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id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="หน้าตา"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="หน้าตา" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">หน้าตา</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=th.wikipedia.org&uselang=th" class=""><span>บริจาคให้วิกิพีเดีย</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88&returnto=%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81" title="แนะนำให้คุณสร้างบัญชีและเข้าสู่ระบบ แต่ไม่บังคับ" class=""><span>สร้างบัญชี</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99&returnto=%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81" title="แนะนำให้คุณเข้าสู่ระบบ แต่ไม่บังคับ [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>เข้าสู่ระบบ</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="ตัวเลือกเพิ่มเติม" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="เครื่องมือส่วนตัว" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">เครื่องมือส่วนตัว</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="เมนูผู้ใช้" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=th.wikipedia.org&uselang=th"><span>บริจาคให้วิกิพีเดีย</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88&returnto=%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81" title="แนะนำให้คุณสร้างบัญชีและเข้าสู่ระบบ แต่ไม่บังคับ"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>สร้างบัญชี</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99&returnto=%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81" title="แนะนำให้คุณเข้าสู่ระบบ แต่ไม่บังคับ [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>เข้าสู่ระบบ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> หน้าสำหรับผู้แก้ไขที่ออกจากระบบ <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%89:%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B3" aria-label="เรียนรู้เพิ่มเกี่ยวกับการแก้ไข"><span>เรียนรู้เพิ่มเติม</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99" title="รายการการแก้ไขจากเลขที่อยู่ไอพีนี้ [y]" accesskey="y"><span>ส่วนร่วม</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="อภิปรายเกี่ยวกับการแก้ไขจากเลขที่อยู่ไอพีนี้ [n]" accesskey="n"><span>คุย</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="ไซต์"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="สารบัญ" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">สารบัญ</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">ย้ายเมนูไปที่แถบด้านข้าง</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ซ่อน</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">บทนำ</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-หมายเหตุ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#หมายเหตุ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>หมายเหตุ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-หมายเหตุ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-อ้างอิง" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#อ้างอิง"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>อ้างอิง</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-อ้างอิง-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle อ้างอิง subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-อ้างอิง-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ข้อมูล" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ข้อมูล"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>ข้อมูล</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ข้อมูล-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-อ่านเพิ่ม" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#อ่านเพิ่ม"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>อ่านเพิ่ม</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-อ่านเพิ่ม-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="สารบัญ" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="สารบัญ" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">วัฒนธรรมตะวันตก</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="ไปที่บทความในภาษาอื่น ซึ่งมีใน 48 ภาษา" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 ภาษา</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westerse_kultuur" title="Westerse kultuur – แอฟริกานส์" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Westerse kultuur" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="แอฟริกานส์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الحضارة الغربية – อาหรับ" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحضارة الغربية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="อาหรับ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Заходняя культура – เบลารุส" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Заходняя культура" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="เบลารุส" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="पच्छिमी संस्कृति – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पच्छिमी संस्कृति" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="পাশ্চাত্য সংস্কৃতি – บังกลา" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পাশ্চাত্য সংস্কৃতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="บังกลา" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%95%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="ནུབ་ཕྱོགས་རྒྱལ་ཁབ་ཀྱི་རིག་གནས། – ทิเบต" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ནུབ་ཕྱོགས་རྒྱལ་ཁབ་ཀྱི་རིག་གནས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="ทิเบต" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapadna_kultura" title="Zapadna kultura – บอสเนีย" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Zapadna kultura" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="บอสเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_occidental" title="Cultura occidental – คาตาลัน" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cultura occidental" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="คาตาลัน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1padn%C3%AD_kultura" title="Západní kultura – เช็ก" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Západní kultura" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="เช็ก" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CF%85%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Δυτικός πολιτισμός – กรีก" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δυτικός πολιτισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="กรีก" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture – อังกฤษ" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Western culture" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="อังกฤษ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_occidental" title="Cultura