlIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> Sanger, David E.: "Bombs Away?", Upfront, The New York Times, 16 </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2009" class="citation news cs1">Johnson, Boris (22 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/columnists/borisjohnson/5599270/What-has-Ayatollah-Khamenei-of-Iran-got-against-little-old-Britain.html">"What has Ayatollah Khamenei of Iran got against little old Britain?"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180811110408/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/columnists/borisjohnson/5599270/What-has-Ayatollah-Khamenei-of-Iran-got-against-little-old-Britain.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2018. Retrieved 5 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=What+has+Ayatollah+Khamenei+of+Iran+got+against+little+old+Britain%3F&rft.date=2009-06-22&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Boris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fcomment%2Fcolumnists%2Fborisjohnson%2F5599270%2FWhat-has-Ayatollah-Khamenei-of-Iran-got-against-little-old-Britain.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gulf-daily-news.com/NewsDetails.aspx?storyid=254041">"World News " UK is Tehran's 'Great Satan'"</a>. Gulf Daily News. 25 June 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150419114609/http://www.gulf-daily-news.com/NewsDetails.aspx?storyid=254041">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2015. Retrieved 11 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gulf+Daily+News&rft.atitle=World+News+%22+UK+is+Tehran%27s+%27Great+Satan%27&rft.date=2009-06-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gulf-daily-news.com%2FNewsDetails.aspx%3Fstoryid%3D254041&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyguy.com/iran-us_hostage_crisis.html">"Iran–U.S. Hostage Crisis (1979–1981)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170126080445/http://www.historyguy.com/iran-us_hostage_crisis.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2017. Retrieved 26 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iran%E2%80%93U.S.+Hostage+Crisis+%281979%E2%80%931981%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyguy.com%2Firan-us_hostage_crisis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewglobal.org/database/?indicator=1&country=223&response=Favorable">"Opinion of the United States"</a>. Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project. 22 April 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190330044008/https://www.pewglobal.org/database/?indicator=1&country=223&response=Favorable">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center%27s+Global+Attitudes+Project&rft.atitle=Opinion+of+the+United+States&rft.date=2010-04-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewglobal.org%2Fdatabase%2F%3Findicator%3D1%26country%3D223%26response%3DFavorable&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-warningstowest-216">^ <a href="#cite_ref-warningstowest_216-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-warningstowest_216-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/imam-calls-for-us-and-europes-destruction-from-temple-mount-pulpit/">"imam calls for destruction of US and europe"</a>. The Times of Israel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210822220319/https://www.timesofisrael.com/imam-calls-for-us-and-europes-destruction-from-temple-mount-pulpit/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2021. Retrieved 26 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=imam+calls+for+destruction+of+US+and+europe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fimam-calls-for-us-and-europes-destruction-from-temple-mount-pulpit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bradley-expo-169-217"><a href="#cite_ref-bradley-expo-169_217-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradley2005" class="citation book cs1">Bradley, John R. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saudiarabiaexpos00brad">Saudi Arabia Exposed: Inside a Kingdom in Crisis</a>. Palgrave. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saudiarabiaexpos00brad/page/169">169</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781403964335" title="Special:BookSources/9781403964335"><bdi>9781403964335</bdi></a>. <q>In the climate of intense anti-American sentiment in Saudi Arabia after September 11, it is certainly true that any association with U.S.-inspired 'reform' ... is fast becoming a hindrance rather than a help.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia+Exposed%3A+Inside+a+Kingdom+in+Crisis&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Palgrave&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781403964335&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsaudiarabiaexpos00brad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bradley-expo-211-218"><a href="#cite_ref-bradley-expo-211_218-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradley2005" class="citation book cs1">Bradley, John R. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saudiarabiaexpos00brad">Saudi Arabia Exposed: Inside a Kingdom in Crisis</a>. Palgrave. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saudiarabiaexpos00brad/page/211">211</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781403964335" title="Special:BookSources/9781403964335"><bdi>9781403964335</bdi></a>. <q>Anti-U.S. sentiment inside Saudi Arabia is now at an all-time high, following the outrages at the Abu Ghraib prison in Baghdad and Washington's continued support for Israel's often brutal suppression of the Palestinians.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia+Exposed%3A+Inside+a+Kingdom+in+Crisis&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=Palgrave&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781403964335&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsaudiarabiaexpos00brad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SCIOLINO-219"><a href="#cite_ref-SCIOLINO_219-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSCIOLINO2002" class="citation news cs1">SCIOLINO, ELAINE (27 January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2002/01/27/world/don-t-weaken-arafat-saudi-warns-bush.html">"Don't Weaken Arafat, Saudi Warns Bush"</a>. The New York Times. New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210908104001/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/01/27/world/don-t-weaken-arafat-saudi-warns-bush.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2021. Retrieved 20 October 2014. <q>A classified American intelligence report taken from a Saudi intelligence survey in mid-October [2001] of educated Saudis between the ages of 25 and 41 concluded that 95 percent of them supported Mr. bin Laden's cause, according to a senior administration official with access to intelligence reports.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Don%27t+Weaken+Arafat%2C+Saudi+Warns+Bush&rft.date=2002-01-27&rft.aulast=SCIOLINO&rft.aufirst=ELAINE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2002%2F01%2F27%2Fworld%2Fdon-t-weaken-arafat-saudi-warns-bush.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TRT-220"><a href="#cite_ref-TRT_220-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ka.com.tr/Creator/UploadCenter/Files/TFTSaudiArabiaSurveyDecember20072.pdf">"Saudi Arabians Overwhelmingly Reject Bin Laden, Al Qaeda, Saudi Fighters in Iraq, and Terrorism; Also among most pro-American in Muslim world. Results of a New [2006] Nationwide Public Opinion Survey of Saudi Arabia"</a> (PDF). Terror Free Tomorrow. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210227092046/http://www.ka.com.tr/Creator/UploadCenter/Files/TFTSaudiArabiaSurveyDecember20072.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 20 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabians+Overwhelmingly+Reject+Bin+Laden%2C+Al+Qaeda%2C+Saudi+Fighters+in+Iraq%2C+and+Terrorism%3B+Also+among+most+pro-American+in+Muslim+world.+Results+of+a+New+%5B2006%5D+Nationwide+Public+Opinion+Survey+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pub=Terror+Free+Tomorrow&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ka.com.tr%2FCreator%2FUploadCenter%2FFiles%2FTFTSaudiArabiaSurveyDecember20072.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bradley-expo-85-221"><a href="#cite_ref-bradley-expo-85_221-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradley2005" class="citation book cs1">Bradley, John R. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saudiarabiaexpos00brad">Saudi Arabia Exposed: Inside a Kingdom in Crisis</a>. Palgrave. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saudiarabiaexpos00brad/page/85">85</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781403964335" title="Special:BookSources/9781403964335"><bdi>9781403964335</bdi></a>. <q>In a region obsessed with conspiracy theories, many Saudis, both Sunni and Shiite, think that Washington has plans to split off the Eastern Province into a separate entity and seize control of its oil reserves after Iraq has stabilized.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia+Exposed%3A+Inside+a+Kingdom+in+Crisis&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Palgrave&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781403964335&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsaudiarabiaexpos00brad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bianet.org/english/world/113680-protests-as-obama-leaves-turkey">"Protests as Obama Leaves Turkey"</a>. Bianet.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120611055332/http://bianet.org/english/world/113680-protests-as-obama-leaves-turkey">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2012. Retrieved 11 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Protests+as+Obama+Leaves+Turkey&rft.pub=Bianet.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbianet.org%2Fenglish%2Fworld%2F113680-protests-as-obama-leaves-turkey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120507151034/http://www.swamppolitics.com/news/politics/blog/2009/04/obama_go_home_protestors_say.html">"'Obama go home,' protestors say"</a>. Swamppolitics.com. 6 April 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swamppolitics.com/news/politics/blog/2009/04/obama_go_home_protestors_say.html">the original</a> on 7 May 2012. Retrieved 11 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Obama+go+home%2C%27+protestors+say&rft.pub=Swamppolitics.com&rft.date=2009-04-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swamppolitics.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fblog%2F2009%2F04%2Fobama_go_home_protestors_say.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan2009" class="citation news cs1">Sullivan, Kevin (6 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/04/05/AR2009040500720.html">"Hope, Criticism Greet Obama in Turkey"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191115173818/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/04/05/AR2009040500720.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2019. Retrieved 11 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Hope%2C+Criticism+Greet+Obama+in+Turkey&rft.date=2009-04-06&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2009%2F04%2F05%2FAR2009040500720.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-225">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_225-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_225-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2017/06/26/tarnished-american-brand/">"The tarnished American brand"</a>. Pew Research Center. 26 June 2017. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190725003532/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2017/06/26/tarnished-american-brand/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2019. 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Retrieved 18 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Response%3A+Unfavorable&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewglobal.org%2Fdatabase%2Findicator%2F2%2Fcountry%2F11%2Fresponse%2FUnfavorable%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> Lawrence Reichard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peaceworkmagazine.org/pwork/0112/011218.htm">US Military Base in Ecuador Shrouded in Corruption</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080908074543/http://www.peaceworkmagazine.org/pwork/0112/011218.htm">Archived</a> 8 September 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peaceworkmagazine.org">PeaceWork magazine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081209072430/http://www.peaceworkmagazine.org/">Archived</a> 9 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Issue 391, December 2008 – January 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> Kintto Lucas, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=41687">ECUADOR: Manta Air Base Tied to Colombian Raid on FARC Camp</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081018190828/http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=41687">Archived</a> 18 October 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inter_Press_Service" title="Inter Press Service">Inter Press Service</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coha.org/2008/08/after-the-lease-on-the-ecuadorian-military-base-at-manta-expires-where-will-the-us-turn-next/">After the Lease on the Ecuadorian Military Base at Manta Expires, Where Will the U.S. Turn Next?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081029222646/http://www.coha.org/2008/08/after-the-lease-on-the-ecuadorian-military-base-at-manta-expires-where-will-the-us-turn-next/">Archived</a> 29 October 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coha.org/">Council of Hemispheric Affairs</a> . </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoto2006" class="citation news cs1">Soto, Miguel (14 March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/aftermath/legacy.html">"The Aftermath of War, A Legacy of the U.S.-Mexican War"</a>. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México via PBS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190918142502/http://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/aftermath/legacy.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2019. Retrieved 11 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Aftermath+of+War%2C+A+Legacy+of+the+U.S.-Mexican+War&rft.date=2006-03-14&rft.aulast=Soto&rft.aufirst=Miguel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fkera%2Fusmexicanwar%2Faftermath%2Flegacy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bazant-258">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bazant_258-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bazant_258-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBazant1977" class="citation book cs1">Bazant, Jan (1977). A Concise History of Mexico: From Hidalgo to Cárdenas 1805–1940. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29173-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29173-6"><bdi>978-0-521-29173-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Mexico%3A+From+Hidalgo+to+C%C3%A1rdenas+1805%E2%80%931940&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-521-29173-6&rft.aulast=Bazant&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/aftermath/legacy.html">"The Mexican-American War: Aftermath"</a>. 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Empire and Revolution: The Americans in Mexico since the Civil War. Berkeley: University of California Press 2002. </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/5365142.stm">Chavez tells UN Bush is 'devil'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210909170751/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/5365142.stm">Archived</a> 9 September 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BBC News, 10 September 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/81082.htm">"Venezuela's Chavez Says Iraq War Creates Uncertainty"</a>. People's Republic of China: China.org.cn. 28 November 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210817234709/http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/81082.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2021. Retrieved 9 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Venezuela%27s+Chavez+Says+Iraq+War+Creates+Uncertainty&rft.place=People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft.pub=China.org.cn&rft.date=2003-11-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.china.org.cn%2Fenglish%2Ffeatures%2F81082.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames2011" class="citation news cs1">James, Ian (14 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mercurynews.com/breaking-news/ci_17615753">"Chavez, allies lead push for Libya mediation"</a>. Mercury News. Associated Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mercury+News&rft.atitle=Chavez%2C+allies+lead+push+for+Libya+mediation&rft.date=2011-03-14&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mercurynews.com%2Fbreaking-news%2Fci_17615753&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="BBC" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-31804925">"Seven Venezuelan officials targeted by US"</a>. BBC. 10 March 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210908121641/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-31804925">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Seven+Venezuelan+officials+targeted+by+US&rft.date=2015-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-us-canada-31804925&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOXson-267"><a href="#cite_ref-FOXson_267-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150321054912/http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/politics/2015/03/19/venezuelan-president-son-nicolas-maduro-jr-showered-in-dollar-bills-as-economy/">"Venezuelan president's son, Nicolas Maduro Jr., showered in dollar bills as economy collapses"</a>. United States: <a href="/wiki/Fox_News_Latino" class="mw-redirect" title="Fox News Latino">Fox News Latino</a>. 