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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Origin and evolution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Origin_and_evolution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Origin and evolution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Origin_and_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Taxonomy_and_systematics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomy_and_systematics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Taxonomy and systematics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy_and_systematics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_genera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_genera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>List of genera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_genera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Subfamily_Columbinae_(typical_pigeons_and_doves)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subfamily_Columbinae_(typical_pigeons_and_doves)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Subfamily Columbinae (typical pigeons and doves)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subfamily_Columbinae_(typical_pigeons_and_doves)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subfamily_Claravinae_(American_ground_doves)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subfamily_Claravinae_(American_ground_doves)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Subfamily Claravinae (American ground doves)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subfamily_Claravinae_(American_ground_doves)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subfamily_Raphinae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subfamily_Raphinae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Subfamily Raphinae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subfamily_Raphinae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Description-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Description subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Size_and_appearance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Size_and_appearance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Size and appearance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Size_and_appearance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anatomy_and_physiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anatomy_and_physiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Anatomy and physiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anatomy_and_physiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feathers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feathers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Feathers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feathers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Flight</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_and_habitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Distribution and habitat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behaviour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behaviour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Behaviour</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Behaviour-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Behaviour subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Behaviour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Feeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Feeding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Status_and_conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status_and_conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Status and conservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Status_and_conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Domestication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>In religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>As food</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_monuments_depicting_pigeons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_monuments_depicting_pigeons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>List of monuments depicting pigeons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_monuments_depicting_pigeons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Columbidae</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 166 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-166" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">166 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirahpati" title="Mirahpati – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Mirahpati" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%85%D1%8C%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%83%D1%8D_%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%8D%D0%BF%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Тхьэрыкъуэ лъэпкъыр – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Тхьэрыкъуэ лъэпкъыр" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duif" title="Duif – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Duif" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauben" title="Tauben – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Tauben" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%AD%E1%8C%8D%E1%89%A5" title="ርግብ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ርግብ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culfre" title="Culfre – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Culfre" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="حمامية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حمامية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbidae" title="Columbidae – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Columbidae" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9D%DC%98%DC%A2%DC%90" title="ܝܘܢܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܝܘܢܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinjon" title="Pinjon – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Pinjon" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87" title="পাৰ চৰাই – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পাৰ চৰাই" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbidae" title="Columbidae – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Columbidae" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omemew" title="Omemew – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Omemew" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pykasu" title="Pykasu – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Pykasu" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitula" title="Kitula – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Kitula" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6y%C9%99r%C3%A7inl%C9%99r" title="Göyərçinlər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Göyərçinlər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A4%DB%8C%D8%B1%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%84%D8%B1" title="گؤیرچینلر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="گؤیرچینلر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbidae" title="Columbidae – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Columbidae" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF" title="কলাম্বিডি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কলাম্বিডি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BAn-chi%C3%A1u" title="Hún-chiáu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hún-chiáu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%B3%D3%99%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D3%99%D1%80" title="Күгәрсендәр – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Күгәрсендәр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Галубіныя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Галубіныя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Галубовыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Галубовыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%86_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95" title="कबूतर आ पंडुक – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कबूतर आ पंडुक" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salampati" title="Salampati – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Salampati" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8A%D0%BB%D1%8A%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Гълъбови – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гълъбови" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golubovi" title="Golubovi – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Golubovi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbidae" title="Columbidae – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Columbidae" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B0" title="Тагтаа – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Тагтаа" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col%C3%BAmbids" title="Colúmbids – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Colúmbids" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%C4%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%87%C4%83%D0%BD_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Кăвакарчăн йышшисем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кăвакарчăн йышшисем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salampati" title="Salampati – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Salampati" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holubovit%C3%AD" title="Holubovití – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Holubovití" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colomen" title="Colomen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Colomen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Amani" title="Ŋmani – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Ŋmani" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duer" title="Duer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Duer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="حماميات – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="حماميات" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauben" title="Tauben – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tauben" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasb%C3%ADd%C3%AD" title="Hasbídí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Hasbídí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvilased" title="Tuvilased – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tuvilased" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Περιστερίδες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Περιστερίδες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%B3mb" title="Clómb – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Clómb" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbidae" title="Columbidae – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Columbidae" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolombedoj" title="Kolombedoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kolombedoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uso" title="Uso – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Uso" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volui" title="Volui – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Volui" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کبوتران – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کبوتران" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabutar" title="Kabutar – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Kabutar" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BAgva" title="Dúgva – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Dúgva" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbidae" title="Columbidae – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Columbidae" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colm" title="Colm – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Colm" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calman" title="Calman – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Calman" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col%C3%BAmbidos" title="Colúmbidos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Colúmbidos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A4%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="کؤتر – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="کؤتر" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%A4_%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B3" title="કપોત કુળ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કપોત કુળ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%91%98%EA%B8%B0" title="비둘기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비둘기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Աղավնազգիներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աղավնազգիներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8F" title="कोलम्बिडाए – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कोलम्बिडाए" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golubovi" title="Golubovi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Golubovi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolombo" title="Kolombo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kolombo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbidae" title="Columbidae – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Columbidae" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbidae" title="Columbidae – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Columbidae" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columba" title="Columba – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Columba" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86%D1%85%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%C3%A6%D0%B3" title="Æхсинæг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Æхсинæг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BAfur" title="Dúfur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Dúfur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbidae" title="Columbidae – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Columbidae" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="יוניים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יוניים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dara" title="Dara – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Dara" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%88" title="ಕಲಂಬಿಡೈ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಲಂಬಿಡೈ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="მტრედისებრნი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მტრედისებრნი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8F%D8%B1" title="کوتُر – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="کوتُر" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Кептерлілер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кептерлілер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolom" title="Kolom – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kolom" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njiwa" title="Njiwa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Njiwa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibembe" title="Dibembe – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Dibembe" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirbeko_(Columbidae)" title="Dirbeko (Columbidae) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Dirbeko (Columbidae)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pijon" title="Pijon – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pijon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevok" title="Kevok – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kevok" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%B3%D2%AF%D1%87%D0%BA%D3%A9%D0%BD" title="Көгүчкөн – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Көгүчкөн" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%93%D0%B4%D3%B9%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%93" title="Кӓдӹвлӓ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Кӓдӹвлӓ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palomba" title="Palomba – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Palomba" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbidae" title="Columbidae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Columbidae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balo%C5%BEu_dzimta" title="Baložu dzimta – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Baložu dzimta" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karveliniai" title="Karveliniai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Karveliniai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbidae" title="Columbidae – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Columbidae" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doeve" title="Doeve – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Doeve" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbiformo" title="Columbiformo – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Columbiformo" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galambf%C3%A9l%C3%A9k" title="Galambfélék – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Galambfélék" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voromailala" title="Voromailala – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Voromailala" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D" title="പ്രാവ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്രാവ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="कपोताद्य – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कपोताद्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85_(%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B1)" title="حمام (طير) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حمام (طير)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%85%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B6%E1%80%95%E1%80%B0" title="ဂစေံပူ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ဂစေံပူ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="کوتر – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کوتر" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbidae" title="Columbidae – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Columbidae" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%88%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A8" title="ꯈꯨꯅꯨ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯈꯨꯅꯨ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B0" title="Тагтаа – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Тагтаа" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%81%8A_%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%BE%E1%80%84%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BE%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ခို၊ ချိုးနှင့် အလားတူငှက်များ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ခို၊ ချိုးနှင့် အလားတူငှက်များ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbidae" title="Columbidae – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Columbidae" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duiven_(vogels)" title="Duiven (vogels) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Duiven (vogels)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duve" title="Duve – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Duve" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0" title="ढुकुर – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ढुकुर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82" title="बखुं – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="बखुं" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%88%E7%A7%91" title="ハト科 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハト科" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BC%C3%BCwen" title="Düüwen – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Düüwen" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duer" title="Duer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Duer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duefamilien" title="Duefamilien – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Duefamilien" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbidae" title="Columbidae – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Columbidae" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE" title="ପାରା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପାରା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gugee" title="Gugee – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Gugee" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaptarlar" title="Kaptarlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kaptarlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0" title="ਕਬੂਤਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਬੂਤਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="کبوتر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کبوتر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%87" title="کوتره – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کوتره" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbidae" title="Columbidae – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Columbidae" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pwn mw-list-item"><a href="https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/vaduvadu" title="vaduvadu – Paiwan" lang="pwn" hreflang="pwn" data-title="vaduvadu" data-language-autonym="Pinayuanan" data-language-local-name="Paiwan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pinayuanan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duven" title="Duven – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Duven" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go%C5%82%C4%99biowate" title="Gołębiowate – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gołębiowate" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columb%C3%ADdeos" title="Columbídeos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Columbídeos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbidae" title="Columbidae – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Columbidae" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urpi" title="Urpi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Urpi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Голубовы – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Голубовы" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5" title="Голубиные – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Голубиные" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%83" title="कपोतः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="कपोतः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱯᱟᱨᱣᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱯᱟᱨᱣᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbidae" title="Columbidae – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Columbidae" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doo" title="Doo – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Doo" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeba" title="Leeba – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Leeba" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ABllumbi" title="Pëllumbi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pëllumbi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palumma" title="Palumma – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Palumma" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dove" title="Dove – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Dove" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="ڪبوتر – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪبوتر" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holubovit%C3%A9" title="Holubovité – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Holubovité" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golobi" title="Golobi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Golobi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xamaam(Shinbir)" title="Xamaam(Shinbir) – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Xamaam(Shinbir)" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="کۆتر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆتر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Голубови – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Голубови" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golub" title="Golub – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Golub" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyyhkyt" title="Kyyhkyt – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kyyhkyt" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duvor" title="Duvor – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Duvor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalapati" title="Kalapati – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kalapati" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BE" title="புறா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புறா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atbir" title="Atbir – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Atbir" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titbirin" title="Titbirin – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Titbirin" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%82" title="కపోతం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కపోతం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B2" title="วงศ์นกพิราบและนกเขา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วงศ์นกพิราบและนกเขา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kur" title="Kur – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Kur" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B1%D3%AF%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Кабӯтарон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Кабӯтарон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCvercingiller" title="Güvercingiller – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Güvercingiller" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1bwa" title="A̱bwa – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱bwa" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96" title="Голубові – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Голубові" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="کبوتر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کبوتر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BChkjai%C5%BEed_(sugukund)" title="Kühkjaižed (sugukund) – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kühkjaižed (sugukund)" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%8D_B%E1%BB%93_c%C3%A2u" title="Họ Bồ câu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Họ Bồ câu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colon" title="Colon – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Colon" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B3%A9" title="鳩 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="鳩" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duuvn" title="Duuvn – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Duuvn" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarapati" title="Sarapati – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sarapati" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitax" title="Pitax – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Pitax" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected due to vandalism"><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pigeon&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Pigeon">Pigeon</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Family of birds</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Pigeon" and "Dove" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Pigeon_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pigeon (disambiguation)">Pigeon (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dove_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Dove (disambiguation)">Dove (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Columbidae<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">Early Miocene – recent</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:212.20523076923px; width:7.7947692307692px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:212.20523076923px; width:7.7947692307692px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:213.20523076923px; width:5.7947692307692px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Treron_vernans_male_-_Kent_Ridge_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Treron_vernans_male_-_Kent_Ridge_Park.jpg/220px-Treron_vernans_male_-_Kent_Ridge_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Treron_vernans_male_-_Kent_Ridge_Park.jpg/330px-Treron_vernans_male_-_Kent_Ridge_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Treron_vernans_male_-_Kent_Ridge_Park.jpg/440px-Treron_vernans_male_-_Kent_Ridge_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3507" data-file-height="2338" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><a href="/wiki/Pink-necked_green_pigeon" title="Pink-necked green pigeon">Pink-necked green pigeon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Columbidae" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Aves</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Columbimorphae" title="Columbimorphae">Columbimorphae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Columbiformes</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/John_Latham_(ornithologist)" title="John Latham (ornithologist)">Latham</a>, 1790</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Columbidae</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/William_Elford_Leach" title="William Elford Leach">Leach</a>, 1819</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Type_genus" title="Type genus">Type genus</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><i><a href="/wiki/Columba_(bird)" class="mw-redirect" title="Columba (bird)">Columba</a></i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, 1758</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Subfamilies </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p>See text </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Pigeon_range.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Pigeon_range.png/220px-Pigeon_range.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Pigeon_range.png/330px-Pigeon_range.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Pigeon_range.png/440px-Pigeon_range.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="745" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#808000; color:#808000;">    </span>  Geographic range of the family</span> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Columbidae</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ʌ/: 'u' in 'cut'">ʌ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">kə-<span style="font-size:90%">LUM</span>-bih-dee</i></a>) is a bird <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> consisting of <b>doves</b> and <b>pigeons</b>. It is the only family in the <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">order</a> <b>Columbiformes</b>. These are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills that in some species feature fleshy <a href="/wiki/Cere" class="mw-redirect" title="Cere">ceres</a>. They primarily feed on plants, and can be taxonomically divided amongst <a href="/wiki/Granivore" class="mw-redirect" title="Granivore">granivores</a>, that feed mostly on the ground on seeds, and <a href="/wiki/Frugivore" title="Frugivore">frugivores</a>, that feed mostly on fruits, from branches. The family occurs worldwide, often in close proximity with humans, but the greatest variety is in the <a href="/wiki/Indomalayan_realm" title="Indomalayan realm">Indomalayan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australasian_realm" title="Australasian realm">Australasian realms</a>. </p><p>Columbidae contains 344 <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> divided into 50 <a href="/wiki/Genera" class="mw-redirect" title="Genera">genera</a>. Fifty-nine species are listed as threatened, and thirteen are <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinct</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ioc_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ioc-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including the <a href="/wiki/Dodo" title="Dodo">dodo</a>, an island bird, and the <a href="/wiki/Passenger_pigeon" title="Passenger pigeon">passenger pigeon</a>, whose flocks were once counted in the billions. </p><p>In colloquial English, the smaller species tend to be called "doves", and the larger ones "pigeons",<sup id="cite_ref-floss_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-floss-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the distinction is not consistent,<sup id="cite_ref-floss_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-floss-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there is no scientific separation between them.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, the common names for these birds involve a great deal of variation. The bird most commonly referred to as "pigeon" is the <a href="/wiki/Domestic_pigeon" title="Domestic pigeon">domestic pigeon</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Rock_dove" title="Rock dove">rock dove</a>, which is common in many cities as the <a href="/wiki/Feral_pigeon" title="Feral pigeon">feral pigeon</a>. </p><p>Doves and pigeons build relatively flimsy nests, often using sticks and other debris, which may be placed on branches of trees, on ledges, or on the ground, depending on species. They lay one or (usually) two white eggs at a time, and both parents care for the young. Unlike most birds, both sexes of doves and pigeons produce "<a href="/wiki/Crop_milk" title="Crop milk">crop milk</a>" to feed to their young, secreted by a sloughing of fluid-filled cells from the lining of the <a href="/wiki/Crop_(anatomy)" title="Crop (anatomy)">crop</a>. </p><p>Unfledged baby doves and pigeons are called squabs and are generally able to fly by 5 weeks of age. These <a href="/wiki/Fledge" title="Fledge">fledglings</a>, with their immature squeaking voices, are called squeakers once they are <a href="/wiki/Weaning" title="Weaning">weaned</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-EoB_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and leave the nest after 25–32 days. </p><p>Since ancient times, many Columbidae species have developed intricate cultural and practical relations with humans. <a href="/wiki/Doves_as_symbols" title="Doves as symbols">Doves were important symbols</a> of the goddesses <a href="/wiki/Innana" class="mw-redirect" title="Innana">Innana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asherah" title="Asherah">Asherah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a>, and revered by the early <a href="/wiki/Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian">Christian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic">Islamic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> religions. Domestication of pigeons led to significant use of <a href="/wiki/Homing_pigeon" title="Homing pigeon">homing pigeons</a> for communication, including <a href="/wiki/War_pigeon" title="War pigeon">war pigeons</a>, such as the 32 pigeons who were awarded the <a href="/wiki/Dickin_Medal" title="Dickin Medal">Dickin Medal</a> for "brave service" to their country, in World War II. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Pigeon</i></span> is a French word that derives from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">pīpiō</i></span>, for a <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">peeping</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> chick,<sup id="cite_ref-oetymd-pigeon_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oetymd-pigeon-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <i>dove</i> is an ultimately <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Germanic</a> word, possibly referring to the bird's diving flight.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The English dialectal word <i lang="en"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/culver#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:culver">culver</a></i> appears to derive from Latin <i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/columba#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:columba">columba</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-oetymd-pigeon_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oetymd-pigeon-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A group of doves is called a "dule", taken from the French word <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">deuil</i></span> (<span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">mourning</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_and_evolution">Origin and evolution</h2></div> <p>Columbiformes is one of the most diverse non-<a href="/wiki/Passerine" title="Passerine">passerine</a> <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clades</a> of <a href="/wiki/Neoavian" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoavian">neoavians</a>, and its origins are in the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the result of a rapid diversification at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_boundary" title="Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary">K-Pg boundary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whole genome analyses have found the columbiformes form a sister clade of a group conformed by the sandgrouses (<a href="/wiki/Pterocliformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Pterocliformes">Pterocliformes</a>) and mesites (<a href="/wiki/Mesitornithiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesitornithiformes">Mesitornithiformes</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Jarvis2014_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jarvis2014-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Prum2015_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prum2015-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxonomy_and_systematics">Taxonomy and systematics</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Columbidae_genera" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Columbidae genera">List of Columbidae genera</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Columbidae_species" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Columbidae species">List of Columbidae species</a></div> <p>The name 'Columbidae' for the <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> was introduced by the English zoologist <a href="/wiki/William_Elford_Leach" title="William Elford Leach">William Elford Leach</a> in a guide to the contents of the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> published in 1819.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Columbidae is the only living family in the order <a href="/wiki/List_of_Columbiformes_by_population" title="List of Columbiformes by population">Columbiformes</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Sandgrouse" title="Sandgrouse">sandgrouse</a> (Pteroclidae) were formerly placed here, but were moved to a separate order, <a href="/wiki/Pterocliformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Pterocliformes">Pterocliformes</a>, based on anatomical differences (such as the inability to drink by "sucking" or "pumping").<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Columbidae are usually divided into five subfamilies, probably inaccurately.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the American ground and quail doves (<i><a href="/wiki/Geotrygon" title="Geotrygon">Geotrygon</a></i>), which are usually placed in the <a href="/wiki/Columbinae" title="Columbinae">Columbinae</a>, seem to be two distinct subfamilies.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The order presented here follows Baptista et<span class="nowrap"> </span>al. (1997),<sup id="cite_ref-HBW2_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HBW2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with some updates.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shapiro_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shapiro-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The arrangement of genera and naming of subfamilies is in some cases provisional because analyses of different <a href="/wiki/DNA_sequence" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA sequence">DNA sequences</a> yield results that differ, often radically, in the placement of certain (mainly Indo-Australian) genera.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This ambiguity, probably caused by <a href="/wiki/Long_branch_attraction" title="Long branch attraction">long branch attraction</a>, seems to confirm the first pigeons evolved in the <a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasian region</a>, and that the "<a href="/wiki/Treroninae" title="Treroninae">Treronidae</a>" and allied forms (crowned and <a href="/wiki/Pheasant_pigeon" title="Pheasant pigeon">pheasant pigeons</a>, for example) represent the earliest <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_radiation" title="Evolutionary radiation">radiation</a> of the group.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The family Columbidae previously also contained the family <a href="/wiki/Raphidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Raphidae">Raphidae</a>, consisting of the extinct <a href="/wiki/Rodrigues_solitaire" title="Rodrigues solitaire">Rodrigues solitaire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dodo" title="Dodo">dodo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shapiro_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shapiro-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These species are in all likelihood part of the Indo-Australian radiation that produced the three small subfamilies mentioned above,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the <a href="/wiki/Fruit_dove" title="Fruit dove">fruit doves</a> and pigeons (including the <a href="/wiki/Nicobar_pigeon" title="Nicobar pigeon">Nicobar pigeon</a>). Therefore, they are here included as a subfamily <a href="/wiki/Raphinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Raphinae">Raphinae</a>, pending better material evidence of their exact relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These taxonomic issues are exacerbated by columbids not being well represented in the <a href="/wiki/Fossil_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil record">fossil record</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with no truly primitive forms having been found to date.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The genus <i>Gerandia</i> has been described from <a href="/wiki/Early_Miocene" title="Early Miocene">Early Miocene</a> deposits in France, but while it was long believed to be a pigeon,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is now considered a <a href="/wiki/Sandgrouse" title="Sandgrouse">sandgrouse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auk_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auk-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fragmentary remains of a probably "<a href="/wiki/Ptilinopus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptilinopus">ptilinopine</a>" Early Miocene pigeon were found in the Bannockburn Formation of New Zealand and described as <i><a href="/wiki/Rupephaps" title="Rupephaps">Rupephaps</a></i>;<sup id="cite_ref-auk_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auk-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>"Columbina" prattae</i> from roughly contemporary deposits of <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> is nowadays tentatively separated in <i><a href="/wiki/Arenicolumba" title="Arenicolumba">Arenicolumba</a></i>, but its distinction from <i><a href="/wiki/Columbina_(bird)" title="Columbina (bird)">Columbina</a>/Scardafella</i> and related genera needs to be more firmly established (e.g. by <a href="/wiki/Cladistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cladistic">cladistic</a> analysis).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apart from that, all other fossils belong to extant genera.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pigeon_kid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Pigeon_kid.jpg/220px-Pigeon_kid.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Pigeon_kid.jpg/330px-Pigeon_kid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Pigeon_kid.jpg/440px-Pigeon_kid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Baby pigeon</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rock_dove_-_natures_pics.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Rock_dove_-_natures_pics.jpg/220px-Rock_dove_-_natures_pics.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Rock_dove_-_natures_pics.jpg/330px-Rock_dove_-_natures_pics.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Rock_dove_-_natures_pics.jpg/440px-Rock_dove_-_natures_pics.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rock_dove" title="Rock dove">Rock dove</a> (<i>Columba livia</i>) in flight</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rock_Pigeon_Courting_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Rock_Pigeon_Courting_02.JPG/220px-Rock_Pigeon_Courting_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Rock_Pigeon_Courting_02.JPG/330px-Rock_Pigeon_Courting_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Rock_Pigeon_Courting_02.JPG/440px-Rock_Pigeon_Courting_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Rock dove courtship</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Tamduvor_-_Ystad-2014.ogv/220px--Tamduvor_-_Ystad-2014.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="84" data-mwtitle="Tamduvor_-_Ystad-2014.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Tamduvor_-_Ystad-2014.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c5/Tamduvor_-_Ystad-2014.ogv/Tamduvor_-_Ystad-2014.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Tamduvor_-_Ystad-2014.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c5/Tamduvor_-_Ystad-2014.ogv/Tamduvor_-_Ystad-2014.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c5/Tamduvor_-_Ystad-2014.ogv/Tamduvor_-_Ystad-2014.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c5/Tamduvor_-_Ystad-2014.ogv/Tamduvor_-_Ystad-2014.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rock_doves" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock doves">Rock doves</a> in flight</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_pigeon_on_roof_top.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/A_pigeon_on_roof_top.jpg/220px-A_pigeon_on_roof_top.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/A_pigeon_on_roof_top.jpg/330px-A_pigeon_on_roof_top.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/A_pigeon_on_roof_top.jpg/440px-A_pigeon_on_roof_top.jpg 2x" data-file-width="733" data-file-height="794" /></a><figcaption>A pigeon on roof top</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red-eyed_dove_(Streptopelia_semitorquata).