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<span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Precontact_and_spiritual_beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precontact_and_spiritual_beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Precontact and spiritual beliefs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precontact_and_spiritual_beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contact_with_Europeans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contact_with_Europeans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Contact with Europeans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contact_with_Europeans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kinship_and_clan_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kinship_and_clan_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Kinship and clan system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kinship_and_clan_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spiritual_beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spiritual_beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Spiritual beliefs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spiritual_beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funeral_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funeral_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Funeral practices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funeral_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Traditional" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Traditional</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>Contemporary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnobotany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnobotany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Ethnobotany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnobotany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_historical_Ojibwe_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_historical_Ojibwe_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notable historical Ojibwe people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_historical_Ojibwe_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ojibwe_treaties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ojibwe_treaties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Ojibwe treaties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ojibwe_treaties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ojibwe</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%8A" title="أجيبوي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أجيبوي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87" title="ওজিবুয়ে – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ওজিবুয়ে" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B2%D1%8D" title="Аджыбвэ – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аджыбвэ" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Оджибуей – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Оджибуей" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Ojibwe" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chippewa" title="Chippewa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Chippewa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Od%C5%BEibvejov%C3%A9" title="Odžibvejové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Odžibvejové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojibwa" title="Ojibwa – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ojibwa" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojibwa" title="Ojibwa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ojibwa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%C4%9Dibvoj" title="Oĝibvoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Oĝibvoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojibwa" title="Ojibwa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ojibwa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%87" title="اوجیبوه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اوجیبوه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojibw%C3%A9s" title="Ojibwés – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ojibwés" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93isibigh" title="Óisibigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Óisibigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_ojibwa" title="Pobo ojibwa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo ojibwa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EC%A7%80%EB%B8%8C%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%B4%EC%A1%B1" title="오지브웨이족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오지브웨이족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chippewa" title="Chippewa – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Chippewa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojibway" title="Ojibway – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ojibway" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%95%E1%83%94" title="ოჯიბვე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოჯიბვე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojibwayenses" title="Ojibwayenses – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ojibwayenses" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ani%C5%A1in%C4%81pi" title="Anišināpi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Anišināpi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Od%C5%BEibviai" title="Odžibviai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Odžibviai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94jiboe" title="Ôjiboe – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ôjiboe" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%92%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE" title="ഒജിബ്‌‌വാ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഒജിബ്‌‌വാ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%89" title="اجيبوى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اجيبوى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojibweg" title="Ojibweg – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ojibweg" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%82%B8%E3%83%96%E3%83%AF" title="オジブワ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オジブワ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojibwa" title="Ojibwa – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ojibwa" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojibvelar" title="Ojibvelar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ojibvelar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Od%C5%BCibwejowie" title="Odżibwejowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Odżibwejowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oj%C3%ADbuas" title="Ojíbuas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ojíbuas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ojibwe" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B2%D0%B5_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Оджибве (народ) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Оджибве (народ)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ojibwe" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%9F%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Оџибва – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Оџибва" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojibwat" title="Ojibwat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ojibwat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojibwa" title="Ojibwa – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ojibwa" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Group of indigenous peoples in North America</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ojibwe (disambiguation)">Ojibwe (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Chippewa" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Chippewa_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Chippewa (disambiguation)">Chippewa (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Ojibwe (Chippewa)<br />ᐅᒋᑉᐧᐁ (ᒋᑉᐯᐧᐊ)</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ojibwe_Language_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Ojibwe_Language_Map.png/220px-Ojibwe_Language_Map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Ojibwe_Language_Map.png/330px-Ojibwe_Language_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Ojibwe_Language_Map.png/440px-Ojibwe_Language_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="599" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Precontact distribution of Ojibwe-speaking people</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">170,742 in United States (2010)<sup id="cite_ref-oppva_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oppva-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />160,000 in Canada (2014)<sup id="cite_ref-capop_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-capop-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Canada (<a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>)<br />United States (<a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">French</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_religion" title="Ojibwe religion">Ojibwe religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Assiniboine" title="Assiniboine">Assiniboine</a>, other <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_peoples" title="Algonquian peoples">Algonquian peoples</a><br />Especially other <a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishinaabe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cree" title="Cree">Cree</a>, and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis" title="Métis">Métis</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="background:#fff6d9"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Person</th><td class="infobox-data"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ojibwe</a> ᐅᒋᐺ<br />     <a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishinaabe</a><br />     ᐊᓂᔑᓈᐯ</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">People</th><td class="infobox-data">Ojibweg ᐅᒋᐺᒃ / ᐅᒋᐺᐠ<br />     Anishinaabek<br />     ᐊᓂᔑᓈᐯᒃ / ᐊᓂᔑᓈᐯᐠ</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwemowin</a> ᐅᒋᐺᒧᐎᓐ<br />     <a href="/wiki/Anishinaabemowin" class="mw-redirect" title="Anishinaabemowin">Anishinaabemowin</a><br />     ᐊᓂᐦᔑᓈᐯᒧᐎᓐ</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">Ojibwewaki<sup id="cite_ref-country_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-country-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />     <a href="/wiki/List_of_traditional_territories_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_North_America" title="List of traditional territories of the Indigenous peoples of North America">Anishinaabewaki</a><br />     ᐊᓂᔑᓈᐯᐘᑭ</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manoomin_picking,_1905,_Minnesota.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Manoomin_picking%2C_1905%2C_Minnesota.jpg/220px-Manoomin_picking%2C_1905%2C_Minnesota.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Manoomin_picking%2C_1905%2C_Minnesota.jpg/330px-Manoomin_picking%2C_1905%2C_Minnesota.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Manoomin_picking%2C_1905%2C_Minnesota.jpg/440px-Manoomin_picking%2C_1905%2C_Minnesota.jpg 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="346" /></a><figcaption>Manoomin picking, 1905, Minnesota</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Ojibwe</b>  <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/7b\/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-Ojibwe.wav\/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-Ojibwe.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Ojibwe.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7b/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-Ojibwe.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-Ojibwe.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q1860_(eng)-Flame,_not_lame-Ojibwe.wav" title="File:LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Ojibwe.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_writing_systems#Ojibwe_syllabics" title="Ojibwe writing systems">syll.</a>: <b>ᐅᒋᐺ</b>; plural: <b><i>Ojibweg</i> ᐅᒋᐺᒃ</b>) are an <a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishinaabe</a> people whose homeland (<i>Ojibwewaki</i> ᐅᒋᐺᐘᑭ)<sup id="cite_ref-country_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-country-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> covers much of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> region and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">northern plains</a>, extending into the <a href="/wiki/Subarctic" title="Subarctic">subarctic</a> and throughout the northeastern woodlands. The Ojibwe, being <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Northeastern_Woodlands" title="Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands">Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Subarctic" title="Indigenous peoples of the Subarctic">the subarctic</a>, are known by several names, including <b>Ojibway</b> or <b>Chippewa</b>. As a large <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a>, several distinct nations also consider themselves Ojibwe, including the <a href="/wiki/Saulteaux" title="Saulteaux">Saulteaux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nipissings" class="mw-redirect" title="Nipissings">Nipissings</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oji-Cree" title="Oji-Cree">Oji-Cree</a>. </p><p>According to the U.S. census, Ojibwe people are one of the largest tribal populations among <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> peoples in the U.S. In Canada, they are the second-largest <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> population, surpassed only by the <a href="/wiki/Cree" title="Cree">Cree</a>. They are one of the most numerous <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples</a> north of the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (October 2021)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Ojibwe population is approximately 320,000, with 170,742 living in the U.S. as of 2010<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ojibwe&action=edit">[update]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oppva_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oppva-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and approximately 160,000 in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-capop_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-capop-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the U.S. there are 77,940 mainline Ojibwe, 76,760 Saulteaux, and 8,770 Mississauga, organized in 125 bands. In Canada they live from western <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> to eastern <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>. </p><p>The Ojibwe language is <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Anishinaabemowin</a>, a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian language family</a>. </p><p>The Ojibwe are part of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Three_Fires" title="Council of Three Fires">Council of Three Fires</a> (along with the <a href="/wiki/Odawa_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Odawa people">Odawa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Potawatomi" title="Potawatomi">Potawatomi</a>) and of the larger Anishinaabeg, which includes <a href="/wiki/Algonquin_people" title="Algonquin people">Algonquin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nipissing_First_Nation" title="Nipissing First Nation">Nipissing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oji-Cree" title="Oji-Cree">Oji-Cree</a> people. Historically, through the <a href="/wiki/Saulteaux" title="Saulteaux">Saulteaux</a> branch, they were part of the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Confederacy" title="Iron Confederacy">Iron Confederacy</a>, with the Cree, <a href="/wiki/Assiniboine" title="Assiniboine">Assiniboine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis" title="Métis">Metis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ojibwe are known for their <a href="/wiki/Birchbark" class="mw-redirect" title="Birchbark">birchbark</a> <a href="/wiki/Canoe" title="Canoe">canoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birchbark_scrolls" class="mw-redirect" title="Birchbark scrolls">birchbark scrolls</a>, mining and trade in <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, and their harvesting of <a href="/wiki/Wild_rice" title="Wild rice">wild rice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maple_syrup" title="Maple syrup">maple syrup</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their <a href="/wiki/Midewiwin" title="Midewiwin">Midewiwin</a> Society is well respected as the keeper of detailed and complex scrolls of events, oral history, songs, maps, memories, stories, geometry, and mathematics.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (October 2018)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>European powers, Canada, and the U.S. have colonized Ojibwe lands. The Ojibwe signed treaties with settler leaders to surrender land for settlement in exchange for compensation, land reserves and guarantees of traditional rights. Many European settlers moved into the Ojibwe ancestral lands.<sup id="cite_ref-capop_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-capop-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ojibwe&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ojibwa_ethnonyms" title="List of Ojibwa ethnonyms">List of Ojibwa ethnonyms</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Exonym_and_endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym and endonym">exonym</a> for this Anishinaabe group is <i>Ojibwe</i> (plural: <i>Ojibweg</i>). This word has two variations, one French (Ojibwa) and the other English (Chippewa).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although <a href="/wiki/Ojibwa_ethnonyms" class="mw-redirect" title="Ojibwa ethnonyms">many variations</a> exist in the literature, <i>Chippewa</i> is more common in the United States, and <i>Ojibway</i> predominates in Canada,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but both terms are used in each country. In many Ojibwe communities throughout Canada and the U.S. since the late 20th century, more members have been using the generalized name <i>Anishinaabe(-g)</i>. </p><p>The meaning of the name <i>Ojibwe</i> is not known; the most common explanations for the name's origin are: </p> <ul><li><i>ojiibwabwe</i> (/o/ + /jiibw/ + /abwe/), meaning "those who cook/roast until it puckers", referring to their fire-curing of <a href="/wiki/Moccasin_(footwear)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moccasin (footwear)">moccasin</a> seams to make them waterproof.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some 19th century sources say this name described a method of ritual torture that the Ojibwe applied to enemies.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>ozhibii'iwe</i> (/o/ + /zhibii'/ + /iwe/), meaning "those who keep records [of a Vision]", referring to their form of <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_writing_systems" title="Ojibwe writing systems">pictorial writing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pictograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Pictograph">pictographs</a> used in Midewiwin sacred rites;<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or</li> <li><i>ojiibwe</i> (/o/ + /jiib/ + /we/), meaning "those who speak stiffly" or "those who stammer", an exonym or name given to them by the <a href="/wiki/Cree" title="Cree">Cree</a>, who described the Ojibwe language for its differences from their own.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Because many Ojibwe were formerly located around the outlet of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Superior" title="Lake Superior">Lake Superior</a>, which the <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a> colonists called <a href="/wiki/Sault_Ste._Marie,_Ontario" title="Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario">Sault Ste. Marie</a> for its rapids, the early Canadian settlers referred to the Ojibwe as <i>Saulteurs</i>. Ojibwe who subsequently moved to the prairie provinces of Canada have retained the name Saulteaux. This is disputed since some scholars believe that only the name migrated west.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Ojibwe who were originally located along the <a href="/wiki/Mississagi_River" title="Mississagi River">Mississagi River</a> and made their way to <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ontario" title="Southern Ontario">southern Ontario</a> are known as the <a href="/wiki/Mississaugas" title="Mississaugas">Mississaugas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ojibwe&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwe language</a></div> <p>The Ojibwe language is known as <i>Anishinaabemowin</i> or <i>Ojibwemowin</i>, and is still widely spoken, although the number of fluent speakers has declined sharply.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, most of the language's fluent speakers are elders. Since the early 21st century, there is a growing movement to revitalize the language and restore its strength as a central part of Ojibwe culture. The language belongs to the Algonquian linguistic group and is descended from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Algonquian_language" title="Proto-Algonquian language">Proto-Algonquian</a>. Its sister languages include <a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_language" title="Cheyenne language">Cheyenne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meskwaki" title="Meskwaki">Fox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Menominee_language" title="Menominee language">Menominee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_language" title="Potawatomi language">Potawatomi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shawnee_language" title="Shawnee language">Shawnee</a> among the northern Plains tribes. <i>Anishinaabemowin</i> is frequently referred to as a "Central Algonquian" language; Central Algonquian is an area grouping, however, rather than a linguistic genetic one. </p><p><i>Ojibwemowin</i> is the fourth-most spoken Native language in North America after <a href="/wiki/Navajo_language" title="Navajo language">Navajo</a>, Cree, and <a href="/wiki/Inuit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inuit language">Inuktitut</a>. Many decades of <a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">fur trading</a> with the French established the language as one of the key trade languages of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> and the northern <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a>. </p><p>The popularity of the <a href="/wiki/Epic_poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Epic poem">epic poem</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Song_of_Hiawatha" title="The Song of Hiawatha">The Song of Hiawatha</a></i>, written by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</a> in 1855, publicized the Ojibwe culture. The epic contains many <a href="/wiki/Toponym" class="mw-redirect" title="Toponym">toponyms</a> that originate from Ojibwe words. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ojibwe&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precontact_and_spiritual_beliefs">Precontact and spiritual beliefs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ojibwe&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Precontact and spiritual beliefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Ojibwe <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral history</a> and from recordings in birch bark scrolls, the Ojibwe originated from the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lawrence River">Saint Lawrence River</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic coast</a> of what is now <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-every_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-every-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They traded widely across the continent for thousands of years as they migrated, and knew of the canoe routes to move north, west to east, and then south in the Americas. The identification of the Ojibwe as a culture or people may have occurred in response to contact with Europeans. The Europeans preferred to deal with groups, and tried to identify those they encountered.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Ojibwe oral history, seven great <i>miigis</i> (Cowrie shells) appeared to them in the <a href="/wiki/Abenaki" title="Abenaki"><i>Waabanakiing</i></a> (Land of the Dawn, i.e., Eastern Land) to teach them the <a href="/wiki/Midewiwin" title="Midewiwin"><i>mide</i> way</a> of life. One of the <i>miigis</i> was too spiritually powerful and killed the people in the <i>Waabanakiing</i> when they were in its presence. The six others remained to teach, while the one returned into the ocean. The six established <a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe_clan_system" title="Anishinaabe clan system"><i>doodem</i></a> (clans) for people in the east, symbolized by animals. The five original Anishinaabe <i>doodem</i> were the <i>Wawaazisii</i> (<a href="/wiki/Brown_bullhead" title="Brown bullhead">Bullhead</a>), <i>Baswenaazhi</i> (Echo-maker, i.e., <a href="/wiki/Crane_(bird)" title="Crane (bird)">Crane</a>), <i>Aan'aawenh</i> (<a href="/wiki/Northern_Pintail" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Pintail">Pintail</a> Duck), <i>Nooke</i> (Tender, i.e., <a href="/wiki/Bear" title="Bear">Bear</a>) and <i>Moozoonsii</i> (Little <a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">Moose</a>). The six <i>miigis</i> then returned to the ocean as well. If the seventh had stayed, it would have established the <a href="/wiki/Thunderbird_(mythology)" title="Thunderbird (mythology)">Thunderbird</a> <i>doodem</i>. </p><p>At a later time, one of these <i>miigis</i> appeared in a vision to relate a prophecy. It said that if the Anishinaabeg did not move farther west, they would not be able to keep their traditional ways alive because of the many new pale-skinned settlers who would arrive soon in the east. Their migration path would be symbolized by a series of smaller Turtle Islands, which was confirmed with <i>miigis</i> shells (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Cowry" class="mw-redirect" title="Cowry">cowry</a> shells). After receiving assurance from their "Allied Brothers" (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mi'kmaq people">Mi'kmaq</a>) and "Father" (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Abenaki" title="Abenaki">Abenaki</a>) of their safety to move inland, the Anishinaabeg gradually migrated west along the Saint Lawrence River to the <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_River" title="Ottawa River">Ottawa River</a> to <a href="/wiki/Lake_Nipissing" title="Lake Nipissing">Lake Nipissing</a>, and then to the Great Lakes. </p><p>The first of the smaller Turtle Islands was <i>Mooniyaa</i>, where <i>Mooniyaang</i> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> developed. The "second stopping place" was in the vicinity of the <i>Wayaanag-gakaabikaa</i> (Concave Waterfalls, i.e., <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls" title="Niagara Falls">Niagara Falls</a>). At their "third stopping place", near the present-day city of <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit, Michigan</a>, the Anishinaabeg divided into six groups, of which the Ojibwe was one. </p><p>The first significant new Ojibwe culture-center was their "fourth stopping place" on <i>Manidoo Minising</i> (<a href="/wiki/Manitoulin_Island" title="Manitoulin Island">Manitoulin Island</a>). Their first new political-center was referred to as their "fifth stopping place", in their present country at <i>Baawiting</i> (Sault Ste. Marie). Continuing their westward expansion, the Ojibwe divided into the "northern branch", following the north shore of Lake Superior, and the "southern branch", along its south shore. </p><p>As the people continued to migrate westward, the "northern branch" divided into a "westerly group" and a "southerly group". The "southern branch" and the "southerly group" of the "northern branch" came together at their "sixth stopping place" on Spirit Island (<span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ojibwe&params=46_41_15_N_092_11_21_W_region:US"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">46°41′15″N</span> <span class="longitude">092°11′21″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">46.68750°N 92.18917°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">46.68750; -92.18917</span></span></span></a></span></span>) located in the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis_River_(Lake_Superior_tributary)" title="Saint Louis River (Lake Superior tributary)">Saint Louis River</a> estuary at the western end of Lake Superior. (This has since been developed as the present-day <a href="/wiki/Duluth,_Minnesota" title="Duluth, Minnesota">Duluth</a>/<a href="/wiki/Superior,_Wisconsin" title="Superior, Wisconsin">Superior</a> cities.) The people were directed in a vision by the <i>miigis</i> being to go to the "place where there is food (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Wild_rice" title="Wild rice">wild rice</a>) upon the waters." Their second major settlement, referred to as their "seventh stopping place", was at Shaugawaumikong (or <i>Zhaagawaamikong</i>, French, <i><a href="/wiki/Chequamegon_Bay" title="Chequamegon Bay">Chequamegon</a></i>) on the southern shore of Lake Superior, near the present <a href="/wiki/La_Pointe,_Wisconsin" title="La Pointe, Wisconsin">La Pointe, Wisconsin</a>. </p><p>The "westerly group" of the "northern branch" migrated along the <a href="/wiki/Rainy_River_(Minnesota%E2%80%93Ontario)" title="Rainy River (Minnesota–Ontario)">Rainy River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_North" title="Red River of the North">Red River of the North</a>, and across the northern Great Plains until reaching the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a>. Along their migration to the west, they came across many <i>miigis</i>, or cowry shells, as told in the prophecy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contact_with_Europeans">Contact with Europeans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ojibwe&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Contact with Europeans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hombres_ojibwe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Hombres_ojibwe.jpg/220px-Hombres_ojibwe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Hombres_ojibwe.jpg/330px-Hombres_ojibwe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Hombres_ojibwe.jpg/440px-Hombres_ojibwe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="373" /></a><figcaption>Five Ojibwe chiefs in the 19th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first historical mention of the Ojibwe occurs in the French <i><a href="/wiki/Jesuit_Relation" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit Relation">Jesuit Relation</a></i> of 1640, a report by the missionary priests to their superiors in France. Through their friendship with the French traders (<i><a href="/wiki/Coureurs_des_bois" class="mw-redirect" title="Coureurs des bois">coureurs des bois</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Voyageurs" title="Voyageurs">voyageurs</a>), the Ojibwe gained guns, began to use European goods, and began to dominate their traditional enemies, the <a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meskwaki" title="Meskwaki">Fox</a> to their west and south. They drove the Sioux from the Upper <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a> region to the area of the present-day Dakotas, and forced the Fox down from northern <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>. The latter allied with the <a href="/wiki/Sac_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sac (people)">Sauk</a> for protection. </p><p>By the end of the 18th century, the Ojibwe controlled nearly all of present-day Michigan, northern Wisconsin, and Minnesota, including most of the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_North" title="Red River of the North">Red River</a> area. They also controlled the entire northern shores of lakes <a href="/wiki/Lake_Huron" title="Lake Huron">Huron</a> and Superior on the Canadian side and extending westward to the <a href="/wiki/Turtle_Mountain_(plateau)" title="Turtle Mountain (plateau)">Turtle Mountains</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a>. In the latter area, the French Canadians called them Ojibwe or <i>Saulteaux</i>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Catlin_005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/George_Catlin_005.jpg/170px-George_Catlin_005.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/George_Catlin_005.jpg/255px-George_Catlin_005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/George_Catlin_005.jpg/340px-George_Catlin_005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="879" data-file-height="1117" /></a><figcaption>An Ojibwe named Boy Chief, by the noted American painter <a href="/wiki/George_Catlin" title="George Catlin">George Catlin</a>, who made portraits at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Snelling" title="Fort Snelling">Fort Snelling</a> in 1835. In 1845 he traveled to Paris with eleven Ojibwe, who had their portraits painted and danced for <a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">King Louis Philippe</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Ojibwe were part of a long-term alliance with the Anishinaabe <a href="/wiki/Odawa" title="Odawa">Odawa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Potawatomi" title="Potawatomi">Potawatomi</a> peoples, called the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Three_Fires" title="Council of Three Fires">Council of Three Fires</a>. They fought against the <a href="/wiki/Iroquois_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Iroquois Confederacy">Iroquois Confederacy</a>, based mainly to the southeast of the Great Lakes in present-day <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, and the Sioux to the west. The Ojibwa stopped the Iroquois advance into their territory near Lake Superior in 1662. Then they formed an alliance with other tribes such as the <a href="/wiki/Wyandot_people" title="Wyandot people">Huron</a> and the Odawa who had been displaced by the Iroquois invasion. Together they launched a massive counterattack against the Iroquois and drove them out of Michigan and southern Ontario until they were forced to flee back to their original homeland in upstate New York. At the same time the Iroquois were subjected to attacks by the French. This was the beginning of the end of the Iroquois Confederacy as they were put on the defensive. The Ojibwe expanded eastward, taking over the lands along the eastern shores of Lake Huron and <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Bay" title="Georgian Bay">Georgian Bay</a>. </p><p>In 1745, they adopted guns from the British in order to repel the <a href="/wiki/Dakota_people" title="Dakota people">Dakota people</a> in the Lake Superior area, pushing them to the south and west. In the 1680s the Ojibwa defeated the <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a> who dispersed their Huron allies and trading partners. This victory allowed them a "<a href="/wiki/Golden_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden age">golden age</a>" in which they ruled uncontested in southern Ontario.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Often, treaties known as "peace and friendship treaties" were made to establish community bonds between the Ojibwe and the European settlers. These established the groundwork for cooperative resource-sharing between the Ojibwe and the settlers. The United States and Canada viewed later treaties offering land cessions as offering territorial advantages. The Ojibwe did not understand the land cession terms in the same way because of the cultural differences in understanding the uses of land. The governments of the U.S. and Canada considered land a commodity of value that could be freely bought, owned and sold. The Ojibwe believed it was a fully shared resource, along with air, water and sunlight—despite having an understanding of "territory". At the time of the treaty councils, they could not conceive of separate land sales or exclusive ownership of land. Consequently, today, in both Canada and the U.S., legal arguments in treaty-rights and treaty interpretations often bring to light the differences in cultural understanding of treaty terms to come to legal understanding of the treaty obligations.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Chippeway_Widow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/A_Chippeway_Widow.jpg/170px-A_Chippeway_Widow.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/A_Chippeway_Widow.jpg/255px-A_Chippeway_Widow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/A_Chippeway_Widow.jpg/340px-A_Chippeway_Widow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4262" data-file-height="6565" /></a><figcaption>A Chippeway Widow, 1838</figcaption></figure> <p>In part because of its long trading alliance, the Ojibwe allied with the French against Great Britain and its colonists in the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> (also called the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After losing the war in 1763, France was forced to cede its colonial claims to lands in Canada and east of the Mississippi River to Britain. After <a href="/wiki/Pontiac%27s_War" title="Pontiac's War">Pontiac's War</a> and adjusting to British colonial rule, the Ojibwe allied with British forces and against the United States in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>. They had hoped that a British victory could protect them against United States settlers' encroachment on their territory. </p><p>Following the war, the United States government tried to forcibly <a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">remove</a> all the Ojibwe to <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, west of the Mississippi River. The Ojibwe resisted, and there were violent confrontations. In the <a href="/wiki/Sandy_Lake_Tragedy" title="Sandy Lake Tragedy">Sandy Lake Tragedy</a>, several hundred Ojibwe died because of the federal government's failure to deliver fall annuity payments.<sup id="cite_ref-Clifton_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clifton-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government attempted to do this in the <a href="/wiki/Keweenaw_Peninsula" title="Keweenaw Peninsula">Keweenaw Peninsula</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Peninsula_of_Michigan" title="Upper Peninsula of Michigan">Upper Peninsula of Michigan</a>. Through the efforts of <a href="/wiki/Kechewaishke" title="Kechewaishke">Chief Buffalo</a> and the rise of popular opinion in the U.S. against Ojibwe removal, the bands east of the Mississippi were allowed to return to reservations on ceded territory. A few families were removed to <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_Trail_of_Death#Removal" title="Potawatomi Trail of Death">Potawatomi removal</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Catlin_-_Sha-c%C3%B3-pay,_The_Six,_Chief_of_the_Plains_Ojibwa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/George_Catlin_-_Sha-c%C3%B3-pay%2C_The_Six%2C_Chief_of_the_Plains_Ojibwa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/170px-George_Catlin_-_Sha-c%C3%B3-pay%2C_The_Six%2C_Chief_of_the_Plains_Ojibwa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/George_Catlin_-_Sha-c%C3%B3-pay%2C_The_Six%2C_Chief_of_the_Plains_Ojibwa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/255px-George_Catlin_-_Sha-c%C3%B3-pay%2C_The_Six%2C_Chief_of_the_Plains_Ojibwa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/George_Catlin_-_Sha-c%C3%B3-pay%2C_The_Six%2C_Chief_of_the_Plains_Ojibwa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/340px-George_Catlin_-_Sha-c%C3%B3-pay%2C_The_Six%2C_Chief_of_the_Plains_Ojibwa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3268" data-file-height="4001" /></a><figcaption>Plains Ojibwe Chief <a href="/wiki/Sha-c%C3%B3-pay" title="Sha-có-pay">Sha-có-pay</a> (The Six). In addition to the northern and eastern woodlands, Ojibwe people also lived on the prairies of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, North Dakota, western Minnesota and Montana.</figcaption></figure> <p>In British North America, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Royal Proclamation of 1763</a> following the Seven Years' War governed the cession of land by treaty or purchase. Subsequently, France ceded most of the land in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a> to Great Britain. Even with the <a href="/wiki/Jay_Treaty" title="Jay Treaty">Jay Treaty</a> signed between Great Britain and the United States following the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, the newly formed United States did not fully uphold the treaty. As it was still preoccupied by war with France, Great Britain ceded to the United States much of the lands in <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>, Michigan, parts of <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> and Wisconsin, and northern Minnesota and North Dakota to settle the boundary of their holdings in Canada. </p><p>In 1807, the Ojibwe joined three other tribes, the Odawa, Potawatomi and Wyandot people, in signing the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Detroit" title="Treaty of Detroit">Treaty of Detroit</a>. The agreement, between the tribes and <a href="/wiki/William_Hull" title="William Hull">William Hull</a>, representing the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Territory" title="Michigan Territory">Michigan Territory</a>, gave the United States a portion of today's <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern Michigan">Southeastern Michigan</a> and a section of Ohio near the <a href="/wiki/Maumee_River" title="Maumee River">Maumee River</a>. The tribes were able to retain small pockets of land in the territory.<sup id="cite_ref-WDL_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WDL-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Brule" title="Battle of the Brule">Battle of the Brule</a> was an October 1842 battle between the <a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Pointe_Chippewa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Pointe Chippewa (page does not exist)">La Pointe</a> Band of Ojibwe Indians and a war party of <a href="/wiki/Dakota_people" title="Dakota people">Dakota</a> Indians. The battle took place along the <a href="/wiki/Brule_River" title="Brule River">Brule River</a> (Bois Brûlé) in what is today northern Wisconsin and resulted in a decisive victory for the Ojibwe. </p><p>In Canada, many of the land cession treaties the British made with the Ojibwe provided for their rights for continued hunting, fishing and gathering of natural resources after land sales. The government signed numbered treaties in northwestern Ontario, <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>. <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> had not signed treaties until the late 20th century, and most areas have no treaties yet. The government and First Nations are continuing to negotiate treaty land entitlements and settlements. The treaties are constantly being reinterpreted by the courts because many of them are vague and difficult to apply in modern times. The numbered treaties were some of the most detailed treaties signed for their time. The Ojibwe Nation set the agenda and negotiated the first numbered treaties before they would allow safe passage of many more British settlers to the prairies. </p><p>Ojibwe communities have a strong history of political and social activism. Long before contact, they were closely aligned with Odawa and Potawatomi people in the Council of the Three Fires. From the 1870s to 1938, the Grand General Indian Council of Ontario attempted to reconcile multiple traditional models into one cohesive voice to exercise political influence over colonial legislation. In the West, 16 Plains Cree and Ojibwe bands formed the Allied Bands of Qu'Appelle in 1910 in order to redress concerns about the failure of the government to uphold Treaty 4's promises. