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"https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F29789283%2FEffects_of_climate_on_organic_carbon_and_the_ratio_of_planktonic_to_benthic_primary_producers_in_a_subarctic_lake_during_the_past_45_years%3Fshow_translation%3Dtrue"; window.loswp.previewableAttachments = [{"id":50245421,"identifier":"Attachment_50245421","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":29789283,"created_at":"2016-11-10T23:32:34.036-08:00","from_world_paper_id":159022624,"updated_at":"2024-11-16T08:08:15.682-08:00","_data":{"grobid_abstract":"The effects of climatic variables on lake-water total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations and benthic and pelagic primary producers during the past 45 yr were assessed using the sediment records of two subarctic lakes, one with mires and one without mires connected to the lake. The lake with a mire showed large and synchronous changes in the planktonic to benthic (P : B) ratio of diatoms and concentrations of TOC inferred from nearinfrared spectroscopy. During periods of warm temperatures, high precipitation, and long ice-free conditions, we inferred high TOC in the lake, and the diatom community was dominated by planktonic species. The stable carbon isotopic (d 13 C) values of sediment organic matter were negatively correlated with inferred TOC concentration and P : B ratio. We suggest that the changes in TOC and P : B ratio were a result of changing climate, permafrost degradation, and related changes in the catchment. Terrestrial organic matter, by its strong effect on the penetration of light through the lake water, possibly affected the habitats available for benthic photosynthesis and thus the d 13 C of the sediment organic matter. The large changes in recent times may also be because of unusually long ice-free periods, warmer temperatures, and other associated limnological changes. The lake with no mire next to the lake showed only minor changes in lake-water TOC during the same period and P : B ratio remained almost constant until the past 5 yr, when the P : B ratio increased rapidly. The observed changes in P : B ratio within this lake may be because of complex interactions of several climate-related variables.","publication_date":"2009,9,1","publication_name":"Limnology and Oceanography","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"50245421"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Effects of climate on organic carbon and the ratio of planktonic to benthic primary producers in a subarctic lake during the past 45 years","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [18041365]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":50245421,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Effects of climate on organic carbon and the ratio of planktonic to benthic primary producers in a subarctic lake during the past 45 years”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/50245421/mini_magick20190129-2485-cvivuk.png?1548797100" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Effects of climate on organic carbon and the ratio of planktonic to benthic primary producers in a subarctic lake during the past 45 years</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="18041365" href="https://independent.academia.edu/LauraCunningham1"><img alt="Profile image of Laura Cunningham" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/18041365/5264112/6019159/s65_laura.cunningham.jpg" />Laura Cunningham</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2009, Limnology and Oceanography</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">10 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 29789283; 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if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">The effects of climatic variables on lake-water total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations and benthic and pelagic primary producers during the past 45 yr were assessed using the sediment records of two subarctic lakes, one with mires and one without mires connected to the lake. The lake with a mire showed large and synchronous changes in the planktonic to benthic (P : B) ratio of diatoms and concentrations of TOC inferred from nearinfrared spectroscopy. During periods of warm temperatures, high precipitation, and long ice-free conditions, we inferred high TOC in the lake, and the diatom community was dominated by planktonic species. The stable carbon isotopic (d 13 C) values of sediment organic matter were negatively correlated with inferred TOC concentration and P : B ratio. We suggest that the changes in TOC and P : B ratio were a result of changing climate, permafrost degradation, and related changes in the catchment. Terrestrial organic matter, by its strong effect on the penetration of light through the lake water, possibly affected the habitats available for benthic photosynthesis and thus the d 13 C of the sediment organic matter. The large changes in recent times may also be because of unusually long ice-free periods, warmer temperatures, and other associated limnological changes. The lake with no mire next to the lake showed only minor changes in lake-water TOC during the same period and P : B ratio remained almost constant until the past 5 yr, when the P : B ratio increased rapidly. The observed changes in P : B ratio within this lake may be because of complex interactions of several climate-related variables.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":50245421,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/29789283/Effects_of_climate_on_organic_carbon_and_the_ratio_of_planktonic_to_benthic_primary_producers_in_a_subarctic_lake_during_the_past_45_years"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":50245421,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/29789283/Effects_of_climate_on_organic_carbon_and_the_ratio_of_planktonic_to_benthic_primary_producers_in_a_subarctic_lake_during_the_past_45_years"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas" data-impression-entity-id="29789283" data-impression-entity-type="2" data-impression-source="signup-banner"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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As long-term observational lake records continue to lengthen, the historical overlap with lake sediment records grows, providing increasing opportunities for placing the contemporary ecological status of lakes in a temporal perspective. 