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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_groups_and_periods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Cultural groups and periods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_groups_and_periods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pueblo_III_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pueblo_III_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Pueblo III sites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pueblo_III_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Era in the history of the Pueblo peoples</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_Puebloans" title="Ancestral Puebloans">Ancestral Puebloan</a> periods</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_09669_Taos_Pueblo_Luca_Galuzzi_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/USA_09669_Taos_Pueblo_Luca_Galuzzi_2007.jpg/150px-USA_09669_Taos_Pueblo_Luca_Galuzzi_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/USA_09669_Taos_Pueblo_Luca_Galuzzi_2007.jpg/225px-USA_09669_Taos_Pueblo_Luca_Galuzzi_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/USA_09669_Taos_Pueblo_Luca_Galuzzi_2007.jpg/300px-USA_09669_Taos_Pueblo_Luca_Galuzzi_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Archaic%E2%80%93Early_Basketmaker_Era" title="Archaic–Early Basketmaker Era">Archaic–Early Basketmaker Era</a><br />7000–1500 BCE</td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Early_Basketmaker_II_Era" title="Early Basketmaker II Era">Early Basketmaker II Era</a> <br />1500 BCE–50 CE</td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Late_Basketmaker_II_Era" title="Late Basketmaker II Era">Late Basketmaker II Era</a> <br />50–500</td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Basketmaker_III_Era" title="Basketmaker III Era">Basketmaker III Era</a><br />500–750</td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Pueblo_I_Period" title="Pueblo I Period">Pueblo I Period</a><br />750–900</td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Pueblo_II_Period" title="Pueblo II Period">Pueblo II Period</a><br />900–1150</td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pueblo III Period</a><br />1150–1350</td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Pueblo_IV_Period" title="Pueblo IV Period">Pueblo IV Period</a><br />1350–1600</td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Pueblo_V_Period" title="Pueblo V Period">Pueblo V Period</a><br />1600–present</td> </tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HPC_000119_(27512883666).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/HPC_000119_%2827512883666%29.jpg/170px-HPC_000119_%2827512883666%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/HPC_000119_%2827512883666%29.jpg/255px-HPC_000119_%2827512883666%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/HPC_000119_%2827512883666%29.jpg/340px-HPC_000119_%2827512883666%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="904" /></a><figcaption>Navajo boy at T-shaped door</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Pueblo III Period</b> (AD 1150 to AD 1350) was the third period, also called the "Great Pueblo period" when <a href="/wiki/Ancestral_Puebloans" title="Ancestral Puebloans">Ancestral Puebloans</a> lived in large <a href="/wiki/Cliff-dwelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Cliff-dwelling">cliff-dwelling</a>, multi-storied pueblo, or cliff-side talus house communities. By the end of the period, the ancient people of the <a href="/wiki/Four_Corners" title="Four Corners">Four Corners</a> region migrated south into larger, centralized <a href="/wiki/Pueblo" title="Pueblo">pueblos</a> in central and southern <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>. </p><p>The Pueblo III Period (<a href="/wiki/Pecos_Classification" title="Pecos Classification">Pecos Classification</a>) is roughly the same as the "Great Pueblo Period" and "Classic Pueblo Period" (AD 1100 to AD 1300). It is preceded by the <a href="/wiki/Pueblo_II_Period" title="Pueblo II Period">Pueblo II Period</a>, and is followed by the <a href="/wiki/Pueblo_IV_Period" title="Pueblo IV Period">Pueblo IV Period</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pueblo_III_Period&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the Pueblo III Period most people lived in communities with large multi-storied dwellings. Some moved into community centers at pueblos canyon heads, such as <a href="/wiki/Sand_Canyon_Pueblo" class="mw-redirect" title="Sand Canyon Pueblo">Sand Canyon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goodman_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="Goodman Point">Goodman Point</a> pueblos in the Montezuma Valley; others moved into cliff dwellings on canyon shelves such as <a href="/wiki/Mesa_Verde_National_Park" title="Mesa Verde National Park">Mesa Verde</a> or Keet Seel in the <a href="/wiki/Navajo_National_Monument" title="Navajo National Monument">Navajo National Monument</a>. Typical villages had included <a href="/wiki/Kivas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kivas">kivas</a>, towers, and dwellings made with triple-coursed (three rows of stones) stone <a href="/wiki/Masonry" title="Masonry">masonry</a> walls.<sup id="cite_ref-CC-PIII_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CC-PIII-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kantner_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kantner-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NAU-PIII_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAU-PIII-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> T-shaped windows and doors emerged for both surface and cliff dwellings.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Cliff_dwelling" title="Cliff dwelling">Cliff dwellings</a></b> were built in shallow <a href="/wiki/Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Caves">caves</a> and under rock overhangs along <a href="/wiki/Canyon" title="Canyon">canyon</a> walls. In Mesa Verde, the structures within the <a href="/wiki/Alcove_(architecture)" title="Alcove (architecture)">alcoves</a> were mostly made of <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> blocks and <a href="/wiki/Adobe" title="Adobe">adobe</a> <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(masonry)" title="Mortar (masonry)">mortar</a>. At Bandelier, the dwellings were carved directly into the soft ashy rock formations that make up the cliff faces of the <a href="/wiki/Potrero_(landform)" title="Potrero (landform)">finger mesas</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Bandelier_Tuff" title="Bandelier Tuff">Bandelier Tuff</a>). To build the dwellings, materials had to be brought to the alcove, such as <a href="/wiki/Fill_dirt" title="Fill dirt">fill dirt</a> to level the cave floor, stones and mortar. <a href="/wiki/Masonry" title="Masonry">Masonry</a> craftsmanship became refined by this period. Stones were shaped and made smooth by pecking away at the surface, leaving a distinctive "dimpled" surface on the stone. The dwellings had sharp square corners. Walls were built to be thick enough to support multiple stories. Floors were made of wood, bark and mud. The most desired caves were those that faced south or southwest to reap the warmth of the winter sun. Doorways were small, covered with stone slabs for warmth. Exterior doorways were rarely built on the first floor. Ventilation holes in the ceilings held ladders for entry into the rooms. <a href="/wiki/Plaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Plaza">Plazas</a> in front of the dwellings were used by women to grind corn, make baskets and clothing and prepare food. Men made their tools and children played there.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Surface masonry buildings.</b> Not all of the people in the region lived in cliff dwellings; many colonized the canyon rims and slopes in multi-family structures that grew to unprecedented size as the population swelled.<sup id="cite_ref-kantner_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kantner-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Talus houses</b> were built at the bottom of a cliff, often in front of "cavates" (cave rooms), and were about 5 feet, 8 inches high and 6 by 9 feet in surface area. The rooms were prepared by scooping soft <a href="/wiki/Tuff" title="Tuff">tuff</a> out of the cavity. Cavates is a term classified by archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Lee_Hewett" title="Edgar Lee Hewett">Edgar Lee Hewett</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MesaVerdeNationalParkCliffPalace.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cliff Palace at Mesa Verde National Park"><img alt="Cliff Palace at Mesa Verde National Park" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/MesaVerdeNationalParkCliffPalace.jpg/150px-MesaVerdeNationalParkCliffPalace.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/MesaVerdeNationalParkCliffPalace.jpg/225px-MesaVerdeNationalParkCliffPalace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/MesaVerdeNationalParkCliffPalace.jpg/300px-MesaVerdeNationalParkCliffPalace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cliff Palace at <a href="/wiki/Mesa_Verde_National_Park" title="Mesa Verde National Park">Mesa Verde National Park</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Walls_at_the_Puerco_Pueblo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Puerco Pueblo walls of up to 125 rooms at the Petrified Forest National Park[9]"><img alt="Puerco Pueblo walls of up to 125 rooms at the Petrified Forest National Park[9]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Walls_at_the_Puerco_Pueblo.jpg/119px-Walls_at_the_Puerco_Pueblo.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Walls_at_the_Puerco_Pueblo.jpg/179px-Walls_at_the_Puerco_Pueblo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Walls_at_the_Puerco_Pueblo.jpg/239px-Walls_at_the_Puerco_Pueblo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Puerco Pueblo walls of up to 125 rooms at the <a href="/wiki/Petrified_Forest_National_Park" title="Petrified Forest National Park">Petrified Forest National Park</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bandelier_National_Monument_Talus_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bandelier National Monument Talus House"><img alt="Bandelier National Monument Talus House" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Bandelier_National_Monument_Talus_House.jpg/150px-Bandelier_National_Monument_Talus_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Bandelier_National_Monument_Talus_House.jpg/225px-Bandelier_National_Monument_Talus_House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Bandelier_National_Monument_Talus_House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="216" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bandelier_National_Monument" title="Bandelier National Monument">Bandelier National Monument</a> Talus House</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bandelier_National_Monument_Cavates.