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ojibwe&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ojibwa_dance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ojibwa_dance.jpg/220px-Ojibwa_dance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ojibwa_dance.jpg/330px-Ojibwa_dance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ojibwa_dance.jpg/440px-Ojibwa_dance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="913" /></a><figcaption> Plains Ojibwe performing a <a href="/wiki/Snowshoe" title="Snowshoe">snowshoe</a> dance. By <a href="/wiki/George_Catlin" title="George Catlin">George Catlin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Ojibwe have traditionally organized themselves into groups known as <i>bands</i>. Most Ojibwe, except for the Great Plains bands, have historically lived a settled (as opposed to nomadic) lifestyle, relying on fishing and hunting to supplement the cultivation of numerous varieties of <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> and <a href="/wiki/Squash_(vegetable)" class="mw-redirect" title="Squash (vegetable)">squash</a>, and the harvesting of <i><a href="/wiki/Manoomin" class="mw-redirect" title="Manoomin">manoomin</a></i> (wild rice) for food. Historically their typical dwelling has been the <i>wiigiwaam</i> (<a href="/wiki/Wigwam" title="Wigwam">wigwam</a>), built either as a <i>waginogaan</i> (domed-lodge) or as a <i>nasawa'ogaan</i> (pointed-lodge), made of birch bark, <a href="/wiki/Juniper" title="Juniper">juniper</a> bark and <a href="/wiki/Willow" title="Willow">willow</a> saplings. In the contemporary era, most of the people live in modern housing, but traditional structures are still used for special sites and events. </p><p>They have a culturally-specific form of pictorial writing, used in the religious rites of the <i><a href="/wiki/Midewiwin" title="Midewiwin">Midewiwin</a></i> and recorded on birch bark scrolls and possibly on rock. The many complex pictures on the sacred scrolls communicate much historical, geometrical, and mathematical knowledge, as well as images from their spiritual pantheon. The use of <a href="/wiki/Petroforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroforms">petroforms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petroglyphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroglyphs">petroglyphs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pictographs" class="mw-redirect" title="Pictographs">pictographs</a> has been common throughout the Ojibwe traditional territories. Petroforms and <a href="/wiki/Medicine_wheels" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicine wheels">medicine wheels</a> have been used to teach important spiritual concepts, record astronomical events, and to use as a <a href="/wiki/Mnemonic_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Mnemonic device">mnemonic device</a> for certain stories and beliefs. The script is still in use, among traditional people as well as among youth on social media. </p><p>Some ceremonies use the <i>miigis</i> shell (<a href="/wiki/Cowry_shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Cowry shell">cowry shell</a>), which is found naturally in distant coastal areas. Their use of such shells demonstrates there is a vast, longstanding trade network across the continent. The use and trade of <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> across the continent has also been proof of a large trading network that took place for thousands of years, as far back as the <a href="/wiki/Hopewell_tradition" title="Hopewell tradition">Hopewell tradition</a>. Certain types of rock used for spear and arrow heads have also been traded over large distances precontact. </p><p>During the summer months, the people attend <i>jiingotamog</i> for the spiritual and <i>niimi'idimaa</i> for a social gathering (<a href="/wiki/Powwow" title="Powwow">powwows</a>) at various reservations in the Anishinaabe-Aki (Anishinaabe Country). Many people still follow the traditional ways of harvesting wild rice, picking berries, hunting, making medicines, and making <a href="/wiki/Maple_sugar" title="Maple sugar">maple sugar</a>. </p><p>The jingle dress that is typically worn by female pow wow dancers originated from the Ojibwe. Both Plains and Woodlands Ojibwe claim the earliest form of dark cloth dresses decorated with rows of tin cones - often made from the lids of tobacco cans- that make a jingling sound when worn by the dancer. This style of dress is now popular with all tribes and is a distinctly Ojibwe contribution to Pan-Indianism.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ojibwe bury their dead in <a href="/wiki/Burial_mound" class="mw-redirect" title="Burial mound">burial mounds</a>. Many erect a <i>jiibegamig</i> or a "spirit-house" over each mound. An historical burial mound would typically have a wooden marker, inscribed with the deceased's <i><a href="/wiki/Doodem" class="mw-redirect" title="Doodem">doodem</a></i> (clan sign). Because of the distinct features of these burials, Ojibwe graves have been often looted by grave robbers. In the United States, many Ojibwe communities safe-guard their burial mounds through the enforcement of the 1990 <a href="/wiki/Native_American_Graves_Protection_and_Repatriation_Act" title="Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act">Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act</a>. </p><p>Several Ojibwe bands in the United States cooperate in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Indian_Fish_%26_Wildlife_Commission" title="Great Lakes Indian Fish & Wildlife Commission">Great Lakes Indian Fish & Wildlife Commission</a>, which manages the treaty hunting and fishing rights in the Lake Superior-<a href="/wiki/Lake_Michigan" title="Lake Michigan">Lake Michigan</a> areas. The commission follows the directives of U.S. agencies to run <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_tribal_wilderness_areas" title="List of U.S. state and tribal wilderness areas">several wilderness areas</a>. Some Minnesota Ojibwe tribal councils cooperate in the <a href="/wiki/1854_Treaty_Authority" title="1854 Treaty Authority">1854 Treaty Authority</a>, which manages their treaty hunting and fishing rights in the <a href="/wiki/Arrowhead_Region" title="Arrowhead Region">Arrowhead Region</a>. In Michigan, the Chippewa-Ottawa Resource Authority manages the hunting, fishing and gathering rights about Sault Ste. Marie, and the resources of the waters of lakes Michigan and Huron. In Canada, the Grand Council of Treaty No. 3 manages the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_3" title="Treaty 3">Treaty 3</a> hunting and fishing rights related to the area around <a href="/wiki/Lake_of_the_Woods" title="Lake of the Woods">Lake of the Woods</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ojibwe&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wild_rice_harvesting_and_processing_-_NARA_-_285184.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Wild_rice_harvesting_and_processing_-_NARA_-_285184.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Wild_rice_harvesting_and_processing_-_NARA_-_285184.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Wild_rice_harvesting_and_processing_-_NARA_-_285184.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Wild_rice_harvesting_and_processing_-_NARA_-_285184.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Wild_rice_harvesting_and_processing_-_NARA_-_285184.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Wild_rice_harvesting_and_processing_-_NARA_-_285184.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1823" /></a><figcaption>Wild rice harvesting – 1934</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Buffalo_and_wife_parching_wild_rice_at_their_camp_-_NARA_-_285212.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Paul_Buffalo_and_wife_parching_wild_rice_at_their_camp_-_NARA_-_285212.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Paul_Buffalo_and_wife_parching_wild_rice_at_their_camp_-_NARA_-_285212.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Paul_Buffalo_and_wife_parching_wild_rice_at_their_camp_-_NARA_-_285212.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Paul_Buffalo_and_wife_parching_wild_rice_at_their_camp_-_NARA_-_285212.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Paul_Buffalo_and_wife_parching_wild_rice_at_their_camp_-_NARA_-_285212.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Paul_Buffalo_and_wife_parching_wild_rice_at_their_camp_-_NARA_-_285212.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2219" /></a><figcaption>Vintage photo entitled, "Paul Buffalo and wife parching wild rice at their camp" – 1934</figcaption></figure> <p>There is renewed interest in nutritious eating among the Ojibwe, who have been expanding community gardens in <a href="/wiki/Food_deserts" class="mw-redirect" title="Food deserts">food deserts</a>, and have started a mobile kitchen to teach their communities about nutritious food preparation.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The traditional Native American diet was seasonally dependent on hunting, fishing and the foraging and farming of produce and grains. The modern diet has substituted some other types of food like <a href="/wiki/Frybread" title="Frybread">frybread</a> and "Indian tacos" in place of these traditionally prepared meals. The Native Americans loss of connection to their culture is part of the "quest to reconnect to their food traditions" sparking an interest in traditional ingredients like <a href="/wiki/Wild_rice" title="Wild rice">wild rice</a>, that is the official state grain of Minnesota and Michigan, and was part of the pre-colonial diet of the Ojibwe. Other staple foods of the Ojibwe were fish, maple sugar, venison and corn. They grew beans, squash, corn and potatoes and foraged for blueberries, blackberries, choke cherries, raspberries, gooseberries and huckleberries. During the summer game animals like deer, beaver, moose, goose, duck, rabbits and bear were hunted.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One traditional method of making granulated sugar known among the Anishinabe was to boil <a href="/wiki/Maple_syrup" title="Maple syrup">maple syrup</a> until reduced and pour into a trough, where the rapidly cooling syrup was quickly processed into maple sugar using wooden paddles.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kinship_and_clan_system">Kinship and clan system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ojibwe&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Kinship and clan system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe_clan_system" title="Anishinaabe clan system">Anishinaabe clan system</a></div> <p>Traditionally, the Ojibwe had a <a href="/wiki/Patrilineal" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrilineal">patrilineal</a> system, in which children were considered born to the father's <a href="/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">clan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason, children with French or English fathers were considered outside the clan and Ojibwe society unless adopted by an Ojibwe male. They were sometimes referred to as "white" because of their fathers, regardless if their mothers were Ojibwe, as they had no official place in the Ojibwe society. The people would shelter the woman and her children, but they did not have the same place in the culture as children born to Ojibwe fathers. </p><p>Ojibwe understanding of kinship is complex and includes the immediate family as well as extended family. It is considered a modified <a href="/wiki/Iroquois_kinship" title="Iroquois kinship">bifurcate merging</a> <a href="/wiki/Kinship_and_descent" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinship and descent">kinship system</a>. As with any bifurcate-merging kinship system, siblings generally share the same kinship term with <a href="/wiki/Parallel_cousin" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallel cousin">parallel cousins</a> because they are all part of the same clan. The modified system allows for younger siblings to share the same kinship term with younger cross-cousins. Complexity wanes further from the person's immediate generation, but some complexity is retained with female relatives. For example, <i>ninooshenh</i> is "my mother's sister" or "my father's sister-in-law" – i.e., my parallel-aunt, but also "my parent's female cross-cousin". Great-grandparents and older generations, as well as great-grandchildren and younger generations, are collectively called <i>aanikoobijigan</i>. This system of kinship reflects the Anishinaabe philosophy of interconnectedness and balance among all living generations, as well as of all generations of the past and of the future. </p><p>The Ojibwe people were divided into a number of <i>doodemag</i> (clans; singular: <i>doodem</i>) named primarily for animals and birds <a href="/wiki/Totem" title="Totem">totems</a> (pronounced <i><a href="/wiki/Doodem" class="mw-redirect" title="Doodem">doodem</a></i>). The word in the Ojibwe language means "my fellow clansman."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The five original totems were <i>Wawaazisii</i> (Bullhead), <i>Baswenaazhi</i>/"Ajiijaak" ("Echo-maker", i.e., Crane), <i>Aan'aawenh</i> (Pintail Duck), <i>Nooke</i> ("Tender", i.e., Bear) and <i>Moozwaanowe</i> ("Little" Moose-tail). The Crane totem was the most vocal among the Ojibwe, and the Bear was the largest – so large, that it was sub-divided into body parts such as the head, the ribs and the feet. Each clan had certain responsibilities among the people. People had to marry a spouse from a different clan. </p><p>Traditionally, each band had a self-regulating council consisting of leaders of the communities' clans, or <i>odoodemaan</i>. The band was often identified by the principal <i>doodem</i>. In meeting others, the traditional greeting among the Ojibwe people is, "What is your 'doodem'?" ("<i>Aaniin gidoodem?</i>" or "<i>Awanen gidoodem?</i>") The response allows the parties to establish social conduct by identifying as family, friends or enemies. Today, the greeting has been shortened to "<i>Aanii</i><span style="padding-left:.15em;">"</span> (pronounced "Ah-nee").<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spiritual_beliefs">Spiritual beliefs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ojibwe&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Spiritual beliefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe_traditional_beliefs" title="Anishinaabe traditional beliefs">Anishinaabe traditional beliefs</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meda_songs,_1851.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Meda_songs%2C_1851.jpg/220px-Meda_songs%2C_1851.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Meda_songs%2C_1851.jpg/330px-Meda_songs%2C_1851.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Meda_songs%2C_1851.jpg/440px-Meda_songs%2C_1851.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3210" data-file-height="2058" /></a><figcaption>Pictorial notation of an Ojibwe music board</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sweat_lodge_at_Lake_Superior_PP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Sweat_lodge_at_Lake_Superior_PP.jpg/220px-Sweat_lodge_at_Lake_Superior_PP.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Sweat_lodge_at_Lake_Superior_PP.jpg/330px-Sweat_lodge_at_Lake_Superior_PP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Sweat_lodge_at_Lake_Superior_PP.jpg/440px-Sweat_lodge_at_Lake_Superior_PP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Frame of Ojibwe <a href="/wiki/Sweatlodge" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweatlodge">sweatlodge</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Ojibwe have spiritual beliefs that have been passed down by <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral tradition</a> under the Midewiwin teachings. These include a <a href="/wiki/Creation_myth" title="Creation myth">creation story</a> and a recounting of the origins of ceremonies and rituals. Spiritual beliefs and rituals were very important to the Ojibwe because spirits guided them through life. Birch bark scrolls and petroforms were used to pass along knowledge and information, as well as for ceremonies. Pictographs were also used for ceremonies. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sweatlodge" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweatlodge">sweatlodge</a> is still used during important ceremonies about the four directions, when oral history is recounted. Teaching lodges are common today to teach the next generations about the language and ancient ways of the past. The traditional ways, ideas, and teachings are preserved and practiced in such living ceremonies. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bulletin_(1929)_(19801535514).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Bulletin_%281929%29_%2819801535514%29.jpg/170px-Bulletin_%281929%29_%2819801535514%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Bulletin_%281929%29_%2819801535514%29.jpg/255px-Bulletin_%281929%29_%2819801535514%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Bulletin_%281929%29_%2819801535514%29.jpg/340px-Bulletin_%281929%29_%2819801535514%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="2806" /></a><figcaption><i>"Spider web" charm, hung on infant's cradle</i> (shown alongside a "Mask used in game" and "Ghost leg), to frighten children", <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_American_Ethnology" title="Bureau of American Ethnology">Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin</a> (1929).</figcaption></figure> <p>The modern <a href="/wiki/Dreamcatcher" title="Dreamcatcher">dreamcatcher</a>, adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Pan-Indian_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-Indian Movement">Pan-Indian Movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a> groups, originated in the Ojibwe "spider web charm",<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a hoop with woven string or sinew meant to replicate a spider's web, used as a protective charm for infants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDensmore1970113_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDensmore1970113-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Ojibwe legend, the protective charms originate with the <a href="/wiki/Spider_Grandmother" title="Spider Grandmother">Spider Woman</a>, known as <i>Asibikaashi</i>; who takes care of the children and the people on the land and as the Ojibwe Nation spread to the corners of North America it became difficult for Asibikaashi to reach all the children, so the mothers and grandmothers wove webs for the children, which had an <a href="/wiki/Apotropaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Apotropaic">apotropaic</a> purpose and were not explicitly connected with dreams.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDensmore1970113_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDensmore1970113-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funeral_practices">Funeral practices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ojibwe&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Funeral practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Traditional">Traditional</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ojibwe&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Traditional"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Ojibwe tradition, the main task after a death is to bury the body as soon as possible, the very next day or even on the day of death. This was important because it allowed the spirit of the dead to journey to its place of joy and happiness. The land of happiness where the dead reside is called <i>Gaagige Minawaanigozigiwining</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was a journey that took four days. If burial preparations could not be completed the day of the death, guests and medicine men were required to stay with the deceased and the family in order to help mourn, while also singing songs and dancing throughout the night. Once preparations were complete, the body would be placed in an inflexed position with their knees towards their chest.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the course of the four days it takes the spirit to journey to its place of joy, it is customary to have food kept alongside the grave at all times. A fire is set when the sun sets and is kept going throughout the night. The food is to help feed the spirit over the course of the journey, while the smoke from the fire is a directional guide. Once the four–day journey is over, a feast is held, which is led by the chief <a href="/wiki/Medicine_man" title="Medicine man">medicine man</a>. At the feast, it is the chief medicine man's duty to give away certain belongings of the deceased. Those who were chosen to receive items from the deceased are required to trade in a new piece of clothing, all of which would be turned into a bundle. The bundle of new cloths and a dish is then given to the closest relative. The recipient of the bundle must then find individuals that he or she believes to be worthy, and pass on one of the new pieces of clothing.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Contemporary">Contemporary</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ojibwe&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Contemporary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Lee Staples, an Ojibwe spiritual leader from the Mille Lacs Indian Reservation, present day practices follow the same spiritual beliefs and remain fairly similar. When an individual dies, a fire is lit in the home of the family, who are also expected to continuously maintain the fire for four days. Over the four days, food is also offered to the spirit. Added to food offerings, tobacco is also offered as it is considered one of four sacred medicines traditionally used by Ojibwe communities. On the last night of food offerings, a feast is also held by the relatives which ends with a final smoke of the offering tobacco or the tobacco being thrown in the fire. Although conventional caskets are mainly used in today's communities, birch bark fire matches are buried along with the body as a tool to help light fires to guide their journey to <i>Gaagige Minawaanigozigiwining</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnobotany">Ethnobotany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ojibwe&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ethnobotany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ojibwe&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2013</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Plants used by the Ojibwe include <i><a href="/wiki/Agrimonia_gryposepala" title="Agrimonia gryposepala">Agrimonia gryposepala</a></i>, used for urinary problems,<sup id="cite_ref-DEM_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DEM-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Pinus_strobus" title="Pinus strobus">Pinus strobus</a></i>, the resin of which was used to treat infections and <a href="/wiki/Gangrene" title="Gangrene">gangrene</a>. The roots of <i><a href="/wiki/Symphyotrichum_novae-angliae" title="Symphyotrichum novae-angliae">Symphyotrichum novae-angliae</a></i> are smoked in pipes to attract game.