19 March 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/politics/2015/03/19/venezuelan-president-son-nicolas-maduro-jr-showered-in-dollar-bills-as-economy/">the original</a> on 21 March 2015. Retrieved 20 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Venezuelan+president%27s+son%2C+Nicolas+Maduro+Jr.%2C+showered+in+dollar+bills+as+economy+collapses&rft.date=2015-03-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flatino.foxnews.com%2Flatino%2Fpolitics%2F2015%2F03%2F19%2Fvenezuelan-president-son-nicolas-maduro-jr-showered-in-dollar-bills-as-economy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402175059/http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/politics/2015/03/18/venezuela-launches-anti-american-in-your-face-propaganda-campaign-in-us/">"Venezuela launches anti-American, in-your-face propaganda campaign in the U.S."</a> United States: <a href="/wiki/Fox_News_Latino" class="mw-redirect" title="Fox News Latino">Fox News Latino</a>. 18 March 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/politics/2015/03/18/venezuela-launches-anti-american-in-your-face-propaganda-campaign-in-us/">the original</a> on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 20 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Venezuela+launches+anti-American%2C+in-your-face+propaganda+campaign+in+the+U.S.&rft.date=2015-03-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flatino.foxnews.com%2Flatino%2Fpolitics%2F2015%2F03%2F18%2Fvenezuela-launches-anti-american-in-your-face-propaganda-campaign-in-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-election-idUSKBN0TG1IB20151127">"Venezuela lashes U.S., opposition amid blame over activist's slaying"</a>. Reuters. 27 November 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151129124302/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/11/27/us-venezuela-election-idUSKBN0TG1IB20151127">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2015. Retrieved 30 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Venezuela+lashes+U.S.%2C+opposition+amid+blame+over+activist%27s+slaying&rft.date=2015-11-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-venezuela-election-idUSKBN0TG1IB20151127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVyas" class="citation news cs1">Vyas, Kejal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/venezuelan-president-nicolas-maduro-says-he-will-sue-u-s-1446164940">"Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro Says He Will Sue U.S."</a> The Wall Street Journal. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660">0099-9660</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210908154959/https://www.wsj.com/articles/venezuelan-president-nicolas-maduro-says-he-will-sue-u-s-1446164940">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2021. Retrieved 30 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Venezuelan+President+Nicol%C3%A1s+Maduro+Says+He+Will+Sue+U.S.&rft.issn=0099-9660&rft.aulast=Vyas&rft.aufirst=Kejal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fvenezuelan-president-nicolas-maduro-says-he-will-sue-u-s-1446164940&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panamaamerica.com.pa/mundo/expresidentes-iberoamericanos-piden-cambios-en-venezuela-971211">"Expresidentes iberoamericanos piden cambios en Venezuela"</a>. 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Retrieved 27 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Panam%C3%A1+Am%C3%A9rica&rft.atitle=Expresidentes+iberoamericanos+piden+cambios+en+Venezuela&rft.date=2015-04-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.panamaamerica.com.pa%2Fmundo%2Fexpresidentes-iberoamericanos-piden-cambios-en-venezuela-971211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GPsanctions-272">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GPsanctions_272-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GPsanctions_272-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GPsanctions_272-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GPsanctions_272-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTegel2015" class="citation news cs1">Tegel, Simeon (2 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalpost.com/article/6505442/2015/04/02/venezuela-maduro-petition-obama">"Venezuela's Maduro is racing to collect 10 million signatures against Obama"</a>. <a href="/wiki/GlobalPost" title="GlobalPost">GlobalPost</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160527193840/http://www.globalpost.com/article/6505442/2015/04/02/venezuela-maduro-petition-obama">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2016. Retrieved 6 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GlobalPost&rft.atitle=Venezuela%27s+Maduro+is+racing+to+collect+10+million+signatures+against+Obama&rft.date=2015-04-02&rft.aulast=Tegel&rft.aufirst=Simeon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalpost.com%2Farticle%2F6505442%2F2015%2F04%2F02%2Fvenezuela-maduro-petition-obama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160720195602/http://www.diariolasamericas.com/4848_venezuela/3027321_trabajadores-petroleros-firmen-decreto-obama-despedidos.html">"Trabajadores petroleros que no firmen contra el decreto Obama serán despedidos"</a> (in Spanish). 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Retrieved 27 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trabajadores+petroleros+que+no+firmen+contra+el+decreto+Obama+ser%C3%A1n+despedidos&rft.pub=Diario+las+Americas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diariolasamericas.com%2F4848_venezuela%2F3027321_trabajadores-petroleros-firmen-decreto-obama-despedidos.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lapatilla.com/site/2015/04/01/despiden-a-dos-trabajadores-de-corpozulia-por-negarse-a-firmar-contra-decreto-obama/">"Despiden a dos trabajadores de Corpozulia por negarse a firmar contra decreto Obama"</a> (in Spanish). La Patilla. 1 April 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010132911/https://www.lapatilla.com/site/2015/04/01/despiden-a-dos-trabajadores-de-corpozulia-por-negarse-a-firmar-contra-decreto-obama/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 27 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Despiden+a+dos+trabajadores+de+Corpozulia+por+negarse+a+firmar+contra+decreto+Obama&rft.pub=La+Patilla&rft.date=2015-04-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lapatilla.com%2Fsite%2F2015%2F04%2F01%2Fdespiden-a-dos-trabajadores-de-corpozulia-por-negarse-a-firmar-contra-decreto-obama%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185804/http://www.elpropio.com/actualidad/Confirman-trabajadores-Corporzulia-decreto-Obama_0_711528845.html">"Confirman despido de dos trabajadores de Corpozulia por no firmar contra decreto Obama"</a> (in Spanish). El Propio. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elpropio.com/actualidad/Confirman-trabajadores-Corporzulia-decreto-Obama_0_711528845.html">the original</a> on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Confirman+despido+de+dos+trabajadores+de+Corpozulia+por+no+firmar+contra+decreto+Obama&rft.pub=El+Propio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elpropio.com%2Factualidad%2FConfirman-trabajadores-Corporzulia-decreto-Obama_0_711528845.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://diarioelvistazo.com/tag/denuncian-despidos-por-negarse-a-firmar-contra-decreto-obama/">"Denuncian despidos por negarse a firmar contra decreto Obama"</a>. Diario El Vistazo (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210908155122/https://diarioelvistazo.com/tag/denuncian-despidos-por-negarse-a-firmar-contra-decreto-obama/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2021. Retrieved 27 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Diario+El+Vistazo&rft.atitle=Denuncian+despidos+por+negarse+a+firmar+contra+decreto+Obama&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiarioelvistazo.com%2Ftag%2Fdenuncian-despidos-por-negarse-a-firmar-contra-decreto-obama%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartín2015" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Martín, Sabrina (26 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150412171207/http://es.panampost.com/sabrina-martin/2015/03/26/bajo-amenazas-chavismo-recolecta-firmas-contra-obama-en-venezuela/">"Bajo amenazas, chavismo recolecta firmas contra Obama en Venezuela"</a>. PanAm Post (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://es.panampost.com/sabrina-martin/2015/03/26/bajo-amenazas-chavismo-recolecta-firmas-contra-obama-en-venezuela/">the original</a> on 12 April 2015. Retrieved 27 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PanAm+Post&rft.atitle=Bajo+amenazas%2C+chavismo+recolecta+firmas+contra+Obama+en+Venezuela&rft.date=2015-03-26&rft.aulast=Mart%C3%ADn&rft.aufirst=Sabrina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fes.panampost.com%2Fsabrina-martin%2F2015%2F03%2F26%2Fbajo-amenazas-chavismo-recolecta-firmas-contra-obama-en-venezuela%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anon._x583-278"><a href="#cite_ref-Anon._x583_278-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim_Richard_Nossal2007" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kim_Richard_Nossal" title="Kim Richard Nossal">Kim Richard Nossal</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nossalk.files.wordpress.com/2021/10/nossal_2007_anti-americanism-oconnor.pdf">"Anti-Americanism in Canada," in Brendon O'Connor, ed., Anti-Americanism: History, Causes, and Themes"</a> (PDF). Oxford/Westport: Greenwood World Publishing}. pp. 59, 76.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anti-Americanism+in+Canada%2C%22+in+Brendon+O%27Connor%2C+ed.%2C+Anti-Americanism%3A+History%2C+Causes%2C+and+Themes&rft.pages=59%2C+76&rft.pub=Oxford%2FWestport%3A+Greenwood+World+Publishing%7D&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Kim+Richard+Nossal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnossalk.files.wordpress.com%2F2021%2F10%2Fnossal_2007_anti-americanism-oconnor.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Doran_Sewell_1988_pp._105–119-279"><a href="#cite_ref-Doran_Sewell_1988_pp._105–119_279-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoranSewell1988" class="citation journal cs1">Doran, Charles F.; Sewell, James Patrick (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/1045764">"Anti-Americanism in Canada?"</a>. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 497. [Sage Publications, Inc., American Academy of Political and Social Science]: 105–119. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0002716288497001009">10.1177/0002716288497001009</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7162">0002-7162</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1045764">1045764</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143609335">143609335</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Annals+of+the+American+Academy+of+Political+and+Social+Science&rft.atitle=Anti-Americanism+in+Canada%3F&rft.volume=497&rft.pages=105-119&rft.date=1988&rft.issn=0002-7162&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143609335%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1045764%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0002716288497001009&rft.aulast=Doran&rft.aufirst=Charles+F.&rft.au=Sewell%2C+James+Patrick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1045764&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> Nossal, Kim Richard, "Anti-Americanism in Canada", Anti-Americanism: comparative perspectives (2007), ed. Brendon O'Connor, pp. 62–66 </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSara_Jeannette_DuncanMisao_Dean2005" class="citation book cs1">Sara Jeannette Duncan; Misao Dean (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=54osezQz_eQC&pg=PA19">The Imperialist</a>. Broadview Press. p. 19. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160105152107/https://books.google.com/books?id=54osezQz_eQC&pg=PA19">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Imperialist&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Broadview+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Sara+Jeannette+Duncan&rft.au=Misao+Dean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D54osezQz_eQC%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrentzosThompson2014" class="citation book cs1">Frentzos, Christos G.; Thompson, Antonio S. (2014). The Routledge Handbook of American Military and Diplomatic History: The Colonial Period to 1877. Routledge. p. 196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3178-1335-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-3178-1335-4"><bdi>978-1-3178-1335-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Handbook+of+American+Military+and+Diplomatic+History%3A+The+Colonial+Period+to+1877&rft.pages=196&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-3178-1335-4&rft.aulast=Frentzos&rft.aufirst=Christos+G.&rft.au=Thompson%2C+Antonio+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> Amy Von Heyking, "Talking about Americans: The image of the United States in English-Canadian schools, 1900–1965." History of Education Quarterly 46.3 (2006): 382-408. </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_BothwellIan_M._DrummondJohn_English1989" class="citation book cs1">Robert Bothwell; Ian M. Drummond; John English (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DMaS5cb7s8QC&pg=PA131">Canada Since 1945: Power, Politics, and Provincialism</a>. U of Toronto Press. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802066725" title="Special:BookSources/9780802066725"><bdi>9780802066725</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200124233938/https://books.google.com/books?id=DMaS5cb7s8QC&pg=PA131">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2020. Retrieved 13 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada+Since+1945%3A+Power%2C+Politics%2C+and+Provincialism&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=U+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780802066725&rft.au=Robert+Bothwell&rft.au=Ian+M.+Drummond&rft.au=John+English&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDMaS5cb7s8QC%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> Bothwell et al., p. 131 </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarold_A._Innis2004" class="citation book cs1">Harold A. Innis (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BuO00eQGdXUC&pg=PA13">Changing Concepts of Time</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 13–14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742528185" title="Special:BookSources/9780742528185"><bdi>9780742528185</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726070018/https://books.google.com/books?id=BuO00eQGdXUC&pg=PA13">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 19 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Changing+Concepts+of+Time&rft.pages=13-14&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780742528185&rft.au=Harold+A.+Innis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBuO00eQGdXUC%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonald_Wright2015" class="citation book cs1">Donald Wright (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1CSSCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT239">Donald Creighton: A Life in History</a>. University of Toronto Press. pp. 174–75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442620308" title="Special:BookSources/9781442620308"><bdi>9781442620308</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726055154/https://books.google.com/books?id=1CSSCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT239">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 19 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Donald+Creighton%3A+A+Life+in+History&rft.pages=174-75&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781442620308&rft.au=Donald+Wright&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1CSSCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/cbc-shows-anti-u-s-melodrama-wikileaks-1.902016">"CBC shows anti-U.S. 'melodrama':WikiLeaks"</a>. CBC News. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210908121327/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/cbc-shows-anti-u-s-melodrama-wikileaks-1.902016">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=CBC+shows+anti-U.S.+%27melodrama%27%3AWikiLeaks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fcbc-shows-anti-u-s-melodrama-wikileaks-1.902016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewglobal.org/2018/10/01/americas-international-image-continues-to-suffer/">"America's international image continues to suffer"</a>. Pew Research Center. 1 October 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190331131841/https://www.pewglobal.org/2018/10/01/americas-international-image-continues-to-suffer/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 17 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=America%27s+international+image+continues+to+suffer&rft.date=2018-10-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewglobal.org%2F2018%2F10%2F01%2Famericas-international-image-continues-to-suffer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNortham2018" class="citation news cs1">Northam, Jackie (28 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2018/06/28/623518328/canadians-are-livid-about-trump-and-are-hitting-back-by-boycotting-u-s-goods">"'Canadians Are Livid' About Trump And Are Hitting Back By Boycotting U.S. Goods"</a>. National Public Radio. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210908121638/https://www.npr.org/2018/06/28/623518328/canadians-are-livid-about-trump-and-are-hitting-back-by-boycotting-u-s-goods">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Public+Radio&rft.atitle=%27Canadians+Are+Livid%27+About+Trump+And+Are+Hitting+Back+By+Boycotting+U.S.+Goods&rft.date=2018-06-28&rft.aulast=Northam&rft.aufirst=Jackie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2018%2F06%2F28%2F623518328%2Fcanadians-are-livid-about-trump-and-are-hitting-back-by-boycotting-u-s-goods&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2018" class="citation news cs1">Moore, Lela (11 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/11/reader-center/canadians-boycott-us.html">"Angry About Tariffs and Insults, Canadians Vow to Boycott U.S. Goods and Travel"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210908160508/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/11/reader-center/canadians-boycott-us.