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Red-eyed_dove_%28Streptopelia_semitorquata%29.jpg/220px-Red-eyed_dove_%28Streptopelia_semitorquata%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Red-eyed_dove_%28Streptopelia_semitorquata%29.jpg/330px-Red-eyed_dove_%28Streptopelia_semitorquata%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Red-eyed_dove_%28Streptopelia_semitorquata%29.jpg/440px-Red-eyed_dove_%28Streptopelia_semitorquata%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1918" data-file-height="2877" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Red-eyed_dove" title="Red-eyed dove">red-eyed dove</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Zambezi" title="Zambezi">Zambezi</a> in Zimbabwe</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_genera">List of genera</h3></div> <p>Fossil species of uncertain placement: </p> <ul><li>Genus †<i><a href="/wiki/Arenicolumba" title="Arenicolumba">Arenicolumba</a></i> <small>Steadman, 2008</small></li> <li>Genus †<i><a href="/wiki/Rupephaps" title="Rupephaps">Rupephaps</a></i> <small>Worthy, Hand, Worthy, Tennyson, & Scofield, 2009</small> (St. Bathans pigeon, Miocene of New Zealand)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Subfamily_Columbinae_(typical_pigeons_and_doves)"><span id="Subfamily_Columbinae_.28typical_pigeons_and_doves.29"></span>Subfamily Columbinae (typical pigeons and doves)</h4></div> <ul><li>Tribe Zenaidini [Leptotilinae] (quail-doves and allies) <ul><li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Geotrygon" title="Geotrygon">Geotrygon</a></i> (10 species)</li> <li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Starnoenas" class="mw-redirect" title="Starnoenas">Starnoenas</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Blue-headed_quail-dove" title="Blue-headed quail-dove">blue-headed quail-dove</a>)</li> <li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Leptotrygon" class="mw-redirect" title="Leptotrygon">Leptotrygon</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Olive-backed_quail-dove" title="Olive-backed quail-dove">olive-backed quail-dove</a>)</li> <li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Leptotila" title="Leptotila">Leptotila</a></i> (11 species)</li> <li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Zenaida_doves" title="Zenaida doves">Zenaida</a></i> (7 species)</li> <li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Zentrygon" title="Zentrygon">Zentrygon</a></i> (8 species)</li></ul></li> <li>Tribe Columbini <ul><li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Patagioenas" title="Patagioenas">Patagioenas</a></i> (American pigeons, 17 species)</li> <li>Genus †<i><a href="/wiki/Ectopistes" class="mw-redirect" title="Ectopistes">Ectopistes</a></i> (passenger pigeon; extinct 1914)</li> <li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Reinwardtoena" title="Reinwardtoena">Reinwardtoena</a></i> (3 species)</li> <li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Turacoena" title="Turacoena">Turacoena</a></i> (3 species)</li> <li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Macropygia" title="Macropygia">Macropygia</a></i> (typical cuckoo-doves, 15 species)</li> <li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Streptopelia" title="Streptopelia">Streptopelia</a></i> (turtle doves and collared doves, 13 species)</li> <li>Genus †<i><a href="/wiki/Dysmoropelia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dysmoropelia">Dysmoropelia</a></i> <small>Olson, 1975</small> (<a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena_dove" title="Saint Helena dove">Saint Helena dove</a>) (prehistoric)</li> <li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Columba_(genus)" title="Columba (genus)">Columba</a></i> (Old World pigeons, 35 species of which 2 recently <a href="/wiki/Extinct" class="mw-redirect" title="Extinct">extinct</a>)</li> <li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Spilopelia" title="Spilopelia">Spilopelia</a></i> (2 species)</li> <li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Nesoenas" title="Nesoenas">Nesoenas</a></i> (3 species)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Subfamily_Claravinae_(American_ground_doves)"><span id="Subfamily_Claravinae_.28American_ground_doves.29"></span>Subfamily Claravinae (American ground doves)</h4></div> <ul><li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Claravis_(bird)" class="mw-redirect" title="Claravis (bird)">Claravis</a></i> (blue ground dove)</li> <li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Paraclaravis" title="Paraclaravis">Paraclaravis</a></i> (2 species)</li> <li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Uropelia" class="mw-redirect" title="Uropelia">Uropelia</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Long-tailed_ground_dove" title="Long-tailed ground dove">long-tailed ground dove</a>)</li> <li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Metriopelia" title="Metriopelia">Metriopelia</a></i> (4 species)</li> <li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Columbina_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbina (genus)">Columbina</a></i> (9 species)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Subfamily_Raphinae">Subfamily Raphinae</h4></div> <ul><li>Tribe Phabini (bronzewings and relatives) <ul><li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Henicophaps" title="Henicophaps">Henicophaps</a></i> (2 species)</li> <li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Gallicolumba" title="Gallicolumba">Gallicolumba</a></i> (bleeding-hearts and allies, 7 species)</li> <li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Pampusana" title="Pampusana">Pampusana</a></i> (13 species of which 3 recently extinct)</li> <li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Ocyphaps" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocyphaps">Ocyphaps</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Crested_pigeon" title="Crested pigeon">crested pigeon</a>)</li> <li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Petrophassa" title="Petrophassa">Petrophassa</a></i> (rock pigeons, 2 species)</li> <li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Leucosarcia" class="mw-redirect" title="Leucosarcia">Leucosarcia</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Wonga_pigeon" title="Wonga pigeon">wonga pigeon</a>)</li> <li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Geopelia" title="Geopelia">Geopelia</a></i> (5 species)</li> <li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Phaps" title="Phaps">Phaps</a></i> (Australian bronzewings, 3 species)</li> <li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Geophaps" title="Geophaps">Geophaps</a></i> (3 species)</li></ul></li> <li>Tribe Raphini [Didunculinae; Otidiphabinae; Gourinae] <ul><li>Genus ?†<i><a href="/wiki/Natunaornis" class="mw-redirect" title="Natunaornis">Natunaornis</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Viti_Levu_giant_pigeon" title="Viti Levu giant pigeon">Viti Levu giant pigeon</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Late_Quaternary_prehistoric_birds" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Quaternary prehistoric birds">prehistoric</a>)</li> <li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Trugon" class="mw-redirect" title="Trugon">Trugon</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Thick-billed_ground_pigeon" title="Thick-billed ground pigeon">thick-billed ground pigeon</a>)</li> <li>Genus †<i><a href="/wiki/Microgoura" class="mw-redirect" title="Microgoura">Microgoura</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Choiseul_crested_pigeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Choiseul crested pigeon">Choiseul crested pigeon</a>, extinct early 20th century)</li> <li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Otidiphaps" class="mw-redirect" title="Otidiphaps">Otidiphaps</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Pheasant_pigeon" title="Pheasant pigeon">pheasant pigeon</a>)</li> <li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Goura_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Goura (genus)">Goura</a></i> (crowned pigeons, 4 species)</li> <li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Didunculus" title="Didunculus">Didunculus</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Tooth-billed_pigeon" title="Tooth-billed pigeon">tooth-billed pigeon</a>)</li> <li>Genus  ?†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deliaphaps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deliaphaps (page does not exist)">Deliaphaps</a></i> <small>De Pietri, Scofield, Tennyson, Hand, & Worthy, 2017</small> (Zealandian dove, Miocene of New Zealand)</li> <li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Caloenas" title="Caloenas">Caloenas</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Nicobar_pigeon" title="Nicobar pigeon">Nicobar pigeon</a>)</li> <li>Genus †<i><a href="/wiki/Bountyphaps" title="Bountyphaps">Bountyphaps</a></i> <small>Worthy & Wragg, 2008</small> (Henderson Island pigeon) (<a href="/wiki/Late_Quaternary_prehistoric_birds" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Quaternary prehistoric birds">prehistoric</a>)</li> <li>Subtribe <a href="/wiki/Raphina" title="Raphina">Raphina</a> (Dodo and solitaire) <ul><li>Genus †<i><a href="/wiki/Raphus" class="mw-redirect" title="Raphus">Raphus</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Dodo" title="Dodo">dodo</a>, extinct late 17th century)</li> <li>Genus †<i><a href="/wiki/Pezophaps" class="mw-redirect" title="Pezophaps">Pezophaps</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Rodrigues_solitaire" title="Rodrigues solitaire">Rodrigues solitaire</a>, extinct c. 1730)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Tribe Turturini <ul><li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Phapitreron" class="mw-redirect" title="Phapitreron">Phapitreron</a></i> (brown doves, 3 species)</li> <li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Oena" class="mw-redirect" title="Oena">Oena</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Namaqua_dove" title="Namaqua dove">Namaqua dove</a>, tentatively placed here)</li> <li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Turtur" title="Turtur">Turtur</a></i> (wood doves, 5 species; tentatively placed here)</li> <li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Chalcophaps" title="Chalcophaps">Chalcophaps</a></i> (emerald doves, 3 species)</li></ul></li> <li>Tribe Treronini <ul><li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Treron" class="mw-redirect" title="Treron">Treron</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Green_pigeon" title="Green pigeon">green pigeons</a>, 30 species)</li></ul></li> <li>Tribe Ptilinopini (fruit doves and imperial pigeons) <ul><li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Ducula" class="mw-redirect" title="Ducula">Ducula</a></i> (imperial pigeons, 42 species)</li> <li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Ptilinopus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptilinopus">Ptilinopus</a></i> [<i><a href="/wiki/Drepanoptila" class="mw-redirect" title="Drepanoptila">Drepanoptila</a></i>; <i><a href="/wiki/Alectroenas" class="mw-redirect" title="Alectroenas">Alectroenas</a></i>] (<a href="/wiki/Fruit_dove" title="Fruit dove">fruit doves</a>, some 50 living species, 1–2 recently extinct)</li> <li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Hemiphaga" title="Hemiphaga">Hemiphaga</a></i> (2 species)</li> <li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Lopholaimus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lopholaimus">Lopholaimus</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Topknot_pigeon" title="Topknot pigeon">topknot pigeon</a>)</li> <li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Cryptophaps" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptophaps">Cryptophaps</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Sombre_pigeon" title="Sombre pigeon">sombre pigeon</a>)</li> <li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Gymnophaps" class="mw-redirect" title="Gymnophaps">Gymnophaps</a></i> (mountain pigeons, 4 species)</li> <li>Genus  ?†<i><a href="/wiki/Tongoenas" title="Tongoenas">Tongoenas</a></i> <small>Steadman & Takano, 2020</small> (Tongan giant pigeon) (<a href="/wiki/Late_Quaternary_prehistoric_birds" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Quaternary prehistoric birds">prehistoric</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Columbina_passerina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Columbina_passerina.jpg/220px-Columbina_passerina.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Columbina_passerina.jpg/330px-Columbina_passerina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Columbina_passerina.jpg/440px-Columbina_passerina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Common_ground_dove" title="Common ground dove">common ground dove</a> (<i>Columbina passerina</i>) is among the smallest species in the family.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Size_and_appearance">Size and appearance</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Common_Wood_Pigeon_(Columba_palumbus).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A wood pigeon perched in a plane tree" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Common_Wood_Pigeon_%28Columba_palumbus%29.JPG/220px-Common_Wood_Pigeon_%28Columba_palumbus%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Common_Wood_Pigeon_%28Columba_palumbus%29.JPG/330px-Common_Wood_Pigeon_%28Columba_palumbus%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Common_Wood_Pigeon_%28Columba_palumbus%29.JPG/440px-Common_Wood_Pigeon_%28Columba_palumbus%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3198" data-file-height="2132" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Common_wood_pigeon" title="Common wood pigeon">Common wood pigeon</a> (<i>Columba palumbus</i>) is common throughout Europe.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pigeons and doves exhibit considerable variation in size, ranging in length from 15 to 75 centimetres (5.9 to 29.5 in), and in weight from 30 g (0.066 lb) to above 2,000 g (4.4 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-:02_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest species is the <a href="/wiki/Crowned_pigeon" title="Crowned pigeon">crowned pigeon</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is nearly <a href="/wiki/Turkey_(bird)" title="Turkey (bird)">turkey</a>-sized, at a weight of 2–4 kg (4.4–8.8 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The smallest is the common ground dove (<i><a href="/wiki/Common_ground_dove" title="Common ground dove">Columbina passerina</a></i>) of the genus <i>Columbina</i>, which is the same size as a <a href="/wiki/House_sparrow" title="House sparrow">house sparrow</a>, weighing as little as 22 g (0.049 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-HBW2_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HBW2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_fruit_dove" title="Dwarf fruit dove">dwarf fruit dove</a>, which may measure as little as 13 cm (5.1 in), has a marginally smaller total length than any other species from this family.<sup id="cite_ref-HBW2_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HBW2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the largest <a href="/wiki/Arboreal" class="mw-redirect" title="Arboreal">arboreal</a> species, the <a href="/wiki/Marquesan_imperial_pigeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquesan imperial pigeon">Marquesan imperial pigeon</a>, currently battles extinction.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anatomy_and_physiology">Anatomy and physiology</h3></div> <p>Overall, the <a href="/wiki/Bird_anatomy" title="Bird anatomy">anatomy</a> of Columbidae is characterized by short legs, short bills with a fleshy <a href="/wiki/Beak" title="Beak">cere</a>, and small heads on large, compact bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like some other birds, the Columbidae have no <a href="/wiki/Gall_bladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Gall bladder">gall bladders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hagey_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hagey-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some medieval naturalists concluded they have no <a href="/wiki/Bile" title="Bile">bile</a> (gall), which in the medieval theory of the <a href="/wiki/Four_humours" class="mw-redirect" title="Four humours">four humours</a> explained the allegedly sweet disposition of doves.<sup id="cite_ref-Isidore_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isidore-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, however, they do have bile (as <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> had earlier realized), which is secreted directly into the <a href="/wiki/Gut_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gut (anatomy)">gut</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Browne_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Browne-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Touchdown_(pigeon).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Touchdown_%28pigeon%29.jpg/220px-Touchdown_%28pigeon%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Touchdown_%28pigeon%29.jpg/330px-Touchdown_%28pigeon%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Touchdown_%28pigeon%29.jpg/440px-Touchdown_%28pigeon%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2814" data-file-height="2090" /></a><figcaption>A landing <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_collared_dove" title="Eurasian collared dove">collared dove</a> (<i>Streptopelia decaocto</i>) displays the contour and <a href="/wiki/Flight_feather" title="Flight feather">flight feathers</a> of its wings.</figcaption></figure> <p>The wings are large, and have eleven <a href="/wiki/Flight_feather" title="Flight feather">primary feathers</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-:1_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pigeons have strong wing muscles (wing muscles comprise 31–44% of their body weight<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and are among the strongest fliers of all birds.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a series of experiments in 1975 by Dr.<span class="nowrap"> </span>Mark B. Friedman, using doves, their characteristic head bobbing was shown to be due to their natural desire to keep their vision constant.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was shown yet again in a 1978 experiment by Dr.<span class="nowrap"> </span>Barrie J. Frost, in which pigeons were placed on <a href="/wiki/Treadmill" title="Treadmill">treadmills</a>; it was observed that they did not bob their heads, as their surroundings were constant.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feathers">Feathers</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pigeon_Feathers_-_A_Dissection_Sampling.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Pigeon_Feathers_-_A_Dissection_Sampling.pdf/page1-220px-Pigeon_Feathers_-_A_Dissection_Sampling.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Pigeon_Feathers_-_A_Dissection_Sampling.pdf/page1-330px-Pigeon_Feathers_-_A_Dissection_Sampling.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Pigeon_Feathers_-_A_Dissection_Sampling.pdf/page1-440px-Pigeon_Feathers_-_A_Dissection_Sampling.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1125" /></a><figcaption>Pigeon feather types, excluding <a href="/wiki/Down_feather" title="Down feather">down</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Columbidae have unique body <a href="/wiki/Feather" title="Feather">feathers</a>, with the shaft being generally broad, strong, and flattened, tapering to a fine point, abruptly.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, the aftershaft is absent; however, small ones on some tail and wing feathers may be present.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Body feathers have very dense, fluffy bases, are attached loosely into the skin, and drop out easily.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Possibly serving as a predator avoidance mechanism,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> large numbers of feathers fall out in the attacker's mouth if the bird is snatched, facilitating the bird's escape. The <a href="/wiki/Plumage" title="Plumage">plumage</a> of the family is variable.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Seed_predation" title="Seed predation">Granivorous</a> species tend to have dull plumage, with a few exceptions, whereas the <a href="/wiki/Frugivore" title="Frugivore">frugivorous</a> species have brightly coloured plumage.<sup id="cite_ref-HBW2_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HBW2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Ptilinopus</i> (fruit doves) are some of the brightest coloured pigeons, with the three endemic species of <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> <i>Alectroenas</i> being the brightest. Pigeons and doves may be sexually monochromatic or <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">dichromatic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to bright colours, pigeons may sport crests or other ornamentation.<sup id="cite_ref-:122_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:122-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flight">Flight</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Descriptive_Zoopraxography_Pigeons_Flying_Animated_13.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Descriptive_Zoopraxography_Pigeons_Flying_Animated_13.gif/220px-Descriptive_Zoopraxography_Pigeons_Flying_Animated_13.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Descriptive_Zoopraxography_Pigeons_Flying_Animated_13.gif/330px-Descriptive_Zoopraxography_Pigeons_Flying_Animated_13.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Descriptive_Zoopraxography_Pigeons_Flying_Animated_13.gif/440px-Descriptive_Zoopraxography_Pigeons_Flying_Animated_13.gif 2x" data-file-width="1060" data-file-height="389" /></a><figcaption>Animation of flying pigeons</figcaption></figure> <p>Columbidae are excellent fliers due to the lift provided by their large wings, which results in low <a href="/wiki/Wing_loading" title="Wing loading">wing loading</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are highly maneuverable in flight<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and have a low <a href="/wiki/Aspect_ratio_(aeronautics)" title="Aspect ratio (aeronautics)">aspect ratio</a> due to the width of their wings, allowing for quick flight launches and ability to escape from predators, but at a high energy cost.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Columbiformes_by_population" title="List of Columbiformes by population">List of Columbiformes by population</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geopelia_striata_NBII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Geopelia_striata_NBII.jpg/220px-Geopelia_striata_NBII.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Geopelia_striata_NBII.jpg/330px-Geopelia_striata_NBII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Geopelia_striata_NBII.jpg/440px-Geopelia_striata_NBII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2035" data-file-height="1347" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Zebra_dove" title="Zebra dove">zebra dove</a> (<i>Geopelia striata</i>) has been widely introduced around the world.