New Deal | Definition, History, Programs, Summary, & Facts

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border-right-sm border-left-sm open"> <div class="drawer d-flex flex-column open"> <div class="left-rail-section-content"> <div class="topic-left-rail-header text-truncate bg-gray-50 position-relative text-right d-flex align-items-center"> <div class="tlr-title px-20 py-15 text-left"> <em class="material-icons text-gray-400 d-lg-none" data-icon="toc"></em> <a class="font-serif font-weight-bold text-black link-blue" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/New-Deal">New Deal</a> </div> <button aria-label="Close" class="js-sections-close-button btn-link btn-sm btn d-lg-none position-absolute top-0 p-10 right-0" > <em class="material-icons font-26" data-icon="close"></em> </button> </div> <div class="section-content pl-10 pr-20 pl-sm-50 pr-sm-60 pl-lg-5 pr-lg-10 pt-10 pt-lg-0 bg-gray-50 clear-catfish-ad"> <div class="toc mb-20"> <div class="font-serif font-14 font-weight-bold mx-15 mb-15 mt-20"> Table of Contents </div> <ul class="list-unstyled my-0" data-level="h1"><li data-target="#ref1"><div class="pl-25"><a class="link-gray-900 w-100" href="/event/New-Deal">Introduction & Top Questions</a></div><div class="ml-40 toc-drawer sub-toc-drawer"></div></li><li data-target="#ref348055"><div class="d-flex align-items-center"><div class="ml-25"></div><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/event/New-Deal#ref348055">The Hundred Days</a></div><div class="ml-40 toc-drawer sub-toc-drawer"></div></li><li data-target="#ref348056"><div class="d-flex align-items-center"><div class="ml-25"></div><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/event/New-Deal/FDRs-Fireside-Chats-the-role-of-Eleanor-Roosevelt-and-crucial-New-Dealers">FDR’s “Fireside Chats,” the role of Eleanor Roosevelt, and crucial New Dealers</a></div><div class="ml-40 toc-drawer sub-toc-drawer"></div></li><li data-target="#ref348057"><div class="d-flex align-items-center"><div class="ml-25"></div><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/event/New-Deal/FDRs-Fireside-Chats-the-role-of-Eleanor-Roosevelt-and-crucial-New-Dealers#ref348057">The Second New Deal</a></div><div class="ml-40 toc-drawer sub-toc-drawer"></div></li><li data-target="#ref348058"><div class="d-flex align-items-center"><div class="ml-25"></div><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/event/New-Deal/FDRs-Fireside-Chats-the-role-of-Eleanor-Roosevelt-and-crucial-New-Dealers#ref348058">The outcome and legacy of the New Deal</a></div><div class="ml-40 toc-drawer sub-toc-drawer"></div></li></ul> <a class="toc-extra-link link-gray-900" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/New-Deal/additional-info">References & Edit History</a> <a class="toc-extra-link link-gray-900" href="/facts/New-Deal">Quick Facts & Related Topics</a> </div> <div class="tlr-media-slider pb-10 mb-30"> <a class="section-header link-gray-900 font-serif font-14 font-weight-bold mb-10 mx-10" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/New-Deal/images-videos">Images & Videos</a> <div class="slider js-slider position-relative d-inline-flex align-items-center mw-100 "> <div class="slider-container js-slider-container overflow-hidden d-flex overflow-hidden text-nowrap ml-15"> <a href="https://cdn.britannica.com/19/5219-050-9A5E829E/members-shoes-Civilian-Conservation-Corps-New-Jersey-1935.jpg" data-href="/media/1/411331/15283" class="media-overlay-link d-inline-block mr-5"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/19/5219-004-E54E230D/members-shoes-Civilian-Conservation-Corps-New-Jersey-1935.jpg" alt="Civilian Conservation Corps" height="50" /> </a> <a href="/video/did-you-know-New-Deal/256760" data-href="/media/1/411331/256760" class="media-overlay-link d-inline-block mr-5"> <div class="position-relative --aspect-ratio: 16/9"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/68/223168-138-392ED10F/did-you-know-New-Deal.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="How FDR's New Deal changed the U.S." class="col-100" /> <div class="btn btn-sm btn-white btn-circle position-absolute shadow" style="top: 50%; left:50%; transform: translate(-50%, -50%)"> <em class="material-icons font-14" data-icon="play_arrow" > </em> </div> </div> </a> <a href="https://cdn.britannica.com/32/134332-050-646C27B1/Franklin-D-Roosevelt-Henry-Wallace-farm-relief-bill-1933.jpg" data-href="/media/1/411331/143654" class="media-overlay-link d-inline-block mr-5"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/32/134332-004-6B3F279B/Franklin-D-Roosevelt-Henry-Wallace-farm-relief-bill-1933.jpg" alt="Franklin D. Roosevelt signing the Agricultural Adjustment Act" height="50" /> </a> <a href="/video/Britannica-insights-New-Deal/251626" data-href="/media/1/411331/251626" class="media-overlay-link d-inline-block mr-5"> <div class="position-relative --aspect-ratio: 16/9"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/98/220298-138-C22A9532/Britannica-insights-New-Deal.