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Angry+About+Tariffs+and+Insults%2C+Canadians+Vow+to+Boycott+U.S.+Goods+and+Travel&rft.date=2018-07-11&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Lela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F07%2F11%2Freader-center%2Fcanadians-boycott-us.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abacusdata.ca/election-2015-started-as-a-three-party-race-countdown-to-2019-begins-with-the-ndp-well-back/">"Election 2015 started as a three party race. Countdown to 2019 begins with the NDP well back"</a>. 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Retrieved 17 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Abacus+Data&rft.atitle=Election+2015+started+as+a+three+party+race.+Countdown+to+2019+begins+with+the+NDP+well+back.&rft.date=2018-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabacusdata.ca%2Felection-2015-started-as-a-three-party-race-countdown-to-2019-begins-with-the-ndp-well-back%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnolly2020" class="citation news cs1">Connolly, Amanda (13 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalnews.ca/news/6404191/justin-trudeau-iran-plane-crash-2020/">"Without recent escalations, Iran plane crash victims would be 'home with their families': Trudeau"</a>. Global News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210902230903/https://globalnews.ca/news/6404191/justin-trudeau-iran-plane-crash-2020/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2021. 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Maclean's. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210908121335/https://www.macleans.ca/opinion/donald-trump-gets-impeached-63-canadians-die/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2021. Retrieved 26 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Maclean%27s&rft.atitle=Donald+Trump+gets+impeached%E2%80%9457+Canadians+die&rft.date=2020-01-09&rft.aulast=Gilmore&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.macleans.ca%2Fopinion%2Fdonald-trump-gets-impeached-63-canadians-die%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ekospolitics.com/index.php/2020/01/directional-outlook-and-public-response-to-growing-iran-u-s-tensions/">"Directional Outlook and Public Response to Growing Iran-U.S. Tensions"</a>. EKOS Politics. EKOS Research Associates. 16 January 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210612025737/https://www.ekospolitics.com/index.php/2020/01/directional-outlook-and-public-response-to-growing-iran-u-s-tensions/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2021. Retrieved 26 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EKOS+Politics&rft.atitle=Directional+Outlook+and+Public+Response+to+Growing+Iran-U.S.+Tensions&rft.date=2020-01-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ekospolitics.com%2Findex.php%2F2020%2F01%2Fdirectional-outlook-and-public-response-to-growing-iran-u-s-tensions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCecco2020" class="citation news cs1">Cecco, Leyland (17 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/17/americans-reportedly-find-loophole-violate-canadas-covid-19-border-closure">"Americans reportedly find 'loophole' to violate Canada's Covid-19 border closure"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210908121325/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/17/americans-reportedly-find-loophole-violate-canadas-covid-19-border-closure">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Americans+reportedly+find+%27loophole%27+to+violate+Canada%27s+Covid-19+border+closure&rft.date=2020-06-17&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Cecco&rft.aufirst=Leyland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2020%2Fjun%2F17%2Famericans-reportedly-find-loophole-violate-canadas-covid-19-border-closure&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAguilar2020" class="citation web cs1">Aguilar, Bryann (17 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cp24.com/news/go-home-drivers-with-u-s-licence-plates-harassed-in-muskoka-1.4989231">"'Go home': Drivers with U.S. licence plates harassed in Muskoka"</a>. CP24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210818052350/https://www.cp24.com/news/go-home-drivers-with-u-s-licence-plates-harassed-in-muskoka-1.4989231">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CP24&rft.atitle=%27Go+home%27%3A+Drivers+with+U.S.+licence+plates+harassed+in+Muskoka&rft.date=2020-06-17&rft.aulast=Aguilar&rft.aufirst=Bryann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cp24.com%2Fnews%2Fgo-home-drivers-with-u-s-licence-plates-harassed-in-muskoka-1.4989231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Arshani" class="citation web cs1">Al-Arshani, Sarah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/canadians-want-border-us-to-stay-closed-end-2020-2020-8">"Poll finds that 80% of Canadians want the US-Canada border to stay closed for the rest of the year, as the coronavirus pandemic rages on in the US"</a>. Business Insider. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210908121328/https://www.businessinsider.com/canadians-want-border-us-to-stay-closed-end-2020-2020-8">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Poll+finds+that+80%25+of+Canadians+want+the+US-Canada+border+to+stay+closed+for+the+rest+of+the+year%2C+as+the+coronavirus+pandemic+rages+on+in+the+US&rft.aulast=Al-Arshani&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fcanadians-want-border-us-to-stay-closed-end-2020-2020-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2020/05/05/americans-trust-canadians-more-than-they-trust-themselves-poll-suggests.html">"Americans trust Canadians more than they trust themselves, poll suggests"</a>. thestar.com. 5 May 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210908121325/https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2020/05/05/americans-trust-canadians-more-than-they-trust-themselves-poll-suggests.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thestar.com&rft.atitle=Americans+trust+Canadians+more+than+they+trust+themselves%2C+poll+suggests&rft.date=2020-05-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2F2020%2F05%2F05%2Famericans-trust-canadians-more-than-they-trust-themselves-poll-suggests.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnstonPercy1980" class="citation journal cs1">Johnston, Richard; Percy, Michael B. (1980). "Reciprocity, Imperial Sentiment, and Party Politics in the 1911 Election". Canadian Journal of Political Science. 13 (4): 711–729. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0008423900034004">10.1017/s0008423900034004</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3230240">3230240</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154189040">154189040</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Reciprocity%2C+Imperial+Sentiment%2C+and+Party+Politics+in+the+1911+Election&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=711-729&rft.date=1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154189040%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3230240%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0008423900034004&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Percy%2C+Michael+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarsh2011" class="citation web cs1">Marsh, James (1 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/election-1891-a-question-of-loyalty-feature">"Election 1891: A Question of Loyalty"</a>. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210908121333/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/election-1891-a-question-of-loyalty-feature">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Election+1891%3A+A+Question+of+Loyalty&rft.date=2011-02-01&rft.aulast=Marsh&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Felection-1891-a-question-of-loyalty-feature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> J.L. Granatstein. Yankee Go Home: Canadians and Anti-Americanism (1997) pp. 121–45 </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> Damien-Claude Bélanger, Prejudice and Pride: Canadian Intellectuals Confront the United States, 1891–1945 (University of Toronto Press, 2011), pp. 16, 180 </li> <li id="cite_note-Brendon_O'Connor_2007_https://books.google.com/books?id=Jq4FMb47AnEC&pg=PA71_71-304">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brendon_O'Connor_2007_https://books.google.com/books?id=Jq4FMb47AnEC&pg=PA71_71_304-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brendon_O'Connor_2007_https://books.google.com/books?id=Jq4FMb47AnEC&pg=PA71_71_304-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrendon_O'Connor2007" class="citation book cs1">Brendon O'Connor (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jq4FMb47AnEC">Anti-Americanism: Comparative perspectives</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jq4FMb47AnEC&pg=PA71">71</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84645-026-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84645-026-6"><bdi>978-1-84645-026-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160105152107/https://books.google.com/books?id=Jq4FMb47AnEC">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anti-Americanism%3A+Comparative+perspectives&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84645-026-6&rft.au=Brendon+O%27Connor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJq4FMb47AnEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Herd_ThompsonStephen_J._Randall2008" class="citation book cs1">John Herd Thompson; Stephen J. Randall (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UVGHdmbzUTwC">Canada and the United States: ambivalent allies</a>. University of Georgia Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UVGHdmbzUTwC&pg=PA310">310</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-2403-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-2403-6"><bdi>978-0-8203-2403-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160105152107/https://books.google.com/books?id=UVGHdmbzUTwC">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada+and+the+United+States%3A+ambivalent+allies&rft.pages=310&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8203-2403-6&rft.au=John+Herd+Thompson&rft.au=Stephen+J.+Randall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUVGHdmbzUTwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReingard_M._Nischik2000" class="citation book cs1">Reingard M. Nischik (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s_xIap0GDbwC&pg=PA6">Margaret Atwood: Works and Impact</a>. Camden House. pp. 6, 143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781571131393" title="Special:BookSources/9781571131393"><bdi>9781571131393</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160105152107/https://books.google.com/books?id=s_xIap0GDbwC&pg=PA6">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Margaret+Atwood%3A+Works+and+Impact&rft.pages=6%2C+143&rft.pub=Camden+House&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9781571131393&rft.au=Reingard+M.+Nischik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds_xIap0GDbwC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTandonChandra2009" class="citation book cs1">Tandon, Neeru; Chandra, Anshul (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2nKLIv_C8hgC&pg=PA154">Margaret Atwood: A Jewel in Canadian Writing</a>. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. pp. 154–55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788126910151" title="Special:BookSources/9788126910151"><bdi>9788126910151</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160105152107/https://books.google.com/books?id=2nKLIv_C8hgC&pg=PA154">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2016. 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Retrieved 25 October 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rd.com/your-america-inspiring-people-and-stories/presidential-election-08-global-poll-australia/article102157.html">The Global Presidential Poll: Australia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081210075540/http://www.rd.com/your-america-inspiring-people-and-stories/presidential-election-08-global-poll-australia/article102157.html">Archived</a> 10 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", Reader's Digest Online, Retrieved on 3 December 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser2012" class="citation web cs1">Fraser, Jane E. (15 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.traveller.com.au/worlds-most-annoying-tourists-named-1umob">"World's most annoying tourists named"</a>. Traveller. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210908155001/https://www.traveller.com.au/worlds-most-annoying-tourists-named-1umob">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2021. Retrieved 10 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Traveller&rft.atitle=World%27s+most+annoying+tourists+named&rft.date=2012-03-15&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=Jane+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.traveller.com.au%2Fworlds-most-annoying-tourists-named-1umob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVine2017" class="citation news cs1">Vine, David (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/how-us-military-bases-back-dictators-autocrats-and-military-regimes_b_591b229ae4b05dd15f0ba8e6">"How U.S. Military Bases Back Dictators, Autocrats, And Military Regimes"</a>. HuffPost.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=How+U.S.+Military+Bases+Back+Dictators%2C+Autocrats%2C+And+Military+Regimes&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Vine&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpost.com%2Fentry%2Fhow-us-military-bases-back-dictators-autocrats-and-military-regimes_b_591b229ae4b05dd15f0ba8e6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChomsky2001" class="citation book cs1">Chomsky, Noam (2001). 9-11 Was There an Alternative. The Open Media.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=9-11+Was+There+an+Alternative&rft.pub=The+Open+Media&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Chomsky&rft.aufirst=Noam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChomsky2003" class="citation book cs1">Chomsky, Noam (2003). Hegemony or survival: America's quest for global dominance. Henry Holt and Company, LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-7400-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8050-7400-7"><bdi>0-8050-7400-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hegemony+or+survival%3A+America%27s+quest+for+global+dominance&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company%2C+LLC&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8050-7400-7&rft.aulast=Chomsky&rft.aufirst=Noam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarclay,_David_E.Elisabeth_Glaser-Schmidt2003" class="citation book cs1">Barclay, David E.; Elisabeth Glaser-Schmidt, eds. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aK_FZzejQGQC&pg=PR7">Transatlantic Images and Perceptions: Germany and America since 1776</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521534420" title="Special:BookSources/9780521534420"><bdi>9780521534420</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transatlantic+Images+and+Perceptions%3A+Germany+and+America+since+1776&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780521534420&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaK_FZzejQGQC%26pg%3DPR7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerendse2003" class="citation journal cs1">Berendse, Gerrit-Jan (December 2003). "German Anti-Americanism in Context". Journal of European Studies. 33 (3): 333. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0047244103040422">10.1177/0047244103040422</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0047-2441">0047-2441</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145571701">145571701</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+European+Studies&rft.atitle=German+Anti-Americanism+in+Context&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=333&rft.date=2003-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145571701%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0047-2441&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0047244103040422&rft.aulast=Berendse&rft.aufirst=Gerrit-Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurumaMargalit,_Avishai2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Buruma" title="Ian Buruma">Buruma, Ian</a>; <a href="/wiki/Avishai_Margalit" title="Avishai Margalit">Margalit, Avishai</a> (2005). <a href="/wiki/Occidentalism" title="Occidentalism">Occidentalism</a>: The West in the Eyes of Its Enemies. New York: Penguin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59420-008-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-59420-008-4"><bdi>1-59420-008-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Occidentalism%3A+The+West+in+the+Eyes+of+Its+Enemies&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-59420-008-4&rft.aulast=Buruma&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Margalit%2C+Avishai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeanGabilliet,_Jean-Paul1996" class="citation book cs1">Dean, John; Gabilliet, Jean-Paul (1996). European Readings of American Popular Culture. Greenwood Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Readings+of+American+Popular+Culture&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Dean&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Gabilliet%2C+Jean-Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFabbrini2004" class="citation journal cs1">Fabbrini, Sergio (September 2004). "Layers of Anti-Americanism: Americanization, American Unilateralism and Anti-Americanism in a European Perspective". European Journal of American Culture. 23 (2): 79–94. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1386%2Fejac.23.2.79%2F0">10.1386/ejac.23.2.79/0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1466-0407">1466-0407</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+American+Culture&rft.atitle=Layers+of+Anti-Americanism%3A+Americanization%2C+American+Unilateralism+and+Anti-Americanism+in+a+European+Perspective&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=79-94&rft.date=2004-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1386%2Fejac.23.2.79%2F0&rft.issn=1466-0407&rft.aulast=Fabbrini&rft.aufirst=Sergio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Friedman, Max Paul. Rethinking Anti-Americanism: The History of an Exceptional Concept in American Foreign Relations (Cambridge University Press, 2012)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGienow-Hecht2006" class="citation journal cs1">Gienow-Hecht, Jessica C. E. (1 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/ahr.111.4.1067">"Always blame the Americans: Anti-Americanism in Europe in the Twentieth Century"</a>. American Historical Review. 111 (4). Oxford University Press (OUP): 1067–1091. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2Fahr.111.4.1067">10.1086/ahr.111.4.1067</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-8762">0002-8762</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/ahr.111.4.1067">10.1086/ahr.111.4.1067</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Always+blame+the+Americans%3A+Anti-Americanism+in+Europe+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1067-1091&rft.date=2006-10-01&rft.issn=0002-8762&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1086%2Fahr.111.4.1067%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2Fahr.111.4.1067&rft.aulast=Gienow-Hecht&rft.aufirst=Jessica+C.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1086%2Fahr.111.4.1067&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGranatstein1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._L._Granatstein" title="J. L. Granatstein">Granatstein, J. L.</a> (1996). Yankee Go Home? Canadians and Anti-Americanism. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-255301-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-255301-8"><bdi>978-0-00-255301-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yankee+Go+Home%3F+Canadians+and+Anti-Americanism&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-00-255301-8&rft.aulast=Granatstein&rft.aufirst=J.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodgson2004" class="citation journal cs1">Hodgson, Godfrey (2004). "Anti-Americanism and American Exceptionalism". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Transatlantic_Studies" title="Journal of Transatlantic Studies">Journal of Transatlantic Studies</a>. 2 (1): 27–38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14794010408656805">10.1080/14794010408656805</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1479-4012">1479-4012</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144389005">144389005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Transatlantic+Studies&rft.atitle=Anti-Americanism+and+American+Exceptionalism&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=27-38&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144389005%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1479-4012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14794010408656805&rft.aulast=Hodgson&rft.aufirst=Godfrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollander1992" class="citation book cs1">Hollander, Paul (1992). Anti-Americanism: Irrational and Rational. Transaction Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anti-Americanism%3A+Irrational+and+Rational&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Hollander&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollander2004" class="citation book cs1">Hollander, Paul (2004). Understanding Anti-Americanism: Its Origins and Impact at Home and Abroad.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Anti-Americanism%3A+Its+Origins+and+Impact+at+Home+and+Abroad&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Hollander&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIckstadt2004" class="citation journal cs1">Ickstadt, Heinz (2004). "Uniting a Divided Nation: Americanism and Anti-americanism in Post-war Germany". European Journal of American Culture. 23 (2): 157–170. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1386%2Fejac.23.2.157%2F0">10.1386/ejac.23.2.157/0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1466-0407">1466-0407</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+American+Culture&rft.atitle=Uniting+a+Divided+Nation%3A+Americanism+and+Anti-americanism+in+Post-war+Germany&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=157-170&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1386%2Fejac.23.2.157%2F0&rft.issn=1466-0407&rft.aulast=Ickstadt&rft.aufirst=Heinz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoffe2006" class="citation book cs1">Joffe, Josef (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/umluberpowerimpe00joff_0">Überpower: The Imperial Temptation</a>. New York: W. W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-33014-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-33014-1"><bdi>0-393-33014-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%9Cberpower%3A+The+Imperial+Temptation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-393-33014-1&rft.aulast=Joffe&rft.aufirst=Josef&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fumluberpowerimpe00joff_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chalmers_Johnson" title="Chalmers Johnson">Johnson, Chalmers Ashby</a> (2004). Blowback: The Costs and Consequences of American Empire. Henry Holt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-7559-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8050-7559-3"><bdi>0-8050-7559-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blowback%3A+The+Costs+and+Consequences+of+American+Empire&rft.pub=Henry+Holt&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8050-7559-3&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Chalmers+Ashby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Kamalipour, Yahya R. ed. (1999) Images of the U.S. around the World: A Multicultural Perspective</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatzensteinRobert_O._Keohane2005" class="citation book cs1">Katzenstein, Peter J.; Robert O. Keohane (2005). Anti-americanisms in World Politics. Cornell University Press: Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-7351-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-7351-9"><bdi>0-8014-7351-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anti-americanisms+in+World+Politics&rft.place=Cornell+University+Press&rft.pub=Center+for+Advanced+Study+in+the+Behavioral+Sciences&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8014-7351-9&rft.aulast=Katzenstein&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rft.au=Robert+O.+Keohane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Lacorne, Denis and Tony Judt, eds. With Us or Against Us: Studies in Global Anti-Americanism (2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Against-Anti-Americanism-International-Relations-Political/dp/0230602266/">excerpt and text search</a>, essays by scholars in Europe and Asia</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarsonLevin,_Norman_D.Baik,_SeonhaeSavych,_Bogdan2004" class="citation book cs1">Larson, Eric Victor; Levin, Norman D.; Baik, Seonhae; Savych, Bogdan (2004). Ambivalent Allies? A Study of South Korean Attitudes toward the U.S. Rand. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8330-3584-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8330-3584-3"><bdi>0-8330-3584-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ambivalent+Allies%3F+A+Study+of+South+Korean+Attitudes+toward+the+U.S.&rft.pub=Rand&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8330-3584-3&rft.aulast=Larson&rft.aufirst=Eric+Victor&rft.au=Levin%2C+Norman+D.&rft.au=Baik%2C+Seonhae&rft.au=Savych%2C+Bogdan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkovits2007" class="citation book cs1">Markovits, Andrei S. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/uncouthnationwhy00mark">Uncouth Nation: Why Europe Dislikes America</a>. Princeton UP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12287-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12287-8"><bdi>978-0-691-12287-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uncouth+Nation%3A+Why+Europe+Dislikes+America&rft.pub=Princeton+UP&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-691-12287-8&rft.aulast=Markovits&rft.aufirst=Andrei+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funcouthnationwhy00mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakaya,_Andrea_C.2005" class="citation book cs1">Nakaya, Andrea C., ed. (2005). <a href="/wiki/Does_the_World_Hate_the_United_States%3F" title="Does the World Hate the United States?">Does the World Hate the United States?</a>. Farmington Hills, Michigan: <a href="/wiki/Greenhaven_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenhaven Press">Greenhaven Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Does+the+World+Hate+the+United+States%3F&rft.place=Farmington+Hills%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=Greenhaven+Press&rft.date=2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connor2004" class="citation journal cs1">O'Connor, Brendon (July 2004). "A Brief History of Anti-Americanism: From Cultural Criticism to Terrorism". Australasian Journal of American Studies. 23 (1): 82. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1838-9554">1838-9554</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41053968">41053968</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australasian+Journal+of+American+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+Anti-Americanism%3A+From+Cultural+Criticism+to+Terrorism&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=82&rft.date=2004-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41053968%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=1838-9554&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=Brendon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorGriffiths2005" class="citation book cs1">O'Connor, Brendon; Griffiths, Martin, eds. (2005). The Rise of anti-Americanism. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+anti-Americanism&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connor,_Brendon2007" class="citation book cs1">O'Connor, Brendon, ed. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/antiamericanismh0000unse">Anti-Americanism: History, Causes, Themes</a>. Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84645-004-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84645-004-4"><bdi>978-1-84645-004-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anti-Americanism%3A+History%2C+Causes%2C+Themes&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84645-004-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fantiamericanismh0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connor,_B.Griffiths,_M.2007" class="citation book cs1">O'Connor, B.; Griffiths, M., eds. (2007). Anti-Americanism: Comparative perspectives. Vol. 3. Greenwood Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anti-Americanism%3A+Comparative+perspectives&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorGriffiths2006" class="citation book cs1">O'Connor, Brendon; Griffiths, Martin (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lJLIIZN8szYC">The rise of anti-Americanism</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-36906-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-36906-0"><bdi>978-0-415-36906-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+rise+of+anti-Americanism&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-36906-0&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=Brendon&rft.au=Griffiths%2C+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlJLIIZN8szYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Pells, Richard. Not like Us: How Europeans Have Loved, Hated and Transformed American Culture since World War II (1997) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/notlikeushoweuro00pell">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRevel2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Revel" title="Jean-François Revel">Revel, Jean-François</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031204174924/http://theamericanenterprise.org/issues/articleid.17764/article_detail.asp">Europe's Anti-American Obsession</a>. The American Enterprise Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theamericanenterprise.org/issues/articleid.17764/article_detail.asp">the original</a> on 4 December 2003. Retrieved 4 December 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe%27s+Anti-American+Obsession&rft.pub=The+American+Enterprise+Institute&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Revel&rft.aufirst=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheamericanenterprise.org%2Fissues%2Farticleid.17764%2Farticle_detail.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRevel2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Revel" title="Jean-François Revel">Revel, Jean-François</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/antiamericanism00reve">Anti-Americanism</a>. San Francisco: Encounter Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59403-060-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-59403-060-X"><bdi>1-59403-060-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anti-Americanism&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=Encounter+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-59403-060-X&rft.aulast=Revel&rft.aufirst=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fantiamericanism00reve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubinRubin,_Judith_Colp2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barry_Rubin" title="Barry Rubin">Rubin, Barry</a>; Rubin, Judith Colp (2004). Hating America: A History. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-530649-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-530649-X"><bdi>0-19-530649-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hating+America%3A+A+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-19-530649-X&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft.au=Rubin%2C+Judith+Colp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Shiraev, Eric, and Vladimir Zubok. (2000) Anti-Americanism in Russia: From Stalin to Putin</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSweig2006" class="citation book cs1">Sweig, Julia (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/friendlyfirelosi00swei">Friendly Fire: Losing Friends and Making Enemies in the Anti-American Century</a>. PublicAffairs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58648-300-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-58648-300-5"><bdi>1-58648-300-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 March 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Friendly+Fire%3A+Losing+Friends+and+Making+Enemies+in+the+Anti-American+Century&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-58648-300-5&rft.aulast=Sweig&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffriendlyfirelosi00swei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwindells2005" class="citation journal cs1">Swindells, Charles J. (2005). "Anti-Americanism and Its Discontents". New Zealand International Review. 30 (1): 8–12. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0110-0262">0110-0262</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45235363">45235363</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+International+Review&rft.atitle=Anti-Americanism+and+Its+Discontents&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=8-12&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45235363%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0110-0262&rft.aulast=Swindells&rft.aufirst=Charles+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrommlerMcVeigh,_Joseph1990" class="citation book cs1">Trommler, Frank; McVeigh, Joseph (1990). "Volume 2: The Relationship in the Twentieth Century". America and the Germans: An Assessment of a Three-Hundred-Year History. University of Pennsylvania Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Volume+2%3A+The+Relationship+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.btitle=America+and+the+Germans%3A+An+Assessment+of+a+Three-Hundred-Year+History&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Trommler&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft.au=McVeigh%2C+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodward,_C._Vann1992" class="citation book cs1">Woodward, C. Vann (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N3wcbe4CEjwC">The Old World's New World</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199874323" title="Special:BookSources/9780199874323"><bdi>9780199874323</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Old+World%27s+New+World&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780199874323&rft.au=Woodward%2C+C.+Vann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN3wcbe4CEjwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France_2">France</h3></div> <ul><li>Armus, Seth D. French Anti-Americanism (1930-1948): Critical Moments in a Complex History (2007) 179pp.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyce2013" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyce_(historian)" title="Robert Boyce (historian)">Boyce, Robert</a> (April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.histoire-politique.fr/index.php?numero=19&rub=dossier&item=178">"When "Uncle Sam" became 'Uncle Shylock': Sources and Strength of French Anti-Americanism, 1919-1932"</a>. Histoire@Politique. 