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bandelier National Monument Cavates"><img alt="Bandelier National Monument Cavates" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Bandelier_National_Monument_Cavates.jpg/112px-Bandelier_National_Monument_Cavates.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Bandelier_National_Monument_Cavates.jpg/169px-Bandelier_National_Monument_Cavates.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Bandelier_National_Monument_Cavates.jpg/225px-Bandelier_National_Monument_Cavates.jpg 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bandelier National Monument Cavates</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Communities">Communities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pueblo_III_Period&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Communities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Anasazi,_Hohokam_and_Mogollon_cultures-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Map_Anasazi%2C_Hohokam_and_Mogollon_cultures-en.svg/290px-Map_Anasazi%2C_Hohokam_and_Mogollon_cultures-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="357" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Map_Anasazi%2C_Hohokam_and_Mogollon_cultures-en.svg/435px-Map_Anasazi%2C_Hohokam_and_Mogollon_cultures-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Map_Anasazi%2C_Hohokam_and_Mogollon_cultures-en.svg/580px-Map_Anasazi%2C_Hohokam_and_Mogollon_cultures-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="912" data-file-height="1122" /></a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Pueblo_People" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Pueblo People">Ancient Pueblo People</a> in the <a href="/wiki/American_Southwest" class="mw-redirect" title="American Southwest">American Southwest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GreatKiva.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/GreatKiva.jpg/220px-GreatKiva.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/GreatKiva.jpg/330px-GreatKiva.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/GreatKiva.jpg/440px-GreatKiva.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1965" data-file-height="1278" /></a><figcaption>Great kiva at <a href="/wiki/Chaco_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Chaco Culture National Historical Park">Chaco Culture National Historical Park</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Three major regional centers with cliff dwellings and community centers were <a href="/wiki/Chaco_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Chaco Culture National Historical Park">Chaco Culture National Historical Park</a> in New Mexico, <a href="/wiki/Mesa_Verde_National_Park" title="Mesa Verde National Park">Mesa Verde National Park</a> in southwestern Colorado and <a href="/wiki/Navajo_National_Monument" title="Navajo National Monument">Betatakin and Keet Seel area</a> (<a href="/wiki/Navajo_National_Monument" title="Navajo National Monument">Navajo National Monument</a>) in Arizona.<sup id="cite_ref-BNM_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BNM-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bandelier_National_Monument" title="Bandelier National Monument">Bandelier</a></b> cliff alcoves and caves contained soft volcanic <a href="/wiki/Tuff" title="Tuff">tuff</a> which was scooped out to enlarge the area for <a href="/wiki/Masonry" title="Masonry">masonry</a> dwellings. Logs of <a href="/wiki/Juniper" title="Juniper">juniper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pinyon_pine" title="Pinyon pine">pinyon</a> trees were used to create frames for <a href="/wiki/Willow" title="Willow">willow</a> sticks, grass, bark and earth for ceilings and upper floors.<sup id="cite_ref-BNM-Shelter_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BNM-Shelter-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mesa_Verde_National_Park" title="Mesa Verde National Park">Mesa Verde</a>.</b> Mug House, a typical cliff dwelling of the period, was home to around 100 people who shared 94 small rooms and eight <a href="/wiki/Kiva" title="Kiva">kivas</a>. Builders maximized space by abutting the pueblo rooms.<sup id="cite_ref-kantner_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kantner-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Population peaked about AD 1200 to AD 1250 to more than 20,000 in the <a href="/wiki/Mesa_Verde_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesa Verde Region">Mesa Verde Region</a> in Colorado.<sup id="cite_ref-CC-PIII_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CC-PIII-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cowboy_Wash" title="Cowboy Wash">Cowboy Wash</a>,</b> an archaeological site located on the southern slopes of Sleeping <a href="/wiki/Ute_Mountain" title="Ute Mountain">Ute Mountain</a>, was inhabited during the Pueblo III period by people from the <a href="/wiki/Chuska_Mountains" title="Chuska Mountains">Chuska Mountains</a> area of Arizona and New Mexico. They moved north and settled in the Montezuma Valley after the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Chaco_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Chaco Culture National Historical Park">Chaco culture</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Hurley_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hurley-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which had suffered due to a great drought from AD 1130–1180.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From excavation of Cowboy Wash, four sites were found to be the scene of a violent attack between AD 1125–1150 and subsequent abandonment. The condition of the remains suggest that there may have been cannibalism. This would have been an extremely rare phenomenon in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Pueblo_People" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Pueblo People">Ancient Pueblo People</a>'s history. Since it is such a rare occurrence, it is difficult to postulate the reasons for the violence. The attacks could have resulted from starvation during a period of drought or because Chuskans were seen as outsiders to the area.<sup id="cite_ref-Hurley_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hurley-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_religion">Culture and religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pueblo_III_Period&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Culture and religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>The People.</b> The ancient people were short in stature, men were an average of about 5 feet and 4 inches tall and women were a few inches shorter. Women often died between the ages of 20 and 25. Men generally lived to 31 or 35 years old. By the age of 29, many people had <a href="/wiki/Osteoarthritis" title="Osteoarthritis">degenerative arthritis</a>. People rarely lived more than 40 years.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Based upon the similarities between the <a href="/wiki/Ancestral_Puebloans" title="Ancestral Puebloans">Ancestral Puebloans</a> and modern puebloan people, it is likely that the communities were organized in <a href="/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">clans</a>, or groups of related family members, by <a href="/wiki/Matrilineal" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrilineal">matrilineal</a> lines of descent. When a couple married, they lived at the home of the wife's mother and the husband engaged in religious activities in the <a href="/wiki/Kiva" title="Kiva">kiva</a> of his mother's clan.<sup id="cite_ref-Wenger60-62_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wenger60-62-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Pueblo III period some people were buried with <a href="/wiki/Grave_goods" title="Grave goods">personal objects</a>, indicating both a level of prestige and evolved religious beliefs. To have earned a higher status within the community infers that the settlements developed hierarchical political and social systems.<sup id="cite_ref-NAU-PIII_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAU-PIII-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Religious devotion.</b> The number of individual family and "great" <a href="/wiki/Kiva" title="Kiva">kivas</a>, ceremonial objects, and elaborate altars are indicative of a rich and dedicated spiritual life.<sup id="cite_ref-BNM_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BNM-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kivas, generally men's domain, were used for religious rituals, social activity and weaving. They were generally constructed below the surface of the ground with: a <a href="/wiki/Fire_pit" title="Fire pit">fire pit</a>, overhead entry, spirit entrance or <a href="/wiki/Sipapu" title="Sipapu">Sipapu</a>, banquette seating and a ventilator shaft. Sometimes adjacent kivas were connected by tunnels. "Great" kivas were constructed for larger community activities. Painted images of men, plants, animals and designs were painted in some kivas, such as the Fire Temple at Mesa Verde. The Fire Temple designs are similar to the ceremonial rooms of the modern <a href="/wiki/Hopi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hopi people">Hopi people</a>, specifically the "New Fire" rituals.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>It is likely that public ceremonial dances were performed for bountiful harvests, health, hunting and rain, like the Hopi <a href="/wiki/Snake_worship" title="Snake worship">Snake Dance</a>. Whatever the ceremonial observance, each person had a role which increased in responsibility and status over time.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Wall art.</b> Carved <a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">petroglyphs</a> and painted <a href="/wiki/Pictographs" class="mw-redirect" title="Pictographs">pictographs</a> are also found in the cliffs, buildings and boulders of the pueblo society. The designs were often of animals, people, plants and geometric images.