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="The significance of Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal" class="col-100" /> <div class="btn btn-sm btn-white btn-circle position-absolute shadow" style="top: 50%; left:50%; transform: translate(-50%, -50%)"> <em class="material-icons font-14" data-icon="play_arrow" > </em> </div> </div> </a> <a href="https://cdn.britannica.com/19/78319-050-3E2DED0E/pin-Franklin-D-Roosevelt-New-Deal-1932.jpg" data-href="/media/1/411331/72254" class="media-overlay-link d-inline-block mr-5"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/19/78319-004-545F8CDD/pin-Franklin-D-Roosevelt-New-Deal-1932.jpg" alt="New Deal pin" height="50" /> </a> <a href="https://cdn.britannica.com/50/178950-050-93A5BB07/Great-Depression-Crowd-people-stock-market-crash-Tuesday-October-29-1929.jpg" data-href="/media/1/411331/245676" class="media-overlay-link d-inline-block mr-5"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/50/178950-004-23AE12FB/Great-Depression-Crowd-people-stock-market-crash-Tuesday-October-29-1929.jpg" alt="stock market crash of 1929" height="50" /> </a> <a href="https://cdn.britannica.com/12/91812-050-FF2FBB99/Men-Civilian-Conservation-Corps-Franklin-D-Roosevelt.jpg" data-href="/media/1/411331/108234" class="media-overlay-link d-inline-block mr-5"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/12/91812-004-81395B8D/Men-Civilian-Conservation-Corps-Franklin-D-Roosevelt.jpg" alt="New Deal: Civilian Conservation Corps" height="50" /> </a> <a href="https://cdn.britannica.com/93/113593-050-A69AEA6D/apartment-project-one-building-groups-people-Public.jpg" data-href="/media/1/411331/124423" class="media-overlay-link d-inline-block mr-5"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/93/113593-004-68590530/apartment-project-one-building-groups-people-Public.jpg" alt="New Deal: apartment project" height="50" /> </a> <a href="https://cdn.britannica.com/05/136105-050-A9C24593/Processional-poster-Works-Progress-Administration-John-Howard.jpg" data-href="/media/1/411331/138199" class="media-overlay-link d-inline-block mr-5"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/05/136105-004-DBE9FF06/Processional-poster-Works-Progress-Administration-John-Howard.jpg" alt="John Howard Lawson: Processional" height="50" /> </a> <a href="/video/overview-Franklin-D-Roosevelt/189612" data-href="/media/1/411331/189612" class="media-overlay-link d-inline-block mr-5"> <div class="position-relative --aspect-ratio: 16/9"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/28/172728-138-5AE5D6B8/overview-Franklin-D-Roosevelt.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="Franklin D. Roosevelt: The longest-serving U.S. president" class="col-100" /> <div class="btn btn-sm btn-white btn-circle position-absolute shadow" style="top: 50%; left:50%; transform: translate(-50%, -50%)"> <em class="material-icons font-14" data-icon="play_arrow" > </em> </div> </div> </a> </div> <button disabled class="prev-button js-prev-button position-absolute btn btn-circle shadow btn-blue " aria-label="Previous"> <span class="material-icons md-24" data-icon="keyboard_arrow_left"></span> </button> <button disabled class="next-button js-next-button position-absolute btn btn-circle shadow btn-blue " aria-label="Next"> <span class="material-icons md-24" data-icon="keyboard_arrow_right"></span> </button> </div> </div> <div class="mb-30 tlr-student-links"> <div class="text-gray-900 p-5 font-serif font-14 font-weight-bold mx-10 mb-10"> For Students </div> <div class="imagelink-with-image-on-the-side card card-horizontal tlr-img-with-side-link ml-15 link-gray-900 mb-10" > <div class="position-relative card-media" style="flex: 0;"> <a class="ilf-image position-relative" href="/quiz/pop-quiz-15-things-to-know-about-the-great-depression"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/25/187725-131-7F3B1ADC/men-line-food-Chicago-Great-Depression-Illinois.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop" alt="The Great Depression Unemployed men queued outside a soup kitchen opened in Chicago by Al Capone The storefront sign reads 'Free Soup" width="200" height="200" /> </a> </div> <div class="card-body ilf-content"> <a class="font-weight-semi-bold d-block mb-5 font-16 ilf-title" href="/quiz/pop-quiz-15-things-to-know-about-the-great-depression" >Pop Quiz: 15 Things to Know About the Great Depression</a> </div> </div> <div class="imagelink-with-image-on-the-side card card-horizontal tlr-img-with-side-link ml-15 link-gray-900 mb-10" > <div class="position-relative card-media" style="flex: 0;"> <a class="ilf-image position-relative" href="/summary/New-Deal-Key-Facts"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/19/5219-050-9A5E829E/members-shoes-Civilian-Conservation-Corps-New-Jersey-1935.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop" alt="Civilian Conservation Corps" width="200" height="200" /> </a> </div> <div class="card-body ilf-content"> <a class="font-weight-semi-bold d-block mb-5 font-16 ilf-title" href="/summary/New-Deal-Key-Facts" >New Deal Key Facts</a> </div> </div> <div class="imagelink-with-image-on-the-side card card-horizontal tlr-img-with-side-link ml-15 link-gray-900 mb-10" > <div class="position-relative card-media" style="flex: 0;"> <a class="ilf-image position-relative" href="/summary/New-Deal-Timeline"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/50/178950-050-93A5BB07/Great-Depression-Crowd-people-stock-market-crash-Tuesday-October-29-1929.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop" alt="stock market crash of 1929" width="200" height="200" /> </a> </div> <div class="card-body ilf-content"> <a class="font-weight-semi-bold d-block mb-5 font-16 ilf-title" href="/summary/New-Deal-Timeline" >New Deal Timeline</a> </div> </div> <div class="imagelink-with-image-on-the-side card card-horizontal tlr-img-with-side-link ml-15 link-gray-900 mb-10" > <div class="position-relative card-media" style="flex: 0;"> <a class="ilf-image position-relative" href="/summary/New-Deal-Causes-and-Effects"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/30/126430-050-277A9553/Franklin-D-Roosevelt-1933.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop" alt="Franklin D. 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They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors.</div> </a> <div data-popper-arrow></div> </div> <span class="btn btn-link editor-link p-0 qa-byline-link gtm-byline font-12 byline-contributor text-decoration-underline"> The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica</span></div> <div class="last-updated font-12 font-serif"> <span class="text-gray-700"> Last Updated: <time datetime="2024-10-28T00:00:00CDT" >Oct 28, 2024</time> •</span> <a class="byline-edit-history" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/New-Deal/additional-info#history" rel="nofollow">Article History</a> </div></div> </div> <button class="d-flex d-lg-none btn btn-outline-blue border rounded-sm shadow-sm mobile-toc-button gtm-mobile-toc-inline-button d-none d-sm-block js-sections-inline-button module-spacing btn d-lg-none"> <em class="material-icons mr-5 ml-n10 my-n5 md-icon" data-icon="toc"></em> Table of Contents </button> <div class="d-flex d-sm-none flex-row"> <button class="d-flex d-lg-none btn btn-outline-blue border rounded-sm shadow-sm mobile-toc-button gtm-mobile-toc-inline-button js-sections-inline-button module-spacing"> <em class="material-icons mr-5 ml-n10 my-n5 md-icon" data-icon="toc"></em> Table of Contents </button> <button class="ai-ask-button btn border-2 ai-ask-button btn border-2 module-spacing btn-sm js-inline-ai-ask-button btn-outline-red-400 border-red-400 p-10 ml-5"> Ask the Chatbot a Question </button> </div> <div class="js-qf-module qf-module px-40 px-sm-20 py-15 mx-auto module-spacing font-14 bg-gray-50 rounded"> <div class="qf-title font-weight-bold font-14 mb-10 text-center"> Quick Facts</div> <div class="facts-list mt-10"> <div class=""> <div class="js-fact mb-10 line-clamp clamp-3"> <dl> <dt>Date: </dt> <dd>1933 - 1939 </dd> </dl> <button class="js-more-btn d-none btn btn-unstyled font-12 bg-gray-50" aria-label="Toggle more/less fact data"> <em class="js-content link-blue">(Show more)</em> </button> </div> </div> <div class=""> <div class="js-fact mb-10 line-clamp clamp-3"> <dl> <dt>Location: </dt> <dd><a href="/place/United-States">United States</a></dd> </dl> <button class="js-more-btn d-none btn btn-unstyled font-12 bg-gray-50" aria-label="Toggle more/less fact data"> <em class="js-content link-blue">(Show more)</em> </button> </div> </div> <div class=""> <div class="js-fact mb-10 line-clamp clamp-3"> <dl> <dt>Context: </dt> <dd><a href="/event/Great-Depression">Great Depression</a></dd> </dl> <button class="js-more-btn d-none btn btn-unstyled font-12 bg-gray-50" aria-label="Toggle more/less fact data"> <em class="js-content link-blue">(Show more)</em> </button> </div> </div> <div class=""> <div class="js-fact mb-10 line-clamp clamp-3"> <dl> <dt>Major Events: </dt> <dd><a href="/topic/Agricultural-Adjustment-Administration">Agricultural Adjustment Administration</a></dd> <dd><a href="/money/National-Recovery-Administration">National Recovery Administration</a></dd> <dd><a href="/topic/Public-Works-Administration">Public Works Administration</a></dd> <dd><a href="/topic/Public-Works-of-Art-Project">Public Works of Art Project</a></dd> <dd><a href="/money/Tennessee-Valley-Authority">Tennessee Valley Authority</a></dd> </dl> <button class="js-more-btn d-none btn btn-unstyled font-12 bg-gray-50" aria-label="Toggle more/less fact data"> <em class="js-content link-blue">(Show more)</em> </button> </div> </div> <div class=""> <div class="js-fact mb-10 line-clamp clamp-3"> <dl> <dt>Key People: </dt> <dd><a href="/biography/Harry-L-Hopkins">Harry L. Hopkins</a></dd> <dd><a href="/biography/Charles-Evans-Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a></dd> <dd><a href="/biography/Sam-Rayburn">Sam Rayburn</a></dd> <dd><a href="/biography/Franklin-D-Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></dd> <dd><a href="/biography/Harlan-Fiske-Stone">Harlan Fiske Stone</a></dd> </dl> <button class="js-more-btn d-none btn btn-unstyled font-12 bg-gray-50" aria-label="Toggle more/less fact data"> <em class="js-content link-blue">(Show more)</em> </button> </div> </div> <div class="facts-item-none d-none"> <div class="js-fact mb-10 line-clamp clamp-3"> <dl> <dt>On the Web: </dt> <dd><a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/217200967.pdf" target="_blank">CORE - The New Deal Regulatory Model: A History of Criticisms and Refinements</a> (Oct. 28, 2024)</dd> </dl> <button class="js-more-btn d-none btn btn-unstyled font-12 bg-gray-50" aria-label="Toggle more/less fact data"> <em class="js-content link-blue">(Show more)</em> </button> </div> <div class="text-center"> <a class="btn btn-sm btn-link p-0" href="/facts/New-Deal"> See all related content </a> </div> </div> </div> <button class="facts-list-show-more-btn mt-15 p-0 mx-auto btn font-14 d-block font-weight-normal"> <span class="material-icons" data-icon="expand_more"></span> <span class="show-more-label">Show More</span> </button> </div><script type="application/ld+json"> { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "FAQPage", "mainEntity": [ { "@type" : "Question", "name" : "<div>What was the purpose of the New Deal?<\/div><em><\/em>", "acceptedAnswer" : { "@type" : "Answer", "text" : "The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/United-States\">United States<\/a> was in the throes of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/Great-Depression\">Great Depression<\/a>. Banks were in crisis, and nearly a quarter of the workforce was unemployed. Wages and salaries declined significantly, as did production. U.S. President <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Franklin-D-Roosevelt\">Franklin D. Roosevelt\u2019s<\/a> New Deal (1933\u201339) aimed to provide immediate economic relief and to bring about reforms to stabilize the economy." } } , { "@type" : "Question", "name" : "<div>What were the New Deal programs and what did they do?