occidental – สเปน" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cultura occidental" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="สเปน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="فرهنگ غربی – เปอร์เซีย" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرهنگ غربی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="เปอร์เซีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4nsimainen_kulttuuri" title="Länsimainen kulttuuri – ฟินแลนด์" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Länsimainen kulttuuri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="ฟินแลนด์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_occidentale" title="Société occidentale – ฝรั่งเศส" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Société occidentale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="ฝรั่งเศส" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91" title="תרבות המערב – ฮิบรู" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תרבות המערב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ฮิบรู" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="पश्चिमी संस्कृति – ฮินดี" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पश्चिमी संस्कृति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="ฮินดี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapadna_kultura" title="Zapadna kultura – โครเอเชีย" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zapadna kultura" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="โครเอเชีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D6%87%D5%B4%D5%BF%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B4%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%A9" title="Արևմտյան մշակույթ – อาร์เมเนีย" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արևմտյան մշակույթ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="อาร์เมเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_occidental" title="Cultura occidental – อินเตอร์ลิงกัว" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Cultura occidental" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="อินเตอร์ลิงกัว" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budaya_Barat" title="Budaya Barat – อินโดนีเซีย" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Budaya Barat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="อินโดนีเซีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_occidental" title="Cultura occidental – อินเตอร์ลิงกิว" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Cultura occidental" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="อินเตอร์ลิงกิว" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9C%EC%96%91_%EB%AC%B8%ED%99%94" title="서양 문화 – เกาหลี" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="서양 문화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="เกาหลี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_occidentalis" title="Cultura occidentalis – ละติน" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cultura occidentalis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="ละติน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultur_ueste" title="Cultur ueste – ลิงกัวฟรังกาโนวา" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Cultur ueste" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="ลิงกัวฟรังกาโนวา" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rietumu_kult%C5%ABra" title="Rietumu kultūra – ลัตเวีย" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rietumu kultūra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="ลัตเวีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budaya_Barat" title="Budaya Barat – มีนังกาเบา" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Budaya Barat" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="มีนังกาเบา" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebudayaan_Barat" title="Kebudayaan Barat – มาเลย์" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kebudayaan Barat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="มาเลย์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westerse_cultuur" title="Westerse cultuur – ดัตช์" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Westerse cultuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="ดัตช์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura_zachodnia" title="Kultura zachodnia – โปแลนด์" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kultura zachodnia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="โปแลนด์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%DA%81_%22%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C%22_%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1" title="لویدیځ "غربی" کلتور – พัชโต" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لویدیځ "غربی" کلتور" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="พัชโต" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_ocidental" title="Cultura ocidental – โปรตุเกส" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cultura ocidental" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="โปรตุเกส" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_occidental%C4%83" title="Cultura occidentală – โรมาเนีย" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cultura occidentală" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="โรมาเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Западная культура – รัสเซีย" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Западная культура" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="รัสเซีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapadna_kultura" title="Zapadna kultura – เซอร์โบ-โครเอเชีย" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zapadna kultura" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="เซอร์โบ-โครเอเชีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="බටහිර සංස්කෘතිය – สิงหล" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බටහිර සංස්කෘතිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="สิงหล" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_civilization" title="Western civilization – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Western civilization" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1padn%C3%A1_kult%C3%BAra" title="Západná kultúra – สโลวัก" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Západná kultúra" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="สโลวัก" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura_per%C3%ABndimore" title="Kultura perëndimore – แอลเบเนีย" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kultura perëndimore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="แอลเบเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapadnja%C4%8Dka_kultura" title="Zapadnjačka