2. Comparisons between long-term data sets and sediment records, however, require lake sediments to be accurately dated and for sediment accumulation rates to be sufficiently rapid to allow precise matching with observational data. 3. The critical role of the sediment record in this context is its value in tracking the changing impact of human activity on a lake from a pre-disturbance reference through to the present day. 4. Here, we use data from a range of lakes across Europe presented as case studies in this Special Section. The seven sites considered all possess both long-term observational records and highquality sediment records. 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If this is the case, then lake ecosystems suffering from eutrophication may not necessarily return to their pre-eutrophication reference status despite the measures that have been taken to reduce external nutrient loading. 7. The extent to which future warming might further limit such recovery can be evaluated only by continued monitoring combined with the use of palaeo-records that set the pre-eutrophication reference.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Combining limnological and palaeolimnological data to disentangle the effects of nutrient pollution and climate change on lake ecosystems: problems and potential","attachmentId":42191508,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/18129718/Combining_limnological_and_palaeolimnological_data_to_disentangle_the_effects_of_nutrient_pollution_and_climate_change_on_lake_ecosystems_problems_and_potential","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/18129718/Combining_limnological_and_palaeolimnological_data_to_disentangle_the_effects_of_nutrient_pollution_and_climate_change_on_lake_ecosystems_problems_and_potential"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="23500193" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/23500193/Climate_related_impacts_on_a_lake_From_physics_to_biology">Climate related impacts on a lake: From physics to biology</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33871240" href="https://su-se.academia.edu/ThorstenBlenckner">Thorsten Blenckner</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2001</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Blenckner, T. 2001: Climate Related Impacts on a Lake. From Physics to Biology. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology 674. 37 pp. Uppsala. Climatic variation and change affect the dynamics of organisms and ecosystem processes. This thesis examines phytoplankton as a target variable to trace climatic impacts on Lake Erken (Sweden) with special emphasis on the spring bloom.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Climate related impacts on a lake: From physics to biology","attachmentId":43937664,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/23500193/Climate_related_impacts_on_a_lake_From_physics_to_biology","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/23500193/Climate_related_impacts_on_a_lake_From_physics_to_biology"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="121259844" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/121259844/Evaluating_lake_response_to_environmental_and_climatic_change_using_lake_core_records_and_modeling">Evaluating lake response to environmental and climatic change using lake core records and modeling</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32826497" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HailuSheferawAyele">Hailu Sheferaw H S Ayele</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Dissertations in Geosciences, 2009</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This dissertation evaluates how lakes respond to changes in their environmental and climatic settings. This dissertation consists of two lake modeling projects and the environmental and paleoclimatic reconstructions of four lakes in southwestern Montana. Lakes and their associated biological communities respond to environmental and climatic change on rapid timescales. Lake modeling and lake core stratigraphies are complementary tools for exploration of how lakes and their biota respond to environmental or climatic perturbations. In one modeling approach for exploring these issues, a simple hydro-climatological lake model was developed that classifies lake sensitivity to climatic perturbations based upon lake area, catchment area, precipitation, and evapotranspiration. Using simple ratios of these commonly measured parameters the model classifies lakes into three domains: ephemeral, sensitive to vegetation change, and permanent. The lakes that plot within the sensitive to vegetation change domain should show water balance fluctuations in response to environmental change, and these lakes would make good targets for paleoclimatic studies. Diatom records from four lakes, Crevice Lake, Foy Lake, Morrison Lake, and Reservoir Lake, in southwestern Montana provide late-Holocene (past 3000 years) records of environmental and climatic variability. The lakes show similarities in the timing of major changes in the fossil diatom assemblages, suggesting regional climate forcings. Spectral analysis of the lake-core records suggest periodic fluctuations at spectral frequencies that are characteristic of oceanic influence on climate, such as the Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation and Pacific Decadal Oscillation. The Crevice Lake core diatom record shows three distinctive diatom communities during the approximately the last 1000 years. The model DYRESM-CAEDYM was used in an inverse modeling approach to provide a means to estimate climate variables during these three stages. The model estimates of climate variables during the Medieval Period, the Little Ice Age, and the 20 th century, include incoming shortwave radiation, cloud cover, vapor pressure, and wind speed. The model results suggests that changes in spring seasonality, when the climate variables differ the most, is more important in affecting diatom community composition than total deviations from modern averages. iv DEDICATION I would like to dedicate this dissertation to my wonderful husband, Mike, whose support and laughter kept me sane throughout this entire process. Also, to my parents, Gary and Vicki Bracht, who have never questioned my dreams, or career choice.