<\/div><em><\/em>", "acceptedAnswer" : { "@type" : "Answer", "text" : "<ul><li>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Agricultural-Adjustment-Administration\">Agricultural Adjustment Administration<\/a> (AAA) brought relief to farmers by paying them to curtail production, reducing surpluses, and raising prices for agricultural products.<\/li><li>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Public-Works-Administration\">Public Works Administration<\/a> (PWA) reduced <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/money\/unemployment\">unemployment<\/a> by hiring the unemployed to build new public buildings, roads, bridges, and subways.<\/li><li>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Civilian-Conservation-Corps\">Civilian Conservation Corps<\/a> (CCC) employed hundreds of thousands of young men in reforestation and flood-control work.<\/li><li>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/money\/National-Recovery-Administration\">National Recovery Administration<\/a> (NRA) established codes to eliminate unfair practices, establish <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/money\/minimum-wage\">minimum wages<\/a> and maximum hours, and guarantee the right of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/collective-bargaining\">collective bargaining<\/a>.<\/li><li>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/money\/Tennessee-Valley-Authority\">Tennessee Valley Authority<\/a> (TVA) brought cheap <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/science\/electricity\">electricity<\/a> to people in seven states.<\/li><li>The Home Owners\u2019 Refinancing Act provided mortgage relief to the unemployed.<\/li><li>The Securities Act of 1933 provided government oversight of stock trading.<\/li><li>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/money\/Federal-Deposit-Insurance-Corporation\">Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation<\/a> (FDIC) protected depositors\u2019 bank accounts.<\/li><li>Later programs included the Social Security Act, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Works-Progress-Administration\">Works Progress Administration<\/a> (WPA), and the National Labor Relations Act.<\/li><\/ul>" } } , { "@type" : "Question", "name" : "<div>What were the most important results of the New Deal?<\/div><em><\/em>", "acceptedAnswer" : { "@type" : "Answer", "text" : "The New Deal established federal responsibility for the welfare of the U.S. economy and the American people. 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Other such programs include the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/money\/Securities-and-Exchange-Commission\">Securities and Exchange Commission<\/a> (SEC), the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Federal-Housing-Administration\">Federal Housing Administration<\/a> (FHA), the Farm Credit Administration, and the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Federal-Communications-Commission\">Federal Communications Commission<\/a> (FCC). The Soil Conservation Service remains as the Natural Resources Conservation Service. Perhaps the most notable New Deal program still in effect is the national old-age pension system created by the Social Security Act (1935)." } } ] } </script> <div class="top-questions qa-accordion d-flex flex-column module-spacing"><div class="font-weight-bold font-14 mb-5"> Top Questions </div><div id="intent-accordion" class="md-intent-accordion"><div class="top-question bg-gray-50 rounded" data-value="1"><h3 class="accordion--question font-14 font-weight-normal cursor-pointer rounded"><div class="pe-none d-flex justify-content-between align-items-center"><div>What was the purpose of the New Deal?</div><em class="material-icons" data-icon="expand_more"></em></div></h3><div class="accordion--answer hidden p-15 pt-5 font-16 mb-5"><div class="accordion--answer-copy"><p>The <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/United-States" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">United States</a> was in the throes of the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Great-Depression" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Great Depression</a>. Banks were in crisis, and nearly a quarter of the workforce was unemployed. Wages and salaries declined significantly, as did production. U.S. President <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Franklin-D-Roosevelt" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Franklin D. Roosevelt’s</a> New Deal (1933–39) aimed to provide immediate economic relief and to bring about reforms to stabilize the economy.</p></div><div class="connections border-top mt-15"><a href="/event/Great-Depression" class="d-flex mt-15">Great Depression</a>Learn about this period of steep economic decline.</div><div class="connections border-top mt-15"><a href="/biography/Franklin-D-Roosevelt" class="d-flex mt-15">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>Read more about Franklin D. Roosevelt and his economic policies. </div></div></div><div class="top-question bg-gray-50 rounded" data-value="2"><h3 class="accordion--question font-14 font-weight-normal cursor-pointer rounded"><div class="pe-none d-flex justify-content-between align-items-center"><div>What were the New Deal programs and what did they do?