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pigeons_next_to_%27Birds_Lane%27_sign_in_Box_Hill_(53510969762).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Pigeons_next_to_%27Birds_Lane%27_sign_in_Box_Hill_%2853510969762%29.jpg/220px-Pigeons_next_to_%27Birds_Lane%27_sign_in_Box_Hill_%2853510969762%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Pigeons_next_to_%27Birds_Lane%27_sign_in_Box_Hill_%2853510969762%29.jpg/330px-Pigeons_next_to_%27Birds_Lane%27_sign_in_Box_Hill_%2853510969762%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Pigeons_next_to_%27Birds_Lane%27_sign_in_Box_Hill_%2853510969762%29.jpg/440px-Pigeons_next_to_%27Birds_Lane%27_sign_in_Box_Hill_%2853510969762%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2268" /></a><figcaption>Pigeons sitting next to an epymonous 'Birds Lane' street sign in an urban environment in <a href="/wiki/Box_Hill,_Victoria" title="Box Hill, Victoria">Box Hill, Victoria</a>, Australia.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pigeons and doves are distributed everywhere on Earth, except for the driest areas of the <a href="/wiki/Sahara_Desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahara Desert">Sahara Desert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> and its surrounding islands, and the high <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have colonized most of the world's oceanic islands, reaching eastern <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chatham_Islands" title="Chatham Islands">Chatham Islands</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific">Pacific</a>, Mauritius, the Seychelles and <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a> in the Indian Ocean, and the <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a> in the Atlantic Ocean. </p><p>The family has adapted to most of the habitats available on the planet. These species may be arboreal, <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_animal" title="Terrestrial animal">terrestrial</a>, or semi-terrestrial. Various species also inhabit <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savanna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grassland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">desert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woodland" title="Woodland">temperate woodland</a> and forest, <a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">mangrove forest</a>, and even the barren sands and gravels of <a href="/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll">atolls</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some species have large natural ranges. The <a href="/wiki/Eared_dove" title="Eared dove">eared dove</a> ranges across the entirety of South America from Colombia to <a href="/wiki/Tierra_del_Fuego" title="Tierra del Fuego">Tierra del Fuego</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_collared_dove" title="Eurasian collared dove">Eurasian collared dove</a> has a massive (if discontinuous) distribution from <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Britain</a> across Europe, the Middle East, India, Pakistan and China,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Laughing_dove" title="Laughing dove">laughing dove</a> across most of sub-Saharan Africa, as well as India, Pakistan, and the Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The largest range of any species is that of the <a href="/wiki/Rock_dove" title="Rock dove">rock dove</a>, also known as the common pigeon.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This species had a large natural distribution from Britain and Ireland to northern Africa, across Europe, <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, India, the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> and up into China and Mongolia.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The range of the species increased dramatically upon domestication, as the species went <a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">feral</a> in cities around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The common pigeon is currently resident across most of North America, and has established itself in cities and urban areas in South America, sub-Saharan Africa, <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_56-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As well as the rock dove, several other species of pigeon have become established outside of their natural range after escaping captivity, and other species have increased their natural ranges due to habitat changes caused by human activity.<sup id="cite_ref-HBW2_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HBW2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2020 study found that the East Coast of the U.S. includes two pigeon genetic megacities, in New York and Boston, and observes that the birds do not mix together.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other species of Columbidae have tiny, restricted distributions, usually seen on small islands, such as the <a href="/wiki/Whistling_dove" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistling dove">whistling dove</a>, which is <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a> to the tiny <a href="/wiki/Kadavu_Island" title="Kadavu Island">Kadavu Island</a> in Fiji,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Caroline_ground-dove" class="mw-redirect" title="Caroline ground-dove">Caroline ground dove</a>, restricted to two islands, <a href="/wiki/Chuuk_Lagoon" title="Chuuk Lagoon">Truk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pohnpei" title="Pohnpei">Pohnpei</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline Islands</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Grenada_dove" title="Grenada dove">Grenada dove</a>, which is only found on the island of <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some continental species also have tiny distributions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Black-banded_fruit_dove" title="Black-banded fruit dove">black-banded fruit dove</a>, which is restricted to a small area of the <a href="/wiki/Arnhem_Land" title="Arnhem Land">Arnhem Land</a> of Australia,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Somali_pigeon" title="Somali pigeon">Somali pigeon</a>, found only in a tiny area of northern Somalia,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Moreno%27s_ground_dove" title="Moreno's ground dove">Moreno's ground dove</a>, endemic to the area around <a href="/wiki/Salta" title="Salta">Salta</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Miguel_de_Tucum%C3%A1n" title="San Miguel de Tucumán">Tucuman</a> in northern Argentina.<sup id="cite_ref-HBW2_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HBW2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behaviour">Behaviour</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feeding">Feeding</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Treron_Sieboldii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Treron_Sieboldii.jpg/220px-Treron_Sieboldii.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Treron_Sieboldii.jpg/330px-Treron_Sieboldii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Treron_Sieboldii.jpg/440px-Treron_Sieboldii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1593" data-file-height="1195" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/White-bellied_green_pigeon" title="White-bellied green pigeon">White-bellied green pigeon</a> (<i>Treron sieboldii</i>) feeding on fruit</figcaption></figure> <p>Seeds and fruit form the major component of the diets of pigeons and doves, and <sup id="cite_ref-:02_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the family can be divided between the seed-eating, or <a href="/wiki/Granivore" class="mw-redirect" title="Granivore">granivorous</a>, species (subfamily Columbinae) and the fruit-and-mast-eating, or <a href="/wiki/Frugivore" title="Frugivore">frugivorous</a>, species, which make up the other four subfamilies.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The granivorous species typically feed on seed found on the ground, whereas the frugivorous species tend to feed in trees.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The morphological adaptations used to distinguish between the two groups include granivores tending to having thick walls in their gizzards, <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">intestines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">esophagi</a>, with the frugivores evolved with thin walls,<sup id="cite_ref-:02_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the fruit-eating species have short intestines, as opposed to the seed eaters having longer intestines.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frugivores are capable of clinging to branches and even hang upside down to reach fruit.<sup id="cite_ref-HBW2_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HBW2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to fruit and seeds, a number of other food items are taken by many species. Some, particularly the ground doves and quail-doves, eat a large number of prey items such as insects and worms.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_64-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One species, the <a href="/wiki/Atoll_fruit_dove" title="Atoll fruit dove">atoll fruit dove</a>, is specialised in taking insect and reptile prey.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_64-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Snails, moths, and other insects are taken by <a href="/wiki/White-crowned_pigeon" title="White-crowned pigeon">white-crowned pigeons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orange_fruit_dove" class="mw-redirect" title="Orange fruit dove">orange fruit doves</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ruddy_ground_dove" title="Ruddy ground dove">ruddy ground doves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HBW2_18-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HBW2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Urban feral pigeons, descendants of domestic <a href="/wiki/Rock_dove" title="Rock dove">rock doves</a> (<i>Columbia Livia</i>), reside in urban environments, disturbing their natural feeding habits. They depend on human activities and interactions to obtain food, causing them to forage for spilled food or food provided by humans.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Status_and_conservation">Status and conservation</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zenaida_graysoni_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Zenaida_graysoni_1.jpg/170px-Zenaida_graysoni_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Zenaida_graysoni_1.jpg/255px-Zenaida_graysoni_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Zenaida_graysoni_1.jpg/340px-Zenaida_graysoni_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="664" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Socorro_dove" title="Socorro dove">Socorro dove</a> (<i>Zenaida graysoni</i>) is <a href="/wiki/Extinct_in_the_wild" title="Extinct in the wild">extinct in the wild</a></figcaption></figure> <p>While many species of pigeons and doves have benefited from human activities and have increased their ranges, many other species have declined in numbers and some have become <a href="/wiki/Threatened" class="mw-redirect" title="Threatened">threatened</a> or even succumbed to extinction.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the ten species to have become extinct since 1600 (the conventional date for estimating modern extinctions) are two of the most famous extinct species, the dodo and the passenger pigeon.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Passenger_pigeon" title="Passenger pigeon">passenger pigeon</a> was exceptional for a number of reasons. In modern times, it is the only pigeon species that was not an island species to have become extinct<sup id="cite_ref-:5_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even though it was once the most numerous species of bird on Earth.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Its former numbers are difficult to estimate, but one <a href="/wiki/Ornithology" title="Ornithology">ornithologist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Wilson_(ornithologist)" title="Alexander Wilson (ornithologist)">Alexander Wilson</a>, estimated one flock he observed contained over two billion birds.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decline of the species was abrupt; in 1871, a breeding colony was estimated to contain over a hundred million birds, yet the last individual in the species was dead by 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although habitat loss was a contributing factor, the species is thought to have been massively over-hunted, being used as food for slaves and, later, the poor, in the United States throughout the 19th<span class="nowrap"> </span>century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The dodo, and its extinction, was more typical of the extinctions of pigeons in the past. Like many species that colonise remote islands with few predators, it lost much of its <a href="/wiki/Island_tameness" title="Island tameness">predator avoidance behaviour</a>, along with its ability to fly.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The arrival of people, along with a suite of other introduced species such as rats, pigs, and cats, quickly spelled the end for this species and all the other island forms that have become extinct.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 59 species of pigeons and doves are threatened with extinction today, about 19% of all species.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of these are tropical and live on islands. All of the species are threatened by introduced predators, habitat loss, hunting, or a combination of these factors.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases, they may be <a href="/wiki/Extinct_in_the_wild" title="Extinct in the wild">extinct in the wild</a>, as is the <a href="/wiki/Socorro_dove" title="Socorro dove">Socorro dove</a> of <a href="/wiki/Socorro_Island" title="Socorro Island">Socorro Island</a>, Mexico, last seen in the wild in 1972, driven to extinction by habitat loss and introduced <a href="/wiki/Feral_cat" title="Feral cat">feral cats</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some areas, a lack of knowledge means the true status of a species is unknown; the <a href="/wiki/Negros_fruit_dove" title="Negros fruit dove">Negros fruit dove</a> has not been seen since 1953,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and may or may not be extinct, and the <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_ground_dove" title="Polynesian ground dove">Polynesian ground dove</a> is classified as <a href="/wiki/Critically_endangered" class="mw-redirect" title="Critically endangered">critically endangered</a>, as whether it survives or not on remote islands in the far west of the Pacific Ocean is unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various <a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">conservation</a> techniques are employed to prevent these extinctions, including laws and regulations to control hunting pressure, the establishment of protected areas to prevent further habitat loss, the establishment of captive populations for reintroduction back into the wild (<i><a href="/wiki/Ex_situ" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex situ">ex situ</a></i> conservation), and the translocation of individuals to suitable habitats to create additional populations.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_70-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military">Military</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/War_pigeon" title="War pigeon">War pigeon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dickins_Medal_for_Pigeon_Royal_Blue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Dickins_Medal_for_Pigeon_Royal_Blue.jpg/220px-Dickins_Medal_for_Pigeon_Royal_Blue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Dickins_Medal_for_Pigeon_Royal_Blue.jpg/330px-Dickins_Medal_for_Pigeon_Royal_Blue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Dickins_Medal_for_Pigeon_Royal_Blue.jpg/440px-Dickins_Medal_for_Pigeon_Royal_Blue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Dickin Medal for the pigeon Royal Blue</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cher_Ami_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Cher_Ami_cropped.jpg/220px-Cher_Ami_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Cher_Ami_cropped.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="263" data-file-height="307" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cher_Ami" title="Cher Ami">Cher Ami</a> was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Croix_de_Guerre" title="Croix de Guerre">Croix de Guerre</a>.</figcaption></figure><p>The pigeon was used in both <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, notably by the Australian, French, German, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Pigeon_Service" title="United States Army Pigeon Service">American</a>, and UK forces. They were also awarded for their service with various laurels throughout. On 2 December 1943, three pigeons – <a href="/wiki/Winkie_(pigeon)" title="Winkie (pigeon)">Winkie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tyke_(pigeon)" title="Tyke (pigeon)">Tyke</a>, and White Vision, –  serving with Britain's <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a>, were awarded the first <a href="/wiki/Dickin_Medal" title="Dickin Medal">Dickin medal</a> for rescuing an air force crew during World War<span class="nowrap"> </span>II.<sup id="cite_ref-medal_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medal-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thirty-two pigeons have been decorated with the Dickin Medal, citing their "brave service"<sup id="cite_ref-:7_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in war contributions, including <a href="/wiki/Commando_(pigeon)" title="Commando (pigeon)">Commando</a>, <a href="/wiki/G.I._Joe_(pigeon)" title="G.I. Joe (pigeon)">G.I. Joe</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Paddy_(pigeon)" title="Paddy (pigeon)">Paddy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Blue_(pigeon)" title="Royal Blue (pigeon)">Royal Blue</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_of_Orange_(pigeon)" title="William of Orange (pigeon)">William of Orange</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cher_Ami" title="Cher Ami">Cher Ami</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Homing_pigeon" title="Homing pigeon">homing pigeon</a> in World War I, was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Croix_de_guerre_1914%E2%80%931918_(France)" title="Croix de guerre 1914–1918 (France)"><i>Croix de Guerre</i></a> Medal, by France, with a palm <a href="/wiki/Oak_leaf_cluster" title="Oak leaf cluster">Oak Leaf Cluster</a> for his service in <a href="/wiki/Verdun" title="Verdun">Verdun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite having almost lost a leg and being shot in the chest, he managed to travel around 25 miles to deliver the message that saved 194 men of the <a href="/wiki/Lost_Battalion_(World_War_I)" title="Lost Battalion (World War I)">Lost Battalion</a> of the <a href="/wiki/77th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="77th Infantry Division (United States)">77th Infantry Division</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Meuse-Argonne_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Meuse-Argonne offensive">Battle of the Argonne</a>, in October 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-medal_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medal-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Cher Ami died, he was <a href="/wiki/Taxidermy" title="Taxidermy">mounted</a> and is part of the permanent exhibit at the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_American_History" title="National Museum of American History">National Museum of American History</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A grand ceremony was held in <a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Palace" title="Buckingham Palace">Buckingham Palace</a> to commemorate a platoon of pigeons that braved the battlefields of <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a> to deliver vital plans to <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allied forces</a> on the fringes of Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three of the actual birds that received the medals are on show in the London Military Museum<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="That's what the source says, but there's no such place. Imperial War Museum? National Army Museum? Or one of about 20 smaller military museums? (February 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> so that well-wishers can pay their respects.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, there is a monument commemorating pigeons that served in World War I, the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monument_au_Pigeon-Soldat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monument au Pigeon-Soldat (page does not exist)">Monument au Pigeon-Soldat</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument_au_Pigeon-Soldat" class="extiw" title="fr:Monument au Pigeon-Soldat">fr</a>]</span></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Domestication">Domestication</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_William_Waterhouse_-_The_Favorites_of_the_Emperor_Honorius_-_1883.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/John_William_Waterhouse_-_The_Favorites_of_the_Emperor_Honorius_-_1883.jpg/220px-John_William_Waterhouse_-_The_Favorites_of_the_Emperor_Honorius_-_1883.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/John_William_Waterhouse_-_The_Favorites_of_the_Emperor_Honorius_-_1883.jpg/330px-John_William_Waterhouse_-_The_Favorites_of_the_Emperor_Honorius_-_1883.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/John_William_Waterhouse_-_The_Favorites_of_the_Emperor_Honorius_-_1883.jpg/440px-John_William_Waterhouse_-_The_Favorites_of_the_Emperor_Honorius_-_1883.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3307" data-file-height="1907" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Honorius_(emperor)" title="Honorius (emperor)">Emperor Honorius</a> is a historically prominent individual who kept pigeons as pets.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Rock_dove" title="Rock dove">rock dove</a> has been domesticated for hundreds of years.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been bred into several varieties kept by hobbyists, of which the best known is the homing pigeon or <a href="/wiki/Racing_homer" class="mw-redirect" title="Racing homer">racing homer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other popular breeds are tumbling pigeons such as the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_roller" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham roller">Birmingham roller</a>, and fancy varieties that are bred for certain physical characteristics such as large feathers on the feet or fan-shaped tails. Domesticated rock pigeons are also bred as <a href="/wiki/Carrier_pigeons" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrier pigeons">carrier pigeons</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:122_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:122-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> used for thousands of years to carry brief written messages,<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Release_dove" title="Release dove">release doves</a> used in ceremonies.