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Allium_tricoccum" title="Allium tricoccum">Allium tricoccum</a></i> is eaten as part of Ojibwe cuisine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1932104_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1932104-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also use a <a href="/wiki/Decoction" title="Decoction">decoction</a> as a quick-acting <a href="/wiki/Emetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Emetic">emetic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An <a href="/wiki/Infusion" title="Infusion">infusion</a> of the <i>alba</i> subspecies of <i><a href="/wiki/Silene_latifolia" title="Silene latifolia">Silene latifolia</a></i> is used as <a href="/wiki/Medicinal_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicinal plant">physic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1932361_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1932361-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The South Ojibwa use a decoction of the root <i><a href="/wiki/Viola_canadensis" title="Viola canadensis">Viola canadensis</a></i> for pains near the bladder.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ojibwa are documented to use the root of <i><a href="/wiki/Uvularia_grandiflora" title="Uvularia grandiflora">Uvularia grandiflora</a></i> for pain in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_plexus" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar plexus">solar plexus</a>, which may refer to <a href="/wiki/Pleurisy" title="Pleurisy">pleurisy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They take a compound decoction of the root of <i><a href="/wiki/Ribes_glandulosum" title="Ribes glandulosum">Ribes glandulosum</a></i> for back pain and for "female weakness".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ojibwe eat the corms of <i><a href="/wiki/Sagittaria_cuneata" title="Sagittaria cuneata">Sagittaria cuneata</a></i> for indigestion, and also as a food, eaten boiled fresh, dried or candied with maple sugar. Muskrat and beavers store them in large caches, which they have learned to recognize and appropriate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1932396_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1932396-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They take an infusion of the <a href="/wiki/Antennaria_howellii" title="Antennaria howellii"><i>Antennaria howellii</i> ssp. <i>neodioica</i></a> after childbirth to purge afterbirth and to heal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1932363_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1932363-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They use the roots of <i><a href="/wiki/Solidago_rigida" title="Solidago rigida">Solidago rigida</a></i>, using a decoction of root as an enema and take an infusion of the root for "stoppage of urine".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They use <i><a href="/wiki/Abies_balsamea" title="Abies balsamea">Abies balsamea</a></i>; melting the gum on warm stones and inhaling the fumes for headache.<sup id="cite_ref-Densmore,_Frances_1928,_page_338_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Densmore,_Frances_1928,_page_338-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also use a <a href="/wiki/Decoction" title="Decoction">decoction</a> of the root as an herbal steam for rheumatic joints.<sup id="cite_ref-Densmore,_Frances_1928,_page_338_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Densmore,_Frances_1928,_page_338-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also combine the gum with bear grease and use it as an ointment for hair.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They use the needle-like leaves in as part of ceremony involving the sweatbath, and use the gum for colds and inhale the leaf smoke for colds.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith,_Huron_H._1932,_page_378_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith,_Huron_H._1932,_page_378-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They use the plant as a cough medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gum is used for sores and a compound containing leaves is used as wash. The liquid balsam from bark blisters is used for sore eyes.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith,_Huron_H._1932,_page_378_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith,_Huron_H._1932,_page_378-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They boil the resin twice and add it to suet or fat to make a canoe pitch.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1932420_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1932420-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bark gum is taken for chest soreness from colds, applied to cuts and sores, and decoction of the bark is used to induce sweating. The bark gum is also taken for <a href="/wiki/Gonorrhea" title="Gonorrhea">gonorrhea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A decoction (tea) of powdered, dried <i><a href="/wiki/Onoclea_sensibilis" title="Onoclea sensibilis">Onoclea sensibilis</a></i> root is used to stimulate milk flow in female patients.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1932382_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1932382-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bands">Bands</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ojibwe&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Ojibwe" title="Special:EditPage/Ojibwe">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In his <i>History of the Ojibway People</i> (1855), <a href="/wiki/William_Whipple_Warren" title="William Whipple Warren">William W. Warren</a> recorded 10 major divisions of the Ojibwe in the United States. He mistakenly omitted the Ojibwe located in Michigan, western Minnesota and westward, and all of Canada. When identified major historical bands located in Michigan and Ontario are added, the count becomes 15:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English Name </th> <th>Ojibwe Name<br />(in double-vowel spelling) </th> <th>Location </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saulteaux" title="Saulteaux">Saulteaux</a> </td> <td><i>Baawitigowininiwag</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sault_Ste._Marie,_Ontario" title="Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario">Sault Ste. Marie</a> area of <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/St._Croix_Chippewa_Indians" title="St. Croix Chippewa Indians">Border-Sitters</a> </td> <td><i>Biitan-akiing-enabijig</i> </td> <td>St. Croix-Namekagon River valleys in eastern Minnesota and northern Wisconsin </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lake_Superior_Chippewa" title="Lake Superior Chippewa">Lake Superior Band</a> </td> <td><i>Gichi-gamiwininiwag</i> </td> <td>south shore of Lake Superior </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River_Band_of_Chippewa_Indians" title="Mississippi River Band of Chippewa Indians">Mississippi River Band</a> </td> <td><i>Gichi-ziibiwininiwag</i> </td> <td>upper Mississippi River in <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rainy_Lake_and_River_Bands_of_Saulteaux" title="Rainy Lake and River Bands of Saulteaux">Rainy Lake Band</a> </td> <td><i>Goojijiwininiwag</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rainy_Lake" title="Rainy Lake">Rainy Lake</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rainy_River_(Minnesota-Ontario)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainy River (Minnesota-Ontario)">River</a>, about the northern boundary of Minnesota </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/St._Croix_Chippewa_Indians" title="St. Croix Chippewa Indians">Ricing-Rails</a> </td> <td><i>Manoominikeshiinyag</i> </td> <td>along headwaters of <a href="/wiki/St._Croix_River_(Wisconsin-Minnesota)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Croix River (Wisconsin-Minnesota)">St. Croix River</a> in Wisconsin and Minnesota </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pillager_Band_of_Chippewa_Indians" title="Pillager Band of Chippewa Indians">Pillagers</a> </td> <td><i>Makandwewininiwag</i> </td> <td>North-central Minnesota and Mississippi River headwaters </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mississaugas" title="Mississaugas">Mississaugas</a> </td> <td><i>Misi-zaagiwininiwag</i> </td> <td>north of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a>, extending north of Lake Huron about the Mississagi River </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dokis Band (Dokis's and Restoule's bands) </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>Along <a href="/wiki/French_River_(Ontario)" title="French River (Ontario)">French River (Wemitigoj-Sibi)</a> region (including <a href="/w/index.php?title=Little_French_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Little French River (page does not exist)">Little French River (Ziibiins)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Restoule_River" title="Restoule River">Restoule River</a>) in Ontario, near Lake Nipissing </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lac_Courte_Oreilles_Band_of_Lake_Superior_Chippewa_Indians" title="Lac Courte Oreilles Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians">Ottawa Lake (Lac Courte Oreilles) Band</a> </td> <td><i>Odaawaa-zaaga'iganiwininiwag</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lac_Courte_Oreilles" title="Lac Courte Oreilles">Lac Courte Oreilles</a>, Wisconsin </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bois_Forte_Band_of_Chippewa" title="Bois Forte Band of Chippewa">Bois Forte Band</a> </td> <td><i>Zagaakwaandagowininiwag</i> </td> <td>north of Lake Superior </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lac_du_Flambeau_Band_of_Lake_Superior_Chippewa" title="Lac du Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Chippewa">Lac du Flambeau Band</a> </td> <td><i>Waaswaaganiwininiwag</i> </td> <td>head of <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_River" title="Wisconsin River">Wisconsin River</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Muskrat_Portage_Band" class="mw-redirect" title="Muskrat Portage Band">Muskrat Portage Band</a> </td> <td><i>Wazhashk-Onigamininiwag</i> </td> <td>northwest side of Lake Superior at the Canada–US border </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nopeming Band </td> <td><i>Noopiming Azhe-ininiwag</i> </td> <td>northeast of Lake Superior and west of Lake Nipissing </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Numerous Ojibwe First Nations, tribes, and bands exist today in Canada and the United States.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> See also the listing of <a href="/wiki/Saulteaux#Communities" title="Saulteaux">Saulteaux communities</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aamjiwnaang_First_Nation" title="Aamjiwnaang First Nation">Aamjiwnaang First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aroland_First_Nation" title="Aroland First Nation">Aroland First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batchewana_First_Nation" title="Batchewana First Nation">Batchewana First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Mills_Indian_Community" title="Bay Mills Indian Community">Bay Mills Indian Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biinjitiwabik_Zaaging_Anishnabek_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Biinjitiwabik Zaaging Anishnabek First Nation">Biinjitiwabik Zaaging Anishnabek First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burt_Lake_Band_of_Chippewa_and_Ottawa_Indians" class="mw-redirect" title="Burt Lake Band of Chippewa and Ottawa Indians">Burt Lake Band of Chippewa and Ottawa Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caldwell_First_Nation" title="Caldwell First Nation">Caldwell First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapleau_Ojibway_First_Nation" title="Chapleau Ojibway First Nation">Chapleau Ojibway First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chippewas_of_Kettle_and_Stony_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="Chippewas of Kettle and Stony Point">Chippewas of Kettle and Stony Point</a></li> <li>Chippewas of Lake Simcoe and Huron (Historical) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beausoleil_First_Nation" title="Beausoleil First Nation">Beausoleil First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chippewas_of_Georgina_Island_First_Nation" title="Chippewas of Georgina Island First Nation">Chippewas of Georgina Island First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chippewas_of_Rama_First_Nation" title="Chippewas of Rama First Nation">Chippewas of Rama First Nation</a> (formerly known as <a href="/wiki/Chippewas_of_Mnjikaning_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Chippewas of Mnjikaning First Nation">Chippewas of Mnjikaning First Nation</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chippewas_of_Nawash_Unceded_First_Nation" title="Chippewas of Nawash Unceded First Nation">Chippewas of Nawash Unceded First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chippewa_of_the_Thames_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Chippewa of the Thames First Nation">Chippewa of the Thames First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chippewas_of_Saugeen_Ojibway_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Chippewas of Saugeen Ojibway Territory">Chippewas of Saugeen Ojibway Territory</a>, historical <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chippewas_of_Nawash_Unceded_First_Nation" title="Chippewas of Nawash Unceded First Nation">Chippewas of Nawash Unceded First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saugeen_First_Nation" title="Saugeen First Nation">Saugeen First Nation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chippewa_Cree" title="Chippewa Cree">Chippewa Cree</a> Tribe of <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Boys_Indian_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocky Boys Indian Reservation">Rocky Boys Indian Reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curve_Lake_First_Nation" title="Curve Lake First Nation">Curve Lake First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutler_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cutler First Nation">Cutler First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dokis_9,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Dokis 9, Ontario">Dokis First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eabametoong_First_Nation" title="Eabametoong First Nation">Eabametoong First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_William_First_Nation" title="Fort William First Nation">Fort William First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Traverse_Band_of_Ottawa_and_Chippewa_Indians" title="Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians">Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_River_First_Nation" title="Garden River First Nation">Garden River First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henvey_Inlet_First_Nation" title="Henvey Inlet First Nation">Henvey Inlet First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asubpeeschoseewagong" class="mw-redirect" title="Asubpeeschoseewagong">Grassy Narrows First Nation (Asabiinyashkosiwagong Nitam-Anishinaabeg)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_in_the_Trent_Waters" class="mw-redirect" title="Islands in the Trent Waters">Islands in the Trent Waters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keeseekoowenin_Ojibway_First_Nation" title="Keeseekoowenin Ojibway First Nation">Keeseekoowenin Ojibway First Nation</a> (also known as <i>Riding Mountain Band</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Lake_First_Nation" title="Sandy Lake First Nation">Koocheching First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lac_des_Mille_Lacs_First_Nation" title="Lac des Mille Lacs First Nation">Lac des Mille Lacs First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lac_La_Croix_First_Nation" title="Lac La Croix First Nation">Lac La Croix First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lac_Seul_First_Nation" title="Lac Seul First Nation">Lac Seul First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Nipigon_Ojibway_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Nipigon Ojibway First Nation">Lake Nipigon Ojibway First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Superior_Chippewa_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Superior Chippewa Tribe">Lake Superior Chippewa Tribe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bad_River_Chippewa_Band" class="mw-redirect" title="Bad River Chippewa Band">Bad River Chippewa Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lac_Vieux_Desert_Band_of_Lake_Superior_Chippewa" title="Lac Vieux Desert Band of Lake Superior Chippewa">Lac Vieux Desert Band of Lake Superior Chippewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Anse_Indian_Reservation" title="L'Anse Indian Reservation">Keweenaw Bay Indian Community</a> <ul><li>L'Anse Band of Chippewa Indians</li> <li>Ontonagon Band of Chippewa Indians</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lac_Courte_Oreilles_Band_of_Lake_Superior_Chippewa_Indians" title="Lac Courte Oreilles Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians">Lac Courte Oreilles Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians</a> <ul><li>Bois Brule River Band of Lake Superior Chippewa</li> <li>Chippewa River Band of Lake Superior Chippewa</li> <li>Lac Courte Oreilles Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians</li> <li>Removable St. Croix Chippewa Indians of Wisconsin</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lac_du_Flambeau_Band_of_Lake_Superior_Chippewa" title="Lac du Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Chippewa">Lac du Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Chippewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Cliff_Band_of_Lake_Superior_Chippewa" title="Red Cliff Band of Lake Superior Chippewa">Red Cliff Band of Lake Superior Chippewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokaogon_Chippewa_Community" title="Sokaogon Chippewa Community">Sokaogon Chippewa Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Croix_Chippewa_Indians" title="St. Croix Chippewa Indians">St. Croix Chippewa Indians</a> of Wisconsin</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Shell_Tribe_of_Chippewa_Indians_of_Montana" title="Little Shell Tribe of Chippewa Indians of Montana">Little Shell Tribe of Chippewa Indians of Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Traverse_Bay_Bands_of_Odawa_Indians" title="Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians">Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians</a>, Michigan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackinac_Bands_of_Chippewa_and_Ottawa_Indians" title="Mackinac Bands of Chippewa and Ottawa Indians">Mackinac Bands of Chippewa and Ottawa Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetawan_First_Nation" title="Magnetawan First Nation">Magnetawan First Nation</a>, Ontario</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Chippewa_Tribe" title="Minnesota Chippewa Tribe">Minnesota Chippewa Tribe</a>, Minnesota <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bois_Forte_Band_of_Chippewa" title="Bois Forte Band of Chippewa">Bois Forte Band of Chippewa</a> <ul><li>Bois Forte Band of Chippewa</li> <li>Lake Vermilion Band of Lake Superior Chippewa</li> <li>Little Forks Band of Rainy River Saulteaux</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fond_du_Lac_Band_of_Lake_Superior_Chippewa" title="Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa">Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Portage_Band_of_Chippewa" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Portage Band of Chippewa">Grand Portage Band of Chippewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leech_Lake_Band_of_Ojibwe" title="Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe">Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe</a> <ul><li>Cass Lake Band of Chippewa</li> <li>Lake Winnibigoshish Band of Chippewa</li> <li>Leech Lake Band of Pillagers</li> <li>Removable Lake Superior Bands of Chippewa of the Chippewa Reservation</li> <li>White Oak Point Band of <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Chippewa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mississippi Chippewa">Mississippi Chippewa</a> <ul><li>Pokegama Lake Band of Mississippi Chippewa</li> <li>Removable Sandy Lake Band of Mississippi Chippewa</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mille_Lacs_Band_of_Ojibwe" title="Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe">Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe</a>, Minnesota <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mille_Lacs_Indians" title="Mille Lacs Indians">Mille Lacs Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Lake_Band_of_Mississippi_Chippewa" title="Sandy Lake Band of Mississippi Chippewa">Sandy Lake Band of Mississippi Chippewa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rice_Lake_Band_of_Mississippi_Chippewa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rice Lake Band of Mississippi Chippewa (page does not exist)">Rice Lake Band of Mississippi Chippewa</a></li> <li>St. Croix Band of Chippewa Indians of Minnesota <ul><li>Kettle River Band of Chippewa Indians</li> <li>Snake and Knife