</div><em class="material-icons" data-icon="expand_more"></em></div></h3><div class="accordion--answer hidden p-15 pt-5 font-16 mb-5"><div class="accordion--answer-copy"><ul class="bullet"><li>The <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Agricultural-Adjustment-Administration" class="md-crosslink bullet" data-show-preview="true">Agricultural Adjustment Administration</a> (AAA) brought relief to farmers by paying them to curtail production, reducing surpluses, and raising prices for agricultural products.</li><li>The <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Public-Works-Administration" class="md-crosslink bullet" data-show-preview="true">Public Works Administration</a> (PWA) reduced <a href="https://www.britannica.com/money/unemployment" class="md-crosslink bullet" data-show-preview="true">unemployment</a> by hiring the unemployed to build new public buildings, roads, bridges, and subways.</li><li>The <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Civilian-Conservation-Corps" class="md-crosslink bullet" data-show-preview="true">Civilian Conservation Corps</a> (CCC) employed hundreds of thousands of young men in reforestation and flood-control work.</li><li>The <a href="https://www.britannica.com/money/National-Recovery-Administration" class="md-crosslink bullet" data-show-preview="true">National Recovery Administration</a> (NRA) established codes to eliminate unfair practices, establish <a href="https://www.britannica.com/money/minimum-wage" class="md-crosslink bullet" data-show-preview="true">minimum wages</a> and maximum hours, and guarantee the right of <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/collective-bargaining" class="md-crosslink bullet" data-show-preview="true">collective bargaining</a>.</li><li>The <a href="https://www.britannica.com/money/Tennessee-Valley-Authority" class="md-crosslink bullet" data-show-preview="true">Tennessee Valley Authority</a> (TVA) brought cheap <a href="https://www.britannica.com/science/electricity" class="md-crosslink bullet" data-show-preview="true">electricity</a> to people in seven states.</li><li>The Home Owners’ Refinancing Act provided mortgage relief to the unemployed.</li><li>The Securities Act of 1933 provided government oversight of stock trading.</li><li>The <a href="https://www.britannica.com/money/Federal-Deposit-Insurance-Corporation" class="md-crosslink bullet" data-show-preview="true">Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation</a> (FDIC) protected depositors’ bank accounts.</li><li>Later programs included the Social Security Act, the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Works-Progress-Administration" class="md-crosslink bullet" data-show-preview="true">Works Progress Administration</a> (WPA), and the National Labor Relations Act.</li></ul></div></div></div><div class="top-question bg-gray-50 rounded" data-value="3"><h3 class="accordion--question font-14 font-weight-normal cursor-pointer rounded"><div class="pe-none d-flex justify-content-between align-items-center"><div>What were the most important results of the New Deal?</div><em class="material-icons" data-icon="expand_more"></em></div></h3><div class="accordion--answer hidden p-15 pt-5 font-16 mb-5"><div class="accordion--answer-copy"><p>The New Deal established federal responsibility for the welfare of the U.S. economy and the American people. Despite the importance of this growth of federal responsibility, perhaps the greatest achievement of the New Deal was to restore faith in American <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/democracy" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">democracy</a> at a time when many people believed that the only choice left was between <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/communism" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">communism</a> and <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/fascism" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">fascism</a>.</p></div><div class="connections border-top mt-15"><a href="/place/United-States/The-Great-Depression#ref77869" class="d-flex mt-15">United States: The New Deal</a>Read more about the New Deal and its impact in America.</div></div></div><div class="top-question bg-gray-50 rounded" data-value="4"><h3 class="accordion--question font-14 font-weight-normal cursor-pointer rounded"><div class="pe-none d-flex justify-content-between align-items-center"><div>What New Deal programs remain in effect?</div><em class="material-icons" data-icon="expand_more"></em></div></h3><div class="accordion--answer hidden p-15 pt-5 font-16 mb-5"><div class="accordion--answer-copy"><p>The <a href="https://www.britannica.com/money/Federal-Deposit-Insurance-Corporation" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation</a> (FDIC) in banking and <a href="https://www.britannica.com/money/Fannie-Mae" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Fannie Mae</a> (FNMA) in mortgage lending are among New Deal programs still in operation. Other such programs include the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/money/Securities-and-Exchange-Commission" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Securities and Exchange Commission</a> (SEC), the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Federal-Housing-Administration" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Federal Housing Administration</a> (FHA), the Farm Credit Administration, and the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Federal-Communications-Commission" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Federal Communications Commission</a> (FCC). The Soil Conservation Service remains as the Natural Resources Conservation Service. Perhaps the most notable New Deal program still in effect is the national old-age pension system created by the Social Security Act (1935).