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> White doves are also used for entertainment and amusement, as they are capable of solving puzzles and performing intricate tricks.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A variant called the <i>zurito</i>, bred for its speed, may be used in live <a href="/wiki/Pigeon_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="Pigeon shooting">pigeon shooting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_religion">In religion</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:403px;max-width:403px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Neues_Museum_-_Aphrodite_-_Die_gro%C3%9Fe_G%C3%B6ttin_von_Zypern.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Neues_Museum_-_Aphrodite_-_Die_gro%C3%9Fe_G%C3%B6ttin_von_Zypern.jpg/200px-Neues_Museum_-_Aphrodite_-_Die_gro%C3%9Fe_G%C3%B6ttin_von_Zypern.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Neues_Museum_-_Aphrodite_-_Die_gro%C3%9Fe_G%C3%B6ttin_von_Zypern.jpg/300px-Neues_Museum_-_Aphrodite_-_Die_gro%C3%9Fe_G%C3%B6ttin_von_Zypern.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Neues_Museum_-_Aphrodite_-_Die_gro%C3%9Fe_G%C3%B6ttin_von_Zypern.jpg/400px-Neues_Museum_-_Aphrodite_-_Die_gro%C3%9Fe_G%C3%B6ttin_von_Zypern.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Early fifth-century BC statue of <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a> from <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, showing her wearing a cylinder crown and holding a dove</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:197px;max-width:197px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:El_bautismo_de_Jes%C3%BAs,_por_Jos%C3%A9_Ferraz_de_Almeida_J%C3%BAnior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/El_bautismo_de_Jes%C3%BAs%2C_por_Jos%C3%A9_Ferraz_de_Almeida_J%C3%BAnior.jpg/195px-El_bautismo_de_Jes%C3%BAs%2C_por_Jos%C3%A9_Ferraz_de_Almeida_J%C3%BAnior.jpg" decoding="async" width="195" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/El_bautismo_de_Jes%C3%BAs%2C_por_Jos%C3%A9_Ferraz_de_Almeida_J%C3%BAnior.jpg/293px-El_bautismo_de_Jes%C3%BAs%2C_por_Jos%C3%A9_Ferraz_de_Almeida_J%C3%BAnior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/El_bautismo_de_Jes%C3%BAs%2C_por_Jos%C3%A9_Ferraz_de_Almeida_J%C3%BAnior.jpg/390px-El_bautismo_de_Jes%C3%BAs%2C_por_Jos%C3%A9_Ferraz_de_Almeida_J%C3%BAnior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1222" data-file-height="1890" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">God the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Spirit (Christianity)">Holy Spirit</a> descending from heaven like a dove at the <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism of Jesus</a> depicted by <a href="/wiki/Almeida_J%C3%BAnior" class="mw-redirect" title="Almeida Júnior">Almeida Júnior</a></div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Doves_as_symbols" title="Doves as symbols">Doves as symbols</a></div> <p>In ancient <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, doves were prominent animal symbols of <a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Inanna-Ishtar</a>, the goddess of love, sexuality, and war.<sup id="cite_ref-Botterweck_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Botterweck-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Doves are shown on cultic objects associated with Inanna as early as the beginning of the third millennium BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Botterweck_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Botterweck-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lead dove figurines were discovered in the temple of Ishtar at Aššur, dating to the thirteenth century BC,<sup id="cite_ref-Botterweck_88-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Botterweck-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a painted fresco from <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, shows a giant dove emerging from a palm tree in the temple of Ishtar,<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> indicating that the goddess herself was sometimes believed to take the form of a dove.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_89-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <i><a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Utnapishtim" title="Utnapishtim">Utnapishtim</a> releases a dove and a <a href="/wiki/Raven" title="Raven">raven</a> to find land; the dove merely circles and returns.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only then does Utnapishtim send forth the raven, which does not return, and Utnapishtim concludes the raven has found land.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_ancient_Levant" title="History of the ancient Levant">ancient Levant</a>, doves were used as symbols for the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Canaanite_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Canaanite religion">Canaanite</a> mother goddess <a href="/wiki/Asherah" title="Asherah">Asherah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Botterweck_88-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Botterweck-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_89-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BAR_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BAR-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">ancient Greek</a> word for "dove" was <i>peristerá</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Botterweck_88-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Botterweck-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_89-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which may be derived from the Semitic phrase <i>peraḥ Ištar</i>, meaning "bird of Ishtar".<sup id="cite_ref-Botterweck_88-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Botterweck-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In classical antiquity, doves were sacred to the Greek goddess <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Cyrino2010_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cyrino2010-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Botterweck_88-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Botterweck-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_89-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who absorbed this association with doves from Inanna-Ishtar.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_89-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aphrodite frequently appears with doves in <a href="/wiki/Pottery_of_ancient_Greece" title="Pottery of ancient Greece">ancient Greek pottery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cyrino2010_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cyrino2010-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The temple of <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite_Pandemos" title="Aphrodite Pandemos">Aphrodite Pandemos</a> on the southwest slope of the <a href="/wiki/Acropolis_of_Athens" title="Acropolis of Athens">Athenian Acropolis</a> was decorated with relief sculptures of doves with knotted <a href="/wiki/Annulet_(architecture)" title="Annulet (architecture)">fillets</a> in their beaks<sup id="cite_ref-Cyrino2010_92-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cyrino2010-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and votive offerings of small, white, marble doves were discovered in the temple of Aphrodite at <a href="/wiki/Dafni,_Attica" title="Dafni, Attica">Daphni</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cyrino2010_92-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cyrino2010-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During Aphrodite's main festival, the <a href="/wiki/Aphrodisia" title="Aphrodisia">Aphrodisia</a>, her altars would be purified with the blood of a <a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifice" title="Animal sacrifice">sacrificed dove</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aphrodite's associations with doves influenced the Roman goddesses <a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fortuna" title="Fortuna">Fortuna</a>, causing them to become associated with doves as well.<sup id="cite_ref-BAR_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BAR-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rom,_Domitilla-Katakomben,_Steintafel_mit_Taube_und_%C3%96lzweig.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Rom%2C_Domitilla-Katakomben%2C_Steintafel_mit_Taube_und_%C3%96lzweig.jpg/220px-Rom%2C_Domitilla-Katakomben%2C_Steintafel_mit_Taube_und_%C3%96lzweig.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Rom%2C_Domitilla-Katakomben%2C_Steintafel_mit_Taube_und_%C3%96lzweig.jpg/330px-Rom%2C_Domitilla-Katakomben%2C_Steintafel_mit_Taube_und_%C3%96lzweig.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Rom%2C_Domitilla-Katakomben%2C_Steintafel_mit_Taube_und_%C3%96lzweig.jpg/440px-Rom%2C_Domitilla-Katakomben%2C_Steintafel_mit_Taube_und_%C3%96lzweig.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2439" data-file-height="1593" /></a><figcaption>Dove with an <a href="/wiki/Olive_branch" title="Olive branch">olive branch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_Rome#Catacombs_of_Domitilla" title="Catacombs of Rome">Catacombs of Domitilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, doves or young pigeons are acceptable burnt offerings for those who cannot afford a more expensive animal.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Genesis, <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a> sends a dove out of the ark, but it came back to him because the floodwaters had not receded. Seven days later, he sent it again and it came back with an olive branch in her mouth, indicating the waters had receded enough for an olive tree to grow. "Dove" is also a term of endearment in the <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a> and elsewhere. In Hebrew, <a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a> (יוֹנָה) means dove.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "sign of Jonas" in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/nt/matt/16.1-4?lang=eng">Matthew 16</a> is related to the "sign of the dove".<sup id="cite_ref-:14_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>'s parents sacrificed doves on his behalf after <a href="/wiki/Circumcision_of_Jesus" title="Circumcision of Jesus">his circumcision</a> (<a href="/wiki/Luke_2" title="Luke 2">Luke 2</a>:24).<sup id="cite_ref-:14_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a> descended upon Jesus at <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">his baptism</a> <a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_Dove" title="Sign of the Dove">like a dove</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a>), and subsequently the "<a href="/wiki/Peace_dove" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace dove">peace dove</a>" became a common Christian symbol of the Holy Spirit.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_97-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, doves and the pigeon family in general are respected and favoured because they are believed to have assisted the final prophet of Islam, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, in distracting his enemies outside the cave of Thaw'r, in the great <a href="/wiki/Hijra_(Islam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hijra (Islam)">Hijra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A pair of pigeons had built a nest and laid eggs at once, and a spider had woven cobwebs, which in the darkness of the night made the fugitives believe that Muhammad could not be in that cave.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_food">As food</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Squab_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Squab (food)">Squab (food)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nasi_Timbel_Dara_Goreng.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Nasi_Timbel_Dara_Goreng.JPG/220px-Nasi_Timbel_Dara_Goreng.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Nasi_Timbel_Dara_Goreng.JPG/330px-Nasi_Timbel_Dara_Goreng.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Nasi_Timbel_Dara_Goreng.JPG/440px-Nasi_Timbel_Dara_Goreng.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2041" data-file-height="1452" /></a><figcaption>Fried pigeon with <i><a href="/wiki/Nasi_timbel" title="Nasi timbel">nasi timbel</a></i> (banana leaf wrapped rice), <a href="/wiki/Tempeh" title="Tempeh">tempeh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tofu" title="Tofu">tofu</a>, and vegetables, <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_cuisine" title="Sundanese cuisine">Sundanese cuisine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Several species of pigeons and doves are used as food; however, all types are edible.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Domesticated or hunted pigeons have been used as a source of food since the times of the Ancient Middle East, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Europe">Medieval Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a familiar meat in <a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Jewish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arab_cuisine" title="Arab cuisine">Arab</a>, and <a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">French cuisines</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a>, doves are <a href="/wiki/Kosher" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher">kosher</a>, and they are the only birds that may be used for a <i><a href="/wiki/Korban" title="Korban">korban</a></i>. (Other kosher birds may be eaten, but not brought as a <i>korban</i>.) Pigeon is also used in <a href="/wiki/Asian_cuisine" title="Asian cuisine">Asian cuisines</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assamese_cuisine" title="Assamese cuisine">Assamese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_cuisine" title="Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian cuisines</a>. </p><p>In Europe, the <a href="/wiki/Common_wood_pigeon" title="Common wood pigeon">wood pigeon</a> is commonly shot as a <a href="/wiki/Game_bird" class="mw-redirect" title="Game bird">game bird</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while rock pigeons were originally domesticated as a food species, and many breeds were developed for the quality of their meat.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The extinction of the passenger pigeon in North America was at least partly due to shooting for use as food.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Mrs_Beeton%27s_Book_of_Household_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management">Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management</a></i> contains recipes for roast pigeon and <a href="/wiki/Pigeon_pie" title="Pigeon pie">pigeon pie</a>, a popular, inexpensive food in Victorian industrial Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_monuments_depicting_pigeons">List of monuments depicting pigeons</h2></div> <p>There are many public monuments around the world devoted to and depicting pigeons. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; background:#fff;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="8%" align="left" style="background:#ffdead;">Name </th> <th width="8%" align="left" style="background:#ffdead;">Location </th> <th width="8%" align="left" style="background:#ffdead;">Year dedicated </th> <th width="69%" align="left" style="background:#ffdead;">Information </th> <th width="7%" align="center" style="background:#ffdead;" class="unsortable">Image </th></tr> <tr> <td>Passenger Pigeon Monument</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wyalusing_State_Park" title="Wyalusing State Park">Wyalusing State Park</a>, Wisconsin, USA</td> <td>1948</td> <td>The plaque on this conservationist statue's inscription reads: "DEDICATED TO THE LAST PASSENGER PIGEON Shot at Babcock, Sept. 1899. This Species Became Extinct Through the Avarice and Thoughtlessness of Man."<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It honors the <a href="/wiki/Passenger_pigeon" title="Passenger pigeon">passenger pigeon</a>, which had once perhaps been the most numerous bird on the planet before going extinct in 1914, largely due to unregulated hunting and habitat destruction committed by European settlers of North America.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monument_voor_de_Oorlogsduif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monument voor de Oorlogsduif (page does not exist)">Monument voor de Oorlogsduif</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument_voor_de_Oorlogsduif" class="extiw" title="nl:Monument voor de Oorlogsduif">nl</a>]</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brussels,_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Brussels, Belgium">Brussels, Belgium</a></td> <td>1931</td> <td>This metal statue, designed by Georges Hano and sculpted by Victor Voets, honors the <a href="/wiki/War_pigeons" class="mw-redirect" title="War pigeons">war pigeons</a> who died in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then-Brussels Mayor <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Max" title="Adolphe Max">Adolphe Max</a><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the 1931 dedication ceremony of this statute said that carrier pigeons perhaps made the greatest and most painful contribution to the victory and liberation of Belgium during the First World War. The metal statue depicts a pigeon landing on a topless woman's outstretched arm.</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bruxelles_-_Monument_au_Pigeon-Soldat_-_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Bruxelles_-_Monument_au_Pigeon-Soldat_-_02.JPG/180px-Bruxelles_-_Monument_au_Pigeon-Soldat_-_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Bruxelles_-_Monument_au_Pigeon-Soldat_-_02.JPG/270px-Bruxelles_-_Monument_au_Pigeon-Soldat_-_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Bruxelles_-_Monument_au_Pigeon-Soldat_-_02.JPG/360px-Bruxelles_-_Monument_au_Pigeon-Soldat_-_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monument_to_Carrier_Pigeons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monument to Carrier Pigeons (page does not exist)">Monument to Carrier Pigeons</a><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lille,_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Lille, France">Lille, France</a></td> <td>1936</td> <td>This stone monument depicts a woman flocked by birds, erected in honor of the approximately tens of thousands of birds who served as <a href="/wiki/Carrier_pigeons" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrier pigeons">carrier pigeons</a> or otherwise served the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Entente" title="Triple Entente">Triple Entente</a> during World War I. The statue is in front of the Lille Zoo. It was erected by the édération Nationale des Sociétés Colombophiles (National Federation of Pigeon Societies).<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Au_pigeon_voyageur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Au_pigeon_voyageur.jpg/180px-Au_pigeon_voyageur.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Au_pigeon_voyageur.jpg/270px-Au_pigeon_voyageur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Au_pigeon_voyageur.jpg/360px-Au_pigeon_voyageur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hato Poppo monument</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tokyo,_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokyo, Japan">Tokyo, Japan</a></td> <td>1962</td> <td>This is one of multiple statues dedicated to the beloved Japanese children's song, "Hato Poppo". The words of the song were written by Kume Higashi while watching children play with pigeons at the Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Sens%C5%8D-ji" title="Sensō-ji">Sensō-ji</a> temple in Tokyo, near where this statue now is. A plaque on the monument includes the <a href="/wiki/Musical_notation" title="Musical notation">musical notation</a> of the song. Atop the monument, five bronze pigeons are perched.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monument_au_Pigeon-Soldat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monument au Pigeon-Soldat (page does not exist)">Monument au Pigeon-Soldat</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument_au_Pigeon-Soldat" class="extiw" title="fr:Monument au Pigeon-Soldat">fr</a>]</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charleroi" title="Charleroi">Charleroi</a>, Belgium</td> <td>1951</td> <td>A depiction of a bird with outstretched wings honors the pigeon soldiers of World War I.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sculptor was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alphonse_Darville&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alphonse Darville (page does not exist)">Alphonse Darville</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonse_Darville" class="extiw" title="fr:Alphonse Darville">fr</a>]</span>.</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Charleroi-Au_pigeon_soldat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Charleroi-Au_pigeon_soldat.jpg/180px-Charleroi-Au_pigeon_soldat.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Charleroi-Au_pigeon_soldat.jpg/270px-Charleroi-Au_pigeon_soldat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Charleroi-Au_pigeon_soldat.jpg/360px-Charleroi-Au_pigeon_soldat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passenger_Pigeon_Memorial_Hut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Passenger Pigeon Memorial Hut (page does not exist)">Passenger Pigeon Memorial Hut</a><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_Zoo_and_Botanical_Garden" title="Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden">Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden</a>, Ohio, USA</td> <td></td> <td>A memorial specifically to Martha, the last known passenger pigeon who died at the Cincinnati Zoo in 1914, is housed in a Japanese <a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">pagoda</a>-style building on zoo's grounds. Inside the building is artwork depicting the passenger pigeon. A bronze Martha is outside the memorial.