Rivers Band of Chippewa Indians</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Earth_Band_of_Chippewa" class="mw-redirect" title="White Earth Band of Chippewa">White Earth Band of Chippewa</a> <ul><li>Gull Lake Band of Mississippi Chippewa</li> <li>Otter Tail Band of Pillagers</li> <li>Rabbit Lake Band of Mississippi Chippewa</li> <li>Removable Mille Lacs Indians</li> <li>Rice Lake Band of Mississippi Chippewa</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississaugas_of_the_Credit_First_Nation" title="Mississaugas of the Credit First Nation">Mississaugas of the Credit First Nation</a>, previously Mississaugas of the New Credit First Nation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississaugi_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mississaugi First Nation">Mississaugi First Nation</a>, Ontario</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Caribou_Lake_First_Nation" title="North Caribou Lake First Nation">North Caribou Lake First Nation</a>, Ontario</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibway_Nation_of_Saugeen_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ojibway Nation of Saugeen First Nation">Ojibway Nation of Saugeen First Nation</a>, Ontario</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibways_of_the_Pic_River_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ojibways of the Pic River First Nation">Ojibways of the Pic River First Nation</a>, Ontario</li> <li>Osnaburg House Band of Ojibway and Cree (Historical) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cat_Lake_First_Nation" title="Cat Lake First Nation">Cat Lake First Nation</a>, Ontario</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishkeegogamang_First_Nation" title="Mishkeegogamang First Nation">Mishkeegogamang First Nation</a> (formerly known as <a href="/wiki/New_Osnaburgh_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="New Osnaburgh First Nation">New Osnaburgh First Nation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate_Falls_First_Nation" title="Slate Falls First Nation">Slate Falls First Nation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pembina_Band_of_Chippewa_Indians" title="Pembina Band of Chippewa Indians">Pembina Band of Chippewa Indians</a> (Historical)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pikangikum_First_Nation" title="Pikangikum First Nation">Pikangikum First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poplar_Hill_First_Nation" title="Poplar Hill First Nation">Poplar Hill First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Lake_Band_of_Chippewa_Indians" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Lake Band of Chippewa Indians">Red Lake Band of Chippewa Indians</a> <ul><li>Lac des Bois Band of Chippewa Indians</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_River_First_Nation" title="Rolling River First Nation">Rolling River First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagamok_Anishnawbek_First_Nation" title="Sagamok Anishnawbek First Nation">Sagamok Anishnawbek First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saginaw_Chippewa_Tribal_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Saginaw Chippewa Tribal Council">Saginaw Chippewa Tribal Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagkeeng_First_Nation" title="Sagkeeng First Nation">Sagkeeng First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sault_Tribe_of_Chippewa_Indians" title="Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians">Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saulteaux" title="Saulteaux">Saulteaux</a> First Nation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel,_Ontario" title="Nobel, Ontario">Shawanaga First Nation</a></li> <li>Southeast Tribal Council <ul><li>Berens River First Nation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloodvein_First_Nation" title="Bloodvein First Nation">Bloodvein First Nation</a></li> <li>Brokenhead First Nation</li> <li>Buffalo Point First Nation (Saulteaux)</li> <li>Hollow Water First Nation</li> <li>Black River First Nation</li> <li>Little Grand Rapids First Nation</li> <li>Pauingassi First Nation (Saulteaux)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poplar_River_First_Nation" title="Poplar River First Nation">Poplar River First Nation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_Mountain_Band_of_Chippewa_Indians" title="Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians">Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabaseemoong_Independent_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Wabaseemoong Independent Nation">Wabaseemoong Independent Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ear_Falls" title="Ear Falls">Wabauskang First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabun_Tribal_Council" title="Wabun Tribal Council">Wabun Tribal Council</a> <ul><li>Beaverhouse First Nation</li> <li>Brunswick House First Nation</li> <li>Chapleau Ojibwe First Nation</li> <li>Matachewan First Nation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattagami_First_Nation" title="Mattagami First Nation">Mattagami First Nation</a></li> <li>Wahgoshig First Nation</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabigoon_Lake_Ojibway_Nation" title="Wabigoon Lake Ojibway Nation">Wabigoon Lake Ojibway Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahnapitae_First_Nation" title="Wahnapitae First Nation">Wahnapitae First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walpole_Island_Indian_Reserve_No._46" class="mw-redirect" title="Walpole Island Indian Reserve No. 46">Walpole Island First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenora" title="Kenora">Washagamis Bay First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naotkamegwanning_First_Nation" title="Naotkamegwanning First Nation">Whitefish Bay First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atikameksheng_Anishnawbek_First_Nation" title="Atikameksheng Anishnawbek First Nation">Whitefish Lake First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Country" title="Rainbow Country">Whitefish River First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitesand_First_Nation" title="Whitesand First Nation">Whitesand First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunder_Bay" title="Thunder Bay">Whitewater Lake First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikwemikong_Unceded_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikwemikong Unceded First Nation">Wikwemikong Unceded First Nation</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_historical_Ojibwe_people">Notable historical Ojibwe people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ojibwe&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notable historical Ojibwe people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Ojibwe" title="Special:EditPage/Ojibwe">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Ojibwe people from the 20th and 21st centuries should be listed under their specific tribes. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Assikinack" title="Francis Assikinack">Francis Assikinack</a> (1824–1863), historian from <a href="/wiki/Manitoulin_Island" title="Manitoulin Island">Manitoulin Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Bonga" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Bonga">Stephen Bonga</a>, Ojibwe/African-American fur trader and interpreter<sup id="cite_ref-stephenB_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stephenB-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bonga" title="George Bonga">George Bonga</a> (1802–1880), Ojibwe/African-American fur trader and interpreter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_L%27Strange_Cappel" title="Jeanne L'Strange Cappel">Jeanne L'Strange Cappel</a> (1873–1949), writer, teacher and clubwoman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanging_Cloud" title="Hanging Cloud">Hanging Cloud</a>, 19th c. <a href="/wiki/Lac_Courte_Oreilles_Ojibwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Lac Courte Oreilles Ojibwe">Lac Courte Oreilles Ojibwe</a> woman warrior</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Copway" title="George Copway">George Copway</a> (1818–1869), missionary and writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Bonga_Fahlstrom" title="Margaret Bonga Fahlstrom">Margaret Bonga Fahlstrom</a> (c. 1797–1880), Ojibwe-African American woman in the early Methodist Episcopal Church in Minnesota</li> <li>Fr. <a href="/wiki/Philip_B._Gordon" title="Philip B. Gordon">Philip B. Gordon</a> (1885–1948), <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_priest" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic priest">Roman Catholic priest</a> and activist from <a href="/wiki/Gordon,_Douglas_County,_Wisconsin" title="Gordon, Douglas County, Wisconsin">Gordon, Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hole_in_the_Day" title="Hole in the Day">Hole in the Day</a> (1825–1868), Chief of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River_Band_of_Chippewa_Indians" title="Mississippi River Band of Chippewa Indians">Mississippi Band</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> Ojibwe</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Jones_(missionary)" title="Peter Jones (missionary)">Peter Jones</a> (1802–1856), <a href="/wiki/Mississaugas" title="Mississaugas">Mississauga</a> missionary and writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kechewaishke" title="Kechewaishke">Kechewaishke</a> (Gichi-Weshkiinh, Buffalo) (ca. 1759–1855), chief</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmonia_Lewis" title="Edmonia Lewis">Edmonia Lewis</a> (ca. 1844–1907), <a href="/wiki/Mississaugas" title="Mississaugas">Mississauga</a> Ojibwe/African-American sculptor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maungwudaus" title="Maungwudaus">Maungwudaus</a>, (1811–1888), performer, interpreter, mission worker, and herbalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medweganoonind" title="Medweganoonind">Medweganoonind</a>, 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Red_Lake_Ojibwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Lake Ojibwe">Red Lake Ojibwe</a> chief</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozaawindib" title="Ozaawindib">Ozaawindib</a> (Yellow Head), early 19th c. nonbinary warrior, guide</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Rocky_Boy" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Rocky Boy">Chief Rocky Boy</a> (fl. late 19th c.), chief</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Johnston_Schoolcraft" title="Jane Johnston Schoolcraft">Jane Johnston Schoolcraft</a> (1800–1842), author, wife of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Rowe_Schoolcraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Rowe Schoolcraft">Henry Rowe Schoolcraft</a>, born in Sault Ste. Marie</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(Native_American)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Smith (Native American)">John Smith</a> (ca. 1824–1922, chief, from Cass Lake, Minnesota</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Michael_%22Chief%22_Venne" title="Alfred Michael "Chief" Venne">Alfred Michael "Chief" Venne</a> (1879–1971), athletic manager and coach from Leroy, North Dakota</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabanquot_(Chippewa_chief)" title="Wabanquot (Chippewa chief)">Waabaanakwad</a> (White Cloud) (ca. 1830–1898), Gull Lake chief</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whipple_Warren" title="William Whipple Warren">William Whipple Warren</a> (1825–1853), first historical writer of the Ojibwe people, territorial legislator</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheewegonab" title="Zheewegonab">Zheewegonab</a> (fl. 1780–1805), band leader among the northern Ojibwe</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ojibwe_treaties">Ojibwe treaties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ojibwe&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ojibwe treaties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Illustrative_of_the_Route_of_H.R._Schoolcraft_U.S._Ind.A._Between_L._Superior_%26_Mississippi_R._in_the_Summer_of_1831_-_NARA_-_102278798.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Map_Illustrative_of_the_Route_of_H.R._Schoolcraft_U.S._Ind.A._Between_L._Superior_%26_Mississippi_R._in_the_Summer_of_1831_-_NARA_-_102278798.jpg/220px-Map_Illustrative_of_the_Route_of_H.R._Schoolcraft_U.S._Ind.A._Between_L._Superior_%26_Mississippi_R._in_the_Summer_of_1831_-_NARA_-_102278798.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Map_Illustrative_of_the_Route_of_H.R._Schoolcraft_U.S._Ind.A._Between_L._Superior_%26_Mississippi_R._in_the_Summer_of_1831_-_NARA_-_102278798.jpg/330px-Map_Illustrative_of_the_Route_of_H.R._Schoolcraft_U.S._Ind.A._Between_L._Superior_%26_Mississippi_R._in_the_Summer_of_1831_-_NARA_-_102278798.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Map_Illustrative_of_the_Route_of_H.R._Schoolcraft_U.S._Ind.A._Between_L._Superior_%26_Mississippi_R._in_the_Summer_of_1831_-_NARA_-_102278798.jpg/440px-Map_Illustrative_of_the_Route_of_H.R._Schoolcraft_U.S._Ind.A._Between_L._Superior_%26_Mississippi_R._in_the_Summer_of_1831_-_NARA_-_102278798.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6654" data-file-height="9231" /></a><figcaption>Map of Schoolcraft's route in 1831 showing Ojibwe settlements and roads (NAID 102278798)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chippewa_Ottawa_Resource_Authority&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chippewa Ottawa Resource Authority (page does not exist)">Chippewa Ottawa Resource Authority</a> – 1836CT fisheries</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Council_of_Treaty_3" title="Grand Council of Treaty 3">Grand Council of Treaty 3</a> – Treaty 3</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Council_of_Treaty_8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grand Council of Treaty 8 (page does not exist)">Grand Council of Treaty 8</a> – Treaty 8</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Indian_Fish_%26_Wildlife_Commission" title="Great Lakes Indian Fish & Wildlife Commission">Great Lakes Indian Fish & Wildlife Commission</a> – 1837CT, 1836CT, 1842CT and 1854CT</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishnawbe_Aski_Nation" title="Nishnawbe Aski Nation">Nishnawbe Aski Nation</a> – Treaty 5 and Treaty 9</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Lake_Band_of_Chippewa" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Lake Band of Chippewa">Red Lake Band of Chippewa</a> – 1886CT and 1889CT</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Ontario_Indians" class="mw-redirect" title="Union of Ontario Indians">Union of Ontario Indians</a> – RS, RH1, RH2, misc. pre-confederation treaties</li></ul> <dl><dt>Treaties with France</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Peace_of_Montreal" title="Great Peace of Montreal">La Grande Paix de Montréal</a> (1701)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Treaties with Great Britain and the United Kingdom</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li>Treaty of Fort Niagara (1764)</li> <li>Treaty of Fort Niagara (1781)</li> <li>Indian Officers' Land Treaty (1783)</li> <li>The Crawford Purchases (1783)</li> <li>Between the Lakes Purchase (1784)</li> <li>Treaty of Peace with Sioux, Chippewa and Winnebago (1787)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Purchase" title="Toronto Purchase">Toronto Purchase</a> (1787) <ul><li>Indenture to the Toronto Purchase (1805)</li></ul></li> <li>The McKee Purchase (1790)</li> <li>Between the Lakes Purchase (1792)</li> <li>Chenail Ecarte (Sombra Township) Purchase (1796)</li> <li>London Township Purchase (1796)</li> <li>Land for Joseph Brant (1797)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penetanguishene_Bay_Purchase" title="Penetanguishene Bay Purchase">Penetanguishene Bay Purchase</a> (1798)</li> <li>St. Joseph Island (1798)</li> <li>Head-of-the-Lake Purchase (1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Simcoe-Lake_Huron_Purchase" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Simcoe-Lake Huron Purchase">Lake Simcoe-Lake Huron Purchase</a> (1815)</li> <li>Lake Simcoe-Nottawasaga Purchase (1818)</li> <li>Ajetance Purchase (1818)</li> <li>Rice Lake Purchase (1818)</li> <li>The Rideau Purchase (1819)</li> <li>Long Woods Purchase (1822)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huron_Tract" title="Huron Tract">Huron Tract</a> Purchase (1827)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saugeen_Tract_Agreement" title="Saugeen Tract Agreement">Saugeen Tract Agreement</a> (1836)</li> <li>Manitoulin Agreement (1836)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Robinson_Treaties" title="Robinson Treaties">Robinson Treaties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robinson_Superior_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Robinson Superior Treaty">Ojibewa Indians of Lake Superior</a> (1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robinson_Huron_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Robinson Huron Treaty">Ojibewa Indians of Lake Huron</a> (1850)</li></ul></li> <li>Manitoulin Island Treaty (1862)</li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Treaties with Canada</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_1" title="Treaty 1">Treaty No. 1</a> (1871) – Stone Fort Treaty</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_2" title="Treaty 2">Treaty No. 2</a> (1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_3" title="Treaty 3">Treaty No. 3</a> (1873) – <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Angle" title="Northwest Angle">Northwest Angle</a> Treaty</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_4" title="Treaty 4">Treaty No. 4</a> (1874) – Qu'Appelle Treaty</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_5" title="Treaty 5">Treaty No. 5</a> (1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_6" title="Treaty 6">Treaty No. 6</a> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_8" title="Treaty 8">Treaty No. 8</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_9" title="Treaty 9">Treaty No. 9</a> (1905–1906) – <a href="/wiki/James_Bay" title="James Bay">James Bay</a> Treaty</li> <li>Treaty No. 5, Adhesions (1908–1910)</li> <li>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Williams_Treaties&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Williams Treaties (page does not exist)">Williams Treaties</a> (1923) <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Williams_Treaty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Williams Treaty (page does not exist)">The Chippewa Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Williams_Treaty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Williams Treaty (page does not exist)">The Mississauga Indians</a></li></ul></li> <li>Treaty No. 9, Adhesions (1929–1930)</li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Treaties with the United States</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_McIntosh" title="Treaty of Fort McIntosh">Treaty of Fort McIntosh</a> (1785)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Harmar" title="Treaty of Fort Harmar">Treaty of Fort Harmar</a> (1789)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Greenville" title="Treaty of Greenville">Treaty of Greenville</a> (1795)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Industry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fort Industry (page does not exist)">Fort Industry</a> (1805)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Detroit" title="Treaty of Detroit">Treaty of Detroit</a> (1807)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brownstown" title="Treaty of Brownstown">Treaty of Brownstown</a> (1808)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Springwells" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Springwells">Treaty of Springwells</a> (1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_St._Louis_(1816)" title="Treaty of St. Louis (1816)">Treaty of St. Louis (1816)</a> – Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Miami_Rapids" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Miami Rapids">Treaty of Miami Rapids</a> (1817)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_St._Mary%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of St. Mary's">Treaty of St. Mary's</a> (1818)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saginaw" title="Treaty of Saginaw">Treaty of Saginaw</a> (1819)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Sa%C3%BAlt_Ste._Marie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Saúlt Ste. Marie (page does not exist)">Treaty of Saúlt Ste. Marie</a> (1820)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_L%27Arbre_Croche_and_Michilimackinac&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of L'Arbre Croche and Michilimackinac (page does not exist)">Treaty of L'Arbre Croche and Michilimackinac</a> (1820)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1821_Treaty_of_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="1821 Treaty of Chicago">Treaty of Chicago</a> (1821)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Treaty_of_Prairie_du_Chien" title="First Treaty of Prairie du Chien">First Treaty of Prairie du Chien</a> (1825)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fond_du_Lac" title="Treaty of Fond du Lac">Treaty of Fond du Lac</a> (1826)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Butte_des_Morts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Butte des Morts (page does not exist)">Treaty of Butte des Morts</a> (1827)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Green_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Green Bay (page does not exist)">Treaty of Green Bay</a> (1828)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Treaty_of_Prairie_du_Chien" title="Second Treaty of Prairie du Chien">Second Treaty of Prairie du Chien</a> (1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1833_Treaty_of_Chicago" title="1833 Treaty of Chicago">Treaty of Chicago</a> (1833)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Washington_(1836)" title="Treaty of Washington (1836)">Treaty of Washington (1836)</a> – Ottawa & Chippewa</li> <li>Treaty of Washington (1836) – Swan Creek & Black River Bands</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Detroit" title="Treaty