kultura – เซอร์เบีย" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Zapadnjačka kultura" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="เซอร์เบีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4sterl%C3%A4ndsk_kultur" title="Västerländsk kultur – สวีเดน" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Västerländsk kultur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="สวีเดน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ustaarabu_wa_magharibi" title="Ustaarabu wa magharibi – สวาฮีลี" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ustaarabu wa magharibi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="สวาฮีลี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="மேற்கத்திய நாகரிகம் – ทมิฬ" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மேற்கத்திய நாகரிகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="ทมิฬ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">ย้ายเมนูไปที่แถบด้านข้าง</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ซ่อน</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">จากวิกิพีเดีย สารานุกรมเสรี</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="th" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C:Da_Vinci_Vitruve_Luc_Viatour.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Da_Vinci_Vitruve_Luc_Viatour.jpg/220px-Da_Vinci_Vitruve_Luc_Viatour.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Da_Vinci_Vitruve_Luc_Viatour.jpg/330px-Da_Vinci_Vitruve_Luc_Viatour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Da_Vinci_Vitruve_Luc_Viatour.jpg/440px-Da_Vinci_Vitruve_Luc_Viatour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2258" data-file-height="3070" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="วิทรูเวียนแมน">วิทรูเวียนแมน</a></i> โดย<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94_%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5" title="เลโอนาร์โด ดา วินชี">เลโอนาร์โด ดา วินชี</a> อิงจากความสัมพันธ์ของ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="สัดส่วนของร่างกาย (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">สัดส่วนของมนุษย์</a>ในอุดมคติด้วย<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95" title="เรขาคณิต">เรขาคณิต</a>ที่อธิบายโดยสถาปนิกชาวโรมันโบราณ <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA" title="วิตรูวิอุส">วิตรูวิอุส</a> ในตำรา <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=De_architectura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="De architectura (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">De architectura</a></i> เล่มที่ 3</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C:Plato_Pio-Clemetino_Inv305.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Plato_Pio-Clemetino_Inv305.jpg/170px-Plato_Pio-Clemetino_Inv305.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Plato_Pio-Clemetino_Inv305.jpg/255px-Plato_Pio-Clemetino_Inv305.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Plato_Pio-Clemetino_Inv305.jpg/340px-Plato_Pio-Clemetino_Inv305.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1450" data-file-height="2200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95" title="เพลโต">เพลโต</a> ผู้ที่โต้แย้งว่าเป็นบุคคลที่มีอิทธิพลมากที่สุดใน<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81" title="ปรัชญาตะวันตก">ปรัชญาตะวันตก</a>ทั้งหมด มีอิทธิพลต่อ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2" title="ปรัชญา">ปรัชญา</a>และ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2" title="เทววิทยา">เทววิทยา</a>ตะวันตกและ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87" title="ตะวันออกกลาง">ตะวันออกกลาง</a>แทบทั้งสิ้น</figcaption></figure> <p><b>วัฒนธรรมตะวันตก</b> หรือคำอื่นที่ใช้แทนกันได้อย่าง <b>อารยธรรมตะวันตก</b>, <b>วัฒนธรรมตะวันตก</b> หรือ <b>สังคมตะวันตก</b> เป็น<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1" title="มรดกทางวัฒนธรรม">มรดก</a>ทาง<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="บรรทัดฐาน">บรรทัดฐาน</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="ค่านิยม">ค่านิยม</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2" title="จารีตและวิถีประชา">จารีตและวิถีประชา</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD" title="ความเชื่อ">ความเชื่อ</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ระบบการเมือง (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ระบบการเมือง</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="สิ่งประดิษฐ์ทางวัฒนธรรม (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">สิ่งประดิษฐ์</a> และ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B5" title="เทคโนโลยี">เทคโนโลยี</a>ของ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81" title="โลกตะวันตก">โลกตะวันตก</a> ศัพท์นี้ครอบคลุมกว่า<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B" title="ทวีปยุโรป">ทวีปยุโรป</a>ไปยังประเทศและวัฒนธรรมที่ในอดีตมีความเชื่อมโยงกับยุโรปอย่างมากผ่านการอพยพ การล่าอาณานิคม หรืออิทธิพล วัฒนธรรมตะวันตกได้รับอิทธิพลมากที่สุดจาก<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%81-%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="วัฒนธรรมกรีก-โรมัน">วัฒนธรรมกรีก-โรมัน</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="วัฒนธรรมคริสเตียน (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">วัฒนธรรมคริสเตียน</a> และ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="วัฒนธรรมเจอร์มานิก (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">วัฒนธรรมเจอร์มานิก</a>ในระดับหนึ่ง<sup id="cite_ref-PerryChase2012_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PerryChase2012-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>การขยายตัวของวัฒนธรรมกรีกไปยังโลก<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="สมัยเฮลเลนิสต์">สมัยเฮลเลนิสต์</a>ใน<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="เมดิเตอร์เรเนียนตะวันออก (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">เมดิเตอร์เรเนียนตะวันออก</a>นำไปสู่การสังเคราะห์ระหว่างวัฒนธรรมกรีกกับ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89" title="ตะวันออกใกล้">ตะวันออกใกล้</a><sup id="cite_ref-Green_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> และความก้าวหน้าที่สำคัญในด้านวรรณกรรม วิศวกรรมศาสตร์ และวิทยาศาสตร์ และเป็นผู้จัดเตรียมวัฒนธรรมสำหรับการขยายตัวของศาสนาคริสต์ในยุคแรกกับ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88" title="พันธสัญญาใหม่">พันธสัญญาใหม่</a>ในภาษากรีก<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eb_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Alexander_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ยุคสมัยนี้ทับซ้อนและตามหลังด้วย<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93" title="โรมโบราณ">โรม</a>ที่มีส่วนสำคัญในด้านกฎหมาย