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Evaluating lake response to environmental and climatic change using lake core records and modeling","attachmentId":116185755,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/121259844/Evaluating_lake_response_to_environmental_and_climatic_change_using_lake_core_records_and_modeling","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/121259844/Evaluating_lake_response_to_environmental_and_climatic_change_using_lake_core_records_and_modeling"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="118588062" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/118588062/Long_Term_Chemical_Changes_in_Lakes">Long-Term Chemical Changes in Lakes</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="124576" href="https://indiana.academia.edu/DonaldCharles">Donald Charles</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Advances in Chemistry, 1994</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">One of the best ways, and often the only way, to obtain long-term data on lake-water chemistry is by inference from stratigraphic remains of aquatic biota preserved in sediment cores. Techniques are available for making accurate inferences of a variety of historical water chemistry characteristics (e.g., pH, aluminum, total phosphorus, and salinity). Many groups of biota can be used, including diatoms, chrysophytes, chironomids, and Cladocera. Inference techniques are based on the strong relationships that exist between the contemporary distributions of taxa and water chemistry characteristics. Recent advances in paleolimnological protocols, taxonomy, interpretations of ecological data, computer technology, and development of new statistical and multivariate techniques allow inferences of ever-increasing accuracy and precision. In our view, canonical correspondence analysis and weighted averaging regression and calibration are currently the best techniques available for exploring relationships between biota and chemistry and for making quantitative inferences of water chemistry, respectively. Computer-intensive techniques, such as bootstrapping, are available to estimate errors of prediction associated with inferred values. M ANY ENVI RONMENTAL PROBLEMS that involve chemical characteristics of lakes could be understood and managed better if we knew background</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Long-Term Chemical Changes in Lakes","attachmentId":114178520,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/118588062/Long_Term_Chemical_Changes_in_Lakes","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/118588062/Long_Term_Chemical_Changes_in_Lakes"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="88774469" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/88774469/Climatic_change_and_the_risk_of_lake_eutrophication">Climatic change and the risk of lake eutrophication</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="38509503" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KurtPettersson">Kurt Pettersson</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">SIL Proceedings, 1922-2010, 2006</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Climatic change and the risk of lake eutrophication","attachmentId":92687428,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/88774469/Climatic_change_and_the_risk_of_lake_eutrophication","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/88774469/Climatic_change_and_the_risk_of_lake_eutrophication"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="72068721" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/72068721/Long_term_effects_of_climate_change_on_carbon_flows_through_benthic_secondary_production_in_small_lakes">Long-term effects of climate change on carbon flows through benthic secondary production in small lakes</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="22281088" href="https://cnr-it.academia.edu/AndreaLami">Andrea Lami</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Freshwater Biology</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">1. A palaeolimnological study, covering the last c. 12,000 years, was conducted in a small subalpine lake located in the Alps to study climate change impacts on carbon flows through food webs in small lakes. We used analysis of sedimentary pigments and carbon stable isotopic composition of chironomid remains (d 13 C HC) to reconstruct past dynamics of phytoplankton community and carbon sources sustaining benthic consumers. 2. Chironomid biomass was sustained by a combination of allochthonous, autochthonous and CH 4-derived organic matters, and their relative contributions were correlated to changes in temperature. Relatively high terrestrial contributions to chironomid biomass were observed during period of the Holocene when in-lake production was low. Relatively high incorporation of CH 4-derived carbon to chironomid biomass was found during anoxic events co-occurring with the Holocene thermal maximum. 3. Results were then compared with those collected in a small boreal lake in Estonia. We tested the hypothesis that responses in carbon flows through benthic food web to past climate change would be similar between these lakes. We found a negative correlation between d 13 C HC values of both lakes and inferred air temperature, suggesting that temperature was the major driver to different food sources being incorporated into chironomid biomass. 4. Our study demonstrated that air temperature was the principal driver of the energy flows through benthic food web in the studied small lakes. We conjectured that carbon cycling in food webs of small lakes might be strongly sensitive to climate change. K E Y W O R D S carbon stable isotope, climate change, holocene, palaeolimnology, subfossil chironomid 1 | INTRODUCTION Global warming (IPCC 2014) and increase in mean temperature are pointed out as one of the major threats to inland aquatic ecosystems (Goldman, Kumagai, & Robarts, 2012). While it is well-known that temperature is the driver of many processes in lakes (Wilhelm & Adrian, 2008), our understanding of ecosystem responses to climate change is still limited (Keller, 2007; Mooij et al., 2005). Indeed, effects of climate change have mainly been studied at individual level and community level (Walther, 2010). A more integrative and holistic approach is needed to better understand ecosystem responses to climate change, and to predict future trends during warmer climate.