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Passenger_Pigeon_memorial_at_Cincinnati_Zoo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Passenger_Pigeon_memorial_at_Cincinnati_Zoo.jpg/209px-Passenger_Pigeon_memorial_at_Cincinnati_Zoo.jpg" decoding="async" width="209" height="372" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Passenger_Pigeon_memorial_at_Cincinnati_Zoo.jpg/314px-Passenger_Pigeon_memorial_at_Cincinnati_Zoo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Passenger_Pigeon_memorial_at_Cincinnati_Zoo.jpg/418px-Passenger_Pigeon_memorial_at_Cincinnati_Zoo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1836" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Eagle_01.svg/23px-Eagle_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Eagle_01.svg/35px-Eagle_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Eagle_01.svg/47px-Eagle_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="317" data-file-height="381" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Birds" title="Portal:Birds">Birds portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doves_as_symbols" title="Doves as symbols">Doves as symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamasoidosis" title="Gamasoidosis">Gamasoidosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homing_pigeon" title="Homing pigeon">Homing pigeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Columbidae_species" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Columbidae species">List of Columbidae species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquesan_imperial_pigeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquesan imperial pigeon">Marquesan imperial pigeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Pigeon control">Pigeon control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_pigeon" title="War pigeon">War pigeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapotasana" title="Kapotasana">Kapotasana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rajakapotasana" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajakapotasana">Rajakapotasana</a>, yoga poses named for columbidae</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Conventional treatment saw two large subfamilies: one for the fruit doves, imperial pigeons, and fruit pigeons, and another for nearly all of the remaining species. Additionally, three <a href="/wiki/Monotypic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotypic">monotypic</a> subfamilies were noted, one each for the genera <i>Goura</i>, <i>Otidiphaps</i>, and <i>Didunculus</i>. The old subfamily Columbinae consisted of five distinct lineages, whereas the other four groups are more or less accurate representations of the evolutionary relationships.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFarner2012" class="citation book cs1">Farner, Donald (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HUyB1DrSsU0C&pg=PA120"><i>Avian Biology</i></a>. Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-15799-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-15799-5"><bdi>978-0-323-15799-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Avian+Biology&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-323-15799-5&rft.aulast=Farner&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHUyB1DrSsU0C%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbidae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ioc-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ioc_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillDonskerRasmussen2020" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Gill_(ornithologist)" title="Frank Gill (ornithologist)">Gill, Frank</a>; Donsker, David; <a href="/wiki/Pamela_Rasmussen" class="mw-redirect" title="Pamela Rasmussen">Rasmussen, Pamela</a>, eds. 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"Discovery of isolated dodo bones <i>Raphus cucullatus</i> (L.), Aves, Columbiformes from Mauritius cave shelters highlights human predation, with a comment on the status of the family Raphidae Wetmore, 1930". <i>Annales de Paléontologie</i>. <b>91</b> (2): 167. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005AnPal..91..167J">2005AnPal..91..167J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.annpal.2004.12.002">10.1016/j.annpal.2004.12.002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annales+de+Pal%C3%A9ontologie&rft.atitle=Discovery+of+isolated+dodo+bones+Raphus+cucullatus+%28L.%29%2C+Aves%2C+Columbiformes+from+Mauritius+cave+shelters+highlights+human+predation%2C+with+a+comment+on+the+status+of+the+family+Raphidae+Wetmore%2C+1930&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=167&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.annpal.2004.12.002&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005AnPal..91..167J&rft.au=Janoo%2C+Anwar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbidae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChekeHume2010" class="citation book cs1">Cheke, Anthony; Hume, Julian P. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8xXSBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA297"><i>Lost Land of the Dodo: The Ecological History of Mauritius, Réunion and Rodrigues</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-3305-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-3305-7"><bdi>978-1-4081-3305-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Land+of+the+Dodo%3A+The+Ecological+History+of+Mauritius%2C+R%C3%A9union+and+Rodrigues&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4081-3305-7&rft.aulast=Cheke&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.au=Hume%2C+Julian+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8xXSBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbidae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/animal/dodo-extinct-bird">"dodo | extinct bird"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. 7 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=dodo+%7C+extinct+bird&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.date=2023-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fanimal%2Fdodo-extinct-bird&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbidae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristidisBoles2008" class="citation book cs1">Christidis, Les; Boles, Walter E. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=klm159tsD-oC&pg=PA68"><i>Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds</i></a>. Csiro Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-643-09964-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-643-09964-7"><bdi>978-0-643-09964-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Systematics+and+Taxonomy+of+Australian+Birds&rft.pub=Csiro+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-643-09964-7&rft.aulast=Christidis&rft.aufirst=Les&rft.au=Boles%2C+Walter+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dklm159tsD-oC%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbidae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFountaineBentonDykeNudds2005" class="citation journal cs1">Fountaine, Toby M. R.; Benton, Michael J.; Dyke, Gareth J.; Nudds, Robert L. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1634967">"The quality of the fossil record of Mesozoic birds"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</i>. <b>272</b> (1560): 289–294. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2004.2923">10.1098/rspb.2004.2923</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1634967">1634967</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15705554">15705554</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+quality+of+the+fossil+record+of+Mesozoic+birds&rft.volume=272&rft.issue=1560&rft.pages=289-294&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1634967%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15705554&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2004.2923&rft.aulast=Fountaine&rft.aufirst=Toby+M.+R.&rft.au=Benton%2C+Michael+J.&rft.au=Dyke%2C+Gareth+J.&rft.au=Nudds%2C+Robert+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1634967&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbidae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson1985" class="citation book cs1">Olson, Storrs L. (1985). "The fossil record of birds". In Farmer, Donald S.; King, James R.; Parkes, Kenneth C. (eds.). <i>Avian Biology, Vol. VIII</i>. Academic Press. pp. 79–238. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10088%2F6553">10088/6553</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-249408-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-249408-6"><bdi>978-0-12-249408-6</bdi></a>. <q>The earliest dove yet known, from the early Miocene (Aquitanian) of France, was a small species named Columba calcaria by Milne-Edwards (1867–1871) from a single humerus, for which Lambrecht (1933) later created the genus Gerandia</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+fossil+record+of+birds&rft.btitle=Avian+Biology%2C+Vol.+VIII&rft.pages=79-238&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10088%2F6553&rft.isbn=978-0-12-249408-6&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Storrs+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbidae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auk-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auk_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auk_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorthyHandWorthyTennyson2009" class="citation journal cs1">Worthy, Trevor H.; Hand, Suzanne J.; Worthy, Jennifer P.; Tennyson, Alan J. 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Paul (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fauk.2009.08244">"A large fruit pigeon (Columbidae) from the Early Miocene of New Zealand"</a>. <i>The Auk</i>. <b>126</b> (3): 649–656. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fauk.2009.08244">10.1525/auk.2009.08244</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86799657">86799657</a>. <q>Because Columba calcaria Milne-Edwards, 1867–1871, from the Lower Miocene at Saint-Gérand-le-Puy in France, is now also considered a sandgrouse, as Gerandia calcaria (Mlíkovský 2002), there is no pre-Pliocene columbid record in Europe.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Auk&rft.atitle=A+large+fruit+pigeon+%28Columbidae%29+from+the+Early+Miocene+of+New+Zealand&rft.volume=126&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=649-656&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fauk.2009.08244&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A86799657%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Worthy&rft.aufirst=Trevor+H.&rft.au=Hand%2C+Suzanne+J.&rft.au=Worthy%2C+Jennifer+P.&rft.au=Tennyson%2C+Alan+J.+D.&rft.au=Scofield%2C+R.+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1525%252Fauk.2009.08244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbidae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230124085345/http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=referenceInfo&reference_no=50415">"Fossilworks: Gateway to the Paleobiology Database"</a>. <i>fossilworks.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=referenceInfo&reference_no=50415">the original</a> on 24 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fossilworks.org&rft.atitle=Fossilworks%3A+Gateway+to+the+Paleobiology+Database&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fossilworks.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Fbridge.pl%3Fa%3DreferenceInfo%26reference_no%3D50415&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbidae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayr2009" class="citation book cs1">Mayr, Gerald (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P_TB72RBLLMC&pg=PA110"><i>Paleogene Fossil Birds</i></a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arkive.org/victoria-crowned-pigeon/goura-victoria/">the original</a> on 24 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arkive&rft.atitle=Victoria+crowned-pigeon+videos%2C+photos+and+facts+%E2%80%93+Goura+victoria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arkive.org%2Fvictoria-crowned-pigeon%2Fgoura-victoria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbidae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170424015544/http://www.arkive.org/southern-crowned-pigeon/goura-scheepmakeri/">"Southern crowned-pigeon videos, photos and facts – Goura scheepmakeri"</a>. <i>Arkive</i>. 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-44822-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-44822-2"><bdi>978-0-521-44822-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bird+Migration&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-521-44822-2&rft.aulast=Alerstam&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_oE29KijRlAC%26pg%3DPA253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbidae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForshawCooper2015" class="citation book cs1">Forshaw, Joseph; Cooper, William (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DL4qBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT267"><i>Pigeons and Doves in Australia</i></a>. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Functional+Ecology&rft.atitle=Interspecific+variation+in+the+structural+properties+of+flight+feathers+in+birds+indicates+adaptation+to+flight+requirements+and+habitat&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=746-757&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1365-2435.12419&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015FuEco..29..746P&rft.aulast=Pap&rft.aufirst=P%C3%A9ter+L.&rft.au=Osv%C3%A1th%2C+Gergely&rft.au=S%C3%A1ndor%2C+Krisztina&rft.au=Vincze%2C+Orsolya&rft.au=B%C4%83rbos%2C+L%C5%91rinc&rft.au=Marton%2C+Attila&rft.au=Nudds%2C+Robert+L.&rft.au=V%C3%A1g%C3%A1si%2C+Csongor+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252F1365-2435.12419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbidae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:16-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:16_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170425025009/http://www.gettyimages.in/detail/photo/laughing-dove-this-bird-is-native-to-sub-high-res-stock-photography/140591245">"Laughing Dove This Bird Is Native To Subsaharan Africa The Middle East And India Where It Is Known As The Little Brown Dove It Inhabits Scrubland And Feeds On Grass Seeds And Grain Stock Photo"</a>. <i>www.gettyimages.in</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gettyimages.in&rft.atitle=Laughing+Dove+This+Bird+Is+Native+To+Subsaharan+Africa+The+Middle+East+And+India+Where+It+Is+Known+As+The+Little+Brown+Dove+It+Inhabits+Scrubland+And+Feeds+On+Grass+Seeds+And+Grain+Stock+Photo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gettyimages.in%2Fdetail%2Fphoto%2Flaughing-dove-this-bird-is-native-to-sub-high-res-stock-photography%2F140591245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbidae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_56-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_56-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.beautyofbirds.com/rockpigeons.html">"Rock Pigeons (<i>Columba livia</i>) aka Feral or Domestic Pigeons"</a>. <i>www.beautyofbirds.com</i>. 16 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.beautyofbirds.com&rft.atitle=Rock+Pigeons+%28Columba+livia%29+aka+Feral+or+Domestic+Pigeons&rft.date=2021-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.beautyofbirds.com%2Frockpigeons.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbidae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSokol2020" class="citation news cs1">Sokol, Joshua (23 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/23/science/pigeons-boston-new-york.html">"New York and Boston Pigeons Don't Mix"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge. p. 335. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-20160-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-20160-3"><bdi>978-1-315-20160-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Culture+of+Animals+in+Antiquity%3A+A+Sourcebook+with+Commentaries&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York+and+London%2C+England&rft.pages=335&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-315-20160-3&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Sian&rft.au=Llewellyn-Jones%2C+Lloyd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGvJFDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbidae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:15-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:15_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKovacs,_Maureen_Gallery1989" class="citation book cs1">Kovacs, Maureen Gallery (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YYxEd9c0EUYC&pg=PA102"><i>The Epic of Gilgamesh</i></a>. Stanford University Press. p. 102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1711-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1711-3"><bdi>978-0-8047-1711-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Epic+of+Gilgamesh&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-1711-3&rft.au=Kovacs%2C+Maureen+Gallery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYYxEd9c0EUYC%26pg%3DPA102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbidae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BAR-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BAR_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BAR_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Resig, Dorothy D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bib-arch.org/e-features/enduring-doves.asp">The Enduring Symbolism of Doves, From Ancient Icon to Biblical Mainstay"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130131120659/http://www.bib-arch.org/e-features/enduring-doves.asp">Archived</a> 31 January 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>BAR Magazine</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cyrino2010-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cyrino2010_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cyrino2010_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cyrino2010_92-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cyrino2010_92-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCyrino2010" class="citation book cs1">Cyrino, Monica S. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7gyVn5GjXPkC"><i>Aphrodite</i></a>. Gods and Heroes of the Ancient World. New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge. pp. 120–123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77523-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77523-6"><bdi>978-0-415-77523-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aphrodite&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York+and+London%2C+England&rft.series=Gods+and+Heroes+of+the+Ancient+World&rft.pages=120-123&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-415-77523-6&rft.aulast=Cyrino&rft.aufirst=Monica+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7gyVn5GjXPkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbidae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTinkle1996" class="citation book cs1">Tinkle, Theresa (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gjhLACGml2cC&pg=PA80"><i>Medieval Venuses and Cupids: Sexuality, Hermeneutics, and English Poetry</i></a>. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0804725156" title="Special:BookSources/978-0804725156"><bdi>978-0804725156</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Venuses+and+Cupids%3A+Sexuality%2C+Hermeneutics%2C+and+English+Poetry&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0804725156&rft.aulast=Tinkle&rft.aufirst=Theresa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgjhLACGml2cC%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbidae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon1983" class="citation book cs1">Simon, Erika (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IHFYM-IGCO8C&pg=PA48"><i>Festivals of Attica: An Archaeological Companion</i></a>. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-09184-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-09184-2"><bdi>978-0-299-09184-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Festivals+of+Attica%3A+An+Archaeological+Companion&rft.place=Madison%2C+WI&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-299-09184-2&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=Erika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIHFYM-IGCO8C%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbidae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:13_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreedmanMyers2000" class="citation book cs1">Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. 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Amsterdam University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5356-503-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5356-503-2"><bdi>978-90-5356-503-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-90-5356-503-2&rft.aulast=Freedman&rft.aufirst=David+Noel&rft.au=Myers%2C+Allen+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqRtUqxkB7wkC%26pg%3DPA355&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbidae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=H3124&t=KJV">Yonah Jonah Blue Letter Bible</a>. Blueletterbible.org. Retrieved on 5 March 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:14-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:14_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_97-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gods-kingdom-ministries.net/teachings/books/the-laws-of-the-second-coming/chapter-12-the-sign-of-jonah/">God's Kingdom Ministries serious Bible Study Chapter 12: The Sign of Jonah</a>. Gods-kingdom-ministries.net. Retrieved on 5 March 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:17-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:17_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:17_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-islam.org/life-muhammad-prophet-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/dawn-prophethood">"The Dawn of Prophethood"</a>. <i>Al-Islam.org</i>. 18 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al-Islam.org&rft.atitle=The+Dawn+of+Prophethood&rft.date=2012-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-islam.org%2Flife-muhammad-prophet-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi%2Fdawn-prophethood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbidae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eattheweeds.com/eggs-for-survival-and-food-2/">Eggs</a>. Cooking Methods & Materials, Critter Cuisine</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tpwd.texas.gov/publications/nonpwdpubs/introducing_birds/doves_pigeons/">"TPWD: Doves and Pigeons – Introducing Birds to Young Naturalists"</a>. <i>tpwd.texas.gov</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tpwd.texas.gov&rft.atitle=TPWD%3A+Doves+and+Pigeons+%E2%80%93+Introducing+Birds+to+Young+Naturalists&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftpwd.texas.gov%2Fpublications%2Fnonpwdpubs%2Fintroducing_birds%2Fdoves_pigeons%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbidae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.audubon.org/magazine/may-june-2014/why-passenger-pigeon-went-extinct">"Why the Passenger Pigeon Went Extinct"</a>. <i>Audubon</i>. 17 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Audubon&rft.atitle=Why+the+Passenger+Pigeon+Went+Extinct&rft.date=2014-04-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.audubon.org%2Fmagazine%2Fmay-june-2014%2Fwhy-passenger-pigeon-went-extinct&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbidae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mrsbeeton.com/40-chapter40.html">CHAPTER 40 – DINNERS AND DINING Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130429154041/http://mrsbeeton.com/40-chapter40.html">Archived</a> 29 April 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Mrsbeeton.com. Retrieved on 5 March 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Image/IM34683">"Passenger Pigeon Plaque"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Historical_Society" title="Wisconsin Historical Society">Wisconsin Historical Society</a></i>. December 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=monument.heritage.brussels%2F&rft.atitle=Monument+voor+de+Oorlogsduif&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmonument.heritage.brussels%2Fnl%2Fbuildings%2F37465&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbidae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.erfgoedklassen.brussels/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/14-Monument-voor-de-oorlogsduif-Brussel-leraar.pdf">"Monument voor de oorlogsduif en duivenliefhebbers voor het"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Monument+voor+de+oorlogsduif+en+duivenliefhebbers+voor+het&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.erfgoedklassen.brussels%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F11%2F14-Monument-voor-de-oorlogsduif-Brussel-leraar.