19 (1): 29–51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Fhp.019.0004">10.3917/hp.019.0004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1954-3670">1954-3670</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Histoire%40Politique&rft.atitle=When+%22Uncle+Sam%22+became+%27Uncle+Shylock%27%3A+Sources+and+Strength+of+French+Anti-Americanism%2C+1919-1932&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=29-51&rft.date=2013-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3917%2Fhp.019.0004&rft.issn=1954-3670&rft.aulast=Boyce&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.histoire-politique.fr%2Findex.php%3Fnumero%3D19%26rub%3Ddossier%26item%3D178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChesnoff2005" class="citation book cs1">Chesnoff, Richard Z. (April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/arroganceoffren00ches">The Arrogance of the French: Why They Can't Stand Us – and Why the Feeling Is Mutual</a>. Sentinel. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59523-010-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-59523-010-6"><bdi>1-59523-010-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arrogance+of+the+French%3A+Why+They+Can%27t+Stand+Us+%E2%80%93+and+Why+the+Feeling+Is+Mutual&rft.pub=Sentinel&rft.date=2005-04&rft.isbn=1-59523-010-6&rft.aulast=Chesnoff&rft.aufirst=Richard+Z.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farroganceoffren00ches&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2009" class="citation journal cs1">Kennedy, Sean (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/42843597">"André Siegfried and the Complexities of French Anti-Americanism"</a>. French Politics, Culture & Society. 27 (2): 1–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3167%2Ffpcs.2009.270201">10.3167/fpcs.2009.270201</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1537-6370">1537-6370</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42843597">42843597</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=French+Politics%2C+Culture+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Andr%C3%A9+Siegfried+and+the+Complexities+of+French+Anti-Americanism&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1-22&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=1537-6370&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42843597%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3167%2Ffpcs.2009.270201&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42843597&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuisel2013" class="citation book cs1">Kuisel, Richard F. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt7sm7n">The French Way: How France Embraced and Rejected American Values and Power</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-16198-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-16198-3"><bdi>978-0-691-16198-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt7sm7n">j.ctt7sm7n</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+Way%3A+How+France+Embraced+and+Rejected+American+Values+and+Power&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt7sm7n%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-691-16198-3&rft.aulast=Kuisel&rft.aufirst=Richard+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt7sm7n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Kuisel, Richard F. Seducing the French: the dilemma of Americanization (U of California Press, 1993).</li> <li>Lacorne, Denis, et al. eds. The Rise and Fall of Anti-Americanism: A Century of French Perception (Palgrave Macmillan, 1990) 18 essays by French scholars in English translation.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacorne2005" class="citation web cs1">Lacorne, Denis (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal-sciencespo.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01065572/document">"Anti-Americanism and Americanophobia: A French Perspectives"</a>. Sciences Po. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/HAL_(open_archive)" title="HAL (open archive)">HAL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01065572">hal-01065572</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anti-Americanism+and+Americanophobia%3A+A+French+Perspectives&rft.pub=Sciences+Po&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Lacorne&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal-sciencespo.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhal-01065572%2Fdocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"> <ul><li>also in Denis Lacorne and Tony Judt, eds. With Us or Against Us: Studies in Global Anti-Americanism (2007) pp 35–58</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatsumoto2004" class="citation journal cs1">Matsumoto, Reiji. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190412082533/http://sv121.wadax.ne.jp/~jaas-gr-jp/jjas/PDF/2004/No.15-163.pdf">"From Model to Menace: French Intellectuals and American Civilization"</a> (PDF). The Japanese Journal of American Studies. 15: 163–85. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sv121.wadax.ne.jp/~jaas-gr-jp/jjas/PDF/2004/No.15-163.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 12 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Japanese+Journal+of+American+Studies&rft.atitle=From+Model+to+Menace%3A+French+Intellectuals+and+American+Civilization&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=163-85&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Matsumoto&rft.aufirst=Reiji.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsv121.wadax.ne.jp%2F~jaas-gr-jp%2Fjjas%2FPDF%2F2004%2FNo.15-163.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeunier2005" class="citation journal cs1">Meunier, Sophie (1 January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/42843400">"Anti-Americanisms in France"</a>. 'French Politics, Culture & Society. 23 (2): 126–141. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3167%2F153763705780980010">10.3167/153763705780980010</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1537-6370">1537-6370</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42843400">42843400</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%27French+Politics%2C+Culture+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Anti-Americanisms+in+France&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=126-141&rft.date=2005-01-01&rft.issn=1537-6370&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42843400%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3167%2F153763705780980010&rft.aulast=Meunier&rft.aufirst=Sophie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42843400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Miller, John J., and Mark Molesky. Our oldest enemy: A history of America's disastrous relationship with France (Broadway Books, 2007).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay2011" class="citation journal cs1">Ray, Leonard (1 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/fp.2011.13">"Anti-Americanism and left-right ideology in France"</a>. French Politics. 9 (3): 201–221. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Ffp.2011.13">10.1057/fp.2011.13</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-3427">1476-3427</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=French+Politics&rft.atitle=Anti-Americanism+and+left-right+ideology+in+France&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=201-221&rft.date=2011-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2Ffp.2011.13&rft.issn=1476-3427&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1057%2Ffp.2011.13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Roger, Philippe. The American Enemy: the history of French anti-Americanism (U of Chicago Press, 2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/The-American-Enemy-History-Anti-Americanism/dp/0226723690/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Rolls, Alistair, and Deborah Walker. French and American noir: dark crossings (2009).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSerodes2005" class="citation web cs1">Serodes, Fabrice (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060913091214/http://www.sens-public.org/article.php3?id_article=174">"L'anglophobie est morte! Vive l'antiaméricanisme?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sens-public.org/article.php3?id_article=174">the original</a> on 13 September 2006. Retrieved 18 November 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L%27anglophobie+est+morte%21+Vive+l%27antiam%C3%A9ricanisme%3F&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Serodes&rft.aufirst=Fabrice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sens-public.org%2Farticle.php3%3Fid_article%3D174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrauss1978" class="citation book cs1">Strauss, David (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/menaceinwestrise0000stra">Menace in the West: The Rise of French Anti-Americanism in Modern Times</a>. Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-20316-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-20316-4"><bdi>0-313-20316-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Menace+in+the+West%3A+The+Rise+of+French+Anti-Americanism+in+Modern+Times&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-313-20316-4&rft.aulast=Strauss&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmenaceinwestrise0000stra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerhoeven2013" class="citation journal cs1">Verhoeven, Tim (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07075332.2012.742449">"Shadow and Light: Louis-Xavier Eyma (1816–76) and French Opinion of the United States during the Second Empire"</a>. The International History Review. 35 (1). Taylor & Francis, Ltd.: 143–161. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07075332.2012.742449">10.1080/07075332.2012.742449</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0707-5332">0707-5332</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24701343">24701343</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+History+Review&rft.atitle=Shadow+and+Light%3A+Louis-Xavier+Eyma+%281816%E2%80%9376%29+and+French+Opinion+of+the+United+States+during+the+Second+Empire&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=143-161&rft.date=2013&rft.issn=0707-5332&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24701343%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07075332.2012.742449&rft.aulast=Verhoeven&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F07075332.2012.742449&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillging2008" class="citation journal cs1">Willging, Jennifer (June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0957155808089665">"Of GMOs, McDomination and Foreign Fat: Contemporary Franco-American Food Fights"</a>. French Cultural Studies. 19 (2): 199–226. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0957155808089665">10.1177/0957155808089665</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0957-1558">0957-1558</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=French+Cultural+Studies&rft.atitle=Of+GMOs%2C+McDomination+and+Foreign+Fat%3A+Contemporary+Franco-American+Food+Fights&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=199-226&rft.date=2008-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0957155808089665&rft.issn=0957-1558&rft.aulast=Willging&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1177%2F0957155808089665&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig2013" class="citation journal cs1">Craig, Campbell (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/101369/">"Kennedy's international legacy, fifty years on"</a>. International Affairs. 89 (6): 1367–1378. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-2346.12078">10.1111/1468-2346.12078</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-5850">0020-5850</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24538446">24538446</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Affairs&rft.atitle=Kennedy%27s+international+legacy%2C+fifty+years+on&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1367-1378&rft.date=2013&rft.issn=0020-5850&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24538446%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1468-2346.12078&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=Campbell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Forca.cardiff.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F101369%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Americanism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Friedman, Max Paul. Rethinking Anti-Americanism: The History of an Exceptional Concept in American Foreign Relations (Cambridge University Press; 2012) 358 pages. Scholarly history of the concept of anti-Americanism and considers how the idea has affected American politics.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlautke2011" class="citation journal cs1">Klautke, Egbert (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1303252/1/Americanization_Revised_May_2011_Historical_Journal.pdf">"Anti-Americanism in Twentieth-Century Europe"</a> (PDF). Historical Journal. 64 (4): 1125–1139. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X11000276">10.1017/S0018246X11000276</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-246X">0018-246X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154765941">154765941</a>.</cite><span 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attributes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ageism" title="Ageism">Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialect_discrimination" title="Dialect discrimination">Dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_discrimination" title="Genetic discrimination">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_hair_texture" title="Discrimination based on hair texture">Hair texture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Height_discrimination" title="Height discrimination">Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_discrimination" title="Linguistic discrimination">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookism" title="Lookism">Looks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanism" title="Sanism">Mental disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Race / Ethnicity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Skin color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankism" title="Rankism">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_discrimination" title="Sexual orientation discrimination">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sizeism" title="Sizeism">Size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viewpoint_discrimination" title="Viewpoint discrimination">Viewpoint</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arophobia">Arophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adultism" title="Adultism">Adultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_people_with_albinism" title="Persecution of people with albinism">Anti-albinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_autistic_people" title="Discrimination against autistic people">Anti-autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_homeless_people" title="Discrimination against homeless people">Anti-homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_drug_addicts" title="Discrimination against drug addicts">Anti-drug addicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_intersex_people" title="Discrimination against intersex people">Anti-intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_against_left-handed_people" title="Bias against left-handed people">Anti-left handedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aporophobia" title="Aporophobia">Aporophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audism" title="Audism">Audism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clannism" class="mw-redirect" title="Clannism">Clannism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephebiphobia" title="Ephebiphobia">Ephebiphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Social determinants of health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health_in_poverty" title="Social determinants of health in poverty">Social determinants of health in poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_mental_health" title="Social determinants of mental health">Social determinants of mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma_of_obesity" title="Social stigma of obesity">Fatphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontophobia" title="Gerontophobia">Gerontophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprosy_stigma" title="Leprosy stigma">Leprosy stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbophobia">Lesbophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_men" title="Discrimination against men">Discrimination against men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misandry" title="Misandry">Misandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_children" title="Fear of children">Pedophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_discrimination" title="Pregnancy discrimination">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">Sectarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Supremacism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aryanism" title="Aryanism">Aryanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_supremacy" title="Black supremacy">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchy" title="Matriarchy">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_supremacy" title="Jewish supremacy">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordicism" title="Nordicism">Nordicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigraynization" title="Tigraynization">Tigraynization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Non-binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_transgender_men" title="Discrimination against transgender men">Trans men</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism#Religious_exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Christianity" title="Persecution of Orthodox Tewahedo Christianity">Tewahedo Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic/<a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">National</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Afghan_sentiment" title="Anti-Afghan sentiment">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-African_sentiment" title="Anti-African