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Long-term effects of climate change on carbon flows through benthic secondary production in small lakes","attachmentId":81147179,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/72068721/Long_term_effects_of_climate_change_on_carbon_flows_through_benthic_secondary_production_in_small_lakes","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/72068721/Long_term_effects_of_climate_change_on_carbon_flows_through_benthic_secondary_production_in_small_lakes"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="18457172" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18457172/Climate_induced_changes_in_the_dissolved_organic_carbon_budgets_of_boreal_lakes">Climate-induced changes in the dissolved organic carbon budgets of boreal lakes</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="38467136" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DavidSchindler1">David Schindler</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Biogeochemistry, 1997</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">DAVID W. SCHINDLER1, P. JEFFERSON CURTIS3, SUZANNE E. BAYLEY1, BRIAN R. PARKER1, KEN G. BEATY2 & MICHAEL P. STAINTON2 1 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9; 2 Freshwater ...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Climate-induced changes in the dissolved organic carbon budgets of boreal lakes","attachmentId":42167821,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/18457172/Climate_induced_changes_in_the_dissolved_organic_carbon_budgets_of_boreal_lakes","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/18457172/Climate_induced_changes_in_the_dissolved_organic_carbon_budgets_of_boreal_lakes"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="96398276" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/96398276/Morphometric_and_chemical_response_of_two_contrasting_lake_systems_to_modern_climate_change">Morphometric and chemical response of two contrasting lake systems to modern climate change</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="126893652" href="https://independent.academia.edu/Jovanelly">Tamie Jovanelly</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Paleolimnology, 2011</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Observational data on the response of lakes during modern-day periods of abundant precipitation and drought may provide analogs for Holocene stratigraphic records and help elucidate the mechanisms that influence how lakes integrate climate. This study evaluated the impacts of climatic variation during the past 50 years on the morphometry and salinity of two neighboring lake systems in the central U.S. The two lakes were chosen, because paleolimnological reconstructions indicated that they had opposing geochemical responses to climate change at AD1200. This divergence suggested that local differences in hydrological setting had a major impact on the lake response to climate variation. Changes in surface area and volume were derived from aerial photographs and historic measurements of lake conductivity to contemporaneous annual precipitation data, the Palmer Drought Severity Index, and to groundwater table elevation. Hypsographic curves help to illustrate changes in lake surface area to depth. Both lakes showed predictable changes in surface area, volume, and salinity in response to precipitation change, but the magnitude of change in surface area and volume varied between the two lakes, likely because of differences in basin morphometry, but mechanisms remain speculative. These differences in basin size and shape also affected the salinity response over time. In the modern systems, the influence of groundwater on the chemical budgets appears to be limited and does not clarify the differential response of the lakes in the past. Yet, in the past the groundwater connection may have been different in turn changing the way the basins responded to climate. Although this study furthers our understanding of differences in the impacts of climate variations on Moon and Coldwater Lakes during recent times, it still does not clearly reveal why Moon and Coldwater Lake show opposite patterns of salinity change at 1200 A.D.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Morphometric and chemical response of two contrasting lake systems to modern climate change","attachmentId":98307123,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/96398276/Morphometric_and_chemical_response_of_two_contrasting_lake_systems_to_modern_climate_change","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/96398276/Morphometric_and_chemical_response_of_two_contrasting_lake_systems_to_modern_climate_change"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="69159522" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/69159522/Shifts_between_clear_and_turbid_states_in_a_shallow_lake_multi_causal_stress_from_climate_nutrients_and_biotic_interactions">Shifts between clear and turbid states in a shallow lake: multi-causal stress from climate, nutrients and biotic interactions</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="156300334" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AHargeby">Anders Hargeby</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Archiv für Hydrobiologie, 2004</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">We used long-term monitoring data to assess causes behind a recent shift from a clear to a turbid water state in Lake Tåkern, Sweden. The lake has a previous record of shifts between clear-water and turbid states, but the causes behind these shifts are not well known. During the recent shift, which occurred in 1995-1997, submerged vegetation subsequently declined after a 30-year period of clear-water and abundant vegetation. Among the possible explanations we identify several processes unlikely to have contributed to the recent shift from clear to