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hovenweep_National_Monument" title="Hovenweep National Monument">Hovenweep National Monument</a> had two superior kiva wall murals of the Pueblo III Period which are now conserved at the <a href="/wiki/Anasazi_Heritage_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Anasazi Heritage Center">Anasazi Heritage Center</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hurley_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hurley-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pueblo_III_Period&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a means to improve agricultural yield, the Pueblo III period saw advancements in <a href="/wiki/Water_conservation" title="Water conservation">water conservation</a>. Stones were placed in and around farm land to divert flow for <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a>, water conservation and to reduce run-off. This was accomplished through the use of bordered gardens, reservoirs, check dams and <a href="/wiki/Terrace_(agriculture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrace (agriculture)">terraced gardening</a> plots – building upon the techniques of the <a href="/wiki/Pueblo_II_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Pueblo II Era">Pueblo II Period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NAU-PIII_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAU-PIII-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MV-APC_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MV-APC-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Corn, beans and squash were cultivated using <a href="/wiki/Dryland_farming" title="Dryland farming">dryland farming</a> techniques. Their diet was supplemented with wild plants, such as <a href="/wiki/Cleome_serrulata" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleome serrulata">beeweed</a>. As nutrients were depleted from over-farming, new land was found and cleared for cultivation.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pottery">Pottery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pueblo_III_Period&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pottery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaco_Anasazi_canteen_NPS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chaco_Anasazi_canteen_NPS.jpg/220px-Chaco_Anasazi_canteen_NPS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chaco_Anasazi_canteen_NPS.jpg/330px-Chaco_Anasazi_canteen_NPS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chaco_Anasazi_canteen_NPS.jpg/440px-Chaco_Anasazi_canteen_NPS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption>A canteen (pot), dated about AD 1075 to 1300, excavated from the ruins in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChalcedonyKnifeNPS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/ChalcedonyKnifeNPS.jpg/220px-ChalcedonyKnifeNPS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/ChalcedonyKnifeNPS.jpg/330px-ChalcedonyKnifeNPS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/ChalcedonyKnifeNPS.jpg/440px-ChalcedonyKnifeNPS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="243" /></a><figcaption>Chalcedony Knife (AD 1000–1200) from <a href="/wiki/Chaco_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Chaco Culture National Historical Park">Chaco Culture National Historical Park</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sandal-12thcentury_ChacoCanyon_NM_USA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Sandal-12thcentury_ChacoCanyon_NM_USA.jpg/220px-Sandal-12thcentury_ChacoCanyon_NM_USA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Sandal-12thcentury_ChacoCanyon_NM_USA.jpg/330px-Sandal-12thcentury_ChacoCanyon_NM_USA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Sandal-12thcentury_ChacoCanyon_NM_USA.jpg/440px-Sandal-12thcentury_ChacoCanyon_NM_USA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="303" /></a><figcaption>12th century sandal from <a href="/wiki/Chaco_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Chaco Culture National Historical Park">Chaco Culture National Historical Park</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Corrugated gray ware and decorated black-on-white <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a> were prevalent in the beginning of the Period. Gray pottery vessels were used for cooking and storage. Designs, primarily geometric designs and symbols of people, animals and birds, were painted on the exterior of black-on-white pottery and the interior of bowls. The pottery made included cooking vessels, jars, mugs, bowls, pitchers, and ladles.<sup id="cite_ref-CC-PP_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CC-PP-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pottery making became an art form for individuals who specialized in distinctive styles made for trade. Polychrome (multiple colored) pottery painted in white, orange, red and black was made at the end of the Pueblo III period.<sup id="cite_ref-NAU-PIII_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAU-PIII-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the considerable refinements during this period, pottery from <a href="/wiki/Mesa_Verde_National_Park" title="Mesa Verde National Park">Mesa Verde</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chaco_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Chaco Culture National Historical Park">Chaco Canyon</a> are considered "some of the world's finest ceramic art, ancient or modern."<sup id="cite_ref-BNM_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BNM-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_material_goods">Other material goods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pueblo_III_Period&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other material goods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of the material goods from this period are: </p> <ul><li><b>Stone tools.</b> Men gathered hard stone from mountains, <a href="/wiki/Stream_bed" title="Stream bed">river beds</a> or nearby boulders for stone tools:</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>axes for cutting down trees</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammerstone" title="Hammerstone">hammerstones</a> for shaping sandstone blocks</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Projectile_point" title="Projectile point">projectile points</a> for <a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">bow and arrow</a> hunting</li> <li>knives to cut plants and animal hides</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mano_(stone)" title="Mano (stone)">manos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metate" title="Metate">metates</a> for grinding corn, plants, nuts and seeds.<sup id="cite_ref-Wenger67_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wenger67-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Bone tools.</b> Deer, sheep, rabbit and other animal <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bones</a> were also shaped for tools, such as <a href="/wiki/Stitching_awl" title="Stitching awl">stitching awls</a> for making clothing, working hides and weaving. Bones were also used for <a href="/wiki/Scraper_(archaeology)" title="Scraper (archaeology)">scrapers</a> and fleshers.<sup id="cite_ref-Wenger67_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wenger67-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yucca" title="Yucca">Yucca</a>,</b> a regionally bountiful, <a href="/wiki/Drought_tolerance" title="Drought tolerance">drought-resistant</a> plant, was used to make many household goods. Its fibers were used for sewing, cordage and woven into blankets, clothing, sandals and baskets. Sharp barbs were used as needles or made into paint brushes. It was also used as soap and a source of food.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Cotton cloth.</b> Cotton was obtained through trading, dyed and woven into material by men for clothing.<sup id="cite_ref-MV-APC_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MV-APC-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Stone and shell ornaments.</b> Jewellery and other ornaments were made from bartered shells and stones from the coasts of <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> and California. Within the region, <a href="/wiki/Turquoise" title="Turquoise">turquoise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steatite" class="mw-redirect" title="Steatite">soapstone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">lignite</a> were attained through trade.<sup id="cite_ref-Wenger68-69_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wenger68-69-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just as pottery from this period has received world-wide recognition, shell and turquoise-inlay work from this period was noteworthy for its <a href="/wiki/Artisan" title="Artisan">artisanry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BNM_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BNM-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Other items obtained through trade.</b> Aside from cotton, shell and stones, the people of the third Pueblo period could also barter for cloth, salt, and <a href="/wiki/Native_American_pottery" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American pottery">pottery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wenger68-69_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wenger68-69-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Great_migration">Great migration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pueblo_III_Period&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Great migration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 1300, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Pueblo_People" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Pueblo People">Ancient Pueblo People</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Four_Corners" title="Four Corners">Four Corners</a> region abandoned their settlements. The migration was likely as the result of prolonged drought from AD 1276 to 1299 which would have caused considerable hardship, such as starvation, raids from neighboring starving people, and dramatic reduction in the pueblo population. During and after the drought there was a <a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">mass exodus</a> south to central and southern <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CC-PIII_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CC-PIII-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NAU-PIII_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAU-PIII-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BNM-Migration_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BNM-Migration-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are other theories about why people forever abandoned the northern pueblo regions. Soil nutrients may have become depleted due to many years of farming. Or there may have been wars with other regional tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-BLM-FIT2_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLM-FIT2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_groups_and_periods">Cultural groups and periods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pueblo_III_Period&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cultural groups and periods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cultural groups of this period include:<sup id="cite_ref-GA-408_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GA-408-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_Puebloans" title="Ancestral Puebloans">Ancestral Puebloans</a> – southern <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, southern <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> and northern and central <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohokam" title="Hohokam">Hohokam</a> – southern Arizona.