of Detroit">Treaty of Detroit</a> (1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_St._Peters" title="Treaty of St. Peters">Treaty of St. Peters</a> (1837) – White Pine Treaty</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Flint_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Flint River (page does not exist)">Treaty of Flint River</a> (1837)</li> <li>Saganaw Treaties <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Saganaw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Saganaw (page does not exist)">Treaty of Saganaw</a> (1838)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Saganaw_Supplemental&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Saganaw Supplemental (page does not exist)">Supplemental Treaty</a> (1839)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_La_Pointe#1842_Treaty_of_La_Pointe" title="Treaty of La Pointe">Treaty of La Pointe</a> (1842) – Copper Treaty <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isle_Royale_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Isle Royale Agreement">Isle Royale Agreement</a> (1844)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Potawatomi_Creek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Potawatomi Creek (page does not exist)">Treaty of Potawatomi Creek</a> (1846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fond_du_Lac" title="Treaty of Fond du Lac">Treaty of Fond du Lac</a> (1847)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Leech_Lake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Leech Lake (page does not exist)">Treaty of Leech Lake</a> (1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_La_Pointe#1854_Treaty_of_La_Pointe" title="Treaty of La Pointe">Treaty of La Pointe</a> (1854)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Washington_(1855)" title="Treaty of Washington (1855)">Treaty of Washington (1855)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Detroit_(1855)" title="Treaty of Detroit (1855)">Treaty of Detroit (1855)</a> – Ottawa & Chippewa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Detroit_(1855)" title="Treaty of Detroit (1855)">Treaty of Detroit (1855)</a> – Sault Ste. Marie Band</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Detroit_(1855)" title="Treaty of Detroit (1855)">Treaty of Detroit (1855)</a> – Swan Creek & Black River Bands</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Sac_and_Fox_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Sac and Fox Agency (page does not exist)">Treaty of Sac and Fox Agency</a> (1859)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Washington_(1863)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Washington (1863) (page does not exist)">Treaty of Washington (1863)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Old_Crossing_(1863)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Old Crossing (1863)">Treaty of Old Crossing (1863)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Old_Crossing_(1864)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Old Crossing (1864)">Treaty of Old Crossing (1864)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Washington_(1864)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Washington (1864) (page does not exist)">Treaty of Washington (1864)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Isabella_Reservation_(1864)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Isabella Reservation (1864) (page does not exist)">Treaty of Isabella Reservation (1864)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Washington_(1866)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Washington (1866) (page does not exist)">Treaty of Washington (1866)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Washington_(1867)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Washington (1867) (page does not exist)">Treaty of Washington (1867)</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ojibwe&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A-na-cam-e-gish-ca.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A-na-cam-e-gish-ca (Aanakamigishkaang/"[Traces of] Foot Prints [upon the Ground]"), Ojibwe chief, from History of the Indian Tribes of North America"><img alt="A-na-cam-e-gish-ca (Aanakamigishkaang/"[Traces of] Foot Prints [upon the Ground]"), Ojibwe chief, from History of the Indian Tribes of North America" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/A-na-cam-e-gish-ca.jpg/180px-A-na-cam-e-gish-ca.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/A-na-cam-e-gish-ca.jpg/271px-A-na-cam-e-gish-ca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/A-na-cam-e-gish-ca.jpg/361px-A-na-cam-e-gish-ca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="902" data-file-height="1499" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-na-cam-e-gish-ca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A-na-cam-e-gish-ca (page does not exist)">A-na-cam-e-gish-ca</a> (<i>Aanakamigishkaang</i>/"[Traces of] Foot Prints [upon the Ground]"), Ojibwe chief, from <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Indian_Tribes_of_North_America" title="History of the Indian Tribes of North America">History of the Indian Tribes of North America</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 160.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 158.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aysh-ke-bah-ke-ko-zhay.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bust of Aysh-ke-bah-ke-ko-zhay (Eshkibagikoonzhe or "Flat Mouth"), a Leech Lake Ojibwe chief"><img alt="Bust of Aysh-ke-bah-ke-ko-zhay (Eshkibagikoonzhe or "Flat Mouth"), a Leech Lake Ojibwe chief" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Aysh-ke-bah-ke-ko-zhay.jpg/238px-Aysh-ke-bah-ke-ko-zhay.jpg" decoding="async" width="159" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Aysh-ke-bah-ke-ko-zhay.jpg/356px-Aysh-ke-bah-ke-ko-zhay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Aysh-ke-bah-ke-ko-zhay.jpg/475px-Aysh-ke-bah-ke-ko-zhay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="770" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bust of <a href="/wiki/Aysh-ke-bah-ke-ko-zhay" title="Aysh-ke-bah-ke-ko-zhay">Aysh-ke-bah-ke-ko-zhay</a> (<i>Eshkibagikoonzhe</i> or "Flat Mouth"), a Leech Lake Ojibwe chief</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 203.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nanongabe.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chief Beautifying Bird (Nenaa'angebi), by Benjamin Armstrong, 1891"><img alt="Chief Beautifying Bird (Nenaa'angebi), by Benjamin Armstrong, 1891" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Nanongabe.jpg/305px-Nanongabe.jpg" decoding="async" width="204" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Nanongabe.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="392" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chief <a href="/wiki/Beautifying_Bird" title="Beautifying Bird">Beautifying Bird</a> (<i>Nenaa'angebi</i>), by Benjamin Armstrong, 1891</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 160px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 158px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Be_sheekee.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bust of Beshekee, war chief, modeled 1855, carved 1856"><img alt="Bust of Beshekee, war chief, modeled 1855, carved 1856" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Be_sheekee.jpg/237px-Be_sheekee.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Be_sheekee.jpg/355px-Be_sheekee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Be_sheekee.jpg/474px-Be_sheekee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="772" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bust of <a href="/wiki/Beshekee" title="Beshekee">Beshekee</a>, war chief, modeled 1855, carved 1856</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caa-tou-see.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Caa-tou-see, an Ojibwe, from History of the Indian Tribes of North America"><img alt="Caa-tou-see, an Ojibwe, from History of the Indian Tribes of North America" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Caa-tou-see.jpg/180px-Caa-tou-see.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Caa-tou-see.jpg/271px-Caa-tou-see.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Caa-tou-see.jpg/361px-Caa-tou-see.jpg 2x" data-file-width="902" data-file-height="1499" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Caa-tou-see</i>, an Ojibwe, from <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Indian_Tribes_of_North_America" title="History of the Indian Tribes of North America">History of the Indian Tribes of North America</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 252.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hangingcloud.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hanging Cloud, The female Ojibwe warrior the newspapers called the Chippewa Warrior Princess"><img alt="Hanging Cloud, The female Ojibwe warrior the newspapers called the Chippewa Warrior Princess" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Hangingcloud.jpg/376px-Hangingcloud.jpg" decoding="async" width="251" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Hangingcloud.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="499" data-file-height="398" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hanging_Cloud" title="Hanging Cloud">Hanging Cloud</a>, The female Ojibwe warrior the newspapers called the Chippewa Warrior Princess</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jack-O-Pa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jack-O-Pa (Zhaagobe/"Six"), a St. Croix Ojibwe chief, from History of the Indian Tribes of North America"><img alt="Jack-O-Pa (Zhaagobe/"Six"), a St. Croix Ojibwe chief, from History of the Indian Tribes of North America" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Jack-O-Pa.jpg/180px-Jack-O-Pa.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Jack-O-Pa.jpg/270px-Jack-O-Pa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Jack-O-Pa.jpg/360px-Jack-O-Pa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jack-O-Pa" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack-O-Pa">Jack-O-Pa</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Zhaagobe" title="Zhaagobe">Zhaagobe</a></i>/"Six"), a <a href="/wiki/St._Croix_Chippewa_Indians" title="St. Croix Chippewa Indians">St. Croix Ojibwe</a> chief, from <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Indian_Tribes_of_North_America" title="History of the Indian Tribes of North America">History of the Indian Tribes of North America</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 272px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eastman_Johnson_-_Kay_be_sen_day_way_We_Win_-_ejb_-_fig_101_-_pg_225.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kay be sen day way We Win, by Eastman Johnson, 1857"><img alt="Kay be sen day way We Win, by Eastman Johnson, 1857" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Eastman_Johnson_-_Kay_be_sen_day_way_We_Win_-_ejb_-_fig_101_-_pg_225.jpg/405px-Eastman_Johnson_-_Kay_be_sen_day_way_We_Win_-_ejb_-_fig_101_-_pg_225.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Eastman_Johnson_-_Kay_be_sen_day_way_We_Win_-_ejb_-_fig_101_-_pg_225.jpg/607px-Eastman_Johnson_-_Kay_be_sen_day_way_We_Win_-_ejb_-_fig_101_-_pg_225.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Eastman_Johnson_-_Kay_be_sen_day_way_We_Win_-_ejb_-_fig_101_-_pg_225.jpg/810px-Eastman_Johnson_-_Kay_be_sen_day_way_We_Win_-_ejb_-_fig_101_-_pg_225.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1094" data-file-height="811" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Kay be sen day way We Win</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Eastman_Johnson" title="Eastman Johnson">Eastman Johnson</a>, 1857</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 208.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Catlin_003.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kei-a-gis-gis, a Plains Ojibwe woman, painted by George Catlin"><img alt="Kei-a-gis-gis, a Plains Ojibwe woman, painted by George Catlin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/George_Catlin_003.jpg/313px-George_Catlin_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="209" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/George_Catlin_003.jpg/470px-George_Catlin_003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/George_Catlin_003.jpg/626px-George_Catlin_003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="668" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kei-a-gis-gis, a Plains Ojibwe woman, painted by <a href="/wiki/George_Catlin" title="George Catlin">George Catlin</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 265.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 263.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leech_Lake_Chippewa_delegation_to_Washington_1899.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Leech Lake Ojibwe delegation to Washington, 1899"><img alt="Leech Lake Ojibwe delegation to Washington, 1899" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Leech_Lake_Chippewa_delegation_to_Washington_1899.png/395px-Leech_Lake_Chippewa_delegation_to_Washington_1899.png" decoding="async" width="264" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Leech_Lake_Chippewa_delegation_to_Washington_1899.png 1.5x" data-file-width="551" data-file-height="419" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Leech Lake Ojibwe delegation to Washington, 1899</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 146px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 144px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1940_govt_photo_minnesota_farming_scene_chippewa_baby_teething_on_magazine_indians_at_work.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chippewa baby teething on "Indians at Work" magazine while strapped to a cradleboard at a rice lake in 1940."><img alt="Chippewa baby teething on "Indians at Work" magazine while strapped to a cradleboard at a rice lake in 1940." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/1940_govt_photo_minnesota_farming_scene_chippewa_baby_teething_on_magazine_indians_at_work.jpg/216px-1940_govt_photo_minnesota_farming_scene_chippewa_baby_teething_on_magazine_indians_at_work.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/1940_govt_photo_minnesota_farming_scene_chippewa_baby_teething_on_magazine_indians_at_work.jpg/323px-1940_govt_photo_minnesota_farming_scene_chippewa_baby_teething_on_magazine_indians_at_work.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/1940_govt_photo_minnesota_farming_scene_chippewa_baby_teething_on_magazine_indians_at_work.jpg/431px-1940_govt_photo_minnesota_farming_scene_chippewa_baby_teething_on_magazine_indians_at_work.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1179" data-file-height="1640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chippewa baby teething on "Indians at Work" magazine while strapped to a cradleboard at a rice lake in 1940.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ojibwa_Chief.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chippewa Chief Ne-bah-quah-om (Big Dog) offered to fight the Sioux for the government in 1862"><img alt="Chippewa Chief Ne-bah-quah-om (Big Dog) offered to fight the Sioux for the government in 1862" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ojibwa_Chief.jpg/181px-Ojibwa_Chief.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ojibwa_Chief.jpg/272px-Ojibwa_Chief.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ojibwa_Chief.jpg/362px-Ojibwa_Chief.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1233" data-file-height="2040" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chippewa Chief Ne-bah-quah-om (Big Dog) offered to fight the Sioux for the government in 1862</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:One-Called-From-A-Distance_Chippewa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""One Called From A Distance" (Midwewinind) of the White Earth Band, 1894."><img alt=""One Called From A Distance" (Midwewinind) of the White Earth Band, 1894." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/One-Called-From-A-Distance_Chippewa.jpg/240px-One-Called-From-A-Distance_Chippewa.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/One-Called-From-A-Distance_Chippewa.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"One Called From A Distance" (<i>Midwewinind</i>) of the <a href="/wiki/White_Earth_Band_of_Chippewa" class="mw-redirect" title="White Earth Band of Chippewa">White Earth Band</a>, 1894.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 144.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 142.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PeeCheKir.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pee-Che-Kir, Ojibwe chief, painted by Thomas Loraine McKenney, 1843"><img alt="Pee-Che-Kir, Ojibwe chief, painted by Thomas Loraine McKenney, 1843" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/PeeCheKir.jpg/214px-PeeCheKir.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/PeeCheKir.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="321" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pee-Che-Kir" class="mw-redirect" title="Pee-Che-Kir">Pee-Che-Kir</a>, Ojibwe chief, painted by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Loraine_McKenney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Loraine McKenney (page does not exist)">Thomas Loraine McKenney</a>, 1843</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 111.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 109.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rocky_Boy_Chippewa_chief.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ojibwe chief Rocky Boy"><img alt="Ojibwe chief Rocky Boy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Rocky_Boy_Chippewa_chief.jpg/164px-Rocky_Boy_Chippewa_chief.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Rocky_Boy_Chippewa_chief.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="373" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ojibwe chief <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Boy_(Chippewa_leader)" title="Rocky Boy (Chippewa leader)">Rocky Boy</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Squawandchild.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ojibwe woman and child, from History of the Indian Tribes of North America"><img alt="Ojibwe woman and child, from History of the Indian Tribes of North America" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Squawandchild.jpg/180px-Squawandchild.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Squawandchild.jpg/270px-Squawandchild.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Squawandchild.jpg/360px-Squawandchild.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ojibwe woman and child, from <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Indian_Tribes_of_North_America" title="History of the Indian Tribes of North America">History of the Indian Tribes of North America</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tshusick.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tshusick, an Ojibwe woman, from History of the Indian Tribes of North America"><img alt="Tshusick, an Ojibwe woman, from History of the Indian Tribes of North America" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Tshusick.jpg/180px-Tshusick.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Tshusick.jpg/270px-Tshusick.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Tshusick.jpg/360px-Tshusick.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Tshusick</i>, an Ojibwe woman, from <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Indian_Tribes_of_North_America" title="History of the Indian Tribes of North America">History of the Indian Tribes of North America</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 134px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 132px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Photograph_of_Chief_Medicine_Man_of_Chippewa_Indians_Axel_Pasey_with_His_Family_-_NARA_-_2128360.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chief medicine man Axel Pasey and family at Grand Portage Minnesota."><img alt="Chief medicine man Axel Pasey and family at Grand Portage Minnesota." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Photograph_of_Chief_Medicine_Man_of_Chippewa_Indians_Axel_Pasey_with_His_Family_-_NARA_-_2128360.jpg/198px-Photograph_of_Chief_Medicine_Man_of_Chippewa_Indians_Axel_Pasey_with_His_Family_-_NARA_-_2128360.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Photograph_of_Chief_Medicine_Man_of_Chippewa_Indians_Axel_Pasey_with_His_Family_-_NARA_-_2128360.jpg/297px-Photograph_of_Chief_Medicine_Man_of_Chippewa_Indians_Axel_Pasey_with_His_Family_-_NARA_-_2128360.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Photograph_of_Chief_Medicine_Man_of_Chippewa_Indians_Axel_Pasey_with_His_Family_-_NARA_-_2128360.jpg/395px-Photograph_of_Chief_Medicine_Man_of_Chippewa_Indians_Axel_Pasey_with_His_Family_-_NARA_-_2128360.jpg 2x" data-file-width="906" data-file-height="1374" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chief medicine man Axel Pasey and family at Grand Portage Minnesota.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 336px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 334px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Historic_petition_of_Ojibwe_Chiefs_1849_Seth_Eastman_State_Historical_Society_of_Wisconsin.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Historic 1849 petition of Ojibwe chiefs"><img alt="Historic 1849 petition of Ojibwe chiefs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Historic_petition_of_Ojibwe_Chiefs_1849_Seth_Eastman_State_Historical_Society_of_Wisconsin.png/501px-Historic_petition_of_Ojibwe_Chiefs_1849_Seth_Eastman_State_Historical_Society_of_Wisconsin.png" decoding="async" width="334" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Historic_petition_of_Ojibwe_Chiefs_1849_Seth_Eastman_State_Historical_Society_of_Wisconsin.png/752px-Historic_petition_of_Ojibwe_Chiefs_1849_Seth_Eastman_State_Historical_Society_of_Wisconsin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Historic_petition_of_Ojibwe_Chiefs_1849_Seth_Eastman_State_Historical_Society_of_Wisconsin.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="479" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Historic 1849 petition of Ojibwe chiefs</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 208.