รัฐบาล วิศวกรรม และองค์กรทางการเมือง<sup id="cite_ref-Daly2013_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daly2013-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ศาสนาคริสต์ โดยหลักคือคริสตจักร<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" title="โรมันคาทอลิก">โรมันคาทอลิก</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> และภายหลัง<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="โปรเตสแตนต์">โปรเตสแตนต์</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> มี<a href="/w/index.php?title=Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Role of Christianity in civilization (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">บทบาทสำคัญ</a>ใน<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Western_civilization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Western civilization (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">การก่อตัวของอารยธรรมตะวันตก</a>ตั้งแต่อย่างน้อยในคริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 4<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Caltron_J.H_Hayas_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caltron_J.H_Hayas-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Orlandis_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orlandis-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-How_The_Catholic_Church_Built_Western_Civilization_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-How_The_Catholic_Church_Built_Western_Civilization-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Perry2012_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry2012-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> และ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C" title="ศาสนายูดาห์">ศาสนายูดาห์</a>ด้วย<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> รากฐานที่สำคัญของแนวคิดตะวันตกที่เริ่มต้นใน<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93" title="กรีซโบราณ">กรีซโบราณ</a>และพัฒนาผ่าน<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87" title="สมัยกลาง">สมัยกลาง</a>และ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2" title="สมัยฟื้นฟูศิลปวิทยา">สมัยฟื้นฟูศิลปวิทยา</a>คือแนวคิด<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="เหตุผลนิยม">เหตุผลนิยม</a>ในด้านต่าง ๆ ของชีวิตที่พัฒนาด้วย<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ปรัชญาเฮเลนิสติก (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ปรัชญาเฮเลนิสติก</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C" title="ลัทธิอัสมาจารย์">ลัทธิอัสมาจารย์</a> และ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2" title="มนุษยนิยมสมัยฟื้นฟูศิลปวิทยา">มนุษยนิยม</a> ภายหลัง<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ประจักษ์นิยม (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ประจักษ์นิยม</a>นำไปสู่จุดเริ่มต้นของ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ระเบียบวิธีแบบวิทยาศาสตร์">ระเบียบวิธีแบบวิทยาศาสตร์</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="การปฏิวัติวิทยาศาสตร์">การปฏิวัติวิทยาศาสตร์</a> และ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2" title="ยุคเรืองปัญญา">ยุคเรืองปัญญา</a> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="หมายเหตุ"><span id=".E0.B8.AB.E0.B8.A1.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.A2.E0.B9.80.E0.B8.AB.E0.B8.95.E0.B8.B8"></span>หมายเหตุ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81&action=edit&section=1" title="แก้ไขส่วน: หมายเหตุ"><span>แก้</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r12126193">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="อ้างอิง"><span id=".E0.B8.AD.E0.B9.89.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.87.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.B4.E0.B8.87"></span>อ้างอิง</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81&action=edit&section=2" title="แก้ไขส่วน: อ้างอิง"><span>แก้</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r12126193"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-PerryChase2012-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-PerryChase2012_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r10205087">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFMarvin_Perry,_Myrna_Chase,_James_Jacob,_Margaret_Jacob,_Theodore_H._Von_Laue2012" class="citation book cs1">Marvin Perry, Myrna Chase, James Jacob, Margaret Jacob, Theodore H. Von Laue (1 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N6jytVCocwMC"><i>Western Civilization: Since 1400</i></a>. Cengage Learning. p. XXIX. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-1-111-83169-1" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-1-111-83169-1"><bdi>978-1-111-83169-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Civilization%3A+Since+1400&rft.pages=XXIX&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2012-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-111-83169-1&rft.au=Marvin+Perry%2C+Myrna+Chase%2C+James+Jacob%2C+Margaret+Jacob%2C+Theodore+H.+Von+Laue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN6jytVCocwMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A:Cite_book" title="แม่แบบ:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="หมวดหมู่:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">ลิงก์</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Green-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Green_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Green, Peter. <i>Alexander to Actium: The Historical Evolution of the Hellenistic Age</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFRusso2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucio_Russo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucio Russo (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Russo, Lucio</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forgottenrevolut0000russ"><i>The Forgotten Revolution: How Science Was Born in 300 BC and Why It Had To Be Reborn</i></a>. Berlin: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/3-540-20396-6" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/3-540-20396-6"><bdi>3-540-20396-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forgotten+Revolution%3A+How+Science+Was+Born+in+300+BC+and+Why+It+Had+To+Be+Reborn&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=3-540-20396-6&rft.aulast=Russo&rft.aufirst=Lucio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fforgottenrevolut0000russ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eb-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-eb_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/260307/Hellenistic-Age">"Hellenistic