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogollon_culture" title="Mogollon culture">Mogollon</a> – southeastern Arizona, southern New Mexico and northern <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patayan" title="Patayan">Patayan</a> – western Arizona, California and Baja California.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pueblo_III_sites">Pueblo III sites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pueblo_III_Period&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Pueblo III sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" width="200px">Arizona </th> <th scope="col" width="200px">Colorado </th> <th scope="col" width="200px">New Mexico </th> <th scope="col" width="200px">Utah </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Bailey_Ruin" title="Bailey Ruin">Bailey Ruin</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Canyon_de_Chelly_National_Monument" title="Canyon de Chelly National Monument">Canyon de Chelly</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Casa_Grande_Ruins_National_Monument" title="Casa Grande Ruins National Monument">Case Grande</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Cohonina" title="Cohonina">Cohonina</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Glen_Canyon" title="Glen Canyon">Glen Canyon</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon_National_Park" title="Grand Canyon National Park">Grand Canyon</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mesa_Grande" title="Mesa Grande">Mesa Grande</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Navajo_National_Monument" title="Navajo National Monument">Navajo Pueblos</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Oraibi,_Arizona" title="Oraibi, Arizona">Oraibi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canyons_of_the_Ancients_National_Monument" title="Canyons of the Ancients National Monument">Canyons of the Ancients</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chimney_Rock_National_Monument" title="Chimney Rock National Monument">Chimney Rock</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hawkins_Preserve" title="Hawkins Preserve">Hawkins Pueblo</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hovenweep_National_Monument" title="Hovenweep National Monument">Hovenweep</a><br /><a href="/wiki/La_Plata_River_(San_Juan_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="La Plata River (San Juan River)">La Plata River</a> valley<br /><a href="/wiki/Mesa_Verde_National_Park" title="Mesa Verde National Park">Mesa Verde</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ute_Mountain_Ute_Tribe#Ute_Mountain_Tribal_Park" title="Ute Mountain Ute Tribe">Ute Mountain</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Yucca_House_National_Monument" title="Yucca House National Monument">Yucca House</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Ruins_National_Monument" title="Aztec Ruins National Monument">Aztec Ruins</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bandelier_National_Monument" title="Bandelier National Monument">Bandelier</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chaco_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Chaco Culture National Historical Park">Chaco Canyon</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gila_Cliff_Dwellings_National_Monument" title="Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument">Gila Cliff Dwellings</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Pecos_National_Historical_Park" title="Pecos National Historical Park">Pecos area</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Puye_Cliff_Dwellings" title="Puye Cliff Dwellings">Puye Cliff Dwellings</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alkali_Ridge" title="Alkali Ridge">Alkali Ridge</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Comb_Ridge" title="Comb Ridge">Comb Ridge</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Glen_Canyon" title="Glen Canyon">Glen Canyon</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hovenweep_National_Monument" title="Hovenweep National Monument">Hovenweep</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pueblo_III_Period&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 772px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canyon_de_Chelly_White_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="White House ruins in Canyon de Chelly National Monument"><img alt="White House ruins in Canyon de Chelly National Monument" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Canyon_de_Chelly_White_House.jpg/150px-Canyon_de_Chelly_White_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Canyon_de_Chelly_White_House.jpg/225px-Canyon_de_Chelly_White_House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Canyon_de_Chelly_White_House.jpg/300px-Canyon_de_Chelly_White_House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2870" data-file-height="1886" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">White House ruins in <a href="/wiki/Canyon_de_Chelly_National_Monument" title="Canyon de Chelly National Monument">Canyon de Chelly National Monument</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Keet_Seel_closeup.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Keet Seel cliff dwellings at Navajo National Monument"><img alt="Keet Seel cliff dwellings at Navajo National Monument" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Keet_Seel_closeup.jpg/150px-Keet_Seel_closeup.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Keet_Seel_closeup.jpg/225px-Keet_Seel_closeup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Keet_Seel_closeup.jpg/300px-Keet_Seel_closeup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Keet Seel cliff dwellings at <a href="/wiki/Navajo_National_Monument" title="Navajo National Monument">Navajo National Monument</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Square_Tower_House-Mesa_Verde.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Overhead view of Square Tower House at Mesa Verde National Park"><img alt="Overhead view of Square Tower House at Mesa Verde National Park" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Square_Tower_House-Mesa_Verde.jpg/150px-Square_Tower_House-Mesa_Verde.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Square_Tower_House-Mesa_Verde.jpg/225px-Square_Tower_House-Mesa_Verde.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Square_Tower_House-Mesa_Verde.jpg/300px-Square_Tower_House-Mesa_Verde.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Overhead view of Square Tower House at <a href="/wiki/Mesa_Verde_National_Park" title="Mesa Verde National Park">Mesa Verde National Park</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nankoweap.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Nankoweap ruins, Grand Canyon National Park in Arizona"><img alt="Nankoweap ruins, Grand Canyon National Park in Arizona" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Nankoweap.JPG/150px-Nankoweap.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Nankoweap.JPG/225px-Nankoweap.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Nankoweap.JPG/300px-Nankoweap.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3564" data-file-height="2328" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nankoweap ruins, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon_National_Park" title="Grand Canyon National Park">Grand Canyon National Park</a> in Arizona</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bandelier-Pockmarked_Cliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cliffs at Bandelier National Monument in New Mexico"><img alt="Cliffs at Bandelier National Monument in New Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Bandelier-Pockmarked_Cliff.jpg/102px-Bandelier-Pockmarked_Cliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Bandelier-Pockmarked_Cliff.jpg/153px-Bandelier-Pockmarked_Cliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Bandelier-Pockmarked_Cliff.jpg/204px-Bandelier-Pockmarked_Cliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="1206" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cliffs at <a href="/wiki/Bandelier_National_Monument" title="Bandelier National Monument">Bandelier National Monument</a> in New Mexico</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bandalier_houses.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Houses at Bandelier National Monument in New Mexico"><img alt="Houses at Bandelier National Monument in New Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Bandalier_houses.jpg/112px-Bandalier_houses.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Bandalier_houses.jpg/169px-Bandalier_houses.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Bandalier_houses.jpg/225px-Bandalier_houses.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Houses at <a href="/wiki/Bandelier_National_Monument" title="Bandelier National Monument">Bandelier National Monument</a> in New Mexico</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GilaCliffDwellings_Interior.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior of cliff dwellings at Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument"><img alt="Interior of cliff dwellings at Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/GilaCliffDwellings_Interior.jpg/150px-GilaCliffDwellings_Interior.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/GilaCliffDwellings_Interior.jpg/225px-GilaCliffDwellings_Interior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/GilaCliffDwellings_Interior.jpg/300px-GilaCliffDwellings_Interior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1385" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior of cliff dwellings at <a href="/wiki/Gila_Cliff_Dwellings_National_Monument" title="Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument">Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Monarch_cave_ruin_close.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Monarch Cave Ruin at Comb Ridge, Utah"><img alt="Monarch Cave Ruin at Comb Ridge, Utah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Monarch_cave_ruin_close.jpg/150px-Monarch_cave_ruin_close.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Monarch_cave_ruin_close.jpg/225px-Monarch_cave_ruin_close.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Monarch_cave_ruin_close.jpg/300px-Monarch_cave_ruin_close.