sentiment">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Albanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Albanian sentiment">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Armenian_sentiment" title="Anti-Armenian sentiment">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_France" title="Anti-Asian racism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_post-Apartheid_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in post-Apartheid South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Assyrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Assyrian sentiment">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Azerbaijani_sentiment" title="Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negrophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Negrophobia">Black people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_discrimination_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black discrimination in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_racism_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bengali_sentiment_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Bengali sentiment in India">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Protection_of_Macedonian_National_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Law for the Protection of Macedonian National Honor">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catalan_sentiment" title="Anti-Catalan sentiment">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chechen_sentiment" title="Anti-Chechen sentiment">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Colombian_sentiment" title="Anti-Colombian sentiment">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Croat_sentiment" title="Anti-Croat sentiment">Croat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Filipino_sentiment" title="Anti-Filipino sentiment">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fulani_sentiment" title="Anti-Fulani sentiment">Fulani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Finnish_sentiment" title="Anti-Finnish sentiment">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Georgian_sentiment" title="Anti-Georgian sentiment">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Greek_sentiment" title="Anti-Greek sentiment">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihaitianismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihaitianismo">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hazaras" title="Persecution of Hazaras">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hungarian_sentiment" title="Anti-Hungarian sentiment">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Igbo_sentiment" title="Anti-Igbo sentiment">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Indian_sentiment" title="Anti-Indian sentiment">Indian</a></li> <li>Indigenous people <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Irish_sentiment" title="Anti-Irish sentiment">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Italianism" title="Anti-Italianism">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a></li> <li>Jewish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Kurdish_sentiment" title="Anti-Kurdish sentiment">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Lithuanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Lithuanian sentiment">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Malay_sentiment" title="Anti-Malay sentiment">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C4%81ori_sentiment" title="Anti-Māori sentiment">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mongolianism" title="Anti-Mongolianism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Nigerian_sentiment" title="Anti-Nigerian sentiment">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pakistan_sentiment" title="Anti-Pakistan sentiment">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Palestinianism" title="Anti-Palestinianism">Palestinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pashtun_sentiment" title="Anti-Pashtun sentiment">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Polish_sentiment" title="Anti-Polish sentiment">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Quebec_sentiment" title="Anti-Quebec sentiment">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Romanian sentiment">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Scottish_sentiment" title="Anti-Scottish sentiment">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_sentiment" title="Anti-Serb sentiment">Serb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Somali_sentiment" title="Anti-Somali sentiment">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarophobia" title="Tatarophobia">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Thai_sentiment" title="Anti-Thai sentiment">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Turkish_sentiment" title="Anti-Turkish sentiment">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Ukrainian_sentiment" title="Anti-Ukrainian sentiment">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Uyghur_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Uyghur sentiment">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_xenophobia_during_the_Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="List of incidents of xenophobia during the Venezuelan refugee crisis">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Welsh_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Welsh sentiment">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manifestations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_designated_by_the_Southern_Poverty_Law_Center_as_anti-LGBTQ_hate_groups" title="List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBTQ hate groups">SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_anti-LGBTQ_movement_in_the_United_States" title="2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States">Anti-LGBTQ movement in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">Anti-trans movement in the UK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">Counter-jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_hate_crime" title="Disability hate crime">Disability hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_education" title="Discrimination in education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationism" title="Eliminationism">Eliminationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">Enemy of the people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_of_excellence" title="Discrimination of excellence">Excellence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-based_dress_codes" title="Gender-based dress codes">Gender-based dress codes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_policy" title="Cosmetics policy">Cosmetics policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_heel_policy" title="High heel policy">High heel policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freak_show" title="Freak show">Freak show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation" title="Genital modification and mutilation">Genital modification and mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">examples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_ceiling" title="Glass ceiling">Glass ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">Violence against LGBTQ people</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_dumping" title="Patient dumping">Homeless dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_discrimination" title="Housing discrimination">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rolling" title="Indian rolling">Indian rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kill_Haole_Day" title="Kill Haole Day">Kill Haole Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender scare">Lavender scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_LGBTQ%2B_people" title="Discrimination against LGBTQ+ people">LGBTQ+</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_grooming_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory">grooming conspiracy theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_killed_for_being_transgender" title="List of people killed for being transgender">List of people killed for being transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_discrimination" title="Mortgage discrimination">Mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Murder music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Native American mascot controversy">Native American mascots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_segregation" title="Occupational segregation">Occupational segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">Opposition to immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_genocide" title="Paper genocide">Paper genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">Political repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Religious violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_academy" title="Segregation academy">Segregation academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentencing_disparity" title="Sentencing disparity">Sentencing disparity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">Sex-selective abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slut-shaming" title="Slut-shaming">Slut-shaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Trans bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">White flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discriminatory policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Blood purity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws" title="Blood quantum laws">Blood quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">Crime of apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disabilities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disabilities_(Catholics)" title="Disabilities (Catholics)">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish disabilities">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">Gender pay gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protecting_Women%27s_Private_Spaces_Act" title="Protecting Women's Private Spaces Act">Transphobia in the US House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_benches" title="Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_Protection_of_the_Nation" title="Law for Protection of the Nation">Law for Protection of the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_opposition" title="LGBTQ rights opposition">LGBTQ rights opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_donation_restrictions_on_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Blood donation restrictions on men who have sex with men">MSM blood donation restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_kid_zone" title="No kid zone">No kid zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerus_clausus" title="Numerus clausus">Numerus clausus (as religious or racial quota)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_steering" title="Racial steering">Racial steering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_segregation" title="Geographical segregation">Segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_segregation" title="Age segregation">age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">sexual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Sodomy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugly_law" title="Ugly law">Ugly law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_suppression" title="Voter suppression">Voter suppression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countermeasures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-discrimination_law" title="Anti-discrimination law">Anti-discrimination law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_colorblindness" title="Constitutional colorblindness">Constitutional colorblindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">Cultural pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_training" title="Diversity training">Diversity training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empowerment" title="Empowerment">Empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_acceptance_movement" title="Fat acceptance movement">Fat acceptance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_Discrimination" title="Fighting Discrimination">Fighting Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech_laws_by_country" title="Hate speech laws by country">Hate speech laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reappropriation" title="Reappropriation">Reappropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allophilia" title="Allophilia">Allophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">Bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisnormativity" title="Cisnormativity">Cisnormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Criminalization of homosexuality">Criminalization of homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">Dehumanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodiversity" title="Neurodiversity">Neurodiversity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_penalty" title="Ethnic penalty">Ethnic penalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figleaf_(linguistics)" title="Figleaf (linguistics)">Figleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">Historical eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_oppression" title="Internalized oppression">Internalized oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_disability" title="Medical model of disability">Medical model of disability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_autism" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical model of autism">autism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_bias" title="Net bias">Net bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oikophobia" title="Oikophobia">Oikophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">Oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">Police brutality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_correctness" title="Political correctness">Political correctness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculturalism" title="Polyculturalism">Polyculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_distance" title="Power distance">Power distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">Prejudice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_abuse" title="Prisoner abuse">Prisoner abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States" title="Racial bias in criminal news in the United States">Racial bias in criminal news in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_color_blindness" title="Racial color blindness">Racial color blindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Religious intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_discrimination" title="Reverse discrimination">Reverse discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-generation_gender_bias" title="Second-generation gender bias">Second-generation gender bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equity" title="Social equity">Social equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_identity_threat" title="Social identity threat">Social identity threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_model_of_disability" title="Social model of disability">Social model of disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Social privilege</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_privilege" title="Christian privilege">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_privilege" title="White privilege">white</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotype</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype_threat" title="Stereotype threat">threat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_talk_(racism_in_the_United_States)" title="The talk (racism in the United States)">The talk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Discrimination" title="Category:Discrimination">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Prejudice_and_discrimination" title="Category:Prejudice and discrimination">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_topics" title="Template:United States topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_topics" title="Template talk:United States topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">1776–1789</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">1789–1815</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">1815–1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">1849–1865</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">1865–1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)" title="History of the United States (1917–1945)">1917–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">1991–2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the United States (2008–present)">2008–present</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By event</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-colonial era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_American_military_history" title="Colonial American military history">military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Resolves" title="Halifax Resolves">Halifax Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">drafting and ratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">Indian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Native genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li>Civil rights movement <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">1865–1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">1896–1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">1954–1968</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">home front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Feminist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">LGBT Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">Post-Cold War (1991–2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on Terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the