Age"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Online&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Online (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Encyclopædia Britannica Online</a></i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</a><span class="reference-accessdate"> สืบค้นเมื่อ <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hellenistic+Age&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F260307%2FHellenistic-Age&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alexander-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Alexander_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2008" class="citation book cs1">Green, P (2008). <i>Alexander The Great and the Hellenistic Age</i>. p. xiii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-0-7538-2413-9" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-0-7538-2413-9"><bdi>978-0-7538-2413-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+The+Great+and+the+Hellenistic+Age&rft.pages=xiii&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7538-2413-9&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Daly2013-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Daly2013_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_Daly2013" class="citation book cs1">Jonathan Daly (19 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9aZPAQAAQBAJ"><i>The Rise of Western Power: A Comparative History of Western Civilization</i></a>. A&C Black. pp. 7–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-1-4411-1851-6" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-1-4411-1851-6"><bdi>978-1-4411-1851-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Western+Power%3A+A+Comparative+History+of+Western+Civilization&rft.pages=7-9&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2013-12-19&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-1851-6&rft.au=Jonathan+Daly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9aZPAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFSpielvogel2016" class="citation book cs1">Spielvogel, Jackson J. (2016). <i>Western Civilization: A Brief History, Volume I: To 1715</i> (Cengage Learning ed.). p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-1-305-63347-6" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-1-305-63347-6"><bdi>978-1-305-63347-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Civilization%3A+A+Brief+History%2C+Volume+I%3A+To+1715&rft.pages=156&rft.edition=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-305-63347-6&rft.aulast=Spielvogel&rft.aufirst=Jackson+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFNeill1957" class="citation book cs1">Neill, Thomas Patrick (1957). <i>Readings in the History of Western Civilization, Volume 2</i> (Newman Press ed.). p. 224.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Readings+in+the+History+of+Western+Civilization%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=224&rft.edition=Newman+Press&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Neill&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFO'CollinsFarrugia2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerald_O%27Collins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerald O'Collins (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">O'Collins, Gerald</a>; Farrugia, Maria (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_2900199259952"><i>Catholicism: The Story of Catholic Christianity</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. v (preface). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-0-19-925995-3" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-0-19-925995-3"><bdi>978-0-19-925995-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catholicism%3A+The+Story+of+Catholic+Christianity&rft.pages=v+%28preface%29&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-925995-3&rft.aulast=O%27Collins&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft.au=Farrugia%2C+Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_2900199259952&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Karl Heussi, <i>Kompendium der Kirchengeschichte</i>, 11. Auflage (1956), Tübingen (Germany), pp. 317–319, 325–326</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Protestant-Heritage-1354359/Protestantisms-influence-in-the-modern-world">The Protestant Heritage</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180223053548/https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Protestant-Heritage-1354359/Protestantisms-influence-in-the-modern-world">เก็บถาวร</a> 23 กุมภาพันธ์ 2018 ที่ <a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน">เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน</a>, Britannica</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFMcNeill2010" class="citation book cs1">McNeill, William H. (2010). <i>History of Western Civilization: A Handbook</i> (University of Chicago Press ed.). p. 204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-0-226-56162-2" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-0-226-56162-2"><bdi>978-0-226-56162-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Western+Civilization%3A+A+Handbook&rft.pages=204&rft.edition=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-226-56162-2&rft.aulast=McNeill&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFFaltinMelanie_J._Wright2007" class="citation book cs1">Faltin, Lucia; Melanie J. Wright (2007). <span class="cs1-lock-limited" title="เข้าใช้ฟรีภายใต้การทดลองใช้แบบจำกัด ปกติต้องสมัครสมาชิก"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religiousrootsco00falt"><i>The Religious Roots of Contemporary European Identity</i></a></span> (A&C Black ed.). p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religiousrootsco00falt/page/n99">83</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-0-8264-9482-5" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-0-8264-9482-5"><bdi>978-0-8264-9482-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Religious+Roots+of+Contemporary+European+Identity&rft.pages=83&rft.edition=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-9482-5&rft.aulast=Faltin&rft.aufirst=Lucia&rft.au=Melanie+J.