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Monarch Cave Ruin at <a href="/wiki/Comb_Ridge" title="Comb Ridge">Comb Ridge</a>, Utah</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lowry_Pueblo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lowry Pueblo in southwestern Colorado"><img alt="Lowry Pueblo in southwestern Colorado" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Lowry_Pueblo.jpg/150px-Lowry_Pueblo.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Lowry_Pueblo.jpg/225px-Lowry_Pueblo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Lowry_Pueblo.jpg/300px-Lowry_Pueblo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="252" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lowry_Pueblo" title="Lowry Pueblo">Lowry Pueblo</a> in southwestern Colorado</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Squaretower07.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hovenweep Castle at Hovenweep National Monument"><img alt="Hovenweep Castle at Hovenweep National Monument" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Squaretower07.jpg/150px-Squaretower07.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Squaretower07.jpg/225px-Squaretower07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Squaretower07.jpg/300px-Squaretower07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1588" data-file-height="1050" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hovenweep Castle at <a href="/wiki/Hovenweep_National_Monument" title="Hovenweep National Monument">Hovenweep National Monument</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moon_House_masonry_and_jacal,_Utah.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Moon House on Cedar Mesa in Utah"><img alt="Moon House on Cedar Mesa in Utah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Moon_House_masonry_and_jacal%2C_Utah.jpg/150px-Moon_House_masonry_and_jacal%2C_Utah.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Moon_House_masonry_and_jacal%2C_Utah.jpg/225px-Moon_House_masonry_and_jacal%2C_Utah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Moon_House_masonry_and_jacal%2C_Utah.jpg/300px-Moon_House_masonry_and_jacal%2C_Utah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Moon House on <a href="/wiki/Cedar_Mesa" title="Cedar Mesa">Cedar Mesa</a> in Utah</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prehistoric-Roads.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Prehistoric roads and Great Houses in the San Juan Basin, superimposed on a map showing modern roads and settlements."><img alt="Large square map of northwestern New Mexico and neighboring parts of, clockwise from left, western Arizona, southeastern Utah, and southwestern Colorado. The map region has a green and blocky rectangular-crescent area at its center labeled "Chaco Culture National Historical Park". Radiating from the green region are seven segmented gold lines: "[p]rehistoric roads", each several dozen kilometers in length when measured according to the map scale factor. Roughly seventy red dots mark the location of "Great House[s]"; they are widely spread across the map, many of them far from the green area, near the extremes of the map, more than one hundred kilometers from the green area. Two proceed roughly south, one southwest, one northwest, one straight north, and the last to the southeast. Yellow dots mark the location of modern settlements: "Shiprock", "Cortez", "Farmington", and "Aztec" to the northwest and north; "Nageezi", "Cuba", and "Pueblo Pintado" to the northeast and east; "Grants", "Crownpoint", and "Gallup" to the south and southwest. They are connected by a network of gray lines marking various interstate and state highways. A fan of thin blue lines along the northern margins of the map depict the San Juan River and its communicants." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Prehistoric-Roads.jpg/149px-Prehistoric-Roads.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Prehistoric-Roads.jpg/223px-Prehistoric-Roads.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Prehistoric-Roads.jpg/297px-Prehistoric-Roads.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1666" data-file-height="1680" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Prehistoric roads and Great Houses in the San Juan Basin, superimposed on a map showing modern roads and settlements.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pueblo_III_Period&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CC-PIII-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CC-PIII_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CC-PIII_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CC-PIII_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crowcanyon.org/EducationProducts/peoples_mesa_verde/pueblo_III_overview.asp"><i>Pueblo III – Overview.</i></a> Crow Canyon Archaeological Center. 2011. Retrieved 10-11-2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cliffdwellingsmuseum.com/sites3.htm"><i>Kayenta Region</i>.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111027162548/http://www.cliffdwellingsmuseum.com/sites3.htm">Archived</a> 2011-10-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Manitou Cliff Dwellings Museum. Retrieved 10-13-2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kantner-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kantner_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kantner_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kantner_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kantner, John (2004). "Ancient Puebloan Southwest", pp. 161–66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NAU-PIII-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NAU-PIII_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAU-PIII_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAU-PIII_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAU-PIII_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAU-PIII_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/d-antlab/Soutwestern%20Arch/Anasazi/pueblo3.htm"><i>Ancestral Pueblo – Pueblo III</i>.</a> Anthropology Laboratories of the Northern Arizona University. Retrieved 10-12-2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lekson, pp. 158, 175–80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wenger, Gilbert R. <i>The Story of Mesa Verde National Park</i>. Mesa Verde Museum Association, Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado, 1991 [1st edition 1980]. pp. 47–56. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-937062-15-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-937062-15-4">0-937062-15-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/band/planyourvisit/talus-house.htm"><i>Talus House.</i></a> Bandelier National Monument, National Park Service. Retrieved 10-15-2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/band/photosmultimedia/mlt-stop-11.htm"><i>Main Loop Trail Stop 11.</i></a> Bandelier National Monument, National Park Service. Retrieved 10-15-2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/pefo/historyculture/puerco-pueblo.htm">Puerco Pueblo.</a> Petrified Forest National Park. Retrieved 10-11-2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BNM-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BNM_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BNM_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BNM_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BNM_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/hh/23/hh23c3.htm"><i>Great Pueblo Period.</i></a> Bandelier National Monument, National Park Service. Retrieved 10-14-2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BNM-Shelter-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BNM-Shelter_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/hh/23/hh23d2.htm"><i>Life of the Early People at Bandelier: Shelter.</i></a> Bandelier National Monument, National Park Service. Retrieved 10-15-2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wenger, Gilbert R. <i>The Story of Mesa Verde National Park</i>. Mesa Verde Museum Association, Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado, 1991 [1st edition 1980]. pp. 13, 47–59. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-937062-15-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-937062-15-4">0-937062-15-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hurley-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hurley_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hurley_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hurley_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hurley, Warren F. X. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://crm.cr.nps.gov/archive/23-01/23-01-9.pdf"><i>A Retrospective on the Four Corners Archeological Program.</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111015070239/http://crm.cr.nps.gov/archive/23-01/23-01-9.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-10-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> National Park Service. Page 3. Retrieved 10-15-2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fagan, Brian Murray. (2005). <i>Chaco Canyon: Archaeologists Explore the Lives of an Ancient Society.</i> Oxford University Press. May 1, 2005. p. 198. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517043-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517043-6">978-0-19-517043-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wenger, Gilbert R. <i>The Story of Mesa Verde National Park</i>. Mesa Verde Museum Association, Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado, 1991 [1st edition 1980]. p. 71. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-937062-15-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-937062-15-4">0-937062-15-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wenger60-62-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wenger60-62_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wenger, Gilbert R. <i>The Story of Mesa Verde National Park</i>. Mesa Verde Museum Association, Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado, 1991 [1st edition 1980]. pp. 60–62. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-937062-15-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-937062-15-4">0-937062-15-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wenger, Gilbert R. <i>The Story of Mesa Verde National Park</i>. Mesa Verde Museum Association, Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado, 1991 [1st edition 1980]. pp. 60–62, 72. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-937062-15-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-937062-15-4">0-937062-15-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/hh/23/hh23d4.htm"><i>Life of the Early People at Bandelier: Religion.</i></a> Bandelier National Monument, National Park Service. Retrieved 10-15-2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wenger, Gilbert R. <i>The Story of Mesa Verde National Park</i>. Mesa Verde Museum Association, Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado, 1991 [1st edition 1980]. p. 72. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-937062-15-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-937062-15-4">0-937062-15-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MV-APC-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MV-APC_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MV-APC_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/meve/forteachers/upload/ep_activity3_chronology.pdf">Ancestral Puebloan Chronology (teaching aid).</a> Mesa Verde National Park, National Park Service. Retrieved 10-16-2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reed, Paul F. (2000) <i>Foundations of Anasazi Culture: The Basketmaker Pueblo Transition.</i> University of Utah Press. p. 61. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87480-656-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-87480-656-9">0-87480-656-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wenger, Gilbert R. <i>The Story of Mesa Verde National Park</i>. Mesa Verde Museum Association, Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado, 1991 [1st edition 1980]. pp. 64–65. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-937062-15-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-937062-15-4">0-937062-15-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CC-PP-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CC-PP_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crowcanyon.org/education/pueblo_indian_history.asp"><i>Pueblo Indian History.</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111008150152/http://www.crowcanyon.org/education/pueblo_indian_history.asp">Archived</a> 2011-10-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Crow_Canyon_Archaeological_Center" title="Crow Canyon Archaeological Center">Crow Canyon Archaeological Center</a>. Retrieved 10-11-2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wenger, Gilbert R. <i>The Story of Mesa Verde National Park</i>. Mesa Verde Museum Association, Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado, 1991 [1st edition 1980]. p. 66. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-937062-15-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-937062-15-4">0-937062-15-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wenger67-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wenger67_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wenger67_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wenger, Gilbert R. <i>The Story of Mesa Verde National Park</i>. Mesa Verde Museum Association, Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado, 1991 [1st edition 1980]. p. 67. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-937062-15-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-937062-15-4">0-937062-15-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wenger, Gilbert R. <i>The Story of Mesa Verde National Park</i>. Mesa Verde Museum Association, Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado, 1991 [1st edition 1980]. p. 70. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-937062-15-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-937062-15-4">0-937062-15-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wenger68-69-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wenger68-69_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wenger68-69_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wenger, Gilbert R. <i>The Story of Mesa Verde National Park</i>. Mesa Verde Museum Association, Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado, 1991 [1st edition 1980]. pp. 68–69. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-937062-15-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-937062-15-4">0-937062-15-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BNM-Migration-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BNM-Migration_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/hh/23/hh23c4.htm"><i>Droughts and Migrations.</i></a> Bandelier National Monument, National Park Service. Retrieved 10-14-2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BLM-FIT2-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BLM-FIT2_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101219232058/http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/blm/co/10/chap2.htm"><i>The Ancient Ones</i>.</a> Frontier in Transition: A History of Southwestern Colorado. Bureau of Land Management. Retrieved 10-16-2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GA-408-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GA-408_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gibbon, Guy E.; Ames, Kenneth M. (1998) <i>Archaeology of Prehistoric Native America: An Encyclopedia.</i> Routledge. pp. 14, 408. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8153-0725-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8153-0725-X">0-8153-0725-X</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Colorado&#124;link=Colorado_Indigenous_peoples_of_Colorado" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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People of Colorado"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous_People_of_Colorado" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous People of Colorado"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Colorado&#124;link=Colorado_Indigenous_peoples_of_Colorado" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado"><img alt="Colorado" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples</a> of <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Colorado" title="Prehistory of Colorado">Prehistory of Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Colorado_prehistory" title="Outline of Colorado prehistory">Outline of Colorado prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Colorado_history" title="Timeline of Colorado history">Timeline of Colorado history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary peoples<br /> native to Colorado</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arapaho" title="Arapaho">Arapaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheyenne people">Cheyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicarilla_Apache" title="Jicarilla Apache">Jicarilla Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiowa_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiowa people">Kiowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_people" title="Pawnee people">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshone_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoshone people">Shoshone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_people" title="Ute people">Ute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Reservations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colorado#Indigenous_People" title="Colorado">Colorado reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ute_Indian_Reservation" title="Southern Ute Indian Reservation">Southern Ute Indian Reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_Mountain_Ute_Indian_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ute Mountain Ute Indian Reservation">Ute Mountain Ute Indian Reservation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Major events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beecher_Island" title="Battle of Beecher Island">Battle of Beecher Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_War" title="Colorado War">Colorado War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Comanche Campaign">Comanche Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meeker_Massacre" title="Meeker Massacre">Meeker Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_Creek_massacre" title="Sand Creek massacre">Sand Creek massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precontact cultures<br /> in Colorado</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleo-Indian">Paleo-Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cody_complex" title="Cody complex">Cody complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_tradition" title="Folsom tradition">Folsom tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goshen_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Goshen complex">Goshen complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hell_Gap_complex" title="Hell Gap complex">Hell Gap complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plainview_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Plainview complex">Plainview complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano_cultures" title="Plano cultures">Plano cultures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Archaic_period_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic period of the Americas">Archaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apex_complex" title="Apex complex">Apex complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketmaker_culture" title="Basketmaker culture">Basketmaker culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Albion_complex" title="Mount Albion complex">Mount Albion complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oshara_tradition" title="Oshara tradition">Oshara tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picosa_culture" title="Picosa culture">Picosa culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Post-<a href="/wiki/Archaic_period_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic period of the Americas">Archaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_Puebloans" title="Ancestral Puebloans">Ancestral Puebloans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apishapa_culture" title="Apishapa culture">Apishapa culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismal_River_culture" title="Dismal River culture">Dismal River culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont_culture" title="Fremont culture">Fremont culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panhandle_culture" title="Panhandle culture">Panhandle culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopris_phase" title="Sopris phase">Sopris phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipi_ring" title="Tipi ring">Tipi ring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Noted archaeologists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Irwin-Williams" title="Cynthia Irwin-Williams">Cynthia Irwin-Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Sidney_Martin" title="Paul Sidney Martin">Paul Sidney Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldo_Rudolph_Wedel" title="Waldo Rudolph Wedel">Waldo Rudolph Wedel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Ben_Wheat" title="Joe Ben Wheat">Joe Ben Wheat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_dwellings_of_Pueblo_peoples_in_Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient dwellings of Pueblo peoples in Colorado">List of ancient dwellings of Pueblo peoples in Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prehistoric_sites_in_Colorado" title="List of