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbidae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/monument-to-carrier-pigeons">"Remembering the Allied Avians of the Great War"</a>. <i>Atlas Obscura</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atlas+Obscura&rft.atitle=Remembering+the+Allied+Avians+of+the+Great+War&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlasobscura.com%2Fplaces%2Fmonument-to-carrier-pigeons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbidae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/monument-to-carrier-pigeons">"Monument to Carrier Pigeons – Lille, France"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Obscura" title="Atlas Obscura">Atlas Obscura</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atlas+Obscura&rft.atitle=Monument+to+Carrier+Pigeons+%E2%80%93+Lille%2C+France&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlasobscura.com%2Fplaces%2Fmonument-to-carrier-pigeons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbidae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vsuete.com/pigeon-monument-in-tokyo/">"Pigeon monument in Tokyo"</a>. <i>Monuments Reveal</i>. 2 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Monuments+Reveal&rft.atitle=Pigeon+monument+in+Tokyo&rft.date=2022-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvsuete.com%2Fpigeon-monument-in-tokyo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbidae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tracesofwar.com/sights/50867/Memorial-War-Pigeons.htm">"Memorial War Pigeons"</a>. <i>Traces of War</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Traces+of+War&rft.atitle=Memorial+War+Pigeons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tracesofwar.com%2Fsights%2F50867%2FMemorial-War-Pigeons.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbidae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cincinnatizoo.org/plan-your-visit/exhibits/passenger-pigeon-memorial/">"Passenger Pigeon Memorial Hut"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Passenger+Pigeon+Memorial+Hut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcincinnatizoo.org%2Fplan-your-visit%2Fexhibits%2Fpassenger-pigeon-memorial%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbidae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.roadsideamerica.com/story/10663">"Martha – Passenger Pigeon Memorial Hut"</a>. <i>Roadside America</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Roadside+America&rft.atitle=Martha+%E2%80%93+Passenger+Pigeon+Memorial+Hut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.roadsideamerica.com%2Fstory%2F10663&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbidae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Blechman, Andrew, <i>Pigeons: The Fascinating Saga of the World's Most Revered and Reviled Bird</i> (<a href="/wiki/Grove_Press" title="Grove Press">Grove Press</a> 2007) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-4328-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-4328-0">978-0-8021-4328-0</a></li> <li>Gibbs, Barnes and Cox, <i>Pigeons and Doves</i> (Pica Press 2001) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-873403-60-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-873403-60-7">1-873403-60-7</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Doves" class="extiw" title="q:Doves">Doves</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Columbidae" class="extiw" title="commons:Columbidae"><span style="font-style:italic; 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British Pigeon Show Society. 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Showpigeons&rft.atitle=British+Pigeon+Show+Society+Hall+of+Fame%2C+Show+Categories+and+Trophies&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nunpigeons.com%2Fwww.nunpigeons.coms%2Finfo.php%3Fp%3D14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbidae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.golebnik.pl/wzorce/ee_%20rejestr_golebi.pdf">"List of the Breeds of Fancy Pigeons"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Entente Européenne d'Áviculture et de Cuniculture. 1 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+the+Breeds+of+Fancy+Pigeons&rft.pub=Entente+Europ%C3%A9enne+d%27%C3%81viculture+et+de+Cuniculture&rft.date=2009-10-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.golebnik.pl%2Fwzorce%2Fee_%2520rejestr_golebi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbidae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pigeonpedia.com/pigeons/">The Complete Guide To Pigeons (Columbidae)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pigeons_and_doves_(Columbidae)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pigeons" title="Template:Pigeons"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pigeons" title="Template talk:Pigeons"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pigeons" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pigeons"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pigeons_and_doves_(Columbidae)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pigeons and doves</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Columbidae</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_dove" title="Rock dove">Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_pigeon" title="Domestic pigeon">Domestic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feral_pigeon" title="Feral pigeon">Feral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and behavior</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crop_milk" title="Crop milk">Crop milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_intelligence" title="Pigeon intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olfactory_navigation" title="Olfactory navigation">Olfactory navigation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarcocystis_calchasi" title="Sarcocystis calchasi">Sarcocystis calchasi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_pigeon_breeds" title="List of pigeon breeds">Breeds</a> and types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fancy_pigeon" title="Fancy pigeon">Fancy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantail_pigeon" title="Fantail pigeon">Fantail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pouter" title="Pouter">Pouter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpeter_(pigeon)" title="Trumpeter (pigeon)">Trumpeter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying/Sporting_pigeons" title="Flying/Sporting pigeons">Flying/Sporting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roller_(pigeon)" title="Roller (pigeon)">Roller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tippler" title="Tippler">Tippler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbler_pigeons" title="Tumbler pigeons">Tumbler</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homing_pigeon" title="Homing pigeon">Homing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_pigeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Utility pigeon">Utility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Squab" title="Squab">Squab</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Relationship with humans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Squab" title="Squab">As food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_pigeon" title="Domestic pigeon">Domestication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dovecote" title="Dovecote">Dovecote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IP_over_Avian_Carriers" title="IP over Avian Carriers">IP over Avian Carriers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_keeping" title="Pigeon keeping">Fancying</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bird_fancier%27s_lung" title="Bird fancier's lung">Bird fancier's lung</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_photography" title="Pigeon photography">Photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_post" title="Pigeon post">Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_sport" title="Pigeon sport">Sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clay_pigeon_shooting" title="Clay pigeon shooting">Clay pigeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_racing" title="Pigeon racing">Racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon-shooting" title="Pigeon-shooting">Shooting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_whistle" title="Pigeon whistle">Pigeon whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Release_dove" title="Release dove">Release dove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doves_as_symbols" title="Doves as symbols">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_pigeon" title="War pigeon">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Racing_Pigeon_Union" title="American Racing Pigeon Union">American Racing Pigeon Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pigeon_Service" title="National Pigeon Service">National Pigeon Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Pigeon_Racing_Association" title="Royal Pigeon Racing Association">Royal Pigeon Racing Association</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/British_Homing_World" title="British Homing World">British Homing World</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Homing_World_Show_of_the_Year" title="British Homing World Show of the Year">Show of the Year</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Save_the_Trafalgar_Square_Pigeons" title="Save the Trafalgar Square Pigeons">Save the Trafalgar Square Pigeons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Pigeon_Service" title="United States Army Pigeon Service">United States Army Pigeon Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up_North_Combine" title="Up North Combine">Up North Combine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wild_pigeons_genera" title="List of wild pigeons genera">Wild pigeon genera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wild_pigeon_species" title="List of wild pigeon species">Wild pigeon species</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Columbidae" title="Category:Columbidae">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Birds_(class:_Aves)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Birds" title="Template:Birds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Birds" title="Template talk:Birds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Birds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Birds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Birds_(class:_Aves)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Birds</a> (<a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">class</a>: Aves)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_birds" title="Outline of birds">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bird_anatomy" title="Bird anatomy">Anatomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beak" title="Beak">Beak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avian_brain" title="Avian brain">Brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crop_(anatomy)#Birds" title="Crop (anatomy)">Crop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crop_milk" title="Crop milk">milk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dactyly#bird_digits" title="Dactyly">Dactyly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_egg" title="Bird egg">Eggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feather" title="Feather">Feathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_flight" title="Bird flight">Flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uropygial_gland" title="Uropygial gland">Preen gland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumage" title="Plumage">Plumage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_vision" title="Bird vision">Vision</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bird_behaviour" class="mw-redirect" title="Bird behaviour">Behaviour</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bird_vocalization" title="Bird vocalization">Singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_intelligence" title="Bird intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_migration" title="Bird migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avian_foraging" title="Avian foraging">Foraging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection_in_birds" title="Sexual selection in birds">Sexual selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lek_mating" title="Lek mating">Lek mating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabird_breeding_behavior" title="Seabird breeding behavior">Seabird breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_incubation#Avian_incubation" title="Egg incubation">Incubation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brood_parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Brood parasite">Brood parasites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_nest" title="Bird nest">Nesting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_hybrid" title="Bird hybrid">Hybrids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_colony" title="Bird colony">Colony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_birds" title="Origin of birds">Origin of birds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theropoda" title="Theropoda">Theropoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaurs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_avian_flight" title="Origin of avian flight">Origin of flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_birds" title="Evolution of birds">Evolution of birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin%27s_finches" title="Darwin's finches">Darwin's finches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabird" title="Seabird">Seabirds</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_fossil_bird_genera" title="List of fossil bird genera">Fossil birds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Archaeopteryx" title="Archaeopteryx">Archaeopteryx</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnivoropterygidae" title="Omnivoropterygidae">Omnivoropterygiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeholornithidae" title="Jeholornithidae">Jeholornithidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confuciusornithiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Confuciusornithiformes">Confuciusornithiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enantiornithes" title="Enantiornithes">Enantiornithes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaoyangiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaoyangiformes">Chaoyangiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patagopterygiformes" title="Patagopterygiformes">Patagopterygiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambiortiformes" title="Ambiortiformes">Ambiortiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songlingornithiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Songlingornithiformes">Songlingornithiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongshanornithidae" title="Hongshanornithidae">Hongshanornithidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gansus" title="Gansus">Gansuiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyornithes" title="Ichthyornithes">Ichthyornithiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesperornithes" title="Hesperornithes">Hesperornithes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithornithidae" title="Lithornithidae">Lithornithiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moa" title="Moa">Dinornithiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_bird" title="Elephant bird">Aepyornithiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastornithiformes" title="Gastornithiformes">Gastornithiformes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_uses_of_birds" title="Human uses of birds">Human <br />interaction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bird_ringing" title="Bird ringing">Ringing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornithology" title="Ornithology">Ornithology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornithomancy" title="Ornithomancy">Ornithomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_collections" title="Bird collections">Bird collections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birdwatching" title="Birdwatching">Birdwatching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_year" title="Big year">big year</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_feeding" title="Bird feeding">Bird feeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_conservation" title="Bird conservation">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviculture" title="Aviculture">Aviculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfowl_hunting" title="Waterfowl hunting">Waterfowl hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockfight" class="mw-redirect" title="Cockfight">Cockfighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_racing" title="Pigeon racing">Pigeon racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falconry" title="Falconry">Falconry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pheasantry" title="Pheasantry">Pheasantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imping" title="Imping">Imping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oology" title="Oology">Egg collecting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds" title="List of birds">Families and orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bird_genera" title="List of bird genera">Genera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_bird_terms" title="Glossary of bird terms">Glossary of bird terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_by_population" title="List of birds by population">List by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_birds_by_region" title="Lists of birds by region">Lists by region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_bird_species_since_1500" title="List of extinct bird species since 1500">Extinct species since 1500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Late_Quaternary_prehistoric_bird_species" title="List of Late Quaternary prehistoric bird species">Late Quaternary prehistoric birds</a></li> <li>Notable birds <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individual_birds" title="List of individual birds">individuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_birds" title="List of fictional birds">fictional</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Neornithes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Neornithes</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Palaeognathae" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Palaeognathae" title="Palaeognathae">Palaeognathae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Struthionidae" title="Struthionidae">Struthioniformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(ostriches)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheidae" title="Rheidae">Rheiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(rheas)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinamou" title="Tinamou">Tinamiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(tinamous)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiwi_(bird)" title="Kiwi (bird)">Apterygiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(kiwis)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuariiformes" title="Casuariiformes">Casuariiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(emus and cassowaries)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neognathae" title="Neognathae">N<br />e<br />o<br />g<br />n<br />a<br />t<br />h<br />a<br />e</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Galloanserae_(fowls)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galloanserae" class="mw-redirect" title="Galloanserae">G<br />a<br />l<br />l<br />o<br />a<br />n<br />s<br />e<br />r<br />a<br />e</a> <br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Fowl" title="Fowl">fowls</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anseriformes" title="Anseriformes">Anseriformes</a> <br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">(waterfowls)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anatidae" title="Anatidae">Anatidae</a> <br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Duck" title="Duck">ducks</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatinae" title="Anatinae">Anatinae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_duck" title="Diving duck">Aythyini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mergini" title="Mergini">Mergini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyurini" title="Oxyurini">Oxyurini</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anserinae" title="Anserinae">Anserinae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swan" title="Swan"><span style="font-size:85%;">swans</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goose" title="Goose"><span style="font-size:85%;">true geese</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistling_duck" title="Whistling duck">Dendrocygninae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freckled_duck" title="Freckled duck">Stictonettinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadorninae" title="Tadorninae">Tadorninae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anhimidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Anhimidae">Anhimidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Horned_screamer" title="Horned screamer">Anhima</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chauna" title="Chauna">Chauna</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anseranatidae" title="Anseranatidae">Anseranatidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Magpie_goose" title="Magpie goose">Anseranas</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galliformes" title="Galliformes">Galliformes</a> <br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Landfowl" class="mw-redirect" title="Landfowl">landfowls</a>-</span> <br /> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Gamebirds" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamebirds">gamebirds</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cracidae" title="Cracidae">Cracidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cracinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cracinae">Cracinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oreophasinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Oreophasinae">Oreophasinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penelopinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Penelopinae">Penelopinae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Megapodidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Megapodidae">Megapodidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aepypodius" title="Aepypodius">Aepypodius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alectura" class="mw-redirect" title="Alectura">Alectura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eulipoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Eulipoa">Eulipoa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leipoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Leipoa">Leipoa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Macrocephalon" class="mw-redirect" title="Macrocephalon">Macrocephalon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Megapodius" class="mw-redirect" title="Megapodius">Megapodius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Talegalla" title="Talegalla">Talegalla</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Numididae" class="mw-redirect" title="Numididae">Numididae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vulturine_guineafowl" title="Vulturine