+Wright&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freligiousrootsco00falt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/507284/Roman-Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506111019/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/507284/Roman-Catholicism">เก็บถาวร</a> 6 พฤษภาคม 2015 ที่ <a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน">เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน</a>, "Roman Catholicism, Christian church that has been the decisive spiritual force in the history of Western civilization". <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Caltron_J.H_Hayas-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Caltron_J.H_Hayas_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Caltron J.H Hayas, <i>Christianity and Western Civilization</i> (1953), Stanford University Press, p. 2: That certain distinctive features of our Western civilization—the civilization of western Europe and of America—have been shaped chiefly by Judaeo–Christianity, Catholic and Protestant.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Orlandis-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Orlandis_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jose Orlandis, 1993, "A Short History of the Catholic Church," 2nd edn. (Michael Adams, Trans.), Dublin:Four Courts Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/1851821252" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/1851821252">1851821252</a>, preface, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KYdbpwAACAAJ">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230102161117/https://books.google.com/books?id=KYdbpwAACAAJ">เก็บถาวร</a> 2 มกราคม 2023 ที่ <a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน">เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน</a>, accessed 8 December 2014. p. (preface)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-How_The_Catholic_Church_Built_Western_Civilization-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-How_The_Catholic_Church_Built_Western_Civilization_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_E._Woods&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas E. Woods (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Thomas E. Woods</a> and Antonio Canizares, 2012, "How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization," Reprint edn., Washington, D.C.: Regnery History, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/1596983280" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/1596983280">1596983280</a>, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jYvmAgAAQBAJ">accessed 8 December 2014. p. 1: "Western civilization owes far more to Catholic Church than most people—Catholic included—often realize. The Church in fact built Western civilization."</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title=" เมื่อ February 2023" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2:%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="วิกิพีเดีย:ลิงก์เสีย">ลิงก์เสีย</a></i>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perry2012-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Perry2012_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFMarvin_Perry2012" class="citation book cs1">Marvin Perry (1 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U2pnv0Aoh2EC&pg=PA33"><i>Western Civilization: A Brief History, Volume I: To 1789</i></a>. Cengage Learning. pp. 33–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-1-111-83720-4" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-1-111-83720-4"><bdi>978-1-111-83720-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Civilization%3A+A+Brief+History%2C+Volume+I%3A+To+1789&rft.pages=33-&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2012-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-111-83720-4&rft.au=Marvin+Perry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU2pnv0Aoh2EC%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFNoble2013" class="citation book cs1">Noble, Thomas F. X. (1 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/westerncivilizat0000nobl_u9l2"><i>Western civilization : beyond boundaries</i></a> (7th ed.). Boston, MA. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/westerncivilizat0000nobl_u9l2/page/n142">107</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-1-133-60271-2" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-1-133-60271-2"><bdi>978-1-133-60271-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/858610469">858610469</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+civilization+%3A+beyond+boundaries&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pages=107&rft.edition=7th&rft.date=2013-01-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F858610469&rft.isbn=978-1-133-60271-2&rft.aulast=Noble&rft.aufirst=Thomas+F.+X.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwesterncivilizat0000nobl_u9l2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFMarvin_PerryMyrna_ChaseJames_JacobMargaret_Jacob2015" class="citation book cs1">Marvin Perry; Myrna Chase; James Jacob; Margaret Jacob; Jonathan W Daly (2015). <i>Western Civilization: Ideas, Politics, and Society, Volume I: To 1789</i>. Cengage Learning. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-1-305-44548-2" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-1-305-44548-2"><bdi>978-1-305-44548-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Civilization%3A+Ideas%2C+Politics%2C+and+Society%2C+Volume+I%3A+To+1789&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-305-44548-2&rft.au=Marvin+Perry&rft.au=Myrna+Chase&rft.au=James+Jacob&rft.au=Margaret+Jacob&rft.au=Jonathan+W+Daly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFHengel2003" class="citation book cs1">Hengel, Martin (2003). <i>Judaism and Hellenism : studies in their encounter in Palestine during the early Hellenistic period</i>. Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-1-59244-186-0" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-1-59244-186-0"><bdi>978-1-59244-186-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/52605048">52605048</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judaism+and+Hellenism+%3A+studies+in+their+encounter+in+Palestine+during+the+early+Hellenistic+period&rft.place=Eugene%2C+OR&rft.pub=Wipf+%26+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52605048&rft.isbn=978-1-59244-186-0&rft.aulast=Hengel&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFPorter2013" class="citation book cs1">Porter, Stanley E. (2013). <i>Early Christianity in its Hellenistic context. Volume 2, Christian origins and Hellenistic Judaism : social and literary contexts for the New Testament</i>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-9004234765" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-9004234765"><bdi>978-9004234765</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/851653645">851653645</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Christianity+in+its+Hellenistic+context.