history of the United States">Outline of U.S. history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_discoveries" title="Timeline of United States discoveries">Discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions" title="Timeline of United States inventions">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technological and industrial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_States" title="Geography of the United States">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._territorial_sovereignty" title="U.S. territorial sovereignty">Territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">Contiguous United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">federal district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_enclave" title="Federal enclave">federal enclaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">insular zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">minor outlying islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_populated_places_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of populated places in the United States">populated places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_United_States" title="List of earthquakes in the United States">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_the_United_States" title="List of extreme points of the United States">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_United_States" title="List of islands of the United States">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountains of the United States">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountain peaks of the United States">peaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges#United_States" title="List of mountain ranges">ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada" title="Sierra Nevada">Sierra Nevada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System" title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">National Parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_United_States" title="Central United States">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_United_States" title="Northwestern United States">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li>Longest <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_United_States" title="List of rivers of the United States">rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red (South)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon_River" title="Yukon River">Yukon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_the_United_States" title="Time in the United States">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_States" title="Water supply and sanitation in the United States">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_States" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the United States">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Powers_of_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="Powers of the president of the United States">powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_executive_departments" title="United States federal executive departments">Executive departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_agencies_of_the_United_States_government" title="Independent agencies of the United States government">Independent agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community" title="United States Intelligence Community">Intelligence Community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">Director of National Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">National Reconnaissance Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" title="Federal law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">ATF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">CBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Diplomatic_Security" title="Bureau of Diplomatic Security">Diplomatic Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">DEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">ICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service" title="United States Marshals Service">Marshals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">Secret Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_Security_Administration" title="Transportation Security Administration">TSA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Inspector_General_(United_States)" title="Office of Inspector General (United States)">Inspector generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_civil_service" title="United States federal civil service">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Public policy of the United States">Public policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of current members of the United States House of Representatives">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_senators" title="List of current United States senators">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States#President_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Vice President of the United States">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Police" title="United States Capitol Police">Capitol Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office" title="Congressional Budget Office">Congressional Budget Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">Government Accountability Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">Government Publishing Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">Courts of appeals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_circuit_judges" title="List of current United States circuit judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">District courts</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_States_territorial_court" title="United States territorial court">Territorial courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_district_and_territorial_courts" title="List of United States district and territorial courts">list of courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_district_judges" title="List of current United States district judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_tribunals_in_the_United_States" title="Federal tribunals in the United States">Other tribunals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney" title="United States Attorney">U.S. attorney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States" title="Law of the United States">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties_in_the_United_States" title="Civil liberties in the United States">civil liberties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">Code of Federal Regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_preemption" title="Federal preemption">preemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Separation of powers under the United States Constitution">separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Uniformed_services_of_the_United_States" title="Uniformed services of the United States">Uniformed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(United_States)" title="National Guard (United States)">National Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOAA_Commissioned_Officer_Corps" title="NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps">NOAA Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service_Commissioned_Corps" title="United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps">Public Health Service Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States" title="State governments of the United States">State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Government of the District of Columbia">Federal District</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territorial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_constitutional_officer" title="State constitutional officer">Executive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_(United_States)" title="Governor (United States)">Governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_governors" title="List of current United States governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant governor (United States)">Lieutenant governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_lieutenant_governors" title="List of current United States lieutenant governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_state_(U.S._state_government)" title="Secretary of state (U.S. state government)">Secretary of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_attorney_general" title="State attorney general">Attorney general</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_treasurer" title="State treasurer">Treasurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_auditor" title="State auditor">Auditor/Comptroller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_commissioner" title="Agriculture commissioner">Agriculture commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_commissioner" title="Insurance commissioner">Insurance commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_utilities_commission" title="Public utilities commission">Public utilities commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_police_(United_States)" title="State police (United States)">State police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_and_local_law_enforcement_agencies" title="List of United States state and local law enforcement agencies">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_legislatures" title="List of United States state legislatures">List of legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_legislators" title="List of U.S. state legislators">List of legislators</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_court_(United_States)" title="State court (United States)">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_supreme_court" title="State supreme court">Supreme courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_chief_justices" title="List of state chief justices">Chief justices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_attorney" title="District attorney">District attorney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_district_attorneys_by_county" class="mw-redirect" title="List of district attorneys by county">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_law_(United_States)" title="State law (United States)">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_constitutions_in_the_United_States" title="State constitutions in the United States">State constitutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_statutory_codes" title="List of U.S. state statutory codes">Statutory codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_act" title="Uniform act">Uniform act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_U.S._state_and_territory_governments" title="Comparison of U.S. state and territory governments">Comparison of governments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(Native_American)" title="Tribe (Native American)">Tribal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">Tribal sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_recognition_in_the_United_States" title="Native American recognition in the United States">Native American recognition in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes_in_the_contiguous_United_States" title="List of federally recognized tribes in the contiguous United States">Federally recognized tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alaska_Native_tribal_entities" title="List of Alaska Native tribal entities">Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-recognized_tribes_in_the_United_States" title="State-recognized tribes in the United States">State-recognized tribes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States" title="List of Indian reservations in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_home_land" title="Hawaiian home land">Hawaiian home land</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States" title="Local government in the United States">Local</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_counties_and_county_equivalents" title="List of United States counties and county equivalents">List of counties and county equivalents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_executive" title="County executive">County executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheriffs_in_the_United_States" title="Sheriffs in the United States">Sheriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_clerk" title="Municipal clerk">Clerk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_city-county" title="Consolidated city-county">Consolidated city-county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_city_(United_States)" title="Independent city (United States)">Independent city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coterminous_municipality" title="Coterminous municipality">Coterminous municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_charter#United_States" title="Municipal charter">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">Mayor–council government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council%E2%80%93manager_government" title="Council–manager government">Council–manager government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_commission_government" title="City commission government">City commission government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayoralty_in_the_United_States" title="Mayoralty in the United States">Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_manager" title="City manager">City manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_council#United_States" title="Municipal council">City council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Minor_civil_division" title="Minor civil division">Minor divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_township" title="Civil township">Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_meeting" title="Town meeting">Town meeting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Special_district_(United_States)" title="Special district (United States)">Special district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_district" title="School district">School district</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_school_districts_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of school districts in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_United_States" title="Corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States" title="Elections in the United States">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">Red states and blue states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign relations of the United States">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">foreign policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_presidency" title="Imperial presidency">Imperial presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Ideologies</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anti-Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">Parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third parties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_political_scandals_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal political scandals in the United States">Scandals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States_by_sector" title="Economy of the United States by sector">By sector</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_the_United_States" title="Banking in the United States">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_the_United_States" title="Communications in the United States">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_States" title="Energy in the United States">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Insurance in the United States">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_States" title="Manufacturing in the United States">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_United_States" title="Mining in the United States">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_States" title="Science and technology in the United States">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_States" title="Tourism in the United States">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign trade of the United States">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">by state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_the_United_States" title="List of exports of the United States">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_budget" title="United States federal budget">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_States" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States">Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_position_of_the_United_States" title="Financial position of the United States">Financial position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Labor unions in the United States">Labor unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States" title="National debt of the United States">Public debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_the_United_States" title="Social programs in the United States">Social welfare programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_States" title="Taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_States" title="Unemployment in the United States">Unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in the United States">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_the_United_States" title="Aviation in the United States">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_in_the_United_States" title="Driving in the United States">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Public transportation in the United States">Public transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Rail transportation in the United States">Rail transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Transportation policy of the United States">Transportation policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation safety in the United