</p><div class="continue-reading"> Read more below: <a href="/list/7-alphabet-soup-agencies-that-stuck-around">7 Alphabet Soup Agencies that Stuck Around</a></div></div><div class="connections border-top mt-15"><a href="/topic/Fannie-Mae" class="d-flex mt-15">None</a>Read more about Fannie Mae, the Federal National Mortgage Association (FNMA).</div><div class="connections border-top mt-15"><a href="/topic/Federal-Housing-Administration" class="d-flex mt-15">Federal Housing Administration (FHA)</a>Learn about this agency, designed to facilitate home financing and improve housing standards.</div><div class="connections border-top mt-15"><a href="/topic/Federal-Communications-Commission" class="d-flex mt-15">Federal Communications Commission</a>Learn about this independent agency.</div><div class="connections border-top mt-15"><a href="/topic/social-security-government-program" class="d-flex mt-15">None</a>Read more about the history and development of social security programs.</div></div></div><button class="show-more-button js-toggle-top-questions btn btn-unstyled font-14 d-flex pr-10 rounded-sm"><em class="material-icons" data-icon="expand_more"></em></button></div></div><span class="marker before-article"></span><section data-level="1" id="ref1"><span class="marker PREMOD1 mod-inline"></span><p class="topic-paragraph"><strong><span id="ref140855"></span>New Deal</strong>, domestic program of the administration of U.S. Pres. <span id="ref140856"></span><a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Franklin-D-Roosevelt" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (FDR) between 1933 and 1939, which took action to bring about immediate economic relief as well as reforms in industry, agriculture, finance, waterpower, labour, and housing, vastly increasing the scope of the federal government’s activities. The term was taken from Roosevelt’s speech accepting the Democratic <a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off eb" data-term="nomination" href="https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/nomination" data-type="EB">nomination</a> for the presidency on July 2, 1932. Reacting to the ineffectiveness of the administration of Pres. <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Herbert-Hoover" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Herbert Hoover</a> in meeting the ravages of the <span id="ref140857"></span><a href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Great-Depression" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Great Depression</a>, American voters the following November overwhelmingly voted in favour of the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Democratic-Party" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Democratic</a> promise of a “new deal” for the “forgotten man.” Opposed to the traditional American political philosophy of <a href="https://www.britannica.com/money/laissez-faire" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">laissez-faire</a>, the New Deal generally embraced the concept of a government-regulated economy aimed at achieving a balance between conflicting economic interests.</p><span class="marker MOD1 mod-inline"></span></section> <span class="marker h2"></span><section data-level="1" id="ref348055"> <h2 class="h1">The Hundred Days</h2> <span class="marker PREMOD2 mod-inline"></span><div class="assemblies multiple medialist slider js-slider position-relative d-inline-flex align-items-center mw-100" data-type="other"><div class="slider-container js-slider-container overflow-hidden d-flex"><div class="rw-track d-flex align-items-center"><div class="position-relative rw-slide col-100 px-20 "><figure class="md-assembly m-0 mb-md-0 card card-borderless print-false" data-assembly-id="256760" data-asm-type="video"><div class="md-assembly-wrapper card-media " data-type="video" video-id="223168"><a data-id="223168" class="gtm-assembly-link d-flex justify-content-center" style="--aspect-ratio: 16/9" href="/video/did-you-know-New-Deal/-256760"><img src="https://cdn.britannica.com/68/223168-138-392ED10F/did-you-know-New-Deal.jpg?w=800&h=450&c=crop" alt="How FDR's New Deal changed the U.S." loading="lazy"><script type="application/json"> { "sources": [ { "file" : "//content.jwplatform.com/manifests/yzJ1TO76.m3u8" } ], "image": "https://cdn.britannica.com/68/223168-138-392ED10F/did-you-know-New-Deal.jpg" ,"tracks": [ { "file" : "//assets-jpcust.jwpsrv.com/tracks/UvqjoN58", "label": "English" } ] ,"adfile": "//content.jwplatform.com/manifests/1kgv4ISu.m3u8" } </script><div class="btn btn-xl btn-white btn-circle position-absolute shadow" style="top: 50%; transform: translateY(-50%)"><em class="material-icons" data-icon="play_arrow"></em></div></a></div><figcaption class="card-body"><div class="md-assembly-caption text-muted font-14 font-serif line-clamp"><span><span class="md-assembly-title font-weight-bold mr-5 d-inline font-sans-serif md-video-caption" video-control="223168">How FDR's New Deal changed the U.S.</span><span>Learn about the New Deal.