prehistoric sites in Colorado">List of prehistoric sites in Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_the_Ancients" title="Trail of the Ancients">Trail of the Ancients</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pre-Columbian_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#E8E6B4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pre-Columbian_North_America" title="Template:Pre-Columbian North America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pre-Columbian_North_America" title="Template talk:Pre-Columbian North America"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pre-Columbian_North_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pre-Columbian North America"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pre-Columbian_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era#North_America" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian North America</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#E8E6B4"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods_(North_America)" title="List of archaeological periods (North America)">Periods</a></i></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lithic_stage" title="Lithic stage">Lithic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Archaic_period_(North_America)" title="Archaic period (North America)">Archaic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Formative_stage" title="Formative stage">Formative</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Classic_stage" title="Classic stage">Classic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Post-Classic_stage" title="Post-Classic stage">Post-Classic</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Archaeological<br /> cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adena_culture" title="Adena culture">Adena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alachua_culture" title="Alachua culture">Alachua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Beringian" title="Ancient Beringian">Ancient Beringian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_Puebloans" title="Ancestral Puebloans">Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishinaabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avonlea_culture" title="Avonlea culture">Avonlea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baytown_culture" title="Baytown culture">Baytown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belle_Glade_culture" title="Belle Glade culture">Belle Glade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buttermilk_Creek_complex" title="Buttermilk Creek complex">Buttermilk Creek complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caborn-Welborn_culture" title="Caborn-Welborn culture">Caborn-Welborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cades_Pond_culture" title="Cades Pond culture">Cades Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calf_Creek_culture" title="Calf Creek culture">Calf Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caloosahatchee_culture" title="Caloosahatchee culture">Caloosahatchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coles_Creek_culture" title="Coles Creek culture">Coles Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comond%C3%BA_complex" title="Comondú complex">Comondú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deptford_culture" title="Deptford culture">Deptford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_tradition" title="Folsom tradition">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient" title="Fort Ancient">Fort Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Walton_culture" title="Fort Walton culture">Fort Walton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont_culture" title="Fremont culture">Fremont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_Kame_culture" title="Glacial Kame culture">Glacial Kame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glades_culture" title="Glades culture">Glades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohokam" title="Hohokam">Hohokam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_tradition" title="Hopewell tradition">Hopewell</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hopewell_sites" title="List of Hopewell sites">List of Hopewell sites</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Jolla_complex" title="La Jolla complex">La Jolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Palmas_complex" title="Las Palmas complex">Las Palmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Archaic" title="Maritime Archaic">Maritime Archaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mississippian_sites" title="List of Mississippian sites">List of Mississippian sites</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogollon_culture" title="Mogollon culture">Mogollon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monongahela_culture" title="Monongahela culture">Monongahela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Cordilleran_culture" title="Old Cordilleran culture">Old Cordilleran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneota" title="Oneota">Oneota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Arctic_tradition" title="Paleo-Arctic tradition">Paleo-Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patayan" title="Patayan">Patayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano_cultures" title="Plano cultures">Plano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaquemine_culture" title="Plaquemine culture">Plaquemine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_Point_culture" title="Poverty Point culture">Poverty Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Ocher_people" title="Red Ocher people">Red Ocher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_Harbor_culture" title="Safety Harbor culture">Safety Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa-Swift_Creek_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Rosa-Swift Creek culture">Santa Rosa-Swift Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Johns_culture" title="St. Johns culture">St. Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steed-Kisker_culture" title="Steed-Kisker culture">Steed-Kisker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwannee_Valley_culture" title="Suwannee Valley culture">Suwannee Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tchefuncte_site#Tchefuncte_culture" title="Tchefuncte site">Tchefuncte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troyville_culture" title="Troyville culture">Troyville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weeden_Island_culture" title="Weeden Island culture">Weeden Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Archaeological<br />sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel_Mounds" title="Angel Mounds">Angel Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anzick_site" title="Anzick site">Anzick site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandelier_National_Monument" title="Bandelier National Monument">Bandelier National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastian_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Bastian Site">Bastian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benson_Archeological_Site_(13WD50)" title="Benson Archeological Site (13WD50)">Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Spring_Heritage_Center" title="Blue Spring Heritage Center">Blue Spring Shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluefish_Caves" title="Bluefish Caves">Bluefish Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bluff_Point_Stoneworks" title="The Bluff Point Stoneworks">The Bluff Point Stoneworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewster_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Brewster Site">Brewster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahokia" title="Cahokia">Cahokia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candelaria_Cave" title="Candelaria Cave">Candelaria Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_Grande_Ruins_National_Monument" title="Casa Grande Ruins National Monument">Casa Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaco_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Chaco Culture National Historical Park">Chaco Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coso_Rock_Art_District" title="Coso Rock Art District">Coso Rock Art District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_River_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Crystal River Archaeological State Park">Crystal River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuarenta_Casas" title="Cuarenta Casas">Cuarenta Casas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cueva_de_la_Olla_(archaeological_site)" title="Cueva de la Olla (archaeological site)">Cueva de la Olla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutler_Fossil_Site" title="Cutler Fossil Site">Cutler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eaker_site" title="Eaker site">Eaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Fin_del_Mundo" title="El Fin del Mundo">El Fin del Mundo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Vallecito" title="El Vallecito">El Vallecito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effigy_Mounds_National_Monument" title="Effigy Mounds National Monument">Effigy Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etowah_Indian_Mounds" title="Etowah Indian Mounds">Etowah Indian Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Eva Site">Eva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_site" title="Folsom site">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient_(Lebanon,_Ohio)" title="Fort Ancient (Lebanon, Ohio)">Fort Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Center" title="Fort Center">Fort Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Juelson" title="Fort Juelson">Fort Juelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Mounds_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Mounds Site">Four Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gila_Cliff_Dwellings_National_Monument" title="Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument">Gila Cliff Dwellings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenwood_Archeological_District" title="Glenwood Archeological District">Glenwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimes_Point" title="Grimes Point">Grimes Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Blazes_archaeological_site" title="Helen Blazes archaeological site">Helen Blazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holly_Bluff_site" title="Holly Bluff site">Holly Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Hopewell Culture National Historical Park">Hopewell Culture National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horr%27s_Island" title="Horr's