+Volume+2%2C+Christian+origins+and+Hellenistic+Judaism+%3A+social+and+literary+contexts+for+the+New+Testament&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F851653645&rft.isbn=978-9004234765&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Stanley+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ข้อมูล"><span id=".E0.B8.82.E0.B9.89.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.A1.E0.B8.B9.E0.B8.A5"></span>ข้อมูล</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81&action=edit&section=3" title="แก้ไขส่วน: ข้อมูล"><span>แก้</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFAnkerl2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Ankerl, Guy (2000). <i>Global communication without universal civilization</i>. INU societal research. Vol. 1: Coexisting contemporary civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western. Geneva: INU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-2-88155-004-1" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-2-88155-004-1"><bdi>978-2-88155-004-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+communication+without+universal+civilization&rft.place=Geneva&rft.series=INU+societal+research&rft.pub=INU+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-2-88155-004-1&rft.aulast=Ankerl&rft.aufirst=Guy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ankerl, Guy (2000). <i>Coexisting Civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western</i>. INUPRESS, Geneva, 119–244. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/2-88155-004-5" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/2-88155-004-5">2-88155-004-5</a>.</li> <li>Atle Hesmyr (2013). <i>Civilization, Oikos, and Progress</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-1468924190" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-1468924190">978-1468924190</a></li> <li>Barzun, Jacques <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=From_Dawn_to_Decadence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="From Dawn to Decadence (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">From Dawn to Decadence</a>: 500 Years of Western Cultural Life 1500 to the Present</i> HarperCollins (2000) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0-06-017586-9" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/0-06-017586-9">0-06-017586-9</a>.</li> <li>Daly, Jonathan. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/the-rise-of-western-power-9781441161314/">The Rise of Western Power: A Comparative History of Western Civilization</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170630100152/http://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/the-rise-of-western-power-9781441161314/">เก็บถาวร</a> 30 มิถุนายน 2017 ที่ <a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน">เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน</a>" (London and New York: Bloomsbury, 2014). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-1441161314" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-1441161314">978-1441161314</a>.</li> <li>Daly, Jonathan. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfindia.com/books/details/9781138774810/">Historians Debate the Rise of the West</a>" (London and New York: Routledge, 2015). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-1138774810" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-1138774810">978-1138774810</a>.</li> <li>Derry, T. K. and Williams, Trevor I. <i>A Short History of Technology: From the Earliest Times to A.D. 1900</i> Dover (1960) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0-486-27472-1" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/0-486-27472-1">0-486-27472-1</a>.</li> <li>Duran, Eduardo, Bonnie Dyran <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qgVoY7mypa4C">Native American Postcolonial Psychology</a></i> 1995 Albany: State University of New York Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0-7914-2353-0" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/0-7914-2353-0">0-7914-2353-0</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Davis_Hanson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victor Davis Hanson (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Hanson, Victor Davis</a>; Heath, John (2001). <i>Who Killed Homer: The Demise of Classical Education and the Recovery of Greek Wisdom</i>, Encounter Books.</li> <li>Jones, Prudence and Pennick, Nigel <i>A History of Pagan Europe</i> Barnes & Noble (1995) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0-7607-1210-7" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/0-7607-1210-7">0-7607-1210-7</a>.</li> <li>Meaney, Thomas <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/11/opinion/nato-russia-the-west-ukraine.html">"The Return of 'The West'" New York Times March 11, 2022.</a></li> <li>Merriman, John <i>Modern Europe: From the Renaissance to the Present</i> W. W. Norton (1996) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0-393-96885-5" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/0-393-96885-5">0-393-96885-5</a>.</li> <li>McClellan, James E. III and Dorn, Harold <i>Science and Technology in World History</i> Johns Hopkins University Press (1999) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0-8018-5869-0" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/0-8018-5869-0">0-8018-5869-0</a>.</li> <li>Stein, Ralph <i>The Great Inventions</i> Playboy Press (1976) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0-87223-444-4" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/0-87223-444-4">0-87223-444-4</a>.</li> <li>Asimov, Isaac <i>Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology: The Lives & Achievements of 1510 Great Scientists from Ancient Times to the Present</i> Revised second edition, Doubleday (1982) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0-385-17771-2" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/0-385-17771-2">0-385-17771-2</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_von_Pastor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludwig von Pastor (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Pastor, Ludwig von</a>, <i>History of the Popes from the Close of the Middle Ages; Drawn from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vatican_Secret_Archives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vatican Secret Archives (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Secret Archives of the Vatican</a> and other original sources</i>, 40 vols. St. Louis, B. Herder (1898ff.)