</span><button class="js-more-btn d-none btn btn-unstyled font-12 bg-white js-content" aria-label="Toggle more/less fact data"><span class="link-blue">(more)</span></button></span></div><a class="font-14 mt-10 d-inline-block" href="/event/New-Deal/images-videos">See all videos for this article</a></figcaption></figure></div></div></div><button disabled="true" class="prev-button js-prev-button position-absolute btn btn-circle shadow btn-lg btn-blue-dark m-20"><span class="material-icons" data-icon="keyboard_arrow_left"></span></button><button disabled="true" class="next-button js-next-button position-absolute btn btn-circle shadow btn-lg btn-blue-dark m-20"><span class="material-icons" data-icon="keyboard_arrow_right"></span></button></div><p class="topic-paragraph">Much of the New Deal legislation was enacted within the first three months of Roosevelt’s presidency (March 9–June 16, 1933), which became known as the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Franklin-D-Roosevelt/The-first-term#ref23944" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Hundred Days</a>. The new administration’s first objective was to <a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off mw" data-term="alleviate" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/alleviate" data-type="MW">alleviate</a> the suffering of the nation’s huge number of <span id="ref140858"></span><a href="https://www.britannica.com/money/unemployment" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">unemployed</a> workers. Such agencies as the <span id="ref140859"></span><a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Works-Progress-Administration" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Works Progress Administration</a> (WPA) and the <span id="ref140860"></span><a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Civilian-Conservation-Corps" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Civilian Conservation Corps</a> (CCC) were established to dispense emergency and short-term governmental aid and to provide temporary jobs, employment on construction projects, and youth work in the national forests. The WPA gave some 8.5 million people jobs. Its construction projects produced more than 650,000 miles of roads, 125,000 public buildings, 75,000 bridges, and 8,000 parks. Also under its aegis were the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/WPA-Federal-Art-Project" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Federal Art Project</a>, <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/WPA-Federal-Writers-Project" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Federal Writers’ Project</a>, and <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/WPA-Federal-Theatre-Project" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Federal Theatre Project</a>. The CCC provided national conservation work primarily for young unmarried men. Projects included planting trees, building flood barriers, fighting forest fires, and maintaining forest roads and trails.</p><div class="one-good-fact-module"> </div><span class="marker MOD2 mod-inline"></span> <span class="marker PREMOD3 mod-inline"></span><div class="assemblies"><div class="w-100"><figure class="md-assembly m-0 mb-md-0 card card-borderless print-false" data-assembly-id="143654" data-asm-type="image"><div class="md-assembly-wrapper card-media " data-type="image"><a href="https://cdn.britannica.com/32/134332-050-646C27B1/Franklin-D-Roosevelt-Henry-Wallace-farm-relief-bill-1933.jpg" class="gtm-assembly-link position-relative d-flex align-items-center justify-content-center media-overlay-link card-media" data-href="/media/1/411331/143654"><picture><source media="(min-width: 680px)" srcset="https://cdn.britannica.com/32/134332-050-646C27B1/Franklin-D-Roosevelt-Henry-Wallace-farm-relief-bill-1933.jpg?w=300"><img src="https://cdn.britannica.com/32/134332-050-646C27B1/Franklin-D-Roosevelt-Henry-Wallace-farm-relief-bill-1933.jpg?w=300" alt="Franklin D. Roosevelt signing the Agricultural Adjustment Act" data-width="1600" data-height="1194" loading="eager"></picture><button class="magnifying-glass btn btn-circle position-absolute shadow btn-white top-10 right-10" aria-label="Zoom in"><em class="material-icons link-blue" data-icon="zoom_in"></em></button></a></div><figcaption class="card-body"><div class="md-assembly-caption text-muted font-14 font-serif line-clamp"><span><a class="gtm-assembly-link md-assembly-title font-weight-bold d-inline font-sans-serif mr-5 media-overlay-link" href="https://cdn.britannica.com/32/134332-050-646C27B1/Franklin-D-Roosevelt-Henry-Wallace-farm-relief-bill-1933.jpg" data-href="/media/1/411331/143654">Franklin D. Roosevelt signing the Agricultural Adjustment Act</a><span>U.S. Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt signing the Agricultural Adjustment Act, a farm relief bill, 1933. Secretary of Agriculture Henry Wallace is standing second from right.</span><button class="js-more-btn d-none btn btn-unstyled font-12 bg-white js-content" aria-label="Toggle more/less fact data"><span class="link-blue">(more)</span></button></span></div></figcaption></figure></div></div><p class="topic-paragraph">Before 1935 the New Deal focused on revitalizing the country’s stricken business and agricultural <a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off mw" data-term="communities" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/communities" data-type="MW">communities</a>. To revive industrial activity, the <span id="ref140861"></span><a href="https://www.britannica.com/money/National-Recovery-Administration" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">National Recovery Administration</a> (NRA) was granted authority to help shape industrial codes governing trade practices, wages, hours, <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/child-labour" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">child labour</a>, and <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/collective-bargaining" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">collective bargaining</a>. The New Deal also tried to regulate the nation’s financial <a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off