Island">Horr's Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu%C3%A1poca" title="Huápoca">Huápoca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_Marco" title="Key Marco">Key Marco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimball_Village" title="Kimball Village">Kimball Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kincaid_Mounds_State_Historic_Site" title="Kincaid Mounds State Historic Site">Kincaid Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolomoki_Mounds" title="Kolomoki Mounds">Kolomoki Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Jackson_Mounds_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Lake Jackson Mounds Archaeological State Park">Lake Jackson Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehner_Mammoth-Kill_Site" title="Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site">Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows">L'Anse aux Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynch_Quarry_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynch Quarry Site">Lynch Quarry Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marksville_culture" title="Marksville culture">Marksville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmes_Rockshelter" title="Marmes Rockshelter">Marmes Rockshelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadowcroft_Rockshelter" title="Meadowcroft Rockshelter">Meadowcroft Rockshelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesa_Verde_National_Park" title="Mesa Verde National Park">Mesa Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moaning_Cavern" title="Moaning Cavern">Moaning Cavern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorehead_Circle" title="Moorehead Circle">Moorehead Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrison_Mounds" title="Morrison Mounds">Morrison Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moundville_Archaeological_Site" title="Moundville Archaeological Site">Moundville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy_Cave" title="Mummy Cave">Mummy Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nodena_site" title="Nodena site">Nodena site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocmulgee_Mounds_National_Historical_Park" title="Ocmulgee Mounds National Historical Park">Ocmulgee Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Stone_Fort_(Tennessee)" title="Old Stone Fort (Tennessee)">Old Stone Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orwell_Site_(Fergus_Falls,_Minnesota)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orwell Site (Fergus Falls, Minnesota)">Orwell site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casas_Grandes" title="Casas Grandes">Paquime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_Bluff" title="Painted Bluff">Painted Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkin_Archeological_State_Park" title="Parkin Archeological State Park">Parkin Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinson_Mounds" title="Pinson Mounds">Pinson Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum_Bayou_Mounds_Archeological_State_Park" title="Plum Bayou Mounds Archeological State Park">Plum Bayou Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Earthworks" title="Portsmouth Earthworks">Portsmouth Earthworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_Point" title="Poverty Point">Poverty Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Bonito" title="Pueblo Bonito">Pueblo Bonito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rassawek" title="Rassawek">Rassawek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_Canyon" title="Recapture Canyon">Recapture Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Styx_archaeological_site" title="River Styx archaeological site">River Styx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberts_Island_complex" title="Roberts Island complex">Roberts Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Eagle" title="Rock Eagle">Rock Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Hawk" title="Rock Hawk">Rock Hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosenstock_Village_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosenstock Village Site">Rosenstock Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Cave_National_Monument" title="Russell Cave National Monument">Russell Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_Ruins" title="Salmon Ruins">Salmon Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpent_Mound" title="Serpent Mound">Serpent Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Paintings_of_Sierra_de_San_Francisco" title="Rock Paintings of Sierra de San Francisco">Sierra de San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shell_ring_sites" title="List of shell ring sites">Shell ring sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Mounds" title="Spiro Mounds">Spiro Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stallings_Island" title="Stallings Island">Stallings Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SunWatch_Indian_Village" title="SunWatch Indian Village">SunWatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taos_Pueblo" title="Taos Pueblo">Taos Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_Creek_Indian_Mound" title="Town Creek Indian Mound">Town Creek Indian Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_River_Mounds_State_Preserve" title="Turkey River Mounds State Preserve">Turkey River Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upward_Sun_River_site" title="Upward Sun River site">Upward Sun River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velda_Mound" title="Velda Mound">Velda Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Oak_Forest_Earthlodge_Site" title="West Oak Forest Earthlodge Site">West Oak Forest Earthlodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wickiup_Hill" title="Wickiup Hill">Wickiup Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windover_Archeological_Site" title="Windover Archeological Site">Windover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winterville_site" title="Winterville site">Winterville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wupatki_National_Monument" title="Wupatki National Monument">Wupatki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Human<br />remains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anzick-1" title="Anzick-1">Anzick-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlington_Springs_Man" title="Arlington Springs Man">Arlington Springs Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhl_Woman" title="Buhl Woman">Buhl Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennewick_Man" title="Kennewick Man">Kennewick Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Brea_Woman" title="La Brea Woman">La Brea Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leanderthal_Lady" title="Leanderthal Lady">Leanderthal Lady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Bone_Bed#Melbourne_Man" title="Melbourne Bone Bed">Melbourne Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Woman" title="Minnesota Woman">Minnesota Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1on_woman" title="Peñon woman">Peñon woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_Cave_mummy" title="Spirit Cave mummy">Spirit Cave mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vero_man" title="Vero man">Vero man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aridoamerica" title="Aridoamerica">Aridoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_ballgame" title="Mesoamerican ballgame">Ballgame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Black drink">Black drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_pipe" title="Ceremonial pipe">Ceremonial pipe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chanunpa" title="Chanunpa">Chanunpa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunkey" title="Chunkey">Chunkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_point" title="Clovis point">Clovis point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container_Revolution_(pottery)" class="mw-redirect" title="Container Revolution (pottery)">Container Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Agricultural_Complex" title="Eastern Agricultural Complex">Eastern Agricultural Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_point" title="Eden point">Eden point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effigy_mound" title="Effigy mound">Effigy mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex#Birdman" title="Southeastern Ceremonial Complex">Falcon dancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_point" title="Folsom point">Folsom point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Corn_Ceremony" title="Green Corn Ceremony">Green Corn Ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horned_Serpent" title="Horned Serpent">Horned Serpent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiva" title="Kiva">Kiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_wheel" title="Medicine wheel">Medicine wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy_in_pre-Columbian_America#North_America" title="Metallurgy in pre-Columbian America">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq_hieroglyphic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing">Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Graves_Protection_and_Repatriation_Act" title="Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act">N.A.G.P.R.A.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">Norse colonization of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oasisamerica" title="Oasisamerica">Oasisamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piasa" title="Piasa">Piasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Projectile_point" title="Projectile point">Projectile point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex" title="Southeastern Ceremonial Complex">Southeastern Ceremonial Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_North_American_stickball" title="Indigenous North American stickball">Stickball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Sisters_(agriculture)" title="Three Sisters (agriculture)">Three Sisters agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderbird_(mythology)" title="Thunderbird (mythology)">Thunderbird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_transoceanic_contact_theories" title="Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories">Transoceanic contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_panther" title="Underwater panther">Underwater panther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_glyphs" title="Water glyphs">Water glyphs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#E8E6B4"><div> <dl><dt>Related</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas">Genetic history</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian era</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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