turbid conditions, including long-term changes in external input of phosphorus, fluctuations in water level, and changes in zooplankton grazing pressure. Instead, likely scenarios to have contributed to the macrophyte decline, and thereby to the shift were: (1) a series of mild winters with short ice cover and absence of winter-kills of fish, leading to high biomasses of benthivorous and planktivorous fish before the shift, and thereby increased bioturbation and internal nutrient recycling, (2) unusually cool and windy springs the years before and during the shift, leading to unfavourable conditions during the establishing phase of submerged macrophytes. Both shorter periods of ice cover and high wind velocity in winter and spring were associated with climate, approximated by the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). We argue that none of these processes alone can force the lake from the clear to the turbid state, but that several stress factors in concert are necessary to initiate a shift. Hence, we conclude that climate variability is likely to have contributed to a multi-causal stress, reducing the resilience of the clear-water state and finally triggering the shift through inter-year dependent changes in biomass of submerged macrophytes and fish, organism groups known to have key roles in the dynamics of shallow lakes.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Shifts between clear and turbid states in a shallow lake: multi-causal stress from climate, nutrients and biotic interactions","attachmentId":79362055,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/69159522/Shifts_between_clear_and_turbid_states_in_a_shallow_lake_multi_causal_stress_from_climate_nutrients_and_biotic_interactions","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/69159522/Shifts_between_clear_and_turbid_states_in_a_shallow_lake_multi_causal_stress_from_climate_nutrients_and_biotic_interactions"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="2408809" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2408809/Our_current_understanding_of_lake_ecosystem_response_to_climate_change_What_have_we_really_learned_from_the_north_temperate_deep_lakes">Our current understanding of lake ecosystem response to climate change: What have we really learned from the north temperate deep lakes?</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="19582" href="https://utoronto.academia.edu/GurbirPerhar">Gurbir Perhar</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Lancet, 2011</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Climatic change is recognized as an important factor capable of influencing the structural properties of aquatic ecosystems. Lake ecosystems are particularly sensitive to climate change. Several long time-series studies have shown close coupling between climate, lake thermal properties and individual organism physiology, population abundance, community structure, and food-web structure. Understanding the complex interplay between climate, hydrological variability, and ecosystem structure and functioning is essential to inform water resources risk assessment and fisheries management. The purpose of this paper is to present the current understanding of climate-induced changes on lake ecosystem phenology. We first review the ability of climate to modulate the interactions among lake hydrodynamics, chemical factors, and food-web structure in several north temperate deep lakes (e.g., Lake Washington, Lake Tahoe, Lake Constance, Lake Geneva, Lake Baikal, and Lake Zurich). Our aim is to assess long-term trends in the physical (e.g., temperature, timing of stratification, and duration of ice cover), chemical (e.g., nutrient concentrations), and biological (e.g., timing of the spring bloom, phytoplankton composition, and zooplankton abundance) characteristics of the lakes and to examine the signature of local weather conditions (e.g., air temperature and rainfall) and large-scale climatic variability (e.g., ENSO and PDO) on the lake physics, chemistry and biology. We also conducted modeling experiments to quantify the relative effect of climate change and nutrient loading on lake phenology. These modeling experiments focused on the relative changes to the major causal associations underlying plankton dynamics during the spring bloom and the summer stratified period. To further understand the importance of climate change on lakes, we propose two complementary directions of future research. First, additional research is needed to elucidate the wide array of in-lake processes that are likely to be affected by the climate change. Second, it is essential to examine the heterogeneity in responses among different water bodies. The rationale of this approach and its significance for dealing with the uncertainty that the climate signals cascade through lake ecosystems and shape abiotic variability and/or biotic responses have been recently advocated by several other synthesis papers.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Our current understanding of lake ecosystem response to climate change: What have we really learned from the north temperate deep lakes?","attachmentId":50641441,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2408809/Our_current_understanding_of_lake_ecosystem_response_to_climate_change_What_have_we_really_learned_from_the_north_temperate_deep_lakes","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/2408809/Our_current_understanding_of_lake_ecosystem_response_to_climate_change_What_have_we_really_learned_from_the_north_temperate_deep_lakes"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":50245421,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":50245421,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_50245421" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="102801659" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/102801659/Climate_induced_changes_in_lake_ecosystem_structure_inferred_from_coupled_neo_and_paleoecological_approaches">Climate-induced changes in lake ecosystem structure inferred from coupled neo- and paleoecological approaches</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="176507875" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DanielJEngstrom">Daniel J. 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