guineafowl">Acryllium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agelastes" title="Agelastes">Agelastes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guttera" title="Guttera">Guttera</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Numida" class="mw-redirect" title="Numida">Numida</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Odontophoridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Odontophoridae">Odontophoridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Callipepla" title="Callipepla">Callipepla</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Colinus" title="Colinus">Colinus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cyrtonyx" title="Cyrtonyx">Cyrtonyx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dactylortyx" class="mw-redirect" title="Dactylortyx">Dactylortyx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dendrortyx" title="Dendrortyx">Dendrortyx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Odontophorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Odontophorus">Odontophorus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oreortyx" class="mw-redirect" title="Oreortyx">Oreortyx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philortyx" class="mw-redirect" title="Philortyx">Philortyx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhynchortyx" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhynchortyx">Rhynchortyx</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phasianidae" title="Phasianidae">Phasianidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meleagridinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Meleagridinae">Meleagridinae <span style="font-size:85%;">(turkeys)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perdicinae" title="Perdicinae">Perdicinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phasianinae" title="Phasianinae">Phasianinae <span style="font-size:85%;">(pheasants and relatives)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grouse" title="Grouse">Tetraoninae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neoaves" title="Neoaves">Neoaves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Columbea" title="Columbea">Columbea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Columbimorphae" title="Columbimorphae">Columbimorphae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Columbiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(doves and pigeons)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesite" title="Mesite">Mesitornithiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(mesites)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandgrouse" title="Sandgrouse">Pterocliformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(sandgrouse)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mirandornithes" title="Mirandornithes">Mirandornithes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flamingo" title="Flamingo">Phoenicopteriformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(flamingos)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grebe" title="Grebe">Podicipediformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(grebes)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Passerea" title="Passerea">Passerea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Otidimorphae" title="Otidimorphae">Otidimorphae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuckoo" title="Cuckoo">Cuculiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(cuckoos)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turaco" title="Turaco">Musophagiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(turacos)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bustard" title="Bustard">Otidiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(bustards)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Strisores" title="Strisores">Strisores</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caprimulgiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Caprimulgiformes">Caprimulgiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(nightjars and relatives)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steatornithiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Steatornithiformes">Steatornithiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(oilbirds)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyctibiiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyctibiiformes">Nyctibiiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(potoos)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podargiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Podargiformes">Podargiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(frogmouths)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegotheliformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegotheliformes">Aegotheliformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(owlet-nightjars)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apodiformes" title="Apodiformes">Apodiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(swifts and hummingbirds)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opisthocomiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Opisthocomiformes">Opisthocomiformes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opisthocomidae" title="Opisthocomidae">Opisthocomiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(hoatzins)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cursorimorphae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cursorimorphae">Cursorimorphae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charadriiformes" title="Charadriiformes">Charadriiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(gulls and relatives)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gruiformes" title="Gruiformes">Gruiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(cranes and relatives)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phaethontimorphae" class="mw-redirect" title="Phaethontimorphae">Phaethontimorphae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tropicbird" title="Tropicbird">Phaethontiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(tropicbirds)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurypygiformes" title="Eurypygiformes">Eurypygiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(kagus and sunbitterns)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aequornithes" title="Aequornithes">Aequornithes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loon" title="Loon">Gaviiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(loons or divers)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penguin" title="Penguin">Sphenisciformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(penguins)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procellariiformes" title="Procellariiformes">Procellariiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(albatrosses and petrels)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stork" title="Stork">Ciconiiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(storks)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suliformes" title="Suliformes">Suliformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(cormorants and relatives)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelecaniformes" title="Pelecaniformes">Pelecaniformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(pelicans and relatives)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australaves" title="Australaves">Australaves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cariamiformes" title="Cariamiformes">Cariamiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(seriemas and relatives)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falconiformes" title="Falconiformes">Falconiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(falcons and relatives)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parrot" title="Parrot">Psittaciformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(parrots)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passerine" title="Passerine">Passeriformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(perching birds)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afroaves" title="Afroaves">Afroaves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accipitriformes" title="Accipitriformes">Accipitriformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(raptors)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owl" title="Owl">Strigiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(owls)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mousebird" title="Mousebird">Coliiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(mousebirds)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trogon" title="Trogon">Trogoniformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(trogons and quetzals)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuckoo-roller" title="Cuckoo-roller">Leptosomiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(cuckoo-rollers)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucerotiformes" title="Bucerotiformes">Bucerotiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(hornbills and hoopoes)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coraciiformes" title="Coraciiformes">Coraciiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(kingfishers and rollers)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piciformes" title="Piciformes">Piciformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(woodpeckers and relatives)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Birds" title="Category:Birds">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Birds" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Birds">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Birds" title="Portal:Birds">Portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Birds" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Birds">WikiProject</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_use_of_birds" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Birds_in_culture" title="Template:Birds in culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Birds_in_culture" title="Template talk:Birds in culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Birds_in_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Birds in culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_use_of_birds" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_uses_of_birds" title="Human uses of birds">Human use</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviculture" title="Aviculture">Aviculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birdwatching" title="Birdwatching">Birdwatching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bird_hide" title="Bird hide">Bird hide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_year" title="Big year">Big year</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_conservation" title="Bird conservation">Bird conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fletching" title="Fletching">Fletching</a></li> <li>In sport <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cockfighting" title="Cockfighting">Cockfighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falconry" title="Falconry">Falconry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_racing" title="Pigeon racing">Pigeon racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinkensport" title="Vinkensport">Vinkensport</a></li></ul></li> <li>In science <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">Model organism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornithology" title="Ornithology">Ornithology</a></li></ul></li> <li>In mythology and religion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augury" title="Augury">Augury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_sacred_ibis" title="African sacred ibis">Sacred ibis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_burial" title="Sky burial">Sky burial</a></li></ul></li> <li>In hunting <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cormorant_fishing" title="Cormorant fishing">Cormorant fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driven_grouse_shooting" title="Driven grouse shooting">Driven grouse shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plume_hunting" title="Plume hunting">Plume hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfowl_hunting" title="Waterfowl hunting">Wildfowling</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Falconry_Book_of_Frederick_II_1240s_detail_falconers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Falconry_Book_of_Frederick_II_1240s_detail_falconers.jpg/80px-Falconry_Book_of_Frederick_II_1240s_detail_falconers.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Falconry_Book_of_Frederick_II_1240s_detail_falconers.jpg/120px-Falconry_Book_of_Frederick_II_1240s_detail_falconers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Falconry_Book_of_Frederick_II_1240s_detail_falconers.jpg/160px-Falconry_Book_of_Frederick_II_1240s_detail_falconers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="506" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Poultry_farming" title="Poultry farming">Products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_as_food" title="Chicken as food">Chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_feather" title="Down feather">Down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eggs_as_food" title="Eggs as food">Egg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feather" title="Feather">Feather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guano" title="Guano">Guano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">Poultry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In the arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>In art <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bird-and-flower_painting" title="Bird-and-flower painting">Bird-and-flower painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feather_tights" title="Feather tights">Feather tights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Heraldic_birds" title="Category:Heraldic birds">In heraldry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalerion" class="mw-redirect" title="Avalerion">Avalerion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corvus_(heraldry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corvus (heraldry)">Crow/Raven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_(heraldry)" title="Eagle (heraldry)">Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_rooster" title="Gallic rooster">Gallic rooster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martlet" title="Martlet">Martlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turul" title="Turul">Turul</a></li></ul></li> <li>In poetry <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conference_of_the_Birds" title="The Conference of the Birds">The Conference of the Birds</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ode_to_a_Nightingale" title="Ode to a Nightingale">Ode to a Nightingale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_a_Skylark" title="To a Skylark">To a Skylark</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crow_(poetry)" title="Crow (poetry)">Crow</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>In prose <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_British_Birds" title="A History of British Birds">A History of British Birds</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Jemima_Puddle-Duck" title="The Tale of Jemima Puddle-Duck">The Tale of Jemima Puddle-Duck</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ugly_Duckling" title="The Ugly Duckling">The Ugly Duckling</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Livingston_Seagull" title="Jonathan Livingston Seagull">Jonathan Livingston Seagull</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>In theatre and ballet <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Birds_(play)" title="The Birds (play)">The Birds</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Swan_Lake" title="Swan Lake">Swan Lake</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Firebird" title="The Firebird">The Firebird</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>In film <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Birds_(film)" title="The Birds (film)">The Birds</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kes_(film)" title="Kes (film)">Kes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Year" title="The Big Year">The Big Year</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Animated_films_about_birds" title="Category:Animated films about birds">Animated films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_chickens" title="Category:Films about chickens">Chicken films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Horror_films_about_birds" title="Category:Horror films about birds">Horror films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birds_in_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Birds in music">In music</a></li> <li>In fashion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aigrette" title="Aigrette">Aigrette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feather_boa" class="mw-redirect" title="Feather boa">Feather boa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feather_cloak" title="Feather cloak">Feather cloak</a></li></ul></li> <li>In dance <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cendrawasih_(dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cendrawasih (dance)">Cendrawasih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_(dance)" title="Chicken (dance)">Chicken dance</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Species</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_eagles_in_human_culture" title="Golden eagles in human culture">Golden eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_penguins" title="Cultural depictions of penguins">Penguin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Domestication">Pigeon/Dove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_ravens" title="Cultural depictions of ravens">Raven</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ravens_of_the_Tower_of_London" title="Ravens of the Tower of London">of the Tower of London</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Illustrators <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_James_Audubon" title="John James Audubon">John James Audubon</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Birds_of_America" title="The Birds of America">The Birds of America</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bewick" title="Thomas Bewick">Thomas Bewick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gould" title="John Gould">John Gould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Jonsson_(illustrator)" title="Lars Jonsson (illustrator)">Lars Jonsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gerrard_Keulemans" title="John Gerrard Keulemans">John Gerrard Keulemans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lear" title="Edward Lear">Edward Lear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lewington_(artist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Lewington (artist)">Richard Lewington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Tory_Peterson" title="Roger Tory Peterson">Roger Tory Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Constantine_Richter" title="Henry Constantine Richter">Henry Constantine Richter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smit" title="Joseph Smit">Joseph Smit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Thorburn" title="Archibald Thorburn">Archibald Thorburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wolf" title="Joseph Wolf">Joseph Wolf</a></li></ul></li> <li>Conservationists <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Krabbe" title="Niels Krabbe">Niels Krabbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Scott" title="Peter Scott">Peter Scott</a></li></ul></li> <li>Organisations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BirdLife_International" title="BirdLife International">BirdLife International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_for_the_Protection_of_Birds" title="Royal Society for the Protection of Birds">Royal Society for the Protection of Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfowl_%26_Wetlands_Trust" title="Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust">Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93dinosaur_coexistence" title="Human–dinosaur coexistence">Human–dinosaur coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Birds_and_humans" title="Category:Birds and humans">Category:Birds and humans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoomusicology" title="Zoomusicology">Zoomusicology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Columbidae</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10856" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q10856">Q10856</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Columbidae" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Columbidae">Columbidae</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Columbidae">Columbidae</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=1462">1462</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/8GD">8GD</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/7978">7978</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1COLUF">1COLUF</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:10794">10794</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/7c26493e-e864-448f-a72f-a17d82af9471">7c26493e-e864-448f-a72f-a17d82af9471</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/5233">5233</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/2715">2715</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=101600">101600</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=177061">177061</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NBNSYS0000159738">NBNSYS0000159738</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=8930">8930</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/0263d302-5e5b-446f-b7d3-f0bdb89fbd39">0263d302-5e5b-446f-b7d3-f0bdb89fbd39</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=938413">938413</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=39353">39353</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=196065">196065</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10856#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10856#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10856#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4059120-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Columbidae"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85028749">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Columbidés"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13570998x">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Columbidés"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13570998x">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="holubovití"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph519302&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Colúmbidos"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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