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wells_american_indian_picture_writing.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Wells American Indian picture writing"><img alt="Wells American Indian picture writing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Wells_american_indian_picture_writing.png/313px-Wells_american_indian_picture_writing.png" decoding="async" width="209" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Wells_american_indian_picture_writing.png/469px-Wells_american_indian_picture_writing.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Wells_american_indian_picture_writing.png/626px-Wells_american_indian_picture_writing.png 2x" data-file-width="856" data-file-height="821" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wells American Indian picture writing</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 113.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 111.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Edmonia_Lewis_by_Henry_Rocher.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wildfire, English name Edmonia Lewis"><img alt="Wildfire, English name Edmonia Lewis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Edmonia_Lewis_by_Henry_Rocher.jpg/167px-Edmonia_Lewis_by_Henry_Rocher.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Edmonia_Lewis_by_Henry_Rocher.jpg/251px-Edmonia_Lewis_by_Henry_Rocher.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Edmonia_Lewis_by_Henry_Rocher.jpg/334px-Edmonia_Lewis_by_Henry_Rocher.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2404" data-file-height="4314" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wildfire, English name <a href="/wiki/Edmonia_Lewis" title="Edmonia Lewis">Edmonia Lewis</a> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 124px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 122px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zoom_and_crop_Little_Bee,_Chippewa_chief_Stereoview_by_Creator_Whitney_%26_Zimmerman_Denver_Public_Library_Special_Collections.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aamoons, chief of La Flambeau band, photographed c. 1862, possibly in Washington, D.C."><img alt="Aamoons, chief of La Flambeau band, photographed c. 1862, possibly in Washington, D.C." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Zoom_and_crop_Little_Bee%2C_Chippewa_chief_Stereoview_by_Creator_Whitney_%26_Zimmerman_Denver_Public_Library_Special_Collections.jpg/183px-Zoom_and_crop_Little_Bee%2C_Chippewa_chief_Stereoview_by_Creator_Whitney_%26_Zimmerman_Denver_Public_Library_Special_Collections.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Zoom_and_crop_Little_Bee%2C_Chippewa_chief_Stereoview_by_Creator_Whitney_%26_Zimmerman_Denver_Public_Library_Special_Collections.jpg/274px-Zoom_and_crop_Little_Bee%2C_Chippewa_chief_Stereoview_by_Creator_Whitney_%26_Zimmerman_Denver_Public_Library_Special_Collections.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Zoom_and_crop_Little_Bee%2C_Chippewa_chief_Stereoview_by_Creator_Whitney_%26_Zimmerman_Denver_Public_Library_Special_Collections.jpg/366px-Zoom_and_crop_Little_Bee%2C_Chippewa_chief_Stereoview_by_Creator_Whitney_%26_Zimmerman_Denver_Public_Library_Special_Collections.jpg 2x" data-file-width="694" data-file-height="1138" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Aamoons" title="Aamoons">Aamoons</a>, chief of La Flambeau band, photographed <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1862</span>, possibly in Washington, D.C.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 289.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 287.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eastman_Johnson_-_Ojibwe_Wigwam_at_Grand_Portage_-_ebj_-_fig_22_pg_41.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Details of Ojibwe Wigwam at Grand Portage by Eastman Johnson, c. 1906"><img alt="Details of Ojibwe Wigwam at Grand Portage by Eastman Johnson, c. 1906" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Eastman_Johnson_-_Ojibwe_Wigwam_at_Grand_Portage_-_ebj_-_fig_22_pg_41.jpg/431px-Eastman_Johnson_-_Ojibwe_Wigwam_at_Grand_Portage_-_ebj_-_fig_22_pg_41.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Eastman_Johnson_-_Ojibwe_Wigwam_at_Grand_Portage_-_ebj_-_fig_22_pg_41.jpg/646px-Eastman_Johnson_-_Ojibwe_Wigwam_at_Grand_Portage_-_ebj_-_fig_22_pg_41.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Eastman_Johnson_-_Ojibwe_Wigwam_at_Grand_Portage_-_ebj_-_fig_22_pg_41.jpg/861px-Eastman_Johnson_-_Ojibwe_Wigwam_at_Grand_Portage_-_ebj_-_fig_22_pg_41.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1515" data-file-height="1056" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Details of <i>Ojibwe Wigwam at Grand Portage</i> by <a href="/wiki/Eastman_Johnson" title="Eastman Johnson">Eastman Johnson</a>, c. 1906</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 392px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 390px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chippewa_lodges,_Beaver_Bay,_by_Childs,_B._F..jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vintage stereoscopic photo entitled "Chippewa lodges, Beaver Bay, by Childs, B. F.""><img alt="Vintage stereoscopic photo entitled "Chippewa lodges, Beaver Bay, by Childs, B. F."" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Chippewa_lodges%2C_Beaver_Bay%2C_by_Childs%2C_B._F..jpg/585px-Chippewa_lodges%2C_Beaver_Bay%2C_by_Childs%2C_B._F..jpg" decoding="async" width="390" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Chippewa_lodges%2C_Beaver_Bay%2C_by_Childs%2C_B._F..jpg/878px-Chippewa_lodges%2C_Beaver_Bay%2C_by_Childs%2C_B._F..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Chippewa_lodges%2C_Beaver_Bay%2C_by_Childs%2C_B._F..jpg/1170px-Chippewa_lodges%2C_Beaver_Bay%2C_by_Childs%2C_B._F..jpg 2x" data-file-width="2737" data-file-height="1404" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vintage <a href="/wiki/Stereoscopic" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereoscopic">stereoscopic</a> photo entitled "Chippewa lodges, Beaver Bay, by Childs, B. F."</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 261.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 259.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Upper_Mazinaw_Lake,_Mazinaw_Rock.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pictographs on Mazinaw Rock, Bon Echo Provincial Park, Ontario"><img alt="Pictographs on Mazinaw Rock, Bon Echo Provincial Park, Ontario" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Upper_Mazinaw_Lake%2C_Mazinaw_Rock.jpg/389px-Upper_Mazinaw_Lake%2C_Mazinaw_Rock.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Upper_Mazinaw_Lake%2C_Mazinaw_Rock.jpg/583px-Upper_Mazinaw_Lake%2C_Mazinaw_Rock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Upper_Mazinaw_Lake%2C_Mazinaw_Rock.jpg/777px-Upper_Mazinaw_Lake%2C_Mazinaw_Rock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="772" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pictographs on Mazinaw Rock, <a href="/wiki/Bon_Echo_Provincial_Park" title="Bon Echo Provincial Park">Bon Echo Provincial Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Imagehunter.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ojibwe hunter in winter 1908"><img alt="Ojibwe hunter in winter 1908" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Imagehunter.jpg/241px-Imagehunter.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Imagehunter.jpg/361px-Imagehunter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Imagehunter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="385" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Ojibwe hunter in winter 1908</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 253.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 251.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ImageOjibwecamp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Camp fire Chippewa village Itasca State Park Minnesota 1926"><img alt="Camp fire Chippewa village Itasca State Park Minnesota 1926" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/ImageOjibwecamp.jpg/377px-ImageOjibwecamp.jpg" decoding="async" width="252" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/ImageOjibwecamp.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="446" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Camp fire Chippewa village Itasca State Park Minnesota 1926</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Medicine_Man.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Medicine man from Cass Lake 1911"><img alt="Medicine man from Cass Lake 1911" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Medicine_Man.png/301px-Medicine_Man.png" decoding="async" width="201" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Medicine_Man.png/451px-Medicine_Man.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Medicine_Man.png/602px-Medicine_Man.png 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Medicine man from Cass Lake 1911</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:An_Ojibwa_woman_and_child,_Red_River_Settlement,_Manitoba,_1895.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An Ojibwa woman and child, Red River Settlement, Manitoba, 1895"><img alt="An Ojibwa woman and child, Red River Settlement, Manitoba, 1895" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/An_Ojibwa_woman_and_child%2C_Red_River_Settlement%2C_Manitoba%2C_1895.jpg/241px-An_Ojibwa_woman_and_child%2C_Red_River_Settlement%2C_Manitoba%2C_1895.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/An_Ojibwa_woman_and_child%2C_Red_River_Settlement%2C_Manitoba%2C_1895.jpg/362px-An_Ojibwa_woman_and_child%2C_Red_River_Settlement%2C_Manitoba%2C_1895.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/An_Ojibwa_woman_and_child%2C_Red_River_Settlement%2C_Manitoba%2C_1895.jpg 2x" data-file-width="386" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An Ojibwa woman and child, Red River Settlement, Manitoba, 1895</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 330px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 328px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ojibwa_village.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ojibwa village"><img alt="Ojibwa village" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Ojibwa_village.jpg/492px-Ojibwa_village.jpg" decoding="async" width="328" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Ojibwa_village.jpg/738px-Ojibwa_village.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Ojibwa_village.jpg/984px-Ojibwa_village.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1049" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ojibwa village</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 286px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 284px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:OjIBWE_Minnesota_jimaan_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Minnesota Ojibwa 1910"><img alt="Minnesota Ojibwa 1910" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/OjIBWE_Minnesota_jimaan_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="284" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="423" data-file-height="298" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Minnesota Ojibwa 1910</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ojibwe&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amikwa_people" title="Amikwa people">Amikwa people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_First_Nations_history" title="Timeline of First Nations history">Timeline of First Nations history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="History of Native Americans in the United States">History of Native Americans in the United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ojibwe&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ojibwe&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-oppva-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oppva_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oppva_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free 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Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a>. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87044-799-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-87044-799-8"><bdi>0-87044-799-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=N.+Scott+Momaday+%22I+am+Alive+...%22&rft.btitle=The+World+of+the+American+Indian%2C+A+volume+in+the+Story+of+Man+Library&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=National+Geographic+Society&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-87044-799-8&rft.aulast=Billard&rft.aufirst=Jules+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOjibwe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeam" class="citation web cs1">Team, Forvo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forvo.com/word/aanii/">"Aanii pronunciation: How to pronounce Aanii in Ojibwa"</a>. <i>Forvo.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"The Spirit of The Dead According To Ojibwe Beliefs." <i>SevenPonds</i>, Seven Ponds, 8 Dec. 2016, blog.sevenponds.com/cultural-perspectives/the-spirit-of-the-dead-according-to-ojibwe-beliefs.   </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hilger, M. Inez (1944), Chippewa Burial and Mourning Customs. American Anthropologist,     46: 564–568. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1944.46.4.02a00240">10.1525/aa.1944.46.4.02a00240</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James A. Clifton, "Wisconsin Death March: Explaining the Extremes in Old Northwest Indian Removal", in <i>Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters</i>, 1987, 5:1–40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DEM-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DEM_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_E._Moerman2009" class="citation book cs1">Daniel E. Moerman (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nativeamericanme0000moer"><i>Native American Medicinal Plants: An Ethnobotanical Dictionary</i></a></span>. Timber Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nativeamericanme0000moer/page/52">52</a>–53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88192-987-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88192-987-4"><bdi>978-0-88192-987-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Native+American+Medicinal+Plants%3A+An+Ethnobotanical+Dictionary&rft.pages=52-53&rft.pub=Timber+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-88192-987-4&rft.au=Daniel+E.+Moerman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnativeamericanme0000moer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOjibwe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Densmore, Frances 1928 Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians. SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273–379 (p. 376)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1932104-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1932104_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1932">Smith 1932</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Densmore, Frances 1928 Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians. SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273–379 (p. 346)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1932361-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1932361_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1932">Smith 1932</a>, p. 361.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoffman, W.J., 1891, The Midewiwin or 'Grand Medicine Society' of the Ojibwa, SI-BAE Annual Report #7, p. 201</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327–525, p. 374</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Densmore, Frances 1928 Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians. SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273–379 (p. 356)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1932396-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1932396_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1932">Smith 1932</a>, p. 396.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1932363-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1932363_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1932">Smith 1932</a>, p. 363.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273–379, p. 348 (Note: This source comes from the Native American ethnobotany database <<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://naeb.brit.org/">http://naeb.brit.org/</a>> which lists the plant as Oligoneuron rigidum var. rigidum). Accessed 19 January 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Densmore,_Frances_1928,_page_338-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Densmore,_Frances_1928,_page_338_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Densmore,_Frances_1928,_page_338_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273–379, p. 338</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273–379, p. 350</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith,_Huron_H._1932,_page_378-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith,_Huron_H._1932,_page_378_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith,_Huron_H._1932,_page_378_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327–525, p. 378</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230–248, p. 244</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1932420-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1932420_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1932">Smith 1932</a>, p. 420.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoffman, W.J., 1891, The Midewiwin or 'Grand Medicine Society' of the Ojibwa, SI-BAE Annual Report #7, p. 198</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1932382-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1932382_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1932">Smith 1932</a>, p. 382.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stephenB-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stephenB_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/whi/fullRecord.asp?id=55160">"Portrait of Stephen Bonga"</a>, Wisconsin Historical Images, accessed 23 January 2014</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ojibwe&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDensmore1970" class="citation book cs1">Densmore, Frances (1970) [1929]. <i>Chippewa Customs</i>. Minnesota Historical Society Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chippewa+Customs&rft.pub=Minnesota+Historical+Society+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Densmore&rft.aufirst=Frances&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOjibwe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>H. Hickerson, <i>The Chippewa and Their Neighbors</i> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Landes" title="Ruth Landes">R. Landes</a>, <i>Ojibwa Sociology</i> (1937, repr. 1969)</li> <li>R. Landes, <i>Ojibwa Woman</i> (1938, repr. 1971)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1932" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Huron H. (1932). "Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians". <i>Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee</i> (4): 327–525.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Public+Museum+of+Milwaukee&rft.atitle=Ethnobotany+of+the+Ojibwe+Indians&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=327-525&rft.date=1932&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Huron+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOjibwe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>F. Symington, <i>The Canadian Indian</i> (1969)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ojibwe&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_ss_i_0_6?url=search-alias%3Dstripbooks&field-keywords=aaniin+ekidong&sprefix=aaniin">Aaniin Ekidong: Ojibwe Vocabulary Project. St. Paul: Minnesota Humanities Center, 2009</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker1936" class="citation journal cs1">Baker, Jocelyn (1936). "Ojibwa of the Lake of the Woods". <i>Canadian Geographic Journal</i>. <b>12</b> (1): 47–54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Geographic+Journal&rft.atitle=Ojibwa+of+the+Lake+of+the+Woods&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=47-54&rft.date=1936&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Jocelyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOjibwe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bento-Banai, Edward (2004). Creation- From the Ojibwa. The Mishomis Book.</li> <li>Child, Brenda J. (2014). <i>My Grandfather's Knocking Sticks: Ojibwe Family Life and Labor on the Reservation.</i> St. Paul, MN: Minnesota Historical Society Press.</li> <li>Danziger, E.J. Jr. (1978). <i>The Chippewa of Lake Superior</i>. Norman: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma_Press" title="University of Oklahoma Press">University of Oklahoma Press</a>.</li> <li>Denial, Catherine J. (2013). <i>Making Marriage: Husbands, Wives, and the American State in Dakota and Ojibwe Country.</i> St. Paul, MN: Minnesota Historical Society Press.</li> <li>Densmore, F. (1979). <i>Chippewa customs</i>. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press. (Published originally 1929)</li> <li>Grim, J.A. (1983). <i>The shaman: Patterns of religious healing among the Ojibway Indians</i>. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.</li> <li>Gross, L.W. (2002). <i>The comic vision of Anishinaabe culture and religion</i>. American Indian Quarterly, 26, 436–459.</li> <li>Howse, Joseph. <i>A Grammar of the Cree Language; With which is combined an analysis of the Chippeway dialect</i>. London: J.G.F. & J. Rivington, 1844.</li> <li>Johnston, B. (1976). <i>Ojibway heritage</i>. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart.</li> <li>Long, J. <i>Voyages and Travels of an Indian Interpreter and Trader Describing the Manners and Customs of the North American Indians, with an Account of the Posts Situated on the River Saint Laurence, Lake Ontario, & C., to Which Is Added a Vocabulary of the Chippeway Language ... a List of Words in the Iroquois, Mehegan, Shawanee, and Esquimeaux Tongues, and a Table, Shewing the Analogy between the Algonkin and the Chippeway Languages</i>. London: Robson, 1791.