States">Transportation safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucking_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Trucking industry in the United States">Trucking industry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Society of the United States">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americana_(culture)" title="Americana (culture)">Americana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_the_United_States" title="Architecture in the United States">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_cuisine" title="American cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_the_United_States" title="Dance in the United States">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States" title="Demographics of the United States">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economic issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eviction_in_the_United_States" title="Eviction in the United States">eviction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_class_in_the_United_States" title="Working class in the United States">working class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_the_United_States" title="Literacy in the United States">literacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_the_United_States" title="Family in the United States">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States" title="Fashion in the United States">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_States" title="List of flags of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_United_States" title="Folklore of the United States">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Public holidays in the United States">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Federal holidays in the United States">Federal holidays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_the_United_States" title="Housing in the United States">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">ASL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_literature" title="American literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_United_States" title="Mass media in the United States">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_States" title="Internet in the United States">internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_United_States" title="Radio in the United States">radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_States" title="Television in the United States">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_in_the_United_States" title="Naming in the United States">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_United_States" title="National symbols of the United States">National symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_(personification)" title="Columbia (personification)">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Political ideologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_United_States" title="Sexuality in the United States">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_United_States" title="Society of the United States">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_United_States" title="Sports in the United States">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_in_the_United_States" title="Theater in the United States">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation in the United States">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_the_United_States" title="Video games in the United States">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_art_of_the_United_States" title="Visual art of the United States">Visual art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">Homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_United_States" title="Health in the United States">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aging_of_the_United_States" title="Aging of the United States">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare in the United States">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_in_the_United_States" title="Birth control in the United States">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_care_in_the_United_States" title="Prenatal care in the United States">Prenatal care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospice_care_in_the_United_States" title="Hospice care in the United States">Hospice care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigrant_health_care_in_the_United_States" title="Immigrant health care in the United States">Immigrant health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_rationing_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare rationing in the United States">Rationing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_finance_in_the_United_States" title="Health care finance in the United States">Health care finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_costs_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance costs in the United States">Health insurance costs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Health care prices in the United States">Health care prices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Prescription drug prices in the United States">Prescription drug prices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_the_United_States" title="Disability in the United States">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance in the United States">Health insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Food safety in the United States">Food safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physician_shortage_in_the_United_States" title="Physician shortage in the United States">Physician shortage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty and health in the United States">Poverty and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Race and health in the United States">Race and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_the_United_States" title="Obesity in the United States">Obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_deserts_in_the_United_States" title="Medical deserts in the United States">Medical deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_reproductive_health_in_the_United_States" title="Women's reproductive health in the United States">Women's reproductive health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_life_expectancy" title="List of U.S. states and territories by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States" title="Incarceration in the United States">incarceration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_United_States_government" title="Criticism of the United States government">Criticism of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="Discrimination in the United States">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States" title="Affirmative action in the United States">affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Intersex rights in the United States">intersex rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Islamophobia in the United States">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United States">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Racism against Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Energy policy of the United States">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental issues in the United States">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental movement in the United States">Environmental movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change in the United States">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">Gun politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="Mass shootings in the United States">Mass shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_the_United_States" title="Hunger in the United States">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_the_United_States" title="Tobacco in the United States">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">illegal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_security_of_the_United_States" title="National security of the United States">National security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_United_States" title="Terrorism in the United States">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_epidemic_in_the_United_States" title="Opioid epidemic in the United States">Opioid epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States" title="Separation of church and state in the United States">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Xenophobia in the United States">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;;font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the United States">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the United States">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States" title="Category:United States">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574827#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" 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src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-Americanism&oldid=1256914378">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-Americanism&oldid=1256914378</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-Americanism" title="Category:Anti-Americanism">Anti-Americanism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_imperialism" title="Category:American imperialism">American imperialism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_studies" title="Category:American studies">American studies</a></li><li><a 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[\"CITEREFBrendan_O\u0026#039;Conner2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrendon_O\u0026#039;Connor2007\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBurumaMargalit,_Avishai2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFC._Vann_Woodward1992\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCeaser,_James_W.2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCecco2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChabal2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChesnoff2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChiozza2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCho2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChomsky1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChomsky2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChomsky2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConnolly2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConnollyLe_Blond2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraig2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCruz2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCunningham2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCustodio2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDanzer1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_Ellwood2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeGraaf1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeanGabilliet,_Jean-Paul1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiplomat2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDirk_Bönker2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonald_Wright2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoranSewell1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEngberg1903\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFabbrini2004\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFrank_TrommlerElliott_Shore2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFraser2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrentzosThompson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedman2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGienow-Hecht2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilmore2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiven2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlass2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlosserman2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldstein\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGranatstein1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrantham2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenwood2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuerlain2007\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGulddal2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarold_A._Innis2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarper2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarwardt2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHatlapaMarkovits2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHernández2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHitoshi_Tanaka2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHodgson2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHollander1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHollander2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHollander2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIbbitson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIckstadt2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFImam2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_W._Ceaser1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJarausch2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJason_Pierce2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoffe2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Button2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Herd_ThompsonStephen_J._Randall2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnstonPercy1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKatzensteinKeohane2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKatzensteinRobert_O._Keohane2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaypakkaya2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedy2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKim_Richard_Nossal2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlautke2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoch1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKroes1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuisel2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLacorne2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLanda2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarsonLevin,_Norman_D.Baik,_SeonhaeSavych,_Bogdan2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeistynaSherblom1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiam_Stack2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLinzer2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLynda-ann_BlanchardLeah_Chan2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManchester1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMao_Tse_Tung\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarkovits2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarkovits2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarsh2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartín2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatsumoto2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMauricio_Augusto_FontAlfonso_W._Quiroz2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMead2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeunier2005\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMeyerBarton1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_DumperBruce_E._Stanley2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_Pugh1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMojarro_Romero2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoy2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNakaya,_Andrea_C.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNathan_Gonzalez2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNavarro_Pedrosa2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaím2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNixon\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoralee_FrankelNancy_Schrom_Dye1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNortham2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Connor,_B.Griffiths,_M.2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Connor,_Brendon2007\"] = 1,\n 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[\"CITEREFSnow2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoto2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStaples2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStokes2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStone2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrauss1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSullivan2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSusan_Dworkin1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSweig2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwindells2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTandonChandra2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTegel2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeitler1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas_Ekman_Jørgensen2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrollope2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrollope2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrollopeTrollope2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrommlerMcVeigh,_Joseph1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVerhoeven2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVinay2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVine2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVyas\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWenchi_Lin\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWillging2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodward,_C._Vann1992\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"2018 Eurobarometer - Positive views on the U.S. influence in the EU\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 3,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 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