mw" data-term="hierarchy" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hierarchy" data-type="MW">hierarchy</a> in order to avoid a repetition of the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/event/stock-market-crash-of-1929" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">stock market crash of 1929</a> and the massive bank failures that followed. The <span id="ref140862"></span><a href="https://www.britannica.com/money/Federal-Deposit-Insurance-Corporation" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation</a> (FDIC) granted government insurance for bank deposits in member banks of the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/money/Federal-Reserve-System" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Federal Reserve System</a>, and the <span id="ref140863"></span><a href="https://www.britannica.com/money/Securities-and-Exchange-Commission" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Securities and Exchange Commission</a> (SEC) was established in 1934 to restore investor confidence in the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/money/stock-exchange-finance" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">stock market</a> by ending the misleading sales practices and stock manipulations that had led to the stock market crash. The farm program, known as the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Agricultural-Adjustment-Act" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Agricultural Adjustment Act</a>, was signed in May 1933. It was centred in the <span id="ref140864"></span><a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Agricultural-Adjustment-Administration" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Agricultural Adjustment Administration</a> (AAA), which attempted to raise prices by controlling the production of <a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off eb" data-term="staple" href="https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/staple" data-type="EB">staple</a> crops through cash subsidies to farmers. In addition, the arm of the federal government reached into the area of <a href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/electric-power" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">electric power</a>, establishing in 1933 the <span id="ref140865"></span><a href="https://www.britannica.com/money/Tennessee-Valley-Authority" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Tennessee Valley Authority</a> (TVA), which was to cover a seven-state area and supply cheap electricity, prevent floods, improve navigation, and produce nitrates.</p><span class="marker MOD3 mod-inline"></span> </section> <span class="marker end-of-content"></span><span class="marker after-article"></span></div> <div id="chatbot-root"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ai-dialog-placeholder"></div> </div> </div> <aside class="col-md-da-320"></aside> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article></div> </div></div> </div> </main> <div id="md-footer"></div> <noscript><iframe src="//www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5W6NC8" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <script type="text/javascript" id="_informizely_script_tag"> var IzWidget = IzWidget || {}; (function (d) { var scriptElement = d.createElement('script'); scriptElement.type = 'text/javascript'; scriptElement.async = true; scriptElement.src = "https://insitez.blob.core.windows.net/site/f780f33e-a610-4ac2-af81-3eb184037547.js"; var node = d.getElementById('_informizely_script_tag'); node.parentNode.insertBefore(scriptElement, node); } )(document); </script>  <script> window.ap3c = window.ap3c || {}; var ap3c = window.ap3c; ap3c.cmd = ap3c.cmd || []; ap3c.cmd.push(function() { ap3c.init('ZO4siT4cLwnykPnzZWJtd3Byb2Q', 'https://engage.email.britannica.com/'); ap3c.track({v: 0}); }); ap3c.activity = function(act) { ap3c.act = (ap3c.act || []); ap3c.act.push(act); }; var s, t; s = document.createElement('script'); s.type = 'text/javascript'; s.src = "https://engage.email.britannica.com/app.js"; t = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; t.parentNode.insertBefore(s, t); </script> <script class="marketing-page-info" type="application/json"> {"pageType":"Topic","templateName":"DESKTOP","pageNumber":1,"pagesTotal":2,"pageId":411331,"pageLength":569,"initialLoad":true,"lastPageOfScroll":false} </script> <script class="marketing-content-info" type="application/json"> [] </script> <script src="https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-130/js/libs/jquery-3.5.0.min.js?v=3.130.14"></script> <script type="text/javascript" data-type="Init Mendel Code Splitting"> (function() { $.ajax({ dataType: 'script', cache: true, url: 'https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-130/dist/topic-page.js?v=3.130.14' }); })(); </script> <script class="analytics-metadata" type="application/json"> {"leg":"C","adLeg":"C","userType":"ANONYMOUS","pageType":"Topic","pageSubtype":null,"articleTemplateType":"PAGINATED","gisted":false,"pageNumber":1,"hasSummarizeButton":false,"hasAskButton":false} </script> <script type="text/javascript"> EBStat={accountId:-1,hostnameOverride:'webstats.eb.com',domain:'www.britannica.com', json:''}; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> ( function() { $.ajax( { dataType: 'script', cache: true, url: '//www.britannica.com/webstats/mendelstats.js?v=1' } ) .done( function() { try {writeStat(null,EBStat);} catch(err){} } ); })(); </script> <div id="bc-fixed-dialogue"></div> </body> </html>

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New Deal | Definition, History, Programs, Summary, & Facts | Britannica