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Joseph_Walsh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Joseph Walsh (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Walsh, James Joseph</a>, <i>The Popes and Science; the History of the Papal Relations to Science During the Middle Ages and Down to Our Own Time</i>, Fordam University Press, 1908, reprinted 2003, Kessinger Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0-7661-3646-9" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/0-7661-3646-9">0-7661-3646-9</a> Reviews: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G57Y1rlQVP0C&dq=%22the+popes+and+science%22&pg=PT2">p. 462</a>.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1407075">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130801120209/http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1407075">เก็บถาวร</a> 2013-08-01 ที่ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Archive.today&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archive.today (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">archive.today</a></li> <li>Stearns, P.N. (2003). <i>Western Civilization in World History</i>, Routledge, New York.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruce_Thornton_(classicist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bruce Thornton (classicist) (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Thornton, Bruce</a> (2002). <i>Greek Ways: How the Greeks Created Western Civilization</i>, Encounter Books.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niall_Ferguson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Niall Ferguson (ไม่มีหน้านี้)"> Ferguson, Niall</a>, <i>Civilization. The West and the rest</i>, Penguin Press, 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-1-101-54802-8" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-1-101-54802-8">978-1-101-54802-8</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Pinker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steven Pinker (ไม่มีหน้านี้)"> Pinker, Steven</a>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enlightenment_Now:_The_Case_for_Reason,_Science,_Humanism,_and_Progress&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enlightenment Now: The Case for Reason, Science, Humanism, and Progress (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Enlightenment Now: The Case for Reason, Science, Humanism, and Progress</a></i>, Penguin Books, 2018. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-0-525-42757-5" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-0-525-42757-5">978-0-525-42757-5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Henrich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Henrich (ไม่มีหน้านี้)"> Henrich, Joseph</a>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_WEIRDest_People_in_the_World&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The WEIRDest People in the World (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">The WEIRDest People in the World</a>: How the West Became Psychologically Peculiar and Particularly Prosperous</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Farrar,_Straus_and_Giroux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Farrar, Straus and Giroux (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Farrar, Straus and Giroux</a>, 2020. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-0374173227" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-0374173227">978-0374173227</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rodney_Stark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rodney Stark (ไม่มีหน้านี้)"> Stark, Rodney</a>, <i>The Victory of Reason: How Christianity Led to Freedom, Capitalism, and Western Success</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Random_House&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Random House (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Random House</a>, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-0812972337" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-0812972337">978-0812972337</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rodney_Stark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rodney Stark (ไม่มีหน้านี้)"> Stark, Rodney</a>, <i>How the West Won: The Neglected Story of the Triumph of Modernity</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Intercollegiate_Studies_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intercollegiate Studies Institute (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Intercollegiate Studies Institute</a>, 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-1497603257" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-1497603257">978-1497603257</a></li> <li>Headley, John M. <i>The Europeanization of the World: On the Origins of Human Rights and Democracy</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Princeton_University_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Princeton University Press (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Princeton University Press</a>, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/9780691171487" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/9780691171487">9780691171487</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="อ่านเพิ่ม"><span id=".E0.B8.AD.E0.B9.88.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.99.E0.B9.80.E0.B8.9E.E0.B8.B4.E0.B9.88.E0.B8.A1"></span>อ่านเพิ่ม</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81&action=edit&section=4" title="แก้ไขส่วน: อ่านเพิ่ม"><span>แก้</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Barzun, Jacques. <a href="//archive.org/details/fromdawntodecade00barz_0" class="extiw" title="iarchive:fromdawntodecade00barz 0"><i>From Dawn to Decadence: 500 Years of Western Cultural Life : 1500 to the Present</i></a>. New York: HarperCollins, 2001.</li> <li>Hesmyr, Atle Kultorp: <i>Civilization; Its Economic Basis, Historical Lessons and Future Prospects</i> (Telemark: Nisus Publications, 2020).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น"><span id=".E0.B9.81.E0.B8.AB.E0.B8.A5.E0.B9.88.E0.B8.87.E0.B8.82.E0.B9.89.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.A1.E0.B8.B9.E0.B8.A5.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.B7.E0.B9.88.E0.B8.99"></span>แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81&action=edit&section=5" title="แก้ไขส่วน: แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น"><span>แก้</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r10827797">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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