</li> <li>Nichols, J.D., & Nyholm, E. (1995). <i>A concise dictionary of Minnesota Ojibwe</i>. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.</li> <li>Treuer, Anton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140202184607/http://shop.mnhs.org/moreinfo.cfm?Product_ID=3112">Everything You Wanted to Know About Indians But Were Afraid to Ask</a>. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2012.</li> <li>Treuer, Anton. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100927034918/http://shop.mnhs.org/moreinfo.cfm?Product_ID=2713">The Assassination of Hole in the Day</a></i>. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2011.</li> <li>Treuer, Anton. Ojibwe in Minnesota. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0873517687">Ojibwe in Minnesota. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2010.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Living-Our-Language-Ojibwe-Histories/dp/0873514041/">Treuer, Anton. Living Our Language: Ojibwe Tales & Oral Histories. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2001.</a></li> <li>Vizenor, G. (1972). <i>The everlasting sky: New voices from the people named the Chippewa</i>. New York: Crowell-Collier Press.</li> <li>Vizenor, G. (1981). <i>Summer in the spring: Ojibwe lyric poems and tribal stories</i>. Minneapolis: The Nodin Press.</li> <li>Vizenor, G. (1984). <i>The people named the Chippewa: Narrative histories</i>. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.</li> <li>Warren, William W. (1851). <i>History of the Ojibway People.</i></li> <li>White, Richard (1991). <i>The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815</i> (Studies in North American Indian History) Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.</li> <li>White, Richard (July 31, 2000). Chippewas of the Sault. The Sault Tribe News.</li> <li>Wub-e-ke-niew. (1995). <i>We have the right to exist: A translation of aboriginal indigenous thought</i>. New York: Black Thistle Press.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ojibwe&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ojibway" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ojibway">Ojibway</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ubu.com/ethno/visuals/chip.html">Ojibwe Song Pictures</a>, recorded by Frances Desmore</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ojibwe.lib.umn.edu/">Ojibwe People's Dictionary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010422001324/http://ojibwe.org/"><i>Ojibwe Waasa-Inaabidaa</i></a> – <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">PBS</a> documentary featuring the history and culture of the Anishinaabe-Ojibwe people of the Great Lakes (United States-focused).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ojibwe.org/home/about_migration_hotmap.html">Ojibwe migratory map</a> from Ojibwe Waasa-Inaabidaa</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.batchewana.ca/">Batchewana First Nation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://redcliff-nsn.gov/">Red Cliff Band of Lake Superior Chippewa</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mississaugi.com">Mississaugi First Nation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070623132305/http://www.seed.mb.ca/">Southeast Tribal Council</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wabun.on.ca/">Wabun Tribal Council</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prx.org/series/33038-ojibwe-stories-gaganoonididaa"><i>Ojibwe Stories: Gaganoonididaa</i></a> from the <a 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id="Anishinaabe_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishinaabe</a> <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe_clan_system" title="Anishinaabe clan system">Clan system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">myth and stories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aayaase" title="Aayaase">Aayaase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baykok" title="Baykok">Baykok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_Woman" title="Deer Woman">Deer Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreamcatcher" title="Dreamcatcher">Dreamcatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drumkeeper" title="Drumkeeper">Drumkeeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbow_witch" title="Elbow witch">Elbow witch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gitche_Manitou" title="Gitche Manitou">Gitche Manitou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midewiwin" title="Midewiwin">Grand Medicine Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiibayaabooz" title="Jiibayaabooz">Jiibayaabooz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingle_dress" title="Jingle dress">Jingle dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_people_(mythology)" title="Little people (mythology)">Little people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manitou" title="Manitou">Manitou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_wheel" title="Medicine wheel">Medicine wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horned_Serpent" title="Horned Serpent">Mishi-ginebig ("great snake")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudjekeewis" title="Mudjekeewis">Mudjekeewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanabozho" title="Nanabozho">Nanabozho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokomis" title="Nokomis">Nokomis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powwow" title="Powwow">Powwow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pukwudgie" title="Pukwudgie">Pukwudgie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_fires_prophecy" title="Seven fires prophecy">Seven fires prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingebis" title="Shingebis">Shingebis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teachings_of_the_Seven_Grandfathers" title="Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers">Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_Island_(Indigenous_North_American_folklore)" class="mw-redirect" title="Turtle Island (Indigenous North American folklore)">Turtle Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe_traditional_beliefs" title="Anishinaabe traditional beliefs">Traditional beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_panther" title="Underwater panther">Underwater panther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendigo" title="Wendigo">Wendigo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiigwaasabak" title="Wiigwaasabak">Birch bark scrolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_dialect" title="Ottawa dialect">Ottawa dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_language" title="Potawatomi language">Potawatomi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Visual arts of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birchbark_biting" title="Birchbark biting">Birchbark biting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quillwork" title="Quillwork">Quillwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribbon_work" title="Ribbon work">Ribbon work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wampum" title="Wampum">Wampum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Residential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_boarding_schools" title="American Indian boarding schools">U.S. residential schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Canadian Indian residential school system">Canadian residential schools</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Primary_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary Education">Primary</a>/<a href="/wiki/Secondary_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary Education">Secondary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bug-O-Nay-Ge-Shig_School" title="Bug-O-Nay-Ge-Shig School">Bug-O-Nay-Ge-Shig School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannahville_Indian_School" title="Hannahville Indian School">Hannahville Indian School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_K._Lumsden_Bahweting_Anishnabe_School" title="Joseph K. Lumsden Bahweting Anishnabe School">Joseph K. Lumsden Bahweting Anishnabe School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">Tertiary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anishinabek_Educational_Institute" title="Anishinabek Educational Institute">Anishinabek Educational Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Mills_Community_College" title="Bay Mills Community College">Bay Mills Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keweenaw_Bay_Ojibwa_Community_College" title="Keweenaw Bay Ojibwa Community College">Keweenaw Bay Ojibwa Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saginaw_Chippewa_Tribal_College" title="Saginaw Chippewa Tribal College">Saginaw Chippewa Tribal College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_architecture" title="Indigenous architecture">Housing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wigwam" title="Wigwam">Wigwam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25px&#124;_&#124;alt=Ohio&#124;link=Ohio_Native_Americans_in_Ohio" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Native_Americans_in_Ohio" title="Template:Native Americans in Ohio"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Native_Americans_in_Ohio" title="Template talk:Native Americans in Ohio"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Native_Americans_in_Ohio" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Native Americans in Ohio"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25px&#124;_&#124;alt=Ohio&#124;link=Ohio_Native_Americans_in_Ohio" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio"><img alt="Ohio" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/25px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/38px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/50px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="320" /></a></span></span> Native Americans in Ohio</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Ohio" title="Prehistory of Ohio">Prehistory of Ohio</a> – <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ohio" title="History of Ohio">History of Ohio</a> – <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territory" title="Northwest Territory">Northwest Territory</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Country" title="Ohio Country">Ohio Country</a> – <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans in the United States</a> – <a href="/wiki/History_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="History of Native Americans in the United States">History of Native Americans in the United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(Native_American)" title="Tribe (Native American)">Historic tribes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalahgawtha" title="Chalahgawtha">Chalahgawtha</a> (Shawnee)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Delaware people">Delaware</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erie_people" title="Erie people">Erie people</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honniasont" title="Honniasont">Honniasont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huron_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Huron people">Huron</a> (Wyandot)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_people" title="Miami people">Miami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingo" title="Mingo">Mingo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a> speaking)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosopelea" title="Mosopelea">Mosopelea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a> speaking)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ojibwe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishinaabe</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odawa" title="Odawa">Odawa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishinaabe</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pekowi" title="Pekowi">Pekowi</a> (Shawnee)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piankeshaw" title="Piankeshaw">Piankeshaw</a> (Miami)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee" title="Shawnee">Shawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_people" title="Wyandot people">Wyandot</a></li> <li><i>See also</i> <a href="/wiki/Western_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Confederacy">Western Confederacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Former reservations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blanchard%27s_Fork_Reserve,_Ohio" title="Blanchard's Fork Reserve, Ohio">Blanchard's Fork Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_Indian_Grants" title="Moravian Indian Grants">Moravian Indian Grants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawash-Kinjoano_Reservation" title="Nawash-Kinjoano Reservation">Nawash-Kinjoano Reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Mile_Square_Reservation" title="Two Mile Square Reservation">Two Mile Square Reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Sandusky_Reservation" title="Upper Sandusky Reservation">Upper Sandusky Reservation</a></li> <li><i>See also</i> <a href="/wiki/Indian_removals_in_Ohio" title="Indian removals in Ohio">Indian removals in Ohio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Jacket" title="Blue Jacket">Blue Jacket</a> (Shawnee)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckongahelas" title="Buckongahelas">Buckongahelas</a> (Lenape)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornstalk_(Shawnee_leader)" title="Cornstalk (Shawnee leader)">Cornstalk</a> (Shawnee)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egushawa" title="Egushawa">Egushawa</a> (Odawa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brant" title="Joseph Brant">Joseph Brant</a> (Mohawk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakowatcheky" title="Kakowatcheky">Kakowatcheky</a> (Shawnee)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Turtle" title="Little Turtle">Little Turtle</a> (Miami)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundhead_(Wyandot)" title="Roundhead (Wyandot)">Roundhead</a> (Wyandot)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tecumseh" title="Tecumseh">Tecumseh</a> (Shawnee)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenskwatawa" title="Tenskwatawa">Tenskwatawa</a> (Shawnee)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hell_Town,_Ohio" title="Hell Town, Ohio">Hell Town, Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenape_settlements" title="Lenape settlements">Lenape settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Shawneetown" title="Lower Shawneetown">Lower Shawneetown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskingum_(village)" title="Muskingum (village)">Muskingum (village)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickawillany" title="Pickawillany">Pickawillany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prehistoric cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adena_culture" title="Adena culture">Adena</a> (Early Woodland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient" title="Fort Ancient">Fort Ancient</a> (Late Prehistoric)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_Kame_culture" title="Glacial Kame culture">Glacial Kame culture</a> (Archaic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_tradition" title="Hopewell tradition">Hopewell</a> (Middle Woodland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Eastern_Woodlands" title="Indigenous peoples of the Eastern Woodlands">Indigenous peoples of the Eastern Woodlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monongahela_culture" title="Monongahela culture">Monongahela culture</a> (Late Woodland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittlesey_culture" title="Whittlesey culture">Whittlesey culture</a> (Late Prehistoric)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prehistoric communities or sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_sites_on_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Ohio" title="Category:Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio">Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_sites_in_Ohio" title="Category:Archaeological sites in Ohio">Archaeological sites in Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mounds_in_Ohio" title="Category:Mounds in Ohio">Mounds in Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Petroglyphs_in_Ohio" title="Category:Petroglyphs in Ohio">Petroglyphs in Ohio‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_Site" title="Tower Site">Tower Site</a></li> <li><i>See also</i> <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a> – <a href="/wiki/Wilderness_Road" title="Wilderness Road">Wilderness Road</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bird_stone" title="Bird stone">Birdstone</a> (sculpture)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mounds_in_Ohio" title="Category:Mounds in Ohio">Mounds in Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Petroglyphs_in_Ohio" title="Category:Petroglyphs in Ohio">Petroglyphs in Ohio‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderbird_(mythology)" title="Thunderbird (mythology)">Thunderbird (mythology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_panther" title="Underwater panther">Underwater panther</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flint_Ridge_State_Memorial" title="Flint Ridge State Memorial">Flint Ridge State Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient_(Lebanon,_Ohio)" title="Fort Ancient (Lebanon, Ohio)">Fort Ancient (Lebanon, Ohio)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Hill_State_Memorial" title="Fort Hill State Memorial">Fort Hill State Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Recovery" title="Fort Recovery">Fort Recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Hopewell Culture National Historical Park">Hopewell Culture National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson-Humrickhouse_Museum" title="Johnson-Humrickhouse Museum">Johnson-Humrickhouse Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Indian_Ridge_Museum" title="New Indian Ridge Museum">New Indian Ridge Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee_Woodland_Native_American_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Shawnee Woodland Native American Museum">Shawnee Woodland Native American Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SunWatch_Indian_Village" title="SunWatch Indian Village">SunWatch Indian Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zane_Shawnee_Caverns" title="Zane Shawnee Caverns">Zane Shawnee Caverns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars</a> (1609-1701)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanfan_Treaty" title="Nanfan Treaty">Nanfan Treaty</a> (1701, 1726)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Pickawillany" class="mw-redirect" title="Raid on Pickawillany">Raid on Pickawillany</a> (1752)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac%27s_War" title="Pontiac's War">Pontiac's War</a> (1763)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Dunmore%27s_War" title="Lord Dunmore's War">Lord Dunmore's War</a> (1774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Creek_massacre" title="Yellow Creek massacre">Yellow Creek massacre</a> (1774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Camp_Charlotte" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Camp Charlotte">Treaty of Camp Charlotte</a> (1774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Indian_War" title="Northwest Indian War">Northwest Indian War</a> (1785–1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Clair%27s_defeat" title="St. Clair's defeat">St. Clair's defeat</a> (1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Recovery" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Fort Recovery">Siege of Fort Recovery</a> (1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fallen_Timbers" title="Battle of Fallen Timbers">Battle of Fallen Timbers</a> (1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Greenville" title="Treaty of Greenville">Treaty of Greenville</a> (1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Grouseland" title="Treaty of Grouseland">Treaty of Grouseland</a> (1805)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Detroit" title="Treaty of Detroit">Treaty of Detroit</a> (1807)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brownstown" title="Treaty of Brownstown">Treaty of Brownstown</a> (1808)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Meigs" title="Treaty of Fort Meigs">Treaty of Fort Meigs</a> (1817)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_St._Mary%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of St. Mary's">Treaty of St. Mary's</a> (1818)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_place_names_of_Native_American_origin_in_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="List of place names of Native American origin in Ohio">Native American place names in Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removals_in_Ohio" title="Indian removals in Ohio">Indian removals in Ohio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q255872#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q255872#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q255872#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1045067/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4043411-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ojibwa Indians"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85024423">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Odžibvejové"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph412803&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007285771205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10643764">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ojibwe&oldid=1254186545">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ojibwe&oldid=1254186545</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ojibwe" title="Category:Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Algonquian_ethnonyms" title="Category:Algonquian